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gEbvontclt ano Sentinel. |
AUGUSTA.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, APRIL 12.
Elections.
Connecticut.—lt is definitely settled that
there is no election of governor by the people —
that there will be a democratic majority in both
branches of the legislature, and that they have e
lecied three, and probably four, membersot Con
gress.
Massachusetts. —We have some farther re
turns from the seventh Congressional district.
We think that there is no choice, but it will be
necessary to hear from the remaining 12 towns
of the district to determine accurately the re
sult.
Rhode Island—This morning’s mail brings
the returns from all the towns in the slate, with
the exception of Jamestown and Shoreham,
(Block Island.) —The result is that the law and
order party have elected their Governor by over
1746 votes over the Dorrite candidate, and that
they have large majorities in both branches of
the legislature.—.V Y. Co.vt. Adv.
We have received from S. A. Holmes, an
extra New World, containing a series ot chap
ters on early Egyptian History, Archaeology,
and other subjects connected with hieroglyphi
cal literature, by George R. Gliddon. The
work is for sale at the Literary Depot.
The Southern Quarterly Review.
It was only a day or two since that we recei
ved the January number of this work, and in
the absence of sufficient leasure to give it such
an examination as it demands, we avail ourself
of the following notice of the Baltimore Ameri
can. _
the North American, and not interior to it in
all the exterior appearances appropriate to such
a journal, is published at Charleston, S. C. It
has reached the fifth number. Among its con
tributors are some of the ablest men of t he South.
The reader will find in the contents of the Jan
uary number abundant evidences of research,
critical acuteness, and of a comprehensive liber
ality which give a substantial character to the
journal, and which must enforce i's claims to
the respectful consideration of the public. Os
the articles which may be regarded as possess
ing most interest we maChame the titles of a
few. Tiic Progress of Civilization, being a re
view on Guizot’s history of Civilization in Eu
rope ; The Georgia Historical Society — an article
of considerable length and very well written in
deed ; it gives a succinct and impressive history
of the early times of Georgia, with an interest
ing sketch of Oglethorpe; the Civil Law, an
essay of much ability; Stale Debts— an inquiry
into a subject of no small importance, having
for texts the letter of Gen. Hamilton to John C.
Calhoun and the letter of Wm. Cost Johnson ot
Oct. 1, 1842. There is also a review of Dickens
and his book on the United States; an articleon
Chemistry and Geology re viewing Liebig’s work
and Johnson’s Agricultural Lectures.”
Complimentary.—The Washington Globe
says: “In our opinion, John Tyler, Daniel
Webster, John C. Spencer, J. M. Porter and
Charles A. Wickliffe, taken together, make the
most abominable compound of ingredients with
which it was possible for the Harrisburg Con
vention to drench the country.”
Pictorial History of the U. States.—
Number one of the first volume of this work
came to hand some days since. It embraces the
history of this continent from the time of its dis
covery bj’ the Northmen in the tenth century,
up to the present day. It is to be published in
twenty numbers, illustiated by three hundred en
gravings. The work cannot fail to be interest
ing. John Frost, A. M., is the author, E. H.
Butler, of Philadelphia, is the publisher, and
the embellishments are by William Croome.
Mr. Barnard, of Albany, in a letier to his con
stituents, makes this portraiture of public and
private affairs:
“Extravagant expenditure, ruinous debts, di
minished resources, defalcations and frauds, a
ready resort to ingenious crime, and every sort
of disingenuous and dishonest practice and trick
to cover over iniquities, and keep up plausible
appearances—these things had become equally
common in public and private affairs. The
whole action of the Government onthe business
intei ests of the community had been pernicious
and destructive, plunging the whole country in
to reckless extravagance, and then into hopeless
bankrupt •, whilst the Government itself aban
doning al jst every useful measure and policy,
refusing to provide itself with legitimate reve
nues even for its economical support, was doing
nothing of consequence but to sustain itself and
was doing that by the most questionable means,
at a rate ot extravagant expenditure which was
perfectly appalling.”
Later from Camfeachy.—By the schr. Oc
tavio, Capt. Churchill, which left Sisal on the
31st ultimo, we have dates from the seat of
war up to the 30th.
The Mexican fleet landed a large body of
troops at Tilshac on the 26th and 27 h March,
after having frequently visited Selina, which
place was burnt by the Mexican soldiers. The
first place ot action was expected to be Sisal, off
which the Mexican fleet was hourly expected.
