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POLAND AND KOSCIUSKO. Froin the Laltirnorc American, /.bout to take its situ, lion or,re mere ament’ tin- nations ot the < .• In Poiaiul, at this mo inci.t, uiitat he an inti a .tie.’ siiLj-.-t t of refac tion for every i. C id n ‘ anti pliilo ophir mind. Under this 11.1,11 c.. ion, we have prepared the following .f.e.ch lor llie gratification of our readers Poland was anciently famed for hunter,dic ing in., ol j.l .i. woods, v. ild hearts, ~nt. cic.iv kiii'l oi inline, and derives its naino i'Vu or /’//', a Sclav jnir.ll word, which is ‘.ad to fy .i country fit for ininting. () 1 the whole the climate is healthy, and the soil is fertile in <oi .i, v.i t<■ 1 11 anti• i,of which an; m ;,c from tin u . and . 1 the Vistula to Daatzic,; nd which am bought no liy the Dutch and other nations. ‘ l- !.e :n •„ especially in that part called Po .oiia. (••;<• ;d ad description in richness ; and tii* eat Me, it is grid, cannot frequently he se.cn < . < iivse.ju lie • of their extreme luxuriance. !t has mi;.’ sos silver, iron, copper, salt and e : the mt.-rifi- parts contain large forests, w i 1) fiirni.sli ihid-er in abundance; fruits, I” !> , and grapi i are product and there, lint the mc sc!.or nev ,;r comes to perfection ; the. • ‘.;irl’if.ers are the Vistula, the Keister, the }! ‘ i'.ti:• lcs, tl’.e Hi;;', and Dtvinu ;it contains J*. 1 a ‘ ‘ lakes. Ihe country .abound, with •vil'i animals, anion;’ which art; horse#, wolves, I „ t dec:-. ass, and wild oxen. Poland (i eluding Liihiuniu) lias been supposed to r >:;tai'i 1 :-/hjo,o‘k> of inhabitants. In their per sons the Poles make a noble appearance, their < npk vm.is a."” lair, and their shapes are well proportioned ; they are brave, honest, and hos piu.hle ; and their women sprightly, vet mo <•■’ .U ai.d submissive to their hi hands.’ Their diversions arc. warlike and manly : they usual ly tr.;\ 1 on horseback, and arc extremely har dy. The mode of living of the nobles is very fastidious, ceremonious, expensive, and • hour. The Poles are divided into no 1 ‘■ c!c gv, citi ze.r. or burghers ; and the peasant , aic divi ded into two sorts, those oi’the mown and thus.: belongin ‘to individuals. Tlicir dress bin.pilar ; lin y shave their heads, leaving only a cireir of hair on the crown, and men cf all r nks generally were large whiskers; they v if a vest which reaches down to the middle o! lilt; lee;, and a kind of gown over it lined “'till In . an 1 girded with a sash, but the sleeves fit dose, to their arms as a waistcoat. Their Ineecms are wide, and make but ore piece vi h their stockings ; they wear a fir cap ra il ..net ; their shirts ace without collar or wrist b .ml, and they wear neither stock dr neckcloth. Instead ril shoes they wear Turkey leather 1> 1 a .vi.’. Mdo solos, ami deep iron heels bent li-o- a hall moon. i lie habit ol the women is a ‘ i r. tie Polonaise or long rube edged with fee. The peasant-, in winter wear slice ;-skins, vi h the wool imvanis, unci in summer a thick etui a- doth, but no linen. Copernicus was a II i- e of Poland ; but that country is not ccle b a*. 1 so.- learned men. I* contains three uni- 1 v- si.ie-. ; one at Cracow, one at Wilna, ami r-eat P< sen. Warsaw is the real capital, anil i. to npuicd tt contain 70,000 inhabitants. IV>- 1 nd ti.Miii.-c a formidable kingdom, to which Pi'u mi was in a stale ol vassalage, and the ti tle of king of Prussia was never acknowledg ed until the vear I.nd. I.us.ia also in too bc |.d- tug of th • seventeenth century, saw its ca pi and and throne possessed by the Poles, while M'isti ia, i:i 1 C.t*3, was indebted to the king of P and .ml In- the preservation of its metropolis, tetri almost tor its very existence. These three peaces, ho\v vc-r,in 1772, entered into an alli £m ‘.‘ tr> r.nide .iticl riismcmher tlte kingdom of . V hand. Th.is partition was projected by the king of Prussia; and, a!thorn ! 1 they would gladly have divided the whole ol that unfortu n,t • country. (Roland) policy taught then to lt-.st fa;-a while contented with only a third of rs th republic, instead of tin- v.h >lc, as they in hi si eomi-inplatcvl. Ihe partitioning pow < rs ‘.orcibly cfiMtcda great change in the con mji.i.um. Hut in 179 l, the king ..ml the nation i 1 1 ..iisn:i. ami without foreign interveution, es t risked all tiler eon e.itntion. liy this the t u .vn- n ..s deelured hereditary in the house of Iy. s any ol the nobles, however, re t. .- •in*’ the saeriiier .