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4T *IVH DOLI.AH* VE® AXI»CM, FirtißlK 1 X
AI)VABCI£.-COf«TI»? PAIO.iqOHCK A WEEK,
TBnrK POIkARS ITU AtinOM, PAJAUI.E
tUII IX AIIVAXCE.
, J
Selected,
ITALY.
C Fi < m the Loudon Morning Chronicle. J
W hen I view t\yy proud trophic* of glory
long past, , .*
Tbv vicissitudes, Italy, darken my brow;.
Dut when l behold tin bright spirit o ercast
i weep for thee Italy, weep for lh«e now. 1
That once thou hast stood on the blood
huit of power,
Thy monumentsaiill to the peasant re-
But now*that thy gold is a Gothic Lord’*;
dower,
Where where is Camdlus to throw in
the sword ?
Ah 1 shame to flhec, Italy ! shame to thee,
In Him dark narrow dungeon thy tyrants
a lIow!
Four ages the lamp of tby life has been
dying, . ,
But ne’er has been wholly extinguish <1
till now.
Still Venice and Genoa gallantly (bring,
*Jlad s' ns a) wave dauntless their nag
e’er the foam:
Fi Mini and Doris were secnlntl eirbeanng,
Ami still the Hal.an was mustci at home.
But now must Pisani or Doria’s descendant
E’en a sigh for his country—dear name—
difeVOW ; I*
In the chains of the German disgraced and
" dependant —
I weep for thee Italy, weep for thee now’
Thou hast dauf liters whose eyes might a
hero inspire ;
Whose one tear of tenderness, smile of
delight, .
Might arm tby defenders with weapons
of Hie ,
To consume in their palace the Lords
of the Night!
llow vain Is the caution—how base is the
mock bravery,
tipnging for liberty, shrinks from the
strife i , '
The spirit that saves from the dungeon of
slavery, . ,
Or gives to us freedom, or lakes us from
life.
Pant, Srpf. 23.
The Hare and Curious.
jprsjs English Papers received at this Office
Botai. RKOtUTfons —The following di
feCHoftS are given in a MS regulating tlu
household of Henry VIII.Hi* highness’s
*«krr shall not pm alu.T.I in the bread, o>
* mix ve, oaten, or bean fl ur with the sair e;
mid if detectod, he ahull be put in the
stocks His highness’s attendants are not*
to steal any locks or keys, tables, forms,
cupboards, or other fnrni.uie, out of no
blemen’s nr gentlemen’s houses where he
goes to visit. Master cooks shall not em
ploy such scullions as go shout naked, or
fie nil night before the kitchen fire. Din
ners to be at ten, and suppers a. four. The
officers of his Privy Chamber shall be Uo-.
injr together: no grudging or grumbling,
por talking of the King’s pastime The
King’s barber is enjoined to be cleanly
not tu frequent the company of misguided
women, for fear of danger to t’ ie K'ng’s
royal person. There shall be no romping
with maids on the staircase, by winch
dishes and other things am often broken.
iirest in warm Climates, -It appears
hirhly probable, from what Sir Eve raid
\ Home has observed in his paper on the use
of the black rtte mucosim of the Negro,
that if Europeans, inhabiting tropical cli
routes, were to clothe themselves-with
while garments, lined on the inside with a
thin black covering, such u cove ring would
effectually prevent the radiant heat in the
aim’s rays from scorching the white skin
beneath Remaps if the white garments
were painted black on the inside, next the
akin the necessity of a black lining might
be superseded thereby.
fneb an Eloquence —The following spe
cimen ot elegiac pathos was delivered by
an Indian ovei the contiguous graves of
her husband and infant “ The Father of
•Lift and Light has taken from me the ap
ple of rov eye, and the core of my heart,
and li d them in these tvo graves. I will
moisten the one with my tears, and tin
(other with the milk of my bieast, till I
meet them again in that country where tb e
Sun ittver sets.”
Major General /Jos*.—The monument
In honor of this gallant officer, who was
killed at Baltimore, in the last »merman
war, has just been placed in St Paul’s Ca
the dr. at The subject, of course, is trea
ted allegorically Valour is seen lowering
an American flag on the tomb of the de
parted warrior, as a trophy of his victory.
llri.aoina is recumbent, and in tears, 1-atm
descends with a laurel cown to decorate
his bust. The figure is characteristic,
hold and conceived in a very masterly
style. Britannia, though absorbed in grn f
on the loss of a favorite hero, manifests a
- degree of grace and dignity suitable to her
Character.