A body of Yucatan troops, numbering some 4,-
500, had been detailed to meet the Mexicans.
A brisk action occurred in the neighborhood
of Canipeachy on the 26th of March, in which
the Mexicans sustained a considerable loss.
The Canpeachanos, after a three hours fight, re
tired in good order, without affecting anything.
The cannonading continued upon the city
from the Mexican batteries, but little damage
has been done so far.
Deserters from the Mexican camp were con
tinually joining the Yucateeos.-2V. O. Picayune.
Correspondence of the Baltimore Patriot.
Washington, April 5, 1813.
The greatest piece ot impudence I have seen
for a long time, is the communication just made
by the Madisonian and the New York Aurora,
of the views and sentiments of the members ol
the Administration, regarding its present posi
tion and future policy. Men who were elevat
ed to the highest offices of the Government by
professing loyalty to the Whig Party, and ah
enthusiastic devotion to its great principles,
now, in the second year of their abused power,
openly proclaim that they are one and indivis
ible with the Democratic, or, in plain language,
the Locofoco party, and in all their official acts
recognize only their “Democratic Fellow Citi
zens!” We are not left for this exposition to
the chattering emptiness of the Madisonian and
its New York echo. They give us distinc.ly
to understand that it is published by the authority
of the Government, and each of its members. Under
all the circumstances of the case, —considering
who John Tyler is, and who Daniel Webster,
and who Jno. C. Spencer; and to whom Mey are
indebted for the power they now have to outrage
the feelings of honorable men, —this official an
nouncement of their “thorough and perfect har
mony of feeling and action” with the adversaries
of the Whigs, is the most impudent which any
administration ever ventured to make public.
We may next expect to see, by authority, in the
same organs, an explicit and deliberate defence
of political imposture and personal treach
ery. If the New York Official, during his
most agreeable and satisfactory visit to Wash
ington” was instructed to say that “there is not
within the limits of the Union, a more efficient,
active, and powerful enemy of the Whigs than
John Tyler,’’ it would surely be in perfect keep
ing to make a highly-wrought panegyric on De
ception—an elaborate comparison ot it with all
other modes of seeking promotion from a gener
ous and confiding party, such as that which
nominated him at Harrisburg—and a decided
and reasoned-out preference of HYPOCRisvover
them all!
We presume that the very few Whigs, who,
in spite of all that has occurred, and almost, we
may say, against the evidence of their own
senses, have continued to hope that the Adminis
tration would yet justify their confidence and
support, will now be satisfied with the authori
tative declarations of the President and the Cabi
net of their “position, future policy, and demo
cratic intentions.” Il there is still any-whereone
honest Whig, who joined heart and soul in the
canvass of I*lo to drive the Goths from the
Cap.ta), and who has yet hoped for a Whig
policy from the men now at the head of affairs,
give him the Patriot containing the article from
the New York Aurora to which I refer, and let
him see upon what the Administration now
plumes itself?
If that member of the Administrition, also,
whose memorable services and extraordinary
talents enable him to retain a hold on his fellow
citizens in spite of his present associations, has
indeed given his sanction to this “by authority”
publication, the people of the United States
ought to know it. If he has not, then it is time
he should quit a Faction, despicable botii in
numbers and character, who have thrown them
selves on the party they but recently opposed and
denounced in the hope that for the spoils that
party will transfer itself into their hands, if
Daniel Webster would secure for himself the
benefit of his once glorious fame founded on ex
alted genius and comprehensive patriotism, in
his final accounting with the American People
let him no longer cling to the President who
has avowed such purposes. Giant as he may
teel himself, it is not in hit strength, even, to re
sist that undiscriminating storm of reprobation
whieh will be excited wherever this impudent
announcement ot the Government becomes
known. A Looker On.
Maxim or Health. —Sir \\ illiam Temple
says:— “The only way for a rich man to be
healthy is to live as if ha was poor, using exer
olm andobservi*g abstineaoe.'
. Office of the News. »
St. Avccstine, E. F., April 7. J
Arrival of Gen. Worth.—This meritorious
officer, and staff, and family, arrived in this city
from tiie interior, on Saturday afternoon last.
He was escorted into town by the officers sta
tioned at this post, and several of our citizens.
The customary military salute was fired from
St. Francis Barracks. Gen. Worth has estab
lished his Head Quarters in this city.
