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A’NJ\ | ♦ g| il /W J ♦ | i -j-i i'l I t d i■■Oit I■ I r IH I 111 wl OLD SERIES, VOL. LA IL THU CHRONICLE & SENTINEL IS PUBLISHED DAILY) i Kl-WKEKI.Y, AND WEEKLY, BY 4. W. W. S. JON CS. The Weekly Chronicle & Sentinel „ IS PUBLISHED AT Three Dollars per annum—or one subscriber two years, or two Subscribers one year for 35. 'Tri-Weekly paper, nt Five Dollars perannuirt. Daily paper, at Ten Dollars per annum. Cash System.—ln no case will an order for the paper be attended to, unless accompanied with the money; and in every instance when the time -T which any subscription may I* paid, expires -'fore the receipt of funds to renew the subseiip- U-JD, the paper will be discontinued. Depreciated uOney received at its value in this city. iMjrotitrir anO Sbrntinrl. “ AUGUSTA. MORN I NG, FEBRUARY 3. • More I.ocofocoisni. For the information of oar readers, many of ® horn doubtless never see his Excellency’s or ; .n, the Federal Union, wc transfer to our co nns the following article from the last num ■ jof that paper, by which it appears that the .host of a Stay law or some other system of relief’ ‘for the dear people,” still haunts the dreamy imagination of tjie Governor’s mouth ece. Times have certainly changed, or some f the people are most wonderfully fickle. The gans of the Locofocos but a few years since scouted the praises of General Jackson to the skies when he declared, that all who traded on credit or borrowe I capital ought to break, and yet still louder when he sought and proclaimed his intention to destroy all Banks, and the cred it system—and strange as it may seem these same organs are now the advocates of Stat' laws. Relief to the Indebted. It affords us great satisfaction to notice the tone of the Globe on this important topic. Every one knows that widely circulated and powerful political paper, as me uncompromising cash doion and cash up organ of the Democratic par ty. We cannot call to mind a-singie remark of theirs, giving countenance to the slightest de viation in their rule, till we read in their paper of the 13th inst. their first essay, headed Relief to the Indebted. The comfortable amount paid them in gold, for the printing they have done for the Government, has not quite'hid the awful condition of the suffering debtors of the country. We have not failed to announce these facts to our readers,* and had almost despaired of the Democratic party rallying on their true ground, lhe interest of the people, till the Globe has made its appearance in this new field. Too late, by far, has the true tlag been unfurled by the stan dard bearer, but late as it is, there remains much to be done. We are far from sanctioning all the argu ments of the Globe on this subject; they arc still entangled in theory, and driven by irresistible circumstances to acknowledge the necessity ot doing something to avert the almost universal extermination of the debtor class. We contemn the mincing with which they take up the sub ject, and declare our opinion, unequivocally and positively, that unless the Democratic party proclaim, as a leading object ol their policy, the enactment of efficient laws for the “ reJifofthe indebted,” its overthrow will be as signal and merited, as that of thej=m-skin an I red-pepper party of 18ft) We*/ nish our friends, that course is demanded b, policy a.-, well as by hu manity. It may be a pleasant occupation to attend constable’s sales to purchase corn at live cents per bushel, good cows at three dollars, and sheep al twenty-five cents a piece; but over the legislative authority which looks idly on such legalized rubbery and oppression, there stands a hallowed power’, which will tell them as Crom well did the Rump Parliament, “stand by and give way for better men.” We have not room for their Insertion, but commend the several essays of the Globe t ■ life careful examination of our readers. We think they will lie found conclusive against the at tempt to reorganize a United States Bank, or any other reliance but the legislative powers ot the “several States.” He points to toe valua tion laws of several of the Stales, and the enact ment of such laws progressing in others—but he does not discuss the constitutional difficulties which so embarrass the Southern States, where lawyers make, and lawyers create lhe laws.— Beloretribunals so constituted, if laws give way itis not to favor poverty or innocence. Against these, they are a two edged sword in the hands of fanaticism ; but against the wealthy oy pow erful, our laws and constitution are as singed flax or a broken reed. Our opinion has always been, that it our Le gislature had any desire to pass laws tor the “relief of the indebted,” they would have found the means of accomplishing their wishes. The clause in the Constitution of the United Stales, behind which so many have sheltered them selves to carry out their determined objects and wishes, has been long enough perverted to such purposes. More than halt ot the United States nave tonnd the means of successful rescue to their citizens on emergencies like the present; and the Democratic party of Georgia is annihi lated unless it follows tlieir example. We lor the present close with the following extract from the Globe, beginning, it is true, with an il. “ If there ever were circumstances which coud justify the introduction of the valuation condition, in connexion with sales under execu tion, they exist bow. The improvident legisla tion of the States have brought about the desti tution of currency which renders absolute sales under execution almost a total sacrifice of the debtops means. He is not only stripped of what under ordinary circumstances would enable him to fulfil his obligations, but he is rojibed ui it under a state of things produced by legisla tion, that makes all his future earnings a prey to the exaction which has already taken torn him more in value than he owes; but which, selling for little or nothing, renders him through life subject to the same obligations.” Congr'essionat Extract. The following extract, from a late speech of the Hon. Garrett Davis, ol Kentucky, altho’ severe upon Mr. Webster for his association and continuance with the President, whose lit tleness, in every irait which defines a noble minded, honorable man, was so forciblj’ and contemptuously expressed by Mr. W. when he exclaimed—“ Who is John Tyler? He is nothing more than a moth in that carpet!”—is neverthe less just. No intelligent man could have occu pied a position so immediately connected with the President as Mr. Webster, for so long a pe lted as he has, without becoming satisfied, be yond the possibility of a doubt, that Mr. Tyler l was steeped to the dregs in political corruption, and when it is known that he continues the as sociation, the inference is irresistible that the minister winks at the knavery, if he docs not ad vise it. Mr D. said he had once admired Mr Webster as much as any man ever did. He held him to be an intellectual giant—an intellectual tiger and in some departments of human inquiry greater than any other man the world had seen. He had, however, noticing of what was usually called genius; and which was held to be mark ed especially by the power of invention. His great attribute was intellectual power. He < was a vast mine, a world of intellect—and pos sessed a crucible in which he could analyze any a nd all creations of the reasoning faculty, and introduced them at pleasure in new and striking tl to suit himself .By his long and eminent in both Houses of Congress, he had WOll lfor himself a civic crown of value beyond all ill 1 ' chaplets ever won by the. bloody sword of ti» conqueror. In closet labor and m the “ w Sof composition he had no superior ifever iw had* his vqual—while his speeches, whether forensic l,r senatorial, were the noblest of the uresent " But how were the uli o ht y »Nen'” *’ ai * erected for himself a monu ment morefc’ ural, ' e l ' iau the Pyramids, and that was 6mi idv his speeches on the currency and vu the banW- And yet this same man now conies to C»ngress with a plan which he ac knowledges gs his own, and which contained not a feature that was not condemned ana anni hilated by his own reasoning. What had he said at Richmond in 18.36. “un der an October sun,” in the Capital of old Vir ginia 1 Was it not that the Executive power had increased, was increasing, and ought to be diminished? Yet now this same Daniel Web ater was among the foremost ofthe advocates ot Executive power. Yes ami of Executive power under the Administration ot such a creature as JohnTvler! He now proclaimed that a Bank of the United States was obsolete, probably be cause he found that either his principle-or his Own case must be obsolete. What had he said about a Government press 1 That one of the first duties of a Whig Administration would be to separate patronage of Government irom the public press. Yet no sooner was he in office than he was found chaffering to purchase uplittte sixpenny presses all oxer the country. —He had reproached members o Congress tor their opposition, an t -mi.mi fi> ii.c-, 1 up In to the support of.'olm I’ylei. When the late Ca binet was about to be dissolved, who tia.i p< tir ed more ineffable contempt upon the hcao ol this same John Tyler.’ Hi- hmgu-tge lad been, “Who is John I’yler! He is nothu g more than a moth in that ’ Buch w: s his estimate of the President s intellect, ar.d it was a true one. When men contemplated the vices of the mam they felt a tieive imiigmiipm rising within them: but when they beheld Uhat a feeble, pusillanimous, ignoble I .-mg it was at whom they were enraged, all their resentment sank at once into eotd contompl. Mr. D. called on the House to recollect .V! t . Web-ter # pom pous proclamation tiiat lie would renew the Englisn’system, and make himself the sole nu dium of communication with me President; and that all who were found to have been guilty of interfering with the purity and freedom ot elections, should lie removed by lhe Executive. But how did this square witn Ids speech ;u Faneuil Hall? How cduld he, a high Officer of the Government, and his colleague s-pemdr —bow could them alter tins, go tan on eleetior.