Tim mode (says Percival’s history) of
recovering dens in Cey ion is singular. U
S Ctjiontx cannot obtain money du* to
him by another, he goes to hia debtor and
Ibr. ale ns to tail himself if he is not instant
|y ,pa\ii. I Ins threat, which is sometime*
Cut in execution, jeduces the debtor, if it
a in his power, to immediate compliance
with the demand ; as, by their law, if any
man causes the death of another, lua own
a the forfeit.
To such a length has the mania for
Bamsonian selict beer, earned in this
lie ghbourhood, (say* the Ayr Courier J
that now, since the venerable ratter* ot
Jkllr- ay Kt'k have been
jhm c iairs ialsnufi-b..xes
hupiaau have already laid violent hands
which is diMppearhg by piecemeW-
The Castle of Normandy, in
which William the Conque'rer was born, is
now converted into a Colkge for the eu
ucation of young' gentlemen- The French
government lately expended aoonstdera-,
ble sum in repairing it, and the round
tow er « now said to be a perfect model ol
ancient architecture.
lii ijul Kitting —When the Duke of An
goulente met our King at Calais, his Itoya 1
Highness complimented his Majesty after
the fashion of the Continent, by hitting
him-upon hath cheeks. This occurrence
seems nfit to have been lost upon the
king, for we find his majesty', immediately
•upon his landing at Ramsgate, practising
.upon the fair-cheeks of die I’rincess E«-
teihazy.
A barefaced robbery was lately commit
ted on an old woman, who, while walking
thro’ St. Giles’, had her spectacles snatch
ed off her nose!
The latest joke of I.dNorbury was crack
ed at die Mansion-house. On the nigln
of .the laie violation of the cfnciliation
compact, lie said to the Lord Mayor, “ It
is clear that you are not the follower of
King, James ” (Kino the former, James
the present, Lord Uayot "f Dublin.)
The laic Queen of Ihy’i, (Madame
Christophe) and the Princuses her daugh
ters, are now at Play ford-hall, in Suffolk,
the seat of Mr. Clarkson, on a visit to that
.gentleman.
From Vienna, it is stated that all fo
reigners employed in the Austrian States
as preceptors or without d »
tinclion, received orders to quit the coun
try.. It is added, that the education of
youth, whether public or private, is to be
exclusively confined to the jesuista, or to
the redf-mplionisis, who are an affiliation
of that order!
When Voltaire's tragedy of Jleroil anti
Marianne was brought out, the clmractt i
of Fanis was acted by a very ugly perfor
mer Ills confidant says to him, “ Yulian,
troubled, Sir ; yon change countenance!”
“For God’s take, let hint change it!”
cried a wag from the pit.
DuwesUc.
Report of tlie Select Committee
appointed to inquire whe
ti er it ho necessary i« modi
dify or alter the 1 w to en
courage Vaccination.
Agreed to in the House of Representatives
of the United States, on Friday Februa
ry 22 J.
The committee to whom was referred
the resolution of theGth instant, direct
ing them to inquire whether it he neces
sary to make any modification of the law
passetl in the year 1813, entitled *■ An act
to etrconi'Kge Vaccination,” have had the
same under consideration, and report:
That the committee have not deemed
it necessary to report to the various re
flections which have presented themselves
upon the subject of vaccination, but feci
a confident iu the ilu*Mfi e opi
nion heretofore entertain d of its being a
preventive of the small pox is well found
ed. and believe it one of the greatest be
nt fits bestowed upon the country, and
•,e which ought to be cherished by eve
ry citizen of the republic
They are aware that a disease, called
by medical gentlemen varioloid, has,
within a few years past, made its appea;-
ance in F.nrope; that it much reset b!es
Tli< snail pox; and, under similar c r
ctimstanceS, has b cn as fatal as that dis
ease ever was; none are exempt from its
influence, neither those who have had
the small pox, nor ye those who have
been exposed to the influence of the vac
cine; but it is gratifying to find that'.he
weight of authorßy set'ms to favor ahe
lief, that all those ex msetl to the intec
, tion of the la ter suffer much less than any
others.
The committee have seen, with pain
and regret, tire occurrences which have
Istely transpired in the state of Norlh-Ca
rolina, where tire physicians in that part
of the Country believed the smallpox to
exist. These occurrences were of such a
character as to claim their attention, par
ticularly as the United Stales’ vaccine
agent, appointed pursuant to the provi
sions of the act referred to in the re
solutio., seemed to create a doubt as to
tin efficacy of vaccine in the prevention
of annul pox, and left tire impression
equivocal, whether it was not Itis belief
that it was (he varioloid disease in North-
Carolina, produced by some change in
the vaccine mutter whilst on its way to a
phy-ician in that Stale, to whom he had
sent it, or whether it had not assumed
that character from the circumst«‘ C e ol
the small pox epidemic in the neighbor
hood from whence it was sent They
hat e forborne to remark upon that transac.
tion, as the viccine agent lias since ascii
tamed, and acknowledged, that it was
the genuine small pox matter he had sctu
to North Carolina, through his own mis
take, which at once relieves the fears >-f
those who doubt the efficacy of the cow
pox, if t ere are any such; and dissipa'ed
the mist winch hong over the subj-ct
in the opinion of all who did not doubt.