-l some of their privi 1< u-a bad recourse to the court oi Russia; their and <••. -b-i 1. -.gi-eeing with the ambitious views v -i'in . ,tc sent an army into Poland un d 1 u ett-xt (>■ guaranteeing tnc constitution ol * ‘ ,SI ut-ner of which the last was >” mown. lie.- 1 e.d object of the empress v- 1 m.ik-.’ as eo.in division ol this country, v ..it n itvik place in 1793. The unreasonable XV --*. vel • oppiv su-s excited the people to te .at such .cumulate,l w rongs. iff t . ( j ’ 1 .1 i ‘i in. they loudlr complained of hudi imlitva f injustice. They claimed the p .s,.'u n r t lim e powers who had become j. ato the treaty ol Oliva.— -. treaty that rud assured to them the hulivisibility of their territory, and which had long been regarded as .th.- grand charter of the norib. Some of these p .worsmade remonstrance* with asii.Mt- effect ns the Poles themselves. The Po’onese di.->- pr.viay: that enthusiasm, which the uirlor oi self-deletur inspires, unanimously agreed to r .ait-iictr ci v .miry t>r perish in tl.e attempt. An nrniv ,v.;s h s'liy levied, and the command jtucjv to pnuce Joveph Poniatowskv, whose in e tpcri-M-• and premature notions, rendered Jv >1 very unlit ior such an iinjxu-tant underta king, ‘Phc na’w-n could oppose 1 sX . 1 mea t the dcs ns . * the empress ; hut under such a 1.-iroii-'is l<- <.;<- ■’ tht v cou'nl never be brought to act trt that brni and decided manner which wa- ncchsiiy to the salvtiuon of their tottering country. It vas than t’- - nation di.ipand-,-d tiif ahi'.iri. c?the gallant KoSousko. Though a .iwitcnatil umier prince Joseph, lie displayed talents winch \y. ( cured him the love oi his eour.trv, th:: icsculineiu cl Russia, and tile es teem of all the rest of Lui opt. 120,000 Hus sions arrived in Poland, and on the 10th of Oc obe> u rire.nfful liuttlc took place with the Rus sians under Fei sen and the troops under Kos ciusko. The Russians wcie at first repulsed by the Pole-., v. ho, not content with the aclvun t. ‘.rs tin y Lad gained, abandoned their fnvors bla position on tire height.-*, £. pressed on to at tar, it in tlicir mm, which tlirew their t loops in to confusion, and the Russians I'oiming them selves anew, the route soon bccam§ general. The fight lasted from seven in the morning till noon. Kosciusko Hew trom rank to rank, was continually in the hottest part of the en gagement, in the course ol ~lucli he had tlnce iicrses killed inidcr him. At length he 1011, and a cossack, who did not know him in a peasant*-; dress, which ha constantly wore, wounded him from behind with a lance. He recovered and advanced a lew steps, but was again knocked down by another Cossack, who v : preparing to give him the fatal blow, when his aiT.i was arrested by a Russian officer, to whose wife Kosciusko had a short time before politely given leave of departure from Warsaw to join her husband. The unfortunate hero entreated of the officer to put an cud to his life ; but the latter preferred making him a prison er. He was transported to Petersburg, where he, vr ill: some more brave men, were long im mersed in dungeons. The Poles fought with a dqgicc of valor ap proaching to fury. The Russians summoned Warsaw to surrender, and oi. being refused, Suwarrow com mandrel his soldiers to mount to the assault, over the dead bodies of their comrades and enemies. The Russians sprung to the charge with inconceivable impetuosity. Sir; Russian columns presented themselves at oik e, before the lines at Prague. Tile Poles, after bravely defending themselves, < ndcuvored to find safely b. retiring into War saw. In their retreat, they were met by an other Ikklv of Russians, and a woeful slaugh ter ensued. Alter a conflict of eight hours, the r, .i .tiuice on the pint of the Poles ceased. Five, thousand Poles arc said to have been slain in the .. ::;au!l: the rest were imprisoned or dispersed. The houses were plundered by the barbarous Kusiuns, who, after the battle had ceased Letter than tea hours, set lire to the town, and began to massacre the inhabitants. I’he king of Poland formally resigned his crown at Grodno, in 171/5, aad was afterwards removed to Petersburg, whvre (living on a pension granted by -the court of Russia) he remained a sort of state prisoner till his death in 1798. The Polish king, though he had o penly declared against the partition, was long suspected of being too partial to the views of Russia. The people even confidently believ ed. that the king formed the partition then in agitation, as he afterv.'aids publicly declared, that it was necessary to submit to the ascend ancy of the Russians. Alter the treaty of the partition was acceded toby the members of the diet convoked tor that purpose, many of the principal members hastened to the king, and upbraided him with conspiring to ruin their country. lie at first tried gentle means to appear,e their anger ; buUjnding that his mod eration made them more“njUst in accusations, he rose up, threw his hat on the ground, and s.acl to them haughtily : “Gt tienien, 1 am weary of listening to you. 1 he partition ol your miserable country, is a consequence of your ambition, of your dis.