- <e. .ng tours, ami make political speeches io in fluence a coming election ? This was in confirmation of wha; ‘had been advanced by the gentleman from .Massachu setts, (Mr. Cushing,) that in the great political I seething-pot the Admiiiistrt.lian would be the most potential element. Yes. they were to de cide who should not be (lolilical candiflates lor lhe Presidency. What a shameless violalion of his own avowed principle-, was here! Air. Webster bad done the cause of the Whigs im portant. taym. Alr, Spencer h;m done them.none: none; litschardot'-r war, fob'well khbwi'i. Tlie" man who had been a Clintonian and an anti- Ulmtonian, a Jackson man and an anii-J.ickson man, a Mason and an anti-Mason, a Whig and a Tyler man, could effect but little against or in favor of any cause., lie jiad convoked a con vention at Syracuse to denounce the President's veto, and in'twenty days had unblushing!)! ta ken office under that very man. Such political profligacy as this was not to be found in th« an nals of any government. Mr. Dav is concluded his speech with the fol lowing eulugium on Mr. Clay. Mr. Clay, he said, “nafi com : into Kentucky an orphan boy; but there he found himself transferred to a new theatre, where his powers expanded and his mighty genius soon developed ilsed’. In the ev er memorable days of iIS, he had impressed up on that noble and glorious commonwealth, his own image—the living, breathing image of his own unmatched genius, his own tree undaunted soul—and his civil achievements in the service of bis country would last in fame as long as the pages of her history should survive the touch of time. In practical statesmanship, in that orato ry which perspaded the understanding, and raised and united men in a great enterprise lor the public good; he had no superior. In lhe in tuitive accuracy of apprehension, in acuteness ot intellect, ftr nigh and noble purpose, in a sys tem of policy broad as the confederacy, arid based on ths eternal principles of equity and public justice where was his equal to be found? True, lie -was ambitious but he ever held that characteristic passion of great minds subject to the dictates of an enlightened pa triotism, of constitutional liberty and the rights of the people. His eminent services had not been confined to his own State; no, nor the limits of his own country, dearly as he loved her; they pervaded the world. The rage of party had long beaten upon his "head but he had conquered the confidence of his bitter est opposers till none were found who would not acknowledge his honesty and uprightness of purpose. He might or might not reach the Presidency, but he would ever occupy a summit in his country’s glory covered all over with hues of living’light, and would trasmitto future times an immortal name, without fear and with out reproach. He was the Whig's great leader —the living representative, embodiment, and impersonation of their cause. Under him they hoped to conquer; but if they must fall; their enemies would fine theirbouies with theirbacks to the field and their faces tothefoe.” New Yons Money MsitKHT— WeßxT.xntNii Jan 28.— We are still unable to remmiennv im provement in the general aspect ot business.. Ou the contraiy the present week has been perhaps more dull amongflthe mercantile community than any preceding, and there are no indications of any immediate revival. • Among the manufactpimg interests especial ly there isa great depression, and the continued low price of the agricultural products of the country will prevent any material \increase in the purchase of meridtan-'lize fortltc coming sea son. The stocks of goods throughout ate limit ed, and something will be requited for the cur rent consumption, but we apprehend that it will | be i-oiihue.i to articles absolutely necessary, and those denominated luxuries will be suffered to remain in the possession of their original im porters or owners. Mt. WrssTKa ixn Ma. < —Extract ol a private letter trom Washington City“lt is re ported here, in political circles, that a very sharp correspondence took place between Mr. Webster and Governor Gass, during the visit of the latter fii this city. The subject was jlie Quintuple Treaty, andzhe provision ol the Washington Treaty in reference to the maintenance of a squadron on lite coast of Afri ca. ft is said that Gov. Cass took oi-i-asion, in the course of one of his letters, to refer, in a very personal and even offensive wav. to the course of Mr. Webster during the last war.'- --7?cZ/b-.-./>re Patriot.. The Army and Navy Chronicle say-: It is rumored that Commodore Dallas will suc ceed Commodore Jones in command ol the Pa cific squadron, the latter having been recalled. It is also ruradred that Captain 1-’. A. Parker will have the command of lhe East India squad ron, of which the frigate Brandywine will be the flag ship. Lieutenant A. E. Downes has been appointed u the command ofthe U. S. sehr. Grampus. srJpThe Richmond Whig of Monday sat - :■ Tiie high wind and <;.y atmosphere ot Tuesday last led to various cases of destructive tires.— The fine residence ot' Air. Randolph Harrison, at Elk Hill, in Goochland, and the residences of Major Lightfoot, Mrs. Rossou, Air.-. Thomp son, the Bell Tavern, and a house o! Mr. l-’ick lin, al Culpepper Court House, were destroyed. I Br'.Airtrn. Result or Galvanism.—We wit- I nessed yesterday a very interesting experiment made by Mr. S. N. Borsronn, to wit, Gildingby galvanic action. The process occupied some 10 or 1"> minutes, in which time ibursilver pen cil cases were made to wear lhe ajipearance of rich gold ones, so much so thatthey were pro tiouuee.l io be gold by many to whom they were shown. The magneto-electric action upon gold held in solution imparls to the less valuable metals the richness tail lustre of the dearer ones, and it will be necessary tor purchasers ticrealter to lie outheirguard againste-miiii rteits.orimpositions, ot gilde.i silver tor sol i g.l i. Vv c have heard already ofthe experienced lieing unable to dis cover the gilded from the solid article.— .\orfoU; 11 'aeon. A bill lias been reported in the Kentucky le gislature, to establish a State Bank, to be loca ted at Frankfort, witii nine branches in oilier parts of the State; the capital nut to exceed five millions, and to be owned exclusively by the Commonwealth. On the subject of appointments, Gov. Bouck I is said to have adopted two rules al which Tam nvmy and the Pewter Mag are fiercely indig nant—that he will appoint no man of doubtful character and no man with a reii note. Was ever more o lions proscription heard of!—-V. Y. Anu ricun. Tomb ot- N xr-.ii.nox.—A model ofthe tomb <d’Napoleon is exposed at tiie Indiitis. An e questrian statue 0:1!;.- Emperor is to be placed in the midilli of th- g.cat m.urt, and the pedes tal M ill represent the arrival of his ashes at the place where they now lie. The entrani c of the crypt, destined to receive the I’.mperoi s mor tal remains, will be ornamented withati altar on spiral columns. The present grant altarand its rich canopy will be removed toadiui, of this arrangement A letter received al New York, dated Mon tevideo, Not. 25, 1642, -ays:—“The brig Na bob. ot Salem, H. S.Noble, master, from Cadiz, with a cargo of <;;lt and twenty pipes ot wine, bound for tliis port, grounded on the English Bank on the Ifith in-: at 3 A. M and became a complete wreck. A tew articles were saved by launches sent down from this place, but not enough, it is feared, to ni.-> I tlieeiiiergen.-y. The vessel and careo inav le con-i -ered a total loss. Much credit -'u<- 'Olll. W1!-on.au. 1 oiiivers of V. S. sehu >n- . l i.iet pri-e. for their exertions to reach the « : - having had a head wind to contend with. Uli t ! . ratrivt l i.eai the «■' ek. they found in i without Ixi.'t- an t iti’i <-f -v: 'er. Th'ev u -k i ti'the capiait. aini !.' .• v h. are indebted t -these ; 1... -.■woTin i-tficcr tor ’.lie satety of their tiv<- SATI.RDA'I ;,iOKNIAG, FEBRUARY 4. '4as-.mii Halt.—Exiiloition. Tl.e interest felt in thisexliibitidn, which had been heightened by lhe spirited discussion in the papers of Charleston, as to whether the MER MAID was the work or ait or a prodigy of na ture, induced 11s to call at lite roust immediate ly alter the exhibition was opened, to examine this extraordinary production. It is proper we should premise, that we pretend not to any profie.ency, or even extun-ive acquirements as a naturalist, —and shall give no opinion, as such, bu simply coniine our remarks to the exterior appearance ol the animal, and the chat ;e that i. made up ofthe skin of afish an.l monkey united, upon which we could determine alone by the senses of sight and touch. Alter a most careful examination pl it un der the glass by u hich il is covered, and by the way, we deem it proper to remark, tiiat the gla-s shade seems not 10 interpose any ob struction to the sight; we called again at a la ter period of the day. and were permitted to take it out, and examine it carefully in a guild light, in every possible position that our mind suggested, and we not only frankly confess our inability to discover any .ream or union between the two diflereiit'i'lasses of skin, but tiiat it ay peured tooin-sdgfrt-and weeltSb the same skin, changed only in its character— tiiat from the middle forward, being very thinly covered with hair, anffencficlingaii animal not unlike the monkey tribe, find the.other extremi ty- resemMing a fish in every particular. It, therefore, the animal be not a prodigy of nature, we were whoty finable to detect the finger of the artist. Indiana Senator.—The National Intelligen cer of the 31st ult. says: The news from the seat of Government of Indiana is that Edward A Hanegan (formerly a Representative in Con gress) Ims been elected a -Senator of the United Slates for six- years from the Ith of March next, to succeed Hon. O. H. Smith, whose termol service then expires. This rather une*xpcctt‘d result was brought a. bout, as we hear, by the treachery of one of the members of the Legislature elected as a Whig, the Senator elect being of the Jackson school of politics. Be that as it may, the State cannot blithe the sufferer, in almost even-way, by los ing the services of so faithful, able, and influ ential a representative as the Senator who now fills the sent to which a successor has thus been chosen. The proprietors ofthe Canard .steamers liave the fare f;orn Boston to Liverpool, to one hundred and twenty dollars. Missorni.