It is proper to remark, that the disease
called varioloid seems to partake more of
the character of small pox than of vaccine,
and that there is no fact, within the scope
of their inquiry, 'o induce the committee
-to believe that vaccine ever has degenc
rated into varioloid. Itis
true, that instances have occune.l where
persons have taken the small pux, after
having the vaccine, though such instances
are as uncommon as it is for persons to take
the small pox a second time.
The tranquillity of settled belief has
been disturbed by allusions to the difficul
ty of securing the continuance of genu
ine matter, though no doubt is entertain
ed by vour committee that proper a ten
don will overcome every obstacle of that
kind, eradicate every evil, and, finally,
triumph over prejudice itself Some re
p roach may have been brought upon vac
cination, not, however, the result of any
well founded doubt as to its efficacy; but
from the ignorance or carelessness of
those who have used it, as it is well known
that many benevolent persons through
out the com;nunity&hav« taken upon tht m
selves to vaccinate their friends and o
thers, and, doubtless have done much
good; but if, in the progress of lime, by
want of care, the matter shall have be
come spuijous, there is not adequate ex
k ‘ •
ptrience to detect the change, txndjCoTl
sequentlv, someiisk of cutting tht per
soji to small pox, thereby bringing »ng
er to the sufferer, and unjust rep ach
to the cow pox. Tliis kind of in< -illa
tion, done by every individual who eels
charitably inclined, if w.th care, ■ noi
disapproved of; though they are < cid
edly of opinion, that it would be uch
better to trust i* to the judgrner and
care of the medical genliemen of the
country
The Committee have deemed it ir
relevant to ■state afew prominent fa is in
regard to the effects of these d sear* in
different countries, which will fcaore
clearly shew the progress of opinion, a'd
the advantages of vaccination In tb;
first place, it is proper to state, that liter
is authority for estimating the deaths ii
the natural small pox atone hi s>x; and,
though a more intimate knowledge of
that malady, together with any benefit
I arising from inoculation, may have put v,
more in the power of physicians to con-
trol it, yet, ip -Crest Britain, where vac- i
cinalion is less attended to than in some
other European countries, fifty thousand 1
persons are annually destroyed hy it. But,
even there, by vaccination, all agree the
waste of human lifi* has been lessened
It not only secures the person from tin
smallpox, but greatly lessens ihedatMrer
to be appie tended from the varioloid dis
ease, as may ho seen by reference to
highly respectable authority, which
gates that, atSlilhm, in France, contain
ing about eight thousand inhabitants, two
hundred vaccinated persons look the va
rioloid disease, and every one recovered,
whilst two hundred persons who had no
been vaccinated were destroyed.
In Denmark, by the care which the go
vernment has taken to cause the people
to vaccinate, the small pox no longer x
is's. This reamedy was introduced into
that country ah- ut the year 1800, by
laws which were vigilantly enforced. Bv
these laws it was ordered that ru person
should be received at confirmation, ad
mit'! d to any school, bnymd apprentice to
a; y trade, or married, who had not been
vaccinated, unices they had undergone
(lie small pox. A just idea may lie lorm
ed of the benefits which have* resulted to
Penmatk—a country whore the p-eser
ration if human life is more the object of
governmental care and solicitude thanjal
most any other—when it is known that
the city of Copenhagen alone, during,,
the twelve years preceding the introdic
lion of the vaccine, lost by the strait
pox five thousand five hundred of i'siu-
Imbi'ants lu the year 1305 not one deitii
occu-cd in the whole Danish dniriniuts
from the small pox Prussia lias made na
ny wise regulations favorable to vaccina
tion, which have produced highly ben li
cial results Formerly, the small pox vas
believed to d* sfroy about forty thousand
persons annually in that kingdom. In
1817, bylliis mild and entirely safe reme
dy, the demits were reduced to two thou
sand nine hundred and forty, so that the
proportion of deaths from small p-*x to
those from other causes, had been reduc
ed from one in seven down to one in one*
hundred and four.