-.cn tions, of your eternal disputes. To yourselves alone you ought to attiinutc your misfortunes. If no greater ponton of land remained to me loan this hat would cover, 1 should still, in the eves ot ail Europe, be ycur lawful, but unfor tunate king.” _ Kosciusko had the fortune to be freed from his prison, after the destruction of his country, when lie went to Tngku;J, where he was re ceived by the. enligntencd and liberal men of that nation, with distinghLhed respect: lie af terward > visited the baited States of -America, from whence he returned to France, where he no doubt lias been waiting for the piesent crisis in the ailuirs of his country, (which has been long expected) to make himself useful to his countrymen. On the late of Poland and the gallant con duct of Kosciusko, Campbell, the Scots poet, ha; the following beautiful and animated lines, iu the first part ol his I’lcasuies ol Hope O ! sacred Truth 1 thy triumph cem’d a while, Ami Hope, thy filler, ceas’d with thee to smile, \\ hen leagu’d oppreflion pour’d to northern wars Her whilkiv’d paadors and her fierce huiTars, Wav’d her dread standard to the breeze of morn, I’eal’d her loud drum, and twang’d her trumpet horn ; Tumultuous horror b-ooded e’er her van Pieligiug wrath to Poland—ami to man! W arfaw’s lull champion from her heights furvey’d, \V itie o or the IT-M-, a vva.Ae of ruin laid. Oh ! Heav'd ! he cried, my bleeding country save ! Is there no hand on high to lhield the brave ? 1 -t, though delb notion sweep thele lovely plains, Rile, fellow-men ! our country yet remains! By that dtead name we wave the sword on high, And swear for her to live ! —w ith her to die ! He said ; and on the rampart-heights array’d His trolly warriors, few, but undifmay’d; l-irm-pac’J and flow, a horrid front they form, Still as the b-eeze, but dieadful as the florin ; Tow niurm’ring founds, a!ong their banners fly, Revenge, or Death—the watch-word and reply •, ! 1 hen peal’d the notes, omnipotent to charm, And the loud toefin toll’d their lull alarm! til vain, alas ! in vain, ye gallant few- ! From rank to rack yo-.tr voIL-.nl thunder flew: C)h ! hlcodieft picture In t* e book of Time, Sarmauu fell, unwept, without a crime ; Found no: a generous friend, a pitying sot! Strength it: her aims, nor mercy in her woe ! Droj.t from ! er ne- velcss grufp the faatter’d spear, PC io-’d her bright eye, and curb and her high career. Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell, And Freedom fhrkk’ii—as KofeiuKco foil !” Poland, including Lithuania, is 700 miles in length and 6HO in breadth, hir.ee the dismem berment ol the kingdom,'*the number of in habitants is rated at about 9,000,000, of w hich 600,000 are Jews. The provinces taken by Rus sia are the largest; by Austria, the ruost popu lous ; and by Prusssia, the most commercial. COMMERCIAL. Ronapai te s L.ockariing decree occasions va rious opinions respecting-its bearings and ex tent, as it affects the commerce of the Unite,, States the first object of our solicitude, ‘i'he following extract ot a letter from London will shew in what light they are considered bv commercial men in tout emporium ot Euro pean commerce:— “ London, December 25, 1806. “ The very extraordinary decree of the French emperor, dated at Berlin, the 01st of November, and the adoption of the same in Holland, under date of the first of December, you will of course see in the public papers bv the time this gets to hand. “ i he precise effects of these measures, we cannot, at present, fully estimate; but should they be executed .according to their tenor, it will be indispensably necessary that we decline all acceptances of bills drawn against consign ments, made to any part of the continent of Europe, the whole of which cither actually is under the dominion of the French, or if not, remains free from it by sufferance rather than by any resistance that can be successfully op posed to them. “ To this serious- state of things we would beg to call vour attention, and we would parti cularly remark on that part of the decree which forbids the passage of letters, addressed to Englishmen or written in the English language. We are willing to