-—Thereliel bill which originated in the Senate has parsed the House by a vote of 71 to 13. It ft now a laxv, and its effect will be to suspend the collection of debts for a year. The House had previously passed a bill author ising appeals from decisions of justices without requiring affidavits trom defendants, which ren ders the operation ofthe siop-law complete. More disturbances have broken out among the woikmen on the Lachine canal. Gt’nadg. Lieven hundred have struck for wages. Prom the N. O. Ute qf' IheTith. i’roui Tixan. By tW steamship New York, UapL Wright, arrived yesterdaj- in 3tl hours irom Galveston, we nave- receive.i dates to the 2ltli. The only news from the army u ioch the pa pers contain, is the account ol Colonel Fish er’s sufrenaer, v.liich Capi. Auld hamled on board the New York in the Gullonhei oulwani passage. The Texian Congress adjourn-d on Monday, the liith. A bill had been passed providing fin the frontier defence. It is the general impression that Texa> will probably be invaded in the spring, and a writer say?, they are pr paring to hold a “mass meet ing” on the occa ion. Doctor Hill mis been appointed Secretary of AV.u and Marine. The Ibtloa ipg foreign appointments have al so been made by the President and confirmed b e lhe Senate: Charles H. Raymond, Secretary ol Legation to lhe U. States. Lachlan Mclntosh Rate, Consul General lor Gieat Britain. Francis B. Ogden, Consul tor Liverpool. Alfred Fox, Consul tor Falmouth. John Graham Stewart, Consul tor Glasgow. John Roxburgh. Consul for Greenock. Thomas Were Fox. Consul for Plymouth. John Atkinson. Consul tor Kingstdn-upon flttll. The total amount of revenue irom custom,s for rhe three quarters ending Oct. 31. was $102,- Ofiß; expense of eolle<-iingsls,lßl. Every indication, says the Civilian, favors the idea that the amount for the coming year will be greater; and as the appropriations pro mise to beeven less than the amount, expecte.i to be collected under the tariff alone, there will be a surplus to the amount of the direct taxes, , and there seems to be a fair prospect that the country will be in a situation to begin to pay its oldc.cbts, and thus re-establish the standing fin integrity. which, bj prodigality and want ol' management, ratherohan a disposition to disre gard its obligations, it was forced to impair by a tailure to meet the demand of its creditors. A bill passed Congress repealing the duty on sugar, coffer, and steel. T. J. Rusk has been appointed Maj. General of lhe militia. The intelligence of the surrender of the Tex ian lorees at Mi»r; so tar from damping 'he zeal of tie? people, had inflamed a military ar dor which promised the speedy organization of a sufficient force to cross the Rio Grande, with every prospect of success. The troops who re turned irom the army after the capture of La redo, had evinced a willingness to enlist lor an other campaign; and the Galveston papers ex press the belief that between two and three thou sand men could be readily equipped tomarch upon Matamoras. President Houston had exerted every means in his power to thwart the action of Congress, and the Republic was experiencing the bitter fruits of electing a man to the Chief Magistracy, who had abandoned himself to the suggestion of a fickle mind and a malicious heart. The New York correspondent of the United States Gazette says, under date of January 29th,' thr.l most ofthe specie brought out irom England by the C'/-.'cw .-. said to amount to SBOO,OOO, lias re. :he i New Yu.k, a considerable pot:i, 11 of it being for investment. The whole balance of the United States six percent loan having been taken, the authority given to the South Western Rail Road Bank to receive deposits to the credit ofthe Treasurer of the U. S. on account of that loan, is at an end. U. S. Lo in.—The balance ofthe United States six percent loan has been taken by the New York capitalists. Am. Kinds of Lt-cx.—A Western editor says, many ofthe folks in that region have seen all kinds of luck within twelve months. Many who, a year since, were rolling in wealth, are bowed down to the irresistible majesty of the law, and see fine houses, tine carriages, fine furniture, broad lands, and all lhe insignia of wealth pass from their possession, and have now to begin afresh the journey ol money-get ting. Some have met their sad late with cour ageous hearts and smiling faces, and some have moped about in sackcloth —the very images of despair and ruin. But it is lielieved that much “better times” are in store for “all hands and that prosperity will again reign throughout the land. Snip Ct.AVDii s.—Ti e ship Claudius. Capt. Seobie, previously reported as ashore on Stone, has since bilged, and will be lost. About 160 bags of coffee has hern, saved in a damaged state, and | I. - eri on board of smacks, destined fur this city about forty bags of coffee, being the balance > : the cargo, was lost by the swamp ing ol the tong boat in passing irom the ship to oi,e ot the smack-': a small portion of the sails ;:nd lir’ging Mill ab-1 le sated. Cap! S . and ctiv. airived in this city yesterday afternoon, I Living abandoned the -hip. after usin?every I exertion to net het off— Chau, ton CuuC. r. Augusta, ga. Thursday ximwing, February 9, 1843. Prom the iiacimndh HepubUcan. The Oi.set.—The Rival Candidates. It is probable that every passing month will add new det elopements to the differences be tween Messis. Vanßurcnand Calhoun. How far a National Convention will adjust thesedif feiences, remains to be seen ; but to us it is- ob vious that tliey will go on widening indefinite ly. The oligarchy, at the head of which stands Mr. Calhoun, has no sympathy with lhe mana gers and wpe-pullets tit Tammany Hall, while these last accusi-nneit to the sinuosities, the pre varication, the dexterous shilling t.nd double dealing p; the Albany Regeflcy School, grasp forever at power, its privileges and emoluments, and canm.t comprehend, much k-.-s respect lhe bold, denunciatory, straight lor ward dealing of the Nullifier. Mr. Butler, and a host of Van Buren s olliee-liolders, who expect a restoration to ttiat Elysium of fatness, from which they are iaAv excluded, are hard at work for tlieir mas ter, and tj' a letter v titer at New York, wliooc casionally furnishes a half column to the Aler evru, may lie credited, it is only necessaty lor a man to declare himseU a Calhoun man, to be denounced by this clique. The .W rrury is descanting upon the beauties of the one term principle, recommended So high ly, mil introduced by the Magnus Casar, Gener al Jackson. It is amusing by the way, the reli gious respect which is paid by Locofix-oism to an opinion of the General, which he did not choose to enforce by his own example. Most sturdily too, does the .If-'mr/'y inveign against a packed Cont ention appointed by lhe General Ticket System—as calculated to stipeisecie lhe P ■ -: - ■ - * ' : - .M'jfci-.1- lure the trainingsofpany management for the unbiassed suffrage of the people. To impress upon the “Dcnto. racy'' the importance ot this fact, appeals to lie the object ot a pamphlet pub lished at Washington on the principles of aNa tional Convention, entitled “An appeal to the Democracy.” The pamphlet is obviously of Calhoun ori gin. “The Convention (says this paper) will make a President and Vice President ofthe U. States. Hence the free, equal, and popular spirit of the Constitution must be maintained, though its letter l>e superseded.” Secondly, says Appear'— by which wc .suppose is meant that the Van Buren method of a Conven tion of partisans and politicians, who grasp at the offices must be avoided. The idea of a Convention is often deprecated, and the follow ing language is quoted as instructive:—“The power of a national convention, in uniting the Democratic party on the election of a President, has never yet been tried. There never, in past conventions, has been any difference as .to the President ;.and so far, therefore, as this office is concerned,, there has never been any necessity for calling a con vention. This method of nomi nation originated preparatory’ to General Jack son’s second term, when Mr. Van Buren and Mr. Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, were the most* prominent candidates for the Vice Presidency,” &c. And further on—“For the first time now, since the system has been resorted to, lias there been any difference in the Democratic party, as to the President ofthe United States. The Dem ocratic party is clearly in the ascendant in the United State.-; and ifthey act in harmony with each other, and fairly and faithful]}’ cany out their principles, the day is far distant, when tliey will feel the disaster of another overthrow like that of 1841). But there can be no cordial co-operation without confidence; and there can be no confidence, ‘without a spirit of candor, forbearance, and equity in all their dealings. Suspicions, jealousies, rivalries, and even per sonal animosities, among leaders, will proba bly al waysexist in every party. These baleful principles, will be ever too wakeful to seize on even the appearance of evil,’to make it evil— to sow dissensions, exasperate prejudices, and in eveiy waV, to make individuals the party, or the party subordinate to We make another extract to show the justice of a party who came into power in 1828, with loud professions of reform and retrenchment, who neatly tripled the expenses of Government, and who now abuse the Whigs who are not in power, lor nut carrying out their promises of te ibriu. In order to show the justice of the ceu soie. we oust first extract tile following, which « .