It is believ d that the principality of
Aiispacb, in Bavaria, containing a popula
tion of V-36,4u6 individuals, lost five hun
dred annually in 1797. 1798 an I 1799;
atidin the year 1800 there perished 1609
persons of ihat|disrasc ; but, so clear & dis
tinct have been the > fleets of vaccinal'® - '**
tha*, from the year 1809 to the year 1819,
only live cases have occurred, and nut one
deah. t
lr Fiance, prizes arc given to the sur
geons who have annually vaccinated the
gii-ahst number of persons.
In r.ovnbardy, in the year ISOS, in Mi
lan and Geneva, vaccination was believed
to have extirpated the small box.
If the statements of intelligent travellers
ought to he taken as ev,deuce upon a sub
ject of this kind, there can be no doubt
that vaccinations h - operated the same
beneficial effects in bouth America wh'n h
it has done in Europe ; and the journals of
our own country hear testimony to its
great and increasing good throughout the
republic.
The Committee have viewed, with at
tention and concern, the promulgation of
opinions tending to. lessen the just con
fidence of the community-in the efficacy
of vaccination, from the circumstance of
there being present slight affections of the
skin, ulceration, or vascular disoas*-
They will not undertake to decide w hit
may be the effect of diseases of this char
acter upon the result of vaccination, when
they have affected the constitution of tin
individual, but think it doing no violence
to the opinions of those who have adopt
ed such, to consider then as a class dis
tinct from l!*c mass of the community.
They are inclined to believe that the con
stitution of the individual vaccinated, with
other causes, may vary the appearance ot
he disease in some dcg.-ec, but not to
change its character : to do that, there
would be partial causes, easily detected
and easily understood.
The committee, f.-om all the reflection
which they have been able to bestow upon
he subject, are ot opinion that no modifi
cation of the law* is necessary, as its pro
visions put it amply in die power of those
entrusted with the execution of it to pun
ish abuses whenever any exist. They
herefore recommend the adoption of the
following resolution:
li solved, That the committee be dis
charged from the further consideration ot
the subject referred to them by the resolu
tion ol the 6*h instant.
The following ex tracts are from “ an Es
say on the History and cultivation of
the European Olive Tree,” by Augus
tus L Htllhotise ; and prepared for the
North .Interlean Sylva, at the request
of Mr- Mien aux-
Since the introduction of the Vine, the
Olive seems principally wanting to com
plete the vegetable riches of die United
States; and, probably, it might be culti
vated with success on some portion of flieir
soil.
This ornament of the vegetable king
dom, which is called by Columella the
first among trees, has constituted, from
the remotest antiquity, the pride of some
of the most celebrated regions of die
globe; and, besides the commercial value
of its products, it is invested, both bv
sacred and profane.history, with a thou
sand interesting associations
The Olive luts flourished chiefly on the
shorts of»he Mediterranean Sea between
(he thirty-sixth and the forty fourth de
gree# of latitude. It still abounds in
%
Gresin the ho.&tfn provinces It re* d.
quires to be placed on hill-sides exposed el
U> tie--south, that it Wy be wanned by d<
the reflection of hea*i b'jt in Atica toe 11
climate, as well as die soil and face of the in
country* is peculiarly favorable to its tr
.growth. Near the foot of the mountains, n
the Olives form, vast curtains of a pak
green, which is agreeably contrasted wit., c
he deeper verdure of tbe meadows be- c
neath.’ and with the dusky grey of the b
rocks above. The beautiful plain of Athens, a
as seen towards the north west from a
Mount Vlymettus, appears entirely cover- c
ed with them. The wiki Olive glows up
on the mountains With the Pine and the c
Oak , and the cultivated varieties are rear- r
d about die villages V.’ith the i'tff I ree <
and the Pdmegranate-Tree. f
The produce of the soil is said to be s
, one third greater when planted wit.i O-rves,
( than under any other species ol culttfrc ; <
I and oil is the principal article of com- I
, merce which affords the Athenians the i
enjoyments of life and the means of pay- i
mg their taxes.
France is divided by agricultural wn -
era iH'o zones, each of which is named af
ter oae of its important vegetable pi odtic- ,
tions, aivl bounded lowawls the north by
the kite at which this production ceases to
Hoc nth The Abbe llosm-r makes four
of these zones, succeeding each other
from sriit h to north in the following or ter:
•ha of the Orange-Tree, which ceases a!