hope, that home means will be found to elude the rigor of this prohibition, and rather expect that in Holland this may be by and by the case ; but where all is uncertain, and where n6 assurance of safety is likely to be’ obtained, we cannot but caution our” good friends in the United States, in tliG strongest manner, and warn them of the possibility oi our being very soon obliged to refuse accept ances to their drafts, predicated on continental consignments, as, notwithstanding the genera! assurances we have given ol our readiness to all'ord this facility, we cannot consider ourselves held to such an engagement, aftei die publica tion of the decrees in question. ‘‘ Our opinion is much in favor of shipments to Ho!! ml, rather than to France cr to L..iy. considering that to the commercial spirit it Holland, and the confidence this inspires, are to he attributed the superior fi.riiity of corres pondence through that channel, the only < nc of which we now appear to retain even a chancfc ; but it seems to us that prudence re quires that vessels should no longer touch in England fur orders; that they should be ac companied by experienced supercargoes, v no should have instructions, in case they cannot procure remittances to he sent hither in good bills, to bring away with thdm the returns in specie, which they might easily land on cur coast, and .so provide the funds to meet any de pending bills; though ibis must be attended with a delay w hich it will be necessary to guard against, by withholding your drafts accordingly. For the same reasons, we think it would le highly prudent, that bills should be drawn, payable at 60 or T2O days sight, at the option of the acceptor, (bearing interest after sixty days) in order to afford a longer time to obtain the funds, if necessary ; and also that you should, if possible, stipulate, that in case the bills are. unpaid solely in consequence of the non-arrival of funds from the continent, or from the decree <>f any of the belligerent powers, they should be exempt from the usual damages. “ We have conversed fully on this subject w ith several of our most respectable neighbors, ami find a general agreement of opinion there on. 1* or ourselves, we confidently appeal to our good friends in the United States,’ that v. c arc not likely, on any light or trilling grounds, to discredit any of their bills, or to ‘suspend them for a moment longer than this imperious necessity exists, arising from circumstances like the present, which can neither he foreseen nor controled, arid which, in common pru rience, imposes such a rule of conduct upon us. Respectfully submitting these reflections to your consideration.” VACCINATION. Such arc the blessed effects resulting from the Vaccine or Cow-Pock Inoculation, that in the city of Glasgow, in Scotland, (which con tains as many inhabitants as Ncw-York) duiing the last year, fifteen children only have died of the small-pox. In the year 1797, the number was 234. The following is a correct statement of the number of children who have died of the small pox in that city and neighborhood duiing the last ten years, as extracted from the yearly hills of mortality : years. Deaths. Years. Deaths. 1 797 231 1802 gw. 1798 179 150.3 0| 1T99 224 1804 123 180) 159 1805 <i4 I 1801 U? 7 isoo 45 PROM TEE RICHMOND ENOUIRFK. The f0.1t.-.ving affidavit, mace by agcol.t m. a of respectability, is extracted ..on. the i m u.oie Aa.eiicub. those who hate u-wi cl. :r s letter \vili leconect 1n.., i.UM . li. t; aid -wr. ivuistoli a e thciein staled i.e’. 1 • to hate spoxer. to him on the subject t.f i.,a so. .enceti tome ; ar.uyel those are the very ;.c.- sci.s v. ho me heie re ..-leseiiteii to L,,ve aaso-. t cu, that the l; ei Miens cf Furr v. tie carried cn. conjoint y vi:h -tair, anti to have penned out with ooneclhcss the loutt which Adair was to lake to Now-Oilcans.” 1 hut man must Le almost infatuated by the ‘pint ol ii.cicciui’.y. who, ul.tt suti. UiUitipiied piocfs oi trcasoimble projects, could still con.c lorwaid as the apologist ol t:.c view's or oi.a lactar ot Aaion f/ttir* “ C'OL'STr CF Clt LF.JSS. 6S. “ Personally ap-pt-ared Lctore 1 c, the sub tciiber,one oi ti:e jusiit cs tjl tl.e p'CUv c t..aa tvir the said county. Doctor John i . Cuimkiiael, mho on lus soiemn outii tiecuircs, that on the evening of the 1 Ith January instant, 2*ii .R is < n uid Mr. l-loyd, the sen 01 c u ptaiii i x-y,. of i.t.v.u v,ilc, Kentueky, called :.t tl.e liousc of tins tlejjt ueiit, spent the evening and b; c..k- • fasted with him the next day ; that die con versation liming the evening and morning ge nerally related to die various opinions in ciict’.