• place in juxtaposition to the remaiks about the reform ofthe Federal party. In tile fit.st par agraph, the- |',osition of the AVhigs and of a “re forming Congress” and the Executive are defin ed—and the second will explain itself to the en tile satisfaction of any one who knows tlie shifts tißii fetches, and shameful verbiage and rant, with which leeofiicoism commends itself to the people. “Let it not be supposed, that the selection of the individual fit to be lhe Chief Magistrate of this great Republic- is an easy matter. Il is vain to hope lor any reformation in the General Gov ernment, but by the conjunction of two circum stances —a reforming Congress, and a reform ing Executive. If the Executive lie not exact, energetic, and honest in the administration oi' lhe Government, Congress will in vain legis late. By mere administration, probably one fifth of alt our expenditures can lie saved. To make accountability rigidly account, and re sponsibility stand up with clean hands before the people, in the vast disbursements of suclt a Government as ours, requires not only a spirit to rebuke and suppress abuses, but the bold tact and industry to find them in their foul hiding places, and., with a whip of ten-fold cords, to scourge them from the dark recesses of the Gov ernment. An easy facility, which hates to of fend—an indolence, which shrinks from a task which might appal a Hercules—a corruption, which looks to olficezas a reward for partisan services, and therefore, wink's at the accumula tion of Government retainers, and the miscon duct or plunder of party coadjutors,—will not do. The times require a man for our Chief Magistrate, not only pure himself, but to make others pure—not only of good intentions, but of resolute will—not only of correct, fixed general principles and per-onal firmness, but, like a great leader 011 a battle field, capable of breath ing I: is own high spirit into all whom he may call to aid in the great work of redeeming the country trom the wretched political quackery and teeming abuses, which long years of laise legislation has engendered. The people have demanded reform. The Whigs promised it.— Tliey have not redeemed their promises, and they have been rejected by the people with scorn. The Democrats promise it. Theymust fulfil their jnomises, or a fine equally ignomin ous awaits them. The Federal party catu. it be a reform party. Their principle of Government intervention in every thing, is essentially corrupt, and fatal to all purity in administration, or even the exist ence of a republican form ot government. The Democratic party alone can be a reform ] arty ; and when they ]>rotess economy, retrenchment, low and just taxes, and a strict adherence to lhe Constitution, they profess to do only what all their policy and principles require. Not to re form, is hardly a disgrace to Federalism. The only disgrace is, in attempting the paltry impos ture, the impudent Charlatanism of deceiving the people, by professions which can only be fulfilled, by abandoning all their principles. But when the Democratic, party, with contrary principles, carry out the practices of Federal ists—when they fail to insure to the people a re stricted, frugal, and honest administration of the Government—they are traitors indeed; trai- } tors to all their principles and to the people. ; And to whom shall the people then turn for sal- I vation ’ They will have tried both parties; and i both parties fi iling them, they may give up hopelessly to the resistless tide of corruption which sweeps the Government over the cata ract.” Sovthesn Trade.—We are happy to learn from our largest houses, connected with supply ing the Southern trade, tiiat the engagements of the Southern merchants were never more promptly met than they have been this winter. The rates of exchange, never approximated more nearly to par than now, witii the exception of the State of Alabama.— Jmimolof Com. Great frauds have just been discovered in the Canadian custom-houses. 11 is asserted that three quarters of the revenue has never reached the Government. One collector returned less revenue for one quarterthan was known to have been received in a single importation, within the knowledge of the inspector. Rhode Ishnd.—The ticket for State officers made up by the friends ofthe legal Constitution in this State is as follows: For Governor, Jas- Fenner, of Providence; Lieut. Governor, By ron Diman. of Bristol; Sesretary of State. Henry Bowen, of Providence; Attorney Gene ral. Joseph M. Blake, of Bristol; General Trea surer, Stephen Cahoone, of Newport. Gen. Fenner and Mr. Cahoone are Van Bu ren men; the others Whigs. The Dot rparty Convention assembles Feb ruary Bth. It tvill probably nominate a full ticket, though we hear that its leaders, believing tliey have little chance of success, will waive a General Ticket, and make a rush only for the Legislature, hoping thereby to lull the friends of Law and Orderto sleep. We trust they can not succeed either way. They openly avow that tliey have registered and will vole undet the legal Constitution, only to overturn it and es tablish that of Dorr.— Trilnue. It is sa'dthatan act in favor of the heirs of Robert Fulton is about to pass Imth houses of Congress-this present session. Better late than never —something should also be done and speed i v with reference tothe French spoliations —.V. Y Com. Aar MONDAY MORNING, 6. Yih .ini a .Sm ili. Notus act hits been passed by the Virginia LegSEttltie extending the provisions of the act banks of that State to issue s;ualfe;qc>te-. The act provides for the several baifliSjhi'is'Uf Holes us the denomination of one anaHSwAdOllais to an amount not exceeding upon their respective capitals, which II be paya- ble in specie, on demand. anjJ be signed by the President and Cashier, Si any other otli'-er orotfieers ol said banks, dcwgnaiihil for the pur pose by the Board of Direcmp. Another Fire.—Aboui F. 41 jpist 11 o’clock last night, a lire bruke;outjij|yoption shed and pickery situated on the tn:n®sd^tloyal and Con gress streets, which was <q«Bfliiii< u in a few minutes, together witltsofli®33'oafes ol cotton. The building was owned* bF fehnathan Hunt, Esq., t.nd occupied by uho rented it on Saturday. TMjy lite third time this gentleman has been butJhdiUiit within two weeks. It is very evident ihtd the authoi ol this is incidental with the olMipatorol the pre vious conflagrations.— rail td'tJie. 31s? from various quarters in is to file effect tiiat a continual pressure and depression is going on—that pecun ia ry embarrassment weighs more heavily; that hard times are felt with more rigor constantly— andrclicf seems farthei ofltlian ever. Suits, sales, sheriff’s, and suspei.siinsare the or der of the day.” Spirited Leoisi.ation.—A sh»rl lime since, Mr. Johnston, while a bill to qxempt certain property from execution was pending in lhe In diana legislature, offered an atwndraent there to, providing tiiat families who kept no rmr should be allowed to retain in lieu thereof a bar rel if whiskey ! Af.t. in the Family.—Governor Bouck, of N. York has made quite asnugfamijy arrangement. —His Private Secretary ishisown son, his Mil itary Secretary is his own son, the Adj utaut Gen eral is his son-in-law, and his Messenger is his nephew. Pretty lair for one family. The Mansion House, a hotel in Warsaw, (Ky.) was entirely consumed by fire a short time since. . OtTSTiNDiNO Treasury Notes. —The en tire amount of outstanding Treasury notes on the Ist of February, according to the report ren dered, is $11.731,327 69. A Gleam of Sunshine! It gives us much satisfaction to place before eur readers the filllowing paragraphs, which we find in the iVetr York Anierica.i, a paper usually not sanguine in its anticipations of commercial prosperity, norover-confiding in matters of fi nance : New York, January 30— Erwning. Better Times.—We have, touched Boston, as tliey say in Wall street. Our prospects brighten—the public mind seems more cheerful, stocks are looking up, and the late sales nt real estate are a shade better. The bankers admit thatthcre is more specie in the United States at the present moment than there ever was before at any time, and the quantity of produce here “in transitu,” and preparing tin- market is arionnotis, notwithstanding a great exhibition during the. last three months. The elements of prosperity, then, we have in abundance. All that is wanted is confidence,” and this will sooti come if Govern ment will only let us alone, and not destroy, by bad legislation, the natural resultof out enter prise and industry. Tlienlet us adopt the c.heer iug motto /a .Xi itrsiA—gi. liek.T. inni m work, resolve to act jttstlv, and ‘rc-pidbitr ri ev dialion, public and private'.- The sun of-pros perity will again hurst forth and cheer the heart, and impart comfort and content to alt, and dis pel the gloom tiiat has so long depressed our en ergies and exertions. The Cabinet.—The Philadelphia Times has a letter from Washington, staling tiiat “soon after the 4th of March, Mr. Webster wilt re sign, and be sent to England. Mr. Everett, our present minister there, will take lhe place now vacant in France. Mr. .Forward will retire, and will receive a Judgesfop from the bauds of the dominant party in Pennsylvania. The rest of the Cabinet will remain, 1 think, in their pie sent places. Gen. Cass -will receive the ap j ointment of Secretary of State, and Mr. Cush ing will preside over the T’reasury Department.” Destructive Fire. About 12 o’clock last night a fire broke out in the fourth story ofthe store No. 28, Broad street, corner of Exchange Plate. ’The building was occupied on the first story hy George Bird, agent tbrtlie Belleville (N. J ) Print-works, who had a largequantity of cotton goods on the [itemises, which were mostly, however, saved before the tire had communicated to his part ol' the premi ses. He was insured for $22,50ti, ol' which SIO,OOO was in an office out of die city. The second story was occupied by Baxter & Brothers, grate manufacturers, ami John Mel and P. Newman. Tlie upper stories were used lor the [impose of storing cotton, of which there were trom 300 tosoo bales on the premis es, which was all destroyed witii the exception of what is now lying in the street, a mass of mere rubbish. This cotton belonged to Mr. Mel. and was insured, wc understand, for the full value. In tlie basement was stored a quan tity of wine, which was all saved with the ex ception of about 30 casks, insured. The build ing is entirely destroyed. It belonged to the es tate of Jacob Lorillard, and was insured for S3OOO. We understand that all the goods des troyed on the premises were insured, with the exception of some implements belonging to one of the city weighers, Mr. Leary, we believe. The total amount of the. loss, including the building, is probably about $50,000.