Ouliollis, near Toulon; that of the Gibe,
which extends to Carcassonne, and °i
which Nismes mav be taken as the ext rcine
houndaiy; that of the Vine, and that ot
the Apple-Tree. Tn travelling from ’Ton
louse to the sliore of the f.lcditeriaTKivn,
long the i anal of Languedoc, I first observ
ed the Olive ai a hole distance from Car
cassonne : but it app'-art-d to have ven
tured thither only upon trial, and ft* >m
the siz2 of the trees t judged them to he
a recent settlement- About IF-ziers, Mont
peilio", Aix, etc-, the h Us i*i every direc
tion are covered with Olives
Tlte beadly ofTli* Olive is far from cc.r
responding to its intrinsic value. It va
ries in szo according to tha soil and cli
mated' which it grows ; and io France the
temperature is not warm enough for its
peiiect developemcnt, Winy says that in
Aj-ait it was one of. the largest trees.:' Non
aliii via! ;r i’t Batten arbor. On Mot in
Adas, litffontairjtslitffontairjts saw Wild Olives from
forty-five to sixty feet in bight; and Beau
Jour compares the Olives of the plains of)
Marathon to the finest Walnuts, for stature
and expansion. Lofty Olives arc still seen
in the Island of Corfu, shading the spot
where they once enriched the gardens of
Alcinous
In litc dive-yards of France these trees
are generally from eighteen to twenty
feet in height, and from six inches to wo
feet in diameter. About Aix, Montpellier,
etc ,’ they are kepi low, partly by the dis
asters to which they are exposed from
cold, and partly hy the care of ‘he culti
vator, to facilitate the gathering of tin
fruit. They lamafy at a small height, and
form a compact and rounded summit. The
open, coriaceous foliage is of a pale, im
ppverishcd verdure, and the general an
pcarancc of the tree is not unlike that of
a common Willow which lias been lopped,
and which lias acquired a new summit of
three or four yeais’ growth- -
Indeed he Olive possesses neither tfi<-
majesty <’f forest trees, nor the graceful
lu'sf* of shrubbery. It clothes the hills
wi limn adorning them, and, considered as
an accident of the landscape, k does not
charge the picture sufficient.)*/ to conlri
hute greatly to its beauty . Tlte rich ctd-
Hire for which (lie southern provinces of
France are celebrated, is less condtiom
to rural beauty than someth' tin; humbler
species of husbandry. The richest com
ity is not always he most lovely : a coir •
try of mines, for example, is usually un
gracious to the eye; and the Olive is call
ed by an Italian writer, a mine upon the
surface of (lie earth.
Tins tree is remarkable for its longevitv:
the ancients limited its existence to vw,
hundred years ; hut modern authors as
sart that, in climates suited to its consti
tution, it survives its fif-li century De
lations are made of the bulk of some ol
these patriarchal trees, too surprising to
be repealed unless (hey were perfectly
authenticated ; but in France there are
OLves which two men can hardly com
pass in their arms.
The fruit of the Olive is called by bo
tanists a drupe : it is composed of pulpy
matter enveloping a stone, or ligneous
shell containing a kernel The olive is
ova e, pointed at the extremity, from six
to ten lines in diameter in one direction,
and from ten to fifteen lin**Rin the other:
on the wild tree it hardly exceeds tlte
size of the red currant.’ The skin is
smooth, and, when ripe, of a violet co
h nr; but in certain varieties it is yellow
ish or red. The pulp P greenish, and
the stone is ohiong, pointed, and divided
into two cells, one*of which, is Usually
void. Ibe oil ot the olive is furnished
by the pulp, which is a cha-acteristic al
most peculiar to tins fruit . in other olca
ginmis vegetables it is extracted from the
»eed. The young c.T-ve sets iu.ftme, in
creases in sze and remains gr.-cu thro’
tlu* summer, begins to change colour ear
ly in October, and is ripe at the end of
November ot* in the beginning of Decem
ber. On 'be wild Olive five or six drupes
are ripened upon each peduncle ; but on
the cultivated tree a great part of the
flowers are abut live, and the green fruit
is cast at every stage of Ps growth ; so
that rarely more than one nr two germs
upon a cluster arrive at maturity.
It has been observed from early anti
quity that the produce of the Olive is al
ten,ate; and in France’it is proverbially
said to labour one year for itself, and one
y-arfor its owner. The cause of this
phenomenon will be mentioned hereaf
ter It is asserted that th‘e wild Olives
are sometimes barren; hut these must be
tiees that have sprung from stones drop
ped upon arid rocks, in whose crevices
the roots barely find nourishment enough
to sustain the abject existence of the
plant.