The following are the names of the officers
who arrived in company with Gen. Worth.
Brevet Lieut. Col. W. G. Belknap, Bth Infan
try; Capt. G. W. Waggaman, Com. Sub.; Capt.
J. E. Johnson, Act’g Asst. Adjt. Gen., Capt. J.P.
Sprague, Aid-de-Camp; Lieut. J. E. Blake, Topi
Engr; Asst. Surgeon W. S. Van Buren.
Southern Settlements.—The schr. Charles
M. Thompson, Capt. Sealy, arrived here on
Wednesday last, from Savannah, with a party
of settlers, destined for Lake Worth, some 8 or
10 miles South of Jupiter Inlet. These gentle
men are all men of wealth; and permanent set
tlers. The party consists of the following:—Mr.
J. S. Hutchinson and lady; Mrs. Burnside;
Messrs. James Burnside, James Burroughs,
Hopkins, W. S. Porter, Wm. Proctor, James
H. Russell, Henry Jessup, B. B. Burroughs,
Henry Otterslatter, Washburn, Thos. Bumside,
William Burnside, W B. Bennett, S. Beaufort,
Thos. W. Hutchinson, and twenty negroes.
The weather still continues unsettled. The
earth is literally’ overflown with water. During
the early part of March, many of our farmers
planted their crops, but as the weather has con
tinued so cold and wet, fears are entertained that
their labor has been in vain!
The Case of Young Mercer.
Reported for the Inquirer and National Gazette.
This exciting trial has at length terminated.
The result is already known, and in a lew days
the thrilling incidents developed in the progress
of the drama, will cease to agitate the commu
nity.
The deportment of young Mercer, through
out a trial of such tremendous importance to
himselt, was, as we learn, calm and collected.—
Only when his mother and sister were examin
ed, or when testimony was given in reference to
the actual killing of Hcberton, did he exhibit
anv.£jyi ) 'le emotion; were
The meeting with his mother and sister, after
his acquittal on Thursday evening, at the lodg
ings of the family’ in Woodbury, is said to have
been indescribably affecting. He fell upon his
mother’s neck—the sister threw herself upon her
knees at his feet, and begged of him forgiveness
for her error, and for the pain which she had
brought upon him. He praised her, fell upon
her neck, kissed and forgave her.
During theevening, we learn, he called on the
Attorney General and Mr Carpenter, the Prose
cuting Attorney for Gloucester County, at the
house of the latter, in company with Lieut. Bar
ton, Dr. Lippincott, and others of his personal
friends, and assured them that their exertions,
in the performance ot their official duties, had
left on his mind no unpleasant impressions, and
in his bosom no unkind feelings towards them
personally.
Early yesterday morning he left Woodbury
in a private carriage, with his mother and sis
ter, crossed the river at Gloucester Point, about
8 o’clock, and passed quietly tokhe house of his
father in Queen street.
About 10 o’clock yesterday morn ing, the coun
sel for the prisoner, Messrs. Brown, Vroom,
Wall, Jeffers, Matlack, Sloan, Howell, and
Browning, accompanied by the father of young
Mercer, arrived at Walnut street wharf, where
they were received with shouts from the assem
bled multitude, and the waving ofhandkerchiefs
from the balconies in the neighborhood. Mr.
Browne and Gov. Vroome, passed arm in arm
from the boat, with heads uncovered, and fol
lowed by the other counsel, and Mr. Mercer,
Sen. On their progress up Walnut, Dock, Third
and Chesnut streets, to the United States Hotel,
the multitude followed in procession, and three
hearty cheers, as they entered the Hotel, formed
the concluding incident of their entry into Phila
delphia.
The “Forum” alludes to this outpouring of
a noble, generous enthusiasm and says:
If any thing can heal the lacerated hearts of
the parents, it would be the triumphant entry of
the Father through our streets yesterday. If any
thing can stay the course of the libertine, it
should be the total want of sympathy evinced for
his untimely fate. We repeat, this was a tri
umph! We saw an aged and palsied hands clas
ped together; we saw females waving their
handkerdhiefs, while their eyes were streaming
tears; —we heard cheers and shouts and applause
which all came from the heart; we saw all class
es join in an expression of rejoicing, that mercy
had tempered justice, and that the strong provo
cation had been considered more than sufficient
to efface all criminality.
Prom the Charleston Courier.