—N York Com. Adv. Prom the National Intelligencer. “It is idle to deny it; but the mad scheme of Mr. W. Cost Johnson is gaining ground among the Whigs, and threatens to become a Whig measure!” So says the Richmond Enquirer, apropos to a meeting lately held at Wheeling, in Virginia, for the discussion of tli<_ measure referred to, which was attended by “Democrats” ns well as Whigs. The antipathy oi the Enquirer to any legisla tion l y Congress in the nature of relief to the States or the People blinds it to the fact that the proposition to which it refers is most warm ly supported by numbers of tlie firmest and real ly most substantial “Democrats” in the Union. We refer now particularly to those of the State of Pennsylvania. It was but the other day that so leading and influential a member oi' that party as Gen. Keim presented in the House of Representatives a memorial signed by (we are informed) many hundreds of his most respecta ble constituents, strongly urging upon Congress the proposed measure. The Whigs, on the oth er hand, have made nowhere such a demonstra tion in its favor, and, so far as their opinion is to be inferred f rom their action (as in the case of the late report adverse to the project by the Com mittee of Ways and Means ofthe House of Representatives) they are decidedly opposed to it. Our readers must not be surprised, however, if in the end the Richmond Enquirer itself is driven to thesupnort of the measure by the ir resistible force of public opinion, such hold does it seem to take of the minds pf men, without distinction of party, in all directions The ga thering flood of opinion in its favor seems to threaten a deluge which will overflow and ob literate, quoad hoc, all the landmarks of party. From what we can observe, however, the Whigs are undoubtedly more backward than their op ponents in enlistingin its favor. One objection which the Enquirer takes to the proposition of Mr. Johnson (its alleged ttneon stitntionality) is inour opinion destitute even of plausibility. The Enquirer might as well undertake to deny the constitutionality of the Land Distribution Act passed I>v this Congress or that of the Surplus Dirtributi. n Act of Gen. Jackson’s Administration. But we think we understand tlie Enquirer. Its Editor, being an old tactician, is raising his old cry of “Whig! Whig!” to scare back into their fold his own flock, who have gone astray after this captivating scheme. Whether tliey will heed him ornot. weeannot say. But. we should think, that, like the neighbors of the shepherd in the fable, who had learned to disre gard his repeated false alarms ot “Woll! Wolt!' the Democrats of Virginia have by this time become so used to this cry of his, that, when they hear it on this occasion, they will take it for a repetition ofthe old trick, and go theiro vn way notwithstanding. Retlei indie soldo • LETTER VIII. From the ll.m. v> .o. v'osi Johnson Ji) < 'ol. Cha u.i:s i.' ■.iiitoi.i., ofMaiyfenu. Hall or Representatives, ( Washington, Jan. 21, 1843. j Dear Sir—Tlie peopi.: olien suiter as much from the non use of a power by their agents as Irom its abuse. Ihe one is as much to be de precated as lhe other. We are now feeling tlie effects of birth; and lhe sufferings oi the people will increase until they force their public agents to use the abundant powers and vast resources of relief implanted in the Constitution to be used as emergencies and necessities may require.— What would have been the condition ofthe U nited States alter the war ofthe revolution if Con gress had not used tlie powers delegated to it in the Constitution! The nation at that period had a vast public debt, the States were also greatly indebted; and I ask again, what would have been the condition both ofthe General Government and the States, if Congress had re fused to exercise the revenue powers of tlie Constitution? Would Free Trade (that non descript) liave paid tlieir debts, or relieved the people from direct taxation, or have enabled them better to pay their direct taxes? Had no Custom-houses tieenestablished, had no impost duties been levied, we would have had the form and sliadow of a free nation; but England would have drained the substance of our wealth as co piously after as before tlie war. England levies no direct taxes upon tier colo nies, (or rarely is it done;) hut by indirect ta res tliey give more than four-fifths of their protiuct ive wAslth .to the support of the mother country. LAJAIcii .jep’.'.':'■ }eeh co 1 oniesflmti’ it'' WffJjed < sisted tlieir independence.—She desired to pro duce that they snould be forced to consume; and of all that they consumed at least four-fifths went into tlie national treasury at home after sup porting her farmers and mechanics. And those gentlemen who would recommend a policy for this Government which would destroy the sys tem of impostduties upon the ground that those who purchase a foreign fabric have to pay a modicum of their wealth to the support of our own Government, are animated by a spirit of as little patriotism as wisdom. Can they be aware that it they effect their Wishes, they not onty force direct taxation on the farmer, low wages on tlie mechanic, but at last, in order to save a small per ccntage to the purchasers of foreign goods, which should go into the national treas ury to support the Government which protects him, he is giving fourfifihs ofthe amount which he purchases to a government which may war upon his rights and his liberties. How is this, “ it may be asked. All the governments of Europe avoid as much as possible direct taxation upon their jieople, and it is only the worst governments in tlie world, and the most tyrannical that resort to it, as 1 will hereafter show. It often occurs that in in some of the governments in Europe, the impost duties are very small, small enough to please a theoretical free trade politician. But it must be remembered that those governments levy heavy excise duties often on the same ar ticles. So that at last the consumer pays a large amount to the government on the foreign article which he purchases, and in addition to •which those governments lay a heavy excise’ Upon the productions of their own country, — This is the nolicy ot England, and what is the result? 1 will quote an able American ■uriter, who says: “ It is generally alledged that a man pays 15 shillings for the use of government out of every 20 shillings that he spends in England. Sonic have stated the public tax as sei cnlecn shillings in the pound. Let us take one instance, in tire article of beer: The land [lays a tax, tlie bar ley which grows on it, when malted, pays an excise of sixpence by lhe liushi I. Hops pay one penny by the ixiund. Th* beer, when brewed, pays an excise greater, in some cases, than the original value. All the persons who labor in the premises cunuibutc to the national revenue, bv their sundry consumptions, to the amount of three iounhs of the wtiolc price of of their labor; ibis also must be charged on the beer. Surely, then, the consumer ot beer pays more than seventeen shillings to the govern ment lor every twenty shillings which he ex pends in that, liquor. But I have taken fourteen shillings in Hie pound as a moderate estimate of the sour that a, uurn in America pays hronvds the support of goveruuunt in tlremt Peitnin, nho consumes British manufactures.” Il follow's; then, as a consequence, tiiat the people of this cotintrv contribute, in like pro •pornoin t<> the support uf~micig» xrerr-r»*«n-m.-*- j upon all that they purchase. In 1836 wc im ported more than S7O,(XX),<XK> worth of articles free if duly. The effect was that those who purchased these articles paid not one cent to the support of our own government, whilst at least fmir-Jiflhs us that auiouiil vent into the treasuries of foreign goreriinunls, as I have shown, to sup port Kings on tlieir thrones, Parlianients that make laws prohibiting our productions, and for eign armies and navies—whilst here at home we are striking down our own army and navy; whilst here at home our government is dishon ored. the Stales disgraced, and the people bank rupt. and the tax gatherer wanders like a fright ful ghost before tile people. Those politicians who urge the policy are the best friends tint England and the European governments have, and the worst enemies the people of this nation have to encounter. The principle ol their speeches and writings are bor rowed from lhe speeches made, in Parliament during the commencement of the revolution, and their policy is the same that Lord Grenville always advocated in relation to this country. Tlie whole amount of importations in 1836 was $189.980,t)35, in 1839 $162,092,132. You can easily estimate how much our people paid each year to the support of alien and rival gov ernments. But it is urged that if you keep in existence the Custom House system of levying duties on foreign imports, you do really require that the poor laborer and mechanic must con tribute a tritie to the support of his government, if he chooses, at his own pleasure, to purchase necessaries or luxuries which are imported from foreign countries; and that therefore, and for other su<’li cogent and patriotic reasons, you should abolish the system, and let the General Government and the State Governments exist only by direct taxation upon those who have tangible property; for if you abolish all impost duties, you will make foreign articles much cheaper for the laboring man and mechanic. Suppose we admit this result, and then exam ine its ultimate effect upon tlie laboring man and mechanic without property. I will not examine it each individual in tlie nation contributes by tlie impost system in pro portion to his ability to purchase foreign fabrics, luxuries and necessaries; but will admit that all pav in equal amounts. For the argument, we M ill suppose that it is necessary to raise $30,- (XX),()0<) by impost duties to relieve the States and tlie people, and to support tlie General Go vernment, amt that a duty is laid on all articles imported. We have 18,(XX),000 of inhabitants: then each individual would have to pay less than twodellars in Hie year. The impost system by checking, in some degree, the flood of goods made by the pant er inhabitants of Europe, en ables tlie lalioting man and mechanic to com mand a dollar a day for his skill and labor.