The Olive accommodates itself to al
most every variety of soil; but it shuns a re
(iumjancy of moisture, & prefers loose, cal.
carious, ferule lauds mingled with stones,
such as the territory of Atttea and of the
south of France. The quality of its fruit
IS , essentially affected by that of the
sot!: it succeed, in good loams which are
capable of bearing corn, but on fat lands
it yields oil of an inferior flavor, and be
comes laden with a barren exuberance us
leaves and branches. The temperat»- lr ,-
ot t.ieclimate is a consideration of more
importance than the nature of the sofl, as
all Hie varieties of the Olive dread thi- ex
tremes both of heat and cold. Ne ither
do they delight in very low, nor in very
elevated situations, but rather in gentle
declivities, - with an exposure adapted to
the climate, where Cie-fresh brCeze* play
ing among the branches, may contribute to
the he alth of tlie tree, and to the fine
ness of the fruit, , ■ ,
Notwithstand ng the delicacy of ns
complexion, ths Olive, is .Strand}’ tena
cious of life When thfttriWk hasjpenshcd
bv frost or by I re, it sprouts anew ; k we
are assured that if a hit of the hark, with
a thin layer of wood, is buried in the
earth, it becomes a perfrcl plant.
In this respect the Olive is the polypus
of vegetables. It is MUhipTleff'Tjy airthc
inode's that are in use for the propagation
of trees: by sowing the .seed, by layers,-
by slips, by cuttings of the rout, and by
sprouts separated from the trunk or from
the"roots of the parent slock • The most
obvious method, that us forming nurseries
from the seed, is generally censured
in hooks, and rejected in the
Aflictilty of obtaining the young plants,
andthe length of tihie which must e'mpsc
before thev begin to reward the labour
of the husbandman, have discouraged its
adoption. Out if these objections could
I be obviated, it is doubtless the most eligi
ble practice: as the plants thus reared be?
giu anew tile, they are more vigorous
and ot longer duration than off-setts from
an .dd tree; they firm also a perpen'’ictiu(r
root, which penetrates »h eply, ami ,-c
--enres them Horn the danger of suffering
by drought.
In most of the experiments that have
been made of this method, the fruit hjs.
been sown cini e; and this is even enjoin
ed, as a necessary precaution 1 Hut, how
ever it may seem to be indicated by Na
ture, such is no l her own process. Tire
sioiies which produce the wild Olives are
deposited by animals ■ hat digest the pulp,
or by bin's that carry away tlie fruit in
heir beaks devour the pulp, and,
leave the stones to take their chance with
tlie elements- The principles of vegeta-
Ide phrs ologv, also, support the conclu
sions derived from these observations .
the pulp not only invites the depreda
tions of animals such as field mice, pies,
etc; htil this t ily envelope, by preserv
ing the shell tram moisture, prevents its
decaying in season fur the germination of
the kernel, which, in the m aotjare, be
come-- rancid and losses its fecundity.
Pipe fruit of the fuu-s* vaiitties is se
selectvcl, (that of the C 'ros JJibies is tlie
best', and ;he slum’s,af e: 1 being separat
ed from the pulp, are cleansed in an al
kaline solution A shell- red situation is
chosen, where tlie earth is thoroughly
loosened to the depth of three fee t, and
enriched with the warmest manures In
tlie month of March the stones are sown,
at a small distance apart, in trenches two
or three inches deep, and covered with
earth The soil should be kept free from
licib igc, and occasionally watered during
the summer, 'file young plants appear
in October, and continue to vegetate
through the winter. Hy the following
spring, the mosnliriving among them wil l
have attained the height of thirty inches.
The feebler stocks should nov he radical
ed With pro er attention, and in a fa
vorahle soil, the remainder will be lour
or five feel high, and six or seven lines in
diameter, in 1 lie course of the third sprint;,
with a perpendicular root dfthirt}' inches
This is the season for transplanting them.
Oeat ca-e should be bestowed upon the
reparation of the ground, and the young
plants should be placed three feet apart.
After two years they will be sufficiently
advanced to be grafted; at tlie end of
sue years they may be transp.an’cd to
the olive-yard.
To accelerate the germination, the
stones may be kept in fine mould during
■ ■re summer and autumn, and sown 'n tire
bvgumi. gos January They soon be.-io
to vegetal-, and before the following in
ter (he young stocks acquire strength
enough to support rs rigours, while the
tender plant that comes up in October,
is in danger of suffering by the lightest
hoar-frost. Perhaps some advantage
would ho found in reducing the thickness
ol the shell before it is committed to tlie
ground, in order .to expose the germ
more speedily to (he influence of those
•• gents which are necessary to its c.xpan
sion.