Columbia, April, 7, 1843.
My Dear Sir—When I sent you my last com
munication I did not intend to appear again in
the Courier, as I have lately occupied its col
umns very frequently. The mesmeric experi
ments have, however, such a pleasant influence
on the organs of ideality and wit of certain wri
ters in the Mercury, that I cannot avoid giving
them another fact to serve as a peg on which to
hang their fun. Nature has fortunately given
me a tolerable bump of perseverance for my pur
suits, or I might otherwise be discouraged in my
experiments by’ the very interesting compliment
of being “an amateur zealot ot ramping imbe
cility,” furnishing “rich scenes for those who
like to smoke the ridiculous,” &c. E collisions
scintilla is not a bad motto in experimental phi
losophy and some of us who have thick skulls
can stand hard blows without sparks being seen
by’ any one but ourselves; and to be content with
the reflection that “truth ti avels with a snail’s
pace.” But to the fact -1 have been crazy
enough to make an experiment, which,
“till I found it to be true,
I never thought it possible or likely.”
I have paralyzed the tongues of two ladies so
that they could not use them until I gave them per
mission. Numerous and respectable witnesses
Mere present and saw the process, and the ladies
were both “wide awake.” My first impression
was, entry nous, that my discovery would be of
immense practical value in domestic life, where
an inordinate action of this member existed, but
a moment’s reflection satisfied me of a serious
difficulty— it must be perfectly at rest fora fewmin
utes, while the influence is being developed; and
this, you know, in certain cases, is “a thing im
possible. •
In the present dearth of subjects for commu
nications, I hope some of the anonymous scrib
blers ot our antipodes will continue their poeti
cal actions, “tor the truest poetry is the most
feigning.”
It is quite airusing to see the lucubrations ot
the uninformed—and I would say to the unini
tiated in mesmerism, who thinks me mad, in
the language of Shakspeare, “thou errest; there
is no darkness, but ignorance—in which thou
art more puzzled than the Egyptians in their
fog’’—or I might quote in good humor, the fol
lowing passage: “Fool, there was never man
so notoriously abused; I am as well in my wits
as thou art”—but I would spoil his answer, if
disposed, to quote what follows, and only say to
him: “1 tell thee true—be patient.”
1 wish you would repeat my experiment, if
you can find a willing subject, and havethe glory
of following in the footsteps of your illustrious
predecessor. If you do not verify it before you
visit Columbia, 1 hope to show you “a quiet
tongue,” if I survive the power of those which
reaction may set in motion against me.
As my achievement is one which has not been
heard of before, I am not ambitious of going
farther, and will not trouble you again.
Yours sincere! v,
R. W.’GIBBES, M. D.
R. Yeadon, Esq.
Lesson for Young Men.—A correspondent
informs us that he was acquainted, some thirty
years ago, with three young men, all then ap
prentices to Mechanical trades, who boarded to
gether at a bcarding-house in Murray-street.
Each of them was poor, having no means but
the scanty allowance of apprentices, which bare
ly sufficed to pay their board and provide them
with working apparel; so that on Sunday, when
most young men sported holiday suits in Broad
way, these lads remained at home reading, hav
ing not one Sunday suit between them.—But all
of them were honest, industrious and prudent;
and, as time wears on, one of them has since
been mayor of Georgetown, D. C., the second
Mayor of Newark, N. J., and the third is Robert
Smith, who, we trust, will very soon be Mayorof
New York! Such, Young Men! are the rewards
of patient Industry, and solid though humble
Worth.— Tribune.
We have some where seen an anecdote of an
Irish sailor, employed at the pump ota leaking
vessel at sea, who first looked over the railing to
see how high the water was at the side; and after
pumping an hour or so, he again looked over and
finding the vessel four inches deeper, he exclaim
ed—“ Captain, dear! I’ll pump the sea full at this
rate; I’ve raised it four inches already!”— Batten
Pott.
Sects.—We know one Leonard Jones who
got lip a sect of “Live Forevers,” and actually
had followers who believed they would never
die. They had an establishment in the lower
part of Kentucky, and were getting along quite
well until an epidemic thinned off the believ
ers. Jones afterwards tried to form a sect of
“Non-Eaters,’, and got some disciples to this
school. They* were to eat less ana less every
day until they entirely lived upon nothing. He
made a bold effort to conform to his own creed,
until he happened to stop at the Galt House, in
Louisville, two years ago, where a roast turkey
so moved his bowels that he fell from grace in
to the grease ot the sauce pan, and subsequent
ly turned Mormon, and perhaps Millerite since
—A". O. Bee.