— Two dollars abstracted in the form of revenues from s’6s, will still allow him $363 to support himself and family, and accumulate property. But it i ■ urged tiiat his coat, his tea. bis cof lee and nistau must come lice of duty, and ev ery filing else, so that he can save two dollars, which would utheririse be taken by Govern ment from his hard earnings. Suppose the du ties are removed, and all tlie productions of Eu rope are sold here as cheap as tliey are sold there, and the laboring man and mechanic can purchase them at a reduced price. Well it must be remembered that so can the tanner. What is the result? The farmer supports the me chanics and laborers of Europe as M’eli as iheir Governments, and tlie mechanic and laboring men are thrown out of employment here at home. Will the tailoring man and mechanic become farmers? Tliey have not the capital. Will they work in the field! The home market and home consumption is destroyed in our own country, for the surplus of the fields, and the governments of Europe, in consideration ot our free trade, levy only KKX) per cent upon our to bacco, and wholly prohibit our grain from their countries. Tin farmer then cannot employ the mechanic at home, for lie cannot sell the grain M-hich is decaying in li is granary. The me chanic then must stick to his trade, and must coinjiere u itli the laborers of Europe for a sale of his goods to the farmer, whois the consumer. Tlie price of production ot* lhe workshop here has found Me level of lhe price i>i Europe; and by this policy, as surely as the highest un obstructed brook that rises in my own Catoctin mountain will find the level, in time, ofthe great ocean, so surely will the rate of wages ap proximate to the level ofthe wages ot the world. What is that level.’ In Africa about 3 cents; in India about 5 cents; in Europe about lit or 12, averaging, if von please, IDc.-iit-. But ■ii|.- Jkisc. which is not at all likely, that ft should be double the price in this country to whai it is in Europe, 25 cents per day, it would yield the la boring man and mechanic s’7t 25 per year.— Then these patriots and friends of tlie laboring mall advise him to support a policy which will prevent his contributing to the support of a Go vernment whieli protects his civil and religious liberties. In savingby this system two dollars, he will lose in reduced wages just §292 25 per year. And this would be lhe effect of their friendship for the poor man. But these politi cians console the poor man tin his loss ot $292 25 per year by assuring him that hr run cat ai much salt as he pleases withont /Hiuing any du to to gar- rnmen!. although he may not be able to I bnv flour and meat for himself and lamilv. • <in ihi- subject J cannot resist my inclination tuthoi ol the pre f'Me 31 st to quote a page trom J. n. rocGiiiioen, in me Rateol Wages; ‘Wlien wages are considera bly reduced, the poor are obliged to economize, or to submit to live on a smaller quantity of m cessaries and conveniences, and thu.ie, too, oi an interior sjiecies, than they had previously been accustomed to; and tlie danger is that the. coarse and scanty fare which has thus been in lhe fiist instance forced on them by necessity, should in lime become congenial irom habit. iShouid this, unfortunately be tlie case, lhe condition ot the poor Mould lie permanently depressed, and no principle Mould be left in operation that could raise wages to their level, lor the laliorers could no longer have a motive to lessen the in crease ot population as compared with that of capital; and unless tliey did this, it is quite im possible that they coula ever emerge trom their depressed condition. Tlie lowering ofthe opin ions of the laboring class with respect to tlie ■node in which tliey ought to live, is perhaps the most serious of all lhe evils that can befall them. Let them become contented with a low er species of food, and an inferior standard of comfort, and they may bid an eternal adieu to eveiy thing better. And it ought always to lx borne itr mind that every reduction tn the rate of real wages, which is not of a very transient description, Mill certainly have tliis effect.” But the Government must be supported, the State Government must be supported, and the debis must be paid. How are they to be paid ? By direct taxation say these politicians: for this is going back, they maintain, to first princi ples of government, and gives equality to a sys tem. Before lhe farmers adopt the advice given by advocates of Fi ee Trade, relative to the re idiii tv. ... . • .yi it ii v. Aild be well for them to refresh ffieirTfiefatilfeTliy reading the forty-seventh chapter of Genesis, and they will find how fast a government may oppress a people by demanding gold, by seizing on their lands; and they will find also that M'hen both land and inonej’ M'ere exhausted, govern ment was willing to receive one-filth of the pro duct of the field i n kind. But now the fanner finds u hen his gold is exhausted, when his pub lic lands are plundered by a rapacious govern ment, still gold is exacted, and still his debts must be paid; and Government feels no parent al sympathy, but extends a side long glance of step-dame indifference. Wherever positive and personal taxes are substituted for negative tax es, the people degenerate by the oppression. It was by excise and customs that Rome support ed her government in the best days of the Re public. But in the reign of Galienus, M’ho succeeded Dioclecian, recourse M-ashad to direct land and personal taxes, and the Republic began to de cline. The age that followed was to tlie age that preceded as iron is to gold. “Humanity is shocked at the tales of M'oe that are told. Pa rents are said, during the latter ages of the sni pin’, to have sold their children and themselves into slavery in orderto shun the burden of tax es.” Spain uas the mistress of Europe as long as she protected her fanners and mechanics by wise legislation, and supported her government by impost duties. But two causes destroyed her power and her strength. When she neglected her internal resources, when gold was showered in her lap, Horn her colonies, and she made a treaty with England, and consented to receive her manufactures upon condition that England v ould receive her wine and raw wool, from that year she has declined, and has been as tributary io English wealth and power as the most iletieii dent ot the English l olonies; notuithstanding, as Sir William Blackstone states, above a thou sand millions of bullion are calculated to liave lieen imported into Europe from America within less than three centuries. No nation can flourish that will not legislate in relation to the policies of other nations as they affect her own interest, and that will not giic lilieral care to cherish agriculture, manu factures and commerce. And why should not the farmer receive the care of Government as v It as the niamifacturcr and the man of com merce! A farmer is in reality a manufacturer and merchant. “Ithasalwaysappearedtome,” says Anderson, in his Observations on National Industry, “a lilile surprising, that mankind should have in general entertained such just ideas M ith regard to the means of making man ufactures llourisli, and such defective notions concerning improvements in agriculture. For tliere is no man so ignorant as not to know at once, tiiat the only possible way to make a manufacture thrive, is to procure a ready vent for the goods; as without this, every other en couragement, however liberal, must be ineffec- Au-A -p a: -iWally llmt agriculture, although it has been riistinguished by another name, is, to every intent and pur pose, a manufacture in as strict a sense of the word, as the forming a yard of broad-cloth, and differs not in any respect from other manufac tures, as to the means of making it flourish?” If Congress can legislate to benefit commerce' and manufactures, (and who doubts it?) why can it not legislate to benefit tlie farmer ? If it can aid a minority interest, will not thedemo cratic principles oi the Government enjoin it as a duty on it to advance the majority interest? The last Congress passed a protective Tariff; mid it received the unanimous vote of Pennsyl vania, and the almost unanimous vole of New York. Where did those get tlie constitutional [lower trom who voted for it ? Will they say in that clause ofthe Constitution which authorizes Congress to lay impost duties ? Then I point to the same clause for the [lower to pass the measure which I recommend, which will bene fit the internal commerce ofthe farmer, and say that your tariff is almost a dead letter until you relieve the farmer from taxation; for how can he purchase goods, domestic or foreign, when lie cannot pay the tax gatherer? Howcpn you find vent for your productions, when the farmer lias no money ? How can your revenues sup ply the wants of the treasury until you relieve lhe tanner, so that he can spend pan of the mo ney in necessaries and luxuries, which now goes to pay the debts of his State ? Will those who voted for the last tariff’law, and those that have passed heretofore, point to that clause in the Constitution which gives Con gress the power to regulate commerce, as sus taining tlie measures ? Then I point to the same clause and say that commerce is almost stagnant, internal and foreign commerce, and that ii nev er will revive and prosper again until the meas ure 1 recommend is adopted. Or will they point to the clause which gives Congress the power to provide for the general welfare ? I point to the same clause, and say that the gener al welfare cannot be promoted, and indeed there can lie no general welfare, without the measure 1 sustain. Tliere is a blight over the o M’hole U nion. The Government cannot horrou' a dol lar, it is in dishonor. The honor of the States have received a Mound and universal distress appeals in behalf of the scheme I recommend. Without the measure the resources of the nation will not be developed, nor will the Treasury, as things are, meet the wants of Government. Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures seem to lie the three grand divisions of human industry, prosperity and wealth. Though divid ed in pursuit, they should be united in interest mutually imparting and receiving aid. This division of industry augments the M ealth of the nation, u’hilst it admits of greater profit in each branch of business by wholly occupying the at tention and labor of those who are respectively employed. The increased power of production by a division of labor is better understood now than it Mas in ages past. Although Sir Thomas Moore spent some twenty years in perfecting the principles laid doM-n in his Utopian Repub lic, he had but an imperfect view on the subject ot division of labor. He would have the citi zens of the city every three years to change resi dence with those of the country, thus each alter nating in the occupation of the other. The man ufacture of ei en a pin, as modern experience has shown, admits of a division of labor u hich the skill of experience makes as profitable to tiie manufacturer as it cheapens the price to the pur chaser. We should give Agriculture the first care, if preference should be given to either, ns it sup ports manufactures and commerce: but neither can flourish M'hen one or Ihe other is depressed. The skill of wise legislation should make them harmonize in reciprocal profits. At the close of thelastwar, in 1816, the debts of the nation fund ed, outstanding and floating, amounted to about SI6B,tKX).OOO. Ttie population Mas not more than 12.tXK)JXX>. The M'hole amount, however was paid in about 1 7 years, and no one perceiv ed the process, anditniversal prosperity gladden ed the land. I have tlie honor to be, Yours, &c. Ac. W COST JOHNSON. Cut. CIIABI.I'.S t'AKHIU.I., Doughoregan Manor, Maryland. The Whigs in tiie Custom House in New York, are still beinir proscribe l ! tin' opinion’s sake. Fifteen more were inliinncd on Tues dav that their services were no longer needed, or rather that their places Mere in be' fill's! by certain rabid Locofocos. Liberty Rkstoiihd. —Any individual in the . State of Massachusetis can now suit his fancy in tlie i-hoir'C ofthe color ol' a wifi’, (tn Satur dav morning in the Senate, the bill repealing the law prohibiting marriage lietween persons ol different colors, eomtnonli called the inter marriage law. was passed to lie engrossed. The extensive stables in Washington city, known as the “National Livery Stables,' and iH-enpiedby Walkn A Kimniell. were entirely consumed by lire on Tuesday morning. Tlie horses, carriages. Ac. were-aveo. Messrs. W. A K. are insured to the amount of §3tXX>. but their )■>--*. it i ' thontffii. v. ill iiinch e\er,*.i sum. TWUS'n-»BVK*HIAM <l.ll Cun espm h w-e. if the Charhstmi ('ourii r. WASIttNSTON, Jan. 30. Eveiy day as weappioaen tlx leitiiiuidiou ol lhe session, new tumors spring up, as to the for mation of si new cabinet, appointments to lor eign missions, &c. it is, to-uay conudently asserted that Mr. Wei - ster will go to Englund, on a sjiecial mission. But the President lias asked no appropriation lor thisobject. lu reference to the rumorthathe will do so, Mr. C. J. Ingersoll stated the other day in a speech, that Mr. Webster would du more good there, by making, as he could de, a commercial treaty, than by getting up exchequer schemes at home. He said lie would cheerfully vote to send him on this errand. It is also positively asserted that Mr. Forward is about to retire from the Department of the Treasury, and that he is tube succeeded by Mr. Cushing. These changes, it is avowed, will not take place till aftertbe end ofthesession,becausethe President is afraid to trust his important nomina tions with the present Senate. In the House, to-day Mr. Joseph K. Ingersoll, from the Committee on Ways and Means, made a long argumentative report’against the adoption of Mr. Cost Johnson’s scheme of relieving the country by issuing 200 millions of government stock for distribution among the States. The report concluded witharesolution declaring the scheme to be inexpedient. Mr. Pickens, from the minority of the same committee, reported a resolution declaring the scheme to be unconstitutional and dangerous to the Union. The consideration ot the matter was passed over. TitSSSfo'-IM* Ayent into Committee on the bill ."•piiat’cmsfor tlie aimv. unimportant amendments were ma’der Mr. Roosevelt made an attack on the item for the Military Academy at West Point. He moved to strike out the appropriations for the pay of Cadets. He said it was enough to give them an education at public expense, witiiout paying'them to receive it. Mr. Proffit said the effect of such a provision would be to prevent any but the sons ofthe riclt from receiving the benefits of instruction at this school. Mr. Holmes also warmly opposed the motion. The amendment was rejected. Final ly, the Committee rose and reported the bill. In the Senate, a bill to prevent the transporta tion of mailable matter on rail roads out of the mail, was taken up, but not acted upon. The Oregon occupation bill was taken up, and the debate which is now worn nearly thread bare, was continued by Mr. Archer against and Mr. Robinson for the measure. Mr. Calhoun intimated a desire to be further heard on the subject before tlie vote was taken. The vote will probably be taken to-morrow. Washington, January 31. After the morning business, tlie Senate pro ceeded to the discussion of lhe special order, being the bill for the occupation and settlement of the territory of Oregon—the question being to refer the bift back to the Committee on For eign Relations. Mr. Calhoun rose and addressed the Senate with more than his usual animation against the bill. Mr. Phelps followed in explanation of the grounds taken by the committee in support of the bill at some length. Mr. Rives expressed a desire to be heard on the subject, and would proceed then, or let the bill be passed over informally until tomorrow . Mr. Linnmadea brief reply to some of the suggestions ofMr. Calhoun, its to the bill never having lieen pushed to a vote, to place .himself rectus. 'Die hill was passed over, and Mr. Riv vs will occupy the floor to-morrow. On motion the Senate then adjourned. In the House atierthemuruing business vrhiclt was ot an unimportant character, the House proceeded to the regular orderef tlie day, b eing Territorial business, and was engaged thciieon till the hour of adjournment. Correspondence yf the Eallimoi'c Patriot. Washincton, Feb. l- IN SENATE. The Oregon bill continues to be the principal! subject of discussion in the Senate. Mr. Rives spoke at length on the subject. He expressed himself favorably to lhe settlement of the territory at as early a period as possiH«- nnd advocated many of the provisions of the bilj as actually required, in order to preserve Ore gon in oui- possession. But he was against the fanit citruses, ns in his opfiviest —itmi-■■■■•■ violated tlie treaty witn engtantt, Dnt’also wns contrary to the courtesy of nations Hesuppor ted the motion to commit to the Committee on Foreign Relations, for the purpose of striking out these clauses. Mr. Benton objected to the motion, on tlie ground that as a special committee had report ed the measure, il ought, to be re-committed to tlie same, if any alterations were to be made. Mr. Calhoun said the special committee was dissolved; and spoke earnestly in favor of refer ring to the Committee on Foreign Relations, which was tlie proper organ to act on the mat ter. After a good deal of convetrsalion on this point, Mi . Archer, chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, withdrew - his motion for reference to that committee, and consented that it should go back to the spacial committee, which might be revived, composed ofthe same members as belore. Mr. Benton then took the floor', to make ano ther set speech—but gave way Jo Mr. Buchan an, on whose motion, the Senate went into Exe cutive Session. HOUSE OF REPRESEPTTATIVES. REAL REFORM. Mr. Garret Davis ottered a resolution calling on the Secretary of the Treasury, to report to the House tlie names of all the persons employ ed in the United States service, at the different Custom-houses throughout the Union, in the years 1829 and 1843, respectively»;ind also the amount of revenue that had lieen. received for two years immediately previous to each of those years 1829 and 1843. This information is necessary to the reform and retrenchment measures which Mr. Davis is projecting connected with the custom-houses. GENERAL POST OFFICE. A resolution was adopted calling on the Post master General for information as to the disposal ofthe fund appropriated at the la st session for the purchase of the grounds around the General Post Office Department; and whether it would be expedient to purctiase the ground lying be tween it and the Patent Office. ARMY bill. Mr. Thompson, of Mississippi, rose to a ques tion of privilege. He moved to reconsider the vote by which the Army Bill was passed yester day. Upon this motion, the gentleman from Mis sissippi read the House a lecture upon extrava gance, and poured forth his lamentations on the discredit of tlie General Government in Europe. Should the vote be reconsidered, he would move to recommit the bill, with instructions to strike out every item of appropria lion which could be ornit ed without immediate and decided detri ment to the public interest. Mr. Thompson commented, in a strain intended to be very se vere, upon those who had passed the Tariti'Bill of the last session; and urged the propriety of deferring all appropriations, until it eould be as certained whether there would be means to meet them. Mr. Granger opposed the motion to recon sider, and vindicated the majority of the House from the imputation of making wasteful ap propriations or from failing to provide properly for them. The majority ofthe House had little reason to stand by the Administration; but they had much reason to stand by the country; and he contended that alter gentlemen irom tlie North had exerted themselves to provide the ways and means, and were willing even to impose duties on tea and coffee for that purpose; they ought not to be rebuked by a representative from Mis sissippi, who had always voted against those measures deemed necessary to sustain the pub lic credit. The motion to reconsider was rejected. FRENCH SPOLIATIONS. Mr. Cushing, from the Committee on For eign Affairs, offered a resolution directing that on Tuesday next, at 2 o’clock, P. M. all debate should be terminated on the bill making appro priations to indemnify the claimants on account of French Spoliations in 1800; and the House should proceed to vote directly on the amend ments. A good deal oi’coni'usiou arose in the House, owing to the solicitude of different members to be heard in regard to these, claims. Mr. Cave Johnson moved to lay the resolti tionon the table—which was devilled in the neg ative: ayes 93, nays 103. So the House refused to lay on the table. The previous question was then demanded | bv Mr. Cushing—which was sustained—but I belore action could be taken uniter it. tlie hour arrived lot the special order, and the Hotisi' pioceetleil to exm ule it by going into coinmittee ot the whole on tlie bills relating to tlie Territo ries; and territorial business uccujiied them during the remainder ofthe sitting. The Hun. George W. Crawford, ol Georgia, appeared, was qualified, and took his -eat. The proceedings ot Thursday, the -J»i iust., were of little interest in eithet house. In the the Senate, the day tvas consumed i- v Mr. Ben ton, in a speech on the Oregon bill, and in the House, the greater portion ofthe sitting was de voted to Territorial business. JVThe receipts of the Central Bank area bout $20,000 pet ’. -el. So s-.y- tlm I’ 1 *! Fede ral Union. VOL, vh.