Every mode of grafting is successfully
practised on the Olive: the most common,
and tire most p.-oper fir young stocks, is
that ol inoculation. The operation should
be performed in May, while the juices!
are in active circulation Different on- J
nions prevail respecting tire insertion of* j
tire grat; ..hove or below the surface 01 i
the ground: grafting below the surface ; -s
attended witti this advantage, that, when j
i lire trunk is destroyed, ag‘ irerous proge
ny springs from its b tsc.
A f’ctv slocks .should he left to form new
varieties. Fruit trees and flowers lose in
1 reproduction, the properties which Urey
aa-J acquired by culture, an.l (end anew
1 to the state of nature; but in a great nun:
. her of plants reared from tbs seed, a few
are found that equal or excel the i-arent.
. Florists consider themselves as foil-,mate
among a thousand Hyacinths or Tulips,
’ they obtain three or four deservin'* of no
tice. °
I - The young Olives begin to yield fruit
the tenth or twelfth year, an i arc fatly
i productive about tlie twenty filth or thir
i tie*.!), thus Hesiod’s observation, that no
; man Jpuheis fruit from an Olive of I,N
1 own planting, mus be admitted with, the
abatement!* of poetry.
s A second method of forming a nursery
which has been successfully .adopted near
Toulop, is by' transplanting the you ire*
wild Olivrs. - °
The ancients relied principally upon
j propagation by slips, and this easy and
s expeditious mode is still generally follow
. ed in Spain. A smooth, thriving sprout
* or branch, one or two indies in diameter,
• is cut into pieces twelve op fifteen inches’
long, which are carefully set, without
5 wounding the bark, in ground prepared
, tor the seed. They' are placed at the
distance of three feet, and at such a depth
mat three inches only appear above the
. js- rface. To encourage the formation us
. roots, the larger end, which is committ
ed to toe earth, should be smeared w ito
, a composition c mould animal manure,
and the end which is exposed t » the air
should be protected by a covering of clay.
Cuttings ot tlie roots, also; buried in an
inclined position in trendies four inclres
deep, will sprout in the course of the
year; a few months later the feebler stocks
f are plucked up, and the more vigorous
ones arc left at the distance of three feet
Another#easy t’esodree is found in the
i, shoots ibat spi lug up round the base of.
an old Olive, or from roots laid bare anil
wounded for this purpose.
It is necessary, in every r mg
■ tain the point at. which the < Jn ’ 1 Mur
, vaj grafted. The offspring 1 '~W l Jk
. .identrcai to its nature with
, the parent.tree from which \ v! ■ ''"llB
rated; it requires grafting,
it;was cletaclied from a point hi; Hf
insertion of the gufe, or from''''■Bl
which had.uot submitted to this t.- 4 , wffis
All these operations are peif.
the close of winter or tfe. »Rafe
spring. TJie length «,f uTne vv/'/WP
, young plantashoiriu remain i„ ■
varies with their size ut.U sUtmgt.l' F
rarely exceeds lout or (he veurs. *’• Iv ''
this ‘period' the ground, should fc* K?*
mellow and clean,.ajt}d occasionjly
, ed in the summer, it the sta ;ja j\, W’ ! 'l
But this ii«‘ itgence should i :o t'. 7m
gai|y’bestowed: vegetable as.\vMl ~1
mal andftiorai life, is susceptible , I' '
Hide. For this; reason, it i s a| So »‘
pc'tant precept in the'furmatioa J’H
series, to select a soil analogous i 3 H*'
in which the trees are la reside:
young plant is lavishly supplied
trUidus jiiipes, its pores "become d\, H
c.d, its fibres gross, and, its ve
Insurant. Superfluous enjoy
become necessaries of life; [lenor
it is removed to a different
denined io struggle for
ungrateful soil, it loses heart an»i
where it might have been ioiiirifu
fruitful, if its fempt lament bad
dined by early privation . Thus it ;., 1 ®
if 1 may he pardoned the reflection
the mind of an ingenuous youth
undei-betler iafluehoes, might.
' formed to Virtue. If tile lesson
tefestedness had been early
it might have beenjead to s»cri|«. pHt
to humanity, as unljesitaliiigly as ( lt
iicts pleasure to fame. Hut,
being taught to consult only tlie.ui, i"mß
ing principles of -rectitude, and
tisfied with the pleasures'of.<bencif,pfl|
he is'sedulously inspired with
glory; his ambitiotl is fomented H‘
ungenerous passion assumes the nsrc-Wi
in his breast, and becomes thfc afuiiß ■'
' iiis existence. { j ■
IVhen the xt'.irsc'iugs are aWlvj,'
proper age, the ,n, xt step is to
them to the olive-yardr The t.iskoi B,
paring the gtouud for their
should,be begun immediately s|f tr 'BT
harvest. Holes or trenches at
feet wide, are dug, & left
the close of winter, which is
transplanting tlie Olive- The sufeHfj
principal branches f are .lopped, sjjW*
wounds are covered with clav; 1.8,
much of the roots as possible kWijß,
preserved, with the earth udheniH’
1 them When the trees ate cavriaß
distance which may be done w.tß
precautions that are used for cth- B
trees, they should he set during i-l
hours in water, before they are r?w®L
in the ground. Mellow, fertile rtt
should he spread upon the roots, rrK
which the carth.phould be lightly . I-/
though it is not useful to render ; tMp
pact, nor to Ik ap it about the umiM
copious watering follows, and is rep
in the course of the season, as the v.