A Tyler Postmaster.—A Mr. James Brooks
was recently appointed Postmaster of Dayton
(O.) whereupon a meeting of the citizens of the
town was called, at which men of all parties at
tended and the following resolution adopted: "
Resolved, That in the opinion of this meet
ing, the standing of James Brooks in this com
munity is such, as should have forbidden his ap
pointment to the important office which has re
cently been conferred upon him, and should for
bid his continuance therein.
Don Robert Adger, has been duly
recognised as Vice Consul of the Mexican Be
publtc for the port of Charleston $ C
THURSDAY MORNING, APRIL 13.
Rhode Island.
The following elegant panegyric upon the
friends of “law and order” in Rhode Island we
clip from the New York Courier & Enquirer.
glorious rhodb-island!
We never performed a more grateful duty
than we are enabled to do this morning in' re
cording the overwhelming triumph of principle
in Rhode-Island. The law and order party of
that gallant and glorious little state which nobly
done theirduty and deserved the highest meed of
honor from their countrymen from Maine to
Missouri. They have not cnly fought their
own battle and beaten the foe to the dust, but
they have fought for their whole country. They
have done battle for a high principle, and they
have conquered—they have settled a problem in
free government 1 They have preved to the
world that our glorious system possesses inher
ent strength enough to protect itself. Our sol
diers and our sailors have proved their ability to
protect us from external enemies on lhe land
and on the ocean; the Rhode Islanders have
now shown our power of protecting us from our
selves—taught rebellion how vain it is to raise
its black standard against the faithful freeman,
and bow impotent is its felon weapon against the
nervous arm of the yeoman patriot. The true
man has met he “ false thief,” and — there the
latter lies ?
A more glorious victory’ than has been gain
ed in Rhode Island, has not occurred in the coun
try. James Fenner, the “law and order” can
didate is elected by a majority of seventeen hun
dred andforty-six over Carpenter, the representa
tive of rebellion and exponent of Dorrism, and
this but a little State that gives but 16,000 votes
—a proportion that would give a majority of
more than forty-five thousand in an election in
the State of New York. The Rhode Island
party has al the same time elected forty-nine
out of sixty-eight representatives; and twenty
four out of thirty-one senators.
In a word, the victory is most thorough, and
overwhelming throughout, and the prostration
of Tom Dorrism is as complete as the friends of
correct principle and good government could
possibly desire. Most warmly and most heart
■ MYtrthd , fti?«as‘of weft'reguialedVitJei'ty (lirougfc
out the United States. In the eloquent and
manly language ol the Ptovidence Journal, “we
have no language in which to express our grati
fication at this result. It is not a party that has
triumphed; it is a State that has been saved. It
is not a measure that has been secured, or a
course of policy that has been opposed; it is the
great cause of regulated liberty which has been
preserved, and lhe foundations of which widen
ed and deepened by the alterations in the funda
mental law, still fest firmly on the hearts of a
free people. Dorrism is down, forever. The
glory of this victory belongs to the gallant and
true hearted men of the Rhode Island party; the
benefits belong to the men of every party’; and
those who, misguided, and deceived, have been
contending against their own best interests, will
share in the benefits of an equal, mild, and bene
ficent legislation. Industry will resume its cus
tomary avocations, capital will flow in its natur
al channels, and every’ interest will recover from
the shock which it has received from the late in
famous attempts of unprincipled ambition to
overthrow the liberties of the State.”
There is an incident connected with this elec
tion which strikes us as exhibiting an instance
of as pure a patriotism as lhe world ever wit
nessed. It was told to us yesterday by a friend
from Providence, who was cognizant of all the
circumstances. Capt. Carpenter, an old ship
master, was on his dying bed, not expected to
live through the day, on Monday morning.—
His grave clothes were all prepared w.th his
own knowledge. That morning he called his
■ wife to his bed side, and said to her that he did
I not expect to survive the dav, “And my dear,”
• said he, “I have nothing else to leave to you
■ and our children, but I want very' much to leave
I you the legacy of a good government —I want
’ to vote to-day.” Mrs. C. was ot course aston
ished, and replied, that such a thing was impos-
f sible—that he was then dying. The circum
stance, however, was communicated to the pre
siding officer of the ward, and the ballot box
f was conveyed to the house of the dying patriot
fby an officer—he was raised in his bed, wrote
' his name on the “law and order” ticket—fell
1 back upon his bed, and in a tew hours was a
r corpse!
i£S"The court house of Montgomery county,
r N. C., with every book and paper belonging to
’ the offices of the two Clerks and Register, was
■ totally destroyed by fire on the night of the 31st
’ ultimo. When discovered, the fire had made
r such progress in the interior of the old combus
‘ tible building as to render it impossible to save
• any thing. It is supposed that the building was
purposely set on fire, and a person has been ar
rested on suspicion of being the incendiary’.
Tylerism.—The Globe notices some recent
1 removals and appointments mad* by the Presi
dent and heads of departments, and adds:—“ It
; would be well for the Tyler papers to republish
• Webster’s circular te office-holders, and some
extracts from Harrison’s and Tyler’s messages,
i relating to proscription for opinions sake.”
i From the Savannah Republican.
The Insurrection in Cuba.
, The following extract from the despatch of
e the Governor of Matanzas to the Governor Gen-
■ eral, we translate f.om the Noticioso, es the 31st
’ lilt:
i “Fortunately the insurrection was destitute of
s all combination, and on this account I may’ as
r sure your excellency that it may be considered
at an end, although with the lamentable loss of
lour white perrons killed and two wounded, be
sides considerable destruction of property from
’ fire.
We have met with many dead bodies slain
s by the peasants and the troops, and they have
s hanged a considerable number of negroes, the
i exact amount it is impossible for me to tell.
t At this present time, I am actively’ employed
5 in issuing orders for the successful capture of
t the fugitives, and as soon as order is establish
s ed, there will be an end at once of this calami-
- ‘y-
1 From the same paper of the same date.
The Insurrection.—ln our bulletin of yes
terday evening, our readers will have seen the
despatch from Bemba, to his Excellency the
Captain General, by the Governor of Matanzas,
t who had repaired to that spot with a small force.
Subsequently to the publication of that despatch,
I authentic intelligence has been received that
tranquility is entirely restored, so much so, that
1 the troops which sailed Irom hence in the steam
. ship Regent, returned this morning.
' These events had a speedy termination, for
r the rebels being in the first place attacked by’
the vigilant Captain at Macuriges, at the head
j of some peasants, and being presently assisted
s by the people of Citnarrenes, these wretches
p were compelled, in spite of their numbers, to
3 disperse and betake themselves to the mountains,
where they are now blockaded.
( The activity of the authorities of that quarter,
the energy displayed by the officials detached
s thither, the activity of the Brigadier Governor
j of Matanzas, conveyed successive assurances
t to the proprietors of the estates, that there was
a ne cause for alarm, and finally by the last ac
counts, all fear had subsided, but owing to the
, difficulty experienced in some districts in giv
, ing chase to the fugitives, the Governor of Ma
’ tanzas had remained at Bemba with two com
panies of foot.
The promptitude with which the troops sup
pressed this outbreak, sufficiently demonstrates
that we had nothing to fear, and that an undis
t turbed tranquility will be completely restored,
f and the rebels will remain instructed in the im-
- potency of their attempt.
The other quarters in the district of Matan
. zas, which, on account of the many estates there,
t might suffer some anxiety, have been billetted
- with troops, and daily intelligence from them is
r transmitted to the Governor.
1—
Correspondence of the Charleston Mercury.
Havana, April 1.
An insurrection of the negroes employed on
£ the Cardenas Railroad, took place a few days
ago ; they marched into the three Sugar estates,
and after setting fire to the houses, &c., incrcas
, ed their numbers to over a thousand—but they
_ were immediately put down by the whites in the
. neighborhood, aided by a company of regular
troops—the last accounts say that no more diffi
culty is apprehended—so active were lhe whites,
1 that when the military arrived they found over
5 forty of the negroes killed, and the rest surroun
” ded by the whites and not daring to advance.
New York Money Market, week ending
s April B.—The general aspect of business re
t mains unchanged, and with few exceptions
trade is about as dull as it has been at any time
during the last year. The commercial commu
’ oily are disposed to be cautious in their opera
' tions; and where the prospect for profit is so
r small, avoid embarking in transactions attend
r cd with much risk. Under ordinary circum
stances purchases of