-noj:. Correspondence th* North Amer mm Nr.vr York, Jail. 31, IHY The wind ha* blown a gale lioui the Soate Ram to-day, and must cause nune lUiuag* U<. the shipping and to inward bound venaels. B urine w has been ven active for the Steam er to-day, and the state oi our stock market *oo tinues to impiove, and the greatext coniideac* is telt that the lowest point has been panned. Exchange is current at the follow ing ram a London at 103ial05l; Frances,4s; Amaterdaaa 3o|a3»i; Hamburg 34ia34|; Bremen 75a76ft British Government Bills 6 percent. Money is so abundant hete that a Urge buss* ne»s has been done in purchasing exchange to import specie, as the transaction will pay very well. Some persons estimate that sto 88,00*,- (lO<> of dollars in specie will be received in this country within the next 6t> or 90 days. The Caledonia, it will be remembered, brought over more than half a million in specie. The last steamer for Albany did not get seat er than tengiiles of the eitv, and retained tiin morning without any mail. Oorrespondnue of the North American. New York, February 1. Stocks have materially declined to-day whfofc is attributive in part to the lose of Mr. John son's bill, and is partly owing to a re-action that would naturally follow the heavy operations oi the last tew days. Another forgery was discovered to-day in Wall street, in the sum of S6OO. A check war presented at the Bank of New York by a B4Ai Exchange Broker, purporting to be drawn by J- Lynch, a grocer here who keeps his account at this bank, but the teller mistiusting the signa lur, made a tew inquiries of the holder, which W<JT# so unsatisfactory' that he was banded over The-weather to-dayhas prevented all out-door business. Flour remains inactive and the only sale is a lot of 800 bbls Genesse at $4,44, wbfoo is the top of the market. The sales oi cotton are some 6 or 800 bales on an average at uniform prices. News- we are without, die mail being two days due from the North, and two south <A Washington, and the Eastern is not yet reported and probably did not leave Stonington until this morning and will arrive about 6 P. M. The Naval Court Martial, in the ca*e dt Mackenzie, did not organize to-day, owing to the absence of Com. Downes and a good pro portion of the members of the Court. But lib tie interest is felt about the details of the trial as people bere justify Capt. Mackenzie from the evidence which was taken by the former Court. Sacrifice of Property.—The Worcetfer. (Mass.) iEgis, says the sale qf Machinery a the Dudley Woolen Mills, illustrate the condi tion of things in manufacturing districts. 'The machinery which cost s4o,ooo—and most of it is said to be now in a good state—sold for about S4OOO. American Inventive Genivs.—The intelli gent Paris correspondent of the National Intelli gencer writing under date of the 31st ult. take* the following notice of one of our citizens anti his admirable inventions: You and-ill the American public are ac quainted with the high professional reputation ot William Norris, Esq. and the nnsnrpaMed excellence of his locomotive steam engines. These possess already a European fame. Last month, or earlier, he brought io this capital an elegant finished model as a present to Kin* Louis Phillippe. ft aha the donor— the able engineer and mechanician—were received by his Majesty with all interest and honor. The model underwent a Court examination and ad miration in all detail. The King bestowed oe Mr. Norris, in return, or as general evideueo of his double satisfaction, a splendid gold box with brilliants, and a gold medal with his portrait. A large compartment in the Louvre was assign ed for a railway experiment. I annex a now from Mr. Norris which 1 received yesterday, i* lating to what passed. He has fonued several advanta geons contracts for locomotive*, to h» furnisher? from his manufactory in Philadelphia, to the superintendents of the French railroadl - to be executed: Paris, December 27, 1842 Yesterday the King and all the Royal family, accompanied by several of the Minister* of Btata and general oili>‘.ers of the army, visited rtie Marine Museum CJallery ofthe Louvre to wie ness the perfbnnanc'e’°f the Miniature Loess motive on a const! acted in such a mra face—deviation* from rlraight line*— with eux~ ~ vatiires ot the smallest radii that are found fti practical railroads. The length ofthe road A 305 feet, width 14 inches. Ihe shortest curve isof 11 feet radius for the Ic.ugih ot 28 fetL The locomotive made m.wy trips c. er th* road, much to lhe surprise a>vi gratification th the company, when a car of imsre dimension*, iir comparison with lhe road titid locomotive, wa s attached. The ear, accoinc-dating ten p*» sons, was soon filled with Major Generals ams other jllusliiotts personages, who were deligkfod with their rapid trips to and ->o. The exhibition was a very interesting otte. Everything was successful. All were iiigbH' pleased, and his Majesty expressed his unqual ified approbation. I was inradii gratified at the successfi ll result, more panicuiatly as there were pre tent many scientific gentlemen wire could pro] erly.appreciate the pen fonuances. Tartar <in ths Teeth.—M. La Baume baa ascertained .that washing the teeth with vin egar and a bnish will,in a few day* remove the tartar; thus -»b viating the necessity of filing u scraping them, which so often injures the enam el. He recoi no, ends the use ot powdered char coal amhtincturt of rhatnny afterward*, which etiectually (in la » opinion) prevents it* forswi tion.—Medical 7\ tius. Race— One of,the Indian delegate* te Au gusta, Maine, alter riding in the stage half lire way, was told '.hat h e eould ride no farther un less he paid. Dislifc in K to do ‘his, he walked the remaining 14 mil alul kept ahead of the stage all the way.—performed the journey in one hour and s’,’ u linutes, and was then ta lively, jovial spirits, 'While the horses were sad ly jaded. Avdvbon’s GIUADRiri *M‘ S or North Ameri ca.—We understand th Wth« hrst two ni*mbw of this forth-coming won '<> hy <>ur distinguiyked countryman Audubon, are nearly ready for publication, and copies wi U ** received feeze la a few days. The plan of tl. '* work is suuijgz so that on Ornithology. It wii Ibe issued in u*4* bers, one every two months, a nd completed itt * boot five years. Mr. Audubon has nearly c, tmpltted hi* ar rangements, and will start in aft ' w weeks oq an expedition to the far West, to the h‘°cky Motue tains, tor lhe purpose of procurii tft specin*<s* from that interesting region. W e wish him every success in his excursion.—. Va" J>«JWb Bulletin. Murder. We learn from an undoubted authority, they Mr. Lea, nhog drover from Ky., was ihoekinfoy umrdered on his return home, a few dr lys ago, Al the mountain region ot Va., by two men who travelled with him the principal part at the day on which he was murdered, ft seems that fo wa.' shot by a pistol in the back part of hie head, while passing through a lonesome regfon of country; he tell Irons hjs horse instantly gasp ing for breath. The robbers thereupon ridJd him of his pocket book, and were in lhe act of riding off when they were suddenly brought ton stand by the appearance of two mountaineer*, who happened to be close by, hunting game rii the woods. J tappears that the two hunters had not separated long before they heard the report ofthe pistol, and each takingit lor granted that the other had shot at something, they both ran to see what had been shot; both rbrtunatcdy bounded into the road the same titna, one a Lit tle above and the other a little below lhe robbere. Seeing the sight described, they quickly sprang the triggers of their lines, arid bid the murderers stand ordie. On approaching Les, they found him in the last agonies of death; but he was able to tell who shot him, and who rob bed him : he also told the hunters that the rub ber* had missed his money, which was con cealed in his coal collar; and a few luotuetMs after this he expired. The hunters then march ed the robbers to the village jail. The name of Ihe county and village is not recollected. Mth foe Chronicle'. I Iron. —The Rochester Democrat states tlwn iron ‘was lir.-l made iu this country in 1715 fu V irginia. in Nev. York, Orange eonntv, a Itu uaec was erected in 1751, and I.aUO lons'of pfo, and I .DUH of bar, made annually. The jwnh iron chain, that crossed the Hudson during tfo- Revolution, • arh link of which weigheq pound-, was made there. Peter ’J'uwUreNat made the first canuou there in 18111. fn the C niled States, 1810. there were made347.4tWk®s pig iron: twenty years ago, Great Britain made only 400.000 ton; now she make* 1.258,7 M ngw. We learn from Washington that the plan of relief to the indebted States. i« ei-Jtifc much attention there. Akmbers who last ;«iy turned from it with contempt, now regard itwifo much favor, fin Saturday, Mr. Keim ~t Pea*, sylvania, presented a petition trom Berks eone ty, signed by 1 i>O(J democrats, asking t'raigru», i-'iic ,t*2 , >( l.lKXl.tHm in National Stock, ia <x4e fonnity m ith lhe plan of Mr. J. This may ta i noted as an important sign ofthe Jnp'lrrr.