and the health of the plant may requi
The Olive, arrived at an advance
may be iraiuplanUd in the same r,:
as the young tree. In general, wk
vegetable is to support this-trial
most important prec. pt- isthaUhei
be widely l»v‘.*krTt up and minutely >
vid d,'sot that the roots may be r»>,r
their natural position,' find that tiicir
efl'ortTtb* extend themselves may u;
• embarrassed by compact masses; li
'.bey peuetratp. with difficulty', sna.l
wlucli they derive a scanty-su sigtenc?
The Olives should be planted at siA
distance that rpay not interfere'*
each ylher, and that every portion eff
soil may gontiioiiti to their noinisfe.ld
In m ager lands from which no other/-’
d-ice is exacted, eighteen or tweak ;■
are enough; but in ' vineyards or e
lauds they may be thirty five or forty t
apart. Cato assigns tweiny.five o.- i-.
feet, which, as a Tfi-rTt tei m, is sufiirif
.exact. Jn.war trier climates, certain vl
tics attain such dimensions ssturciy
a space of sixty or seventy feet.
T-be nhve yard should be mannr-v
leas once in three or four years; !.
would be more beneficial to sks'h.
strength by moderate annual suppi
Most gpecies of rramire, whife i.j,pjj
crease the produce oftne Olivr-, im ii’i
quality of its fruit ; the/mest oil hr,l
from wild trees growing in ca’cirl
lauds rs moderste fertility; Vw'B
substances urj preferable to atfum!■
nitres fbr fruit trees in general, nnf ®
cialiy for he O'ive and the Vine. U®
animal manure is employed, it s’r'Bji
t - mport'd with marl, sea weed, :-->X
e*(., aid applied only when (he vh'.S
reduced to mould. |'o soils
t lis ingredient, colcarious matter isof®
utmost u i!i ; yvarvd Threat benefit isb'S
be {inn.l. in £pain from sea.water p*-B
M-on the roots, of the Olive, Out theV
->t manutc is the,cffids.i.f the fitiitW
has been pressed, and the was'.i.’.g6'j[j|
l * VV sc i s i,n -l 1 be oil-vi ssels,
F.ie manure is spread in the fall, nil
•wonts > i r before the tillage in tire s;|
Its eti-els are friost sensible when it
plied at (he beginning of winter, as d'i’B
ill s season, its virtues are imbibed hyil
soil, and communicated to every fibre!
the roots,. Through die spring “‘‘- 1 r-l
irn-r, on the contrary, it sometimes rctfil
noiirly inert beneath the surface. llv.iJ
chmates where the Olive is liable tori
ry from cold, the most serious ardfel
are to be feared from keeping itsrcj
too Wat m,in^Jie.winter; its veg-.-tn'iaVl
iiig in.this manner quickened, so that t-»
sip is set in motion by every geiri 1
tfe.t sis ■ ens tlie bosom of Nature, it i :
(ibped to the most imminent danger y ll ®
the returning feost. The fatal cTicV-ft
cold are frequently less att.rifcintablet?
intensity' than to its suddenness
which has become relaxed by flit’t'-B
breath of ad-*cciif,il Zephyr, is s'lrr"-' I
nod killed by the frozen blast of die iU'B
wind, ' To maintain an even tempe-a’ iB
at the roots during the winter, c’ a
should be heaped about the base of H
trees,and the manure should he -V- |
eariy enough in the fall to assist then \
ripening their fruit and preparing ■ J
bloi.m of the succeeding year, or 1 |
enough in the spring to avoid th-’' |
dr nts of frost '»he Greeks do not r i
tse of manure, except when cliaotc I
ducts a Hock of sheep to the foot ' |
Olive, which immediately b- comes K
spicuous by arichep vegetation.
The remaining part of the cultiv I
of the Olive- is pruning riernar' I
hums us that this practice was hut i-'
introduced into Provence, and that ’■
not universally a»lopted, nor red