- iuuon respecting ccleiici Bun- and the situation oi this country ; that alter bi'cakfiist Air. !..i ----syon opened his business vnh tins eepoiient, stating that he had descended the Atisst&si] j i, r s tar as Aew-Maclrid, incompany with col. Cuit, where he Ick hint; that general Adaii had gone to --ew-Orleans by a circukovs lout,, and that his intention was to ccmniuirictCd with general \\ ilkinsen, and to return to as it> meet them at my house about that time, i. r pos sible ; that it was ar. object with them to as certain the exact situation of the ft i t at Raton Rouge, the state ot the wotks, the number of men, its weak situation ; and that Fort Adams, was ol some consequence, what United bta.es troops were there, ana who .commanded them i Where the gun-!,oats were; who individu ally commanded them ; and who was the com manding officer of the marines ? See. Ail tl cse questions were answered by this deponent as he (lud been acquainted with them. ‘'l he s.ficl Ralston and Floyd proposed to this deponent to visit Baton Rouge, to ascertain the exact si tuation of that fort; but declined when the or ders of colonel Grand Pie v. eic state,!, and the difficulty attending such an enterprise. Mr. Ralston informed him that coh-nei Burr was , he oti the 12th day of January instant at iU) 1 it Pierre, where he was to wait for his l ciidoi't ,-- ment and to receive his information lrcm hi a agents, who were circulated tlm.-ugli the coun try at that time ; that the first ch ert oi colci ol Burr was to take Batten Rouge, wide l e was so raise Us star.dai.tl ano to make bis commu nications the government of the United Sta.es, v-iw-.e he was to he joined by a number of n>m already engaged, to the an.curt of 10,0(0, it noccsiiarv ; that the number of men at pre sent with ccloiu-l -Bun- did not exceed 159, but co:cxel Burr’s arrangen ei ts v-oie somatic, uia. me men already euguged in Kentucky and, Tennessee should join without shew, so that no poaribie alarm or suspicion, on the part of the general government, should lake place brin e he had left tlic government, and taken posses sion of Baton Rouge. “ ph’- Ralston further statefj to this deponent, i.iat it was not the intention ol colonel Butt- to promote and make a seperation of the union, but to act against the Spanish government; and staled the intended expedition against Mexico. When this deponent mentioned the name of captain Shaw, Mr. Ralston observed, that if he v. as one cf the Mediterranean officers he was iiiendly to their measures; that it was well un derstood that a large proportion of the officers of the army, and Mediterranean officers, were already engaged in their interests. Mr. Ral ston expressed great surprise at the conduct of general \\ ilkinson, in attesting certain charac ters, Swartwout, Ogden, Boilman and Alexan der, and repeatedly asked tins denonent what Ue thought of the conduct of general Wilkin son, and whether lie believed he had deserted the interests of the party, or was it oniv to co ver his greater objects. This deponent fur ther declares that Air. Ralston and Mr. Floyd visited Fort Adams on the evening ol the 12th of January instant, between sunset and dark, and walked round said fort. ‘•JOHN F. CARMICHAEL. “ Sworn and subscribed before me 1 his 1 1 i* day of Jannary, 1807. R. GEN AS, Justice of Peace. From this affidavit (if it be admitted to have any weigot) it must appear ti.at this ncvei’-tt - be sufficiently detested plan, w hich according tv> Adair's much vaunted philippic, was, in tl.e event that we were not at hostility with Spain, to be fiurelu agricultural, hat! it in view, first. unwarrantably anc: wickedly to seize upon t e possessions of a friendly power ; ant! scrotuUity a genet ui corruption of the officers et the army and navy being effected, to prosecute a scheme of conquest, which, if successful, must eventu ate in the separation of the union. Died, at Guilford, Vt. on the lP t j, pvb. i as t, capt. John Barney, and in the tenth, his con sort, Rebeccah, being each about 77 rears of age, and in good health on the first iiist. h:n - j ing enioved an unusual degree of social fclicity | in their nuptial relation, for more than 58 years: forty of which they have lived in the town, of Guilford—left to regret their less, 6 children, 76 grand children, 55 great grand children deceased ui tneir day, 0 i hildi en, 30 grand chi’-, tlrcn, end 10 great grand children—amounting to 193, lineal posit ixy fit mi tl: e u-,o ]<i sons. in less than 58 t ears, of which 147 ats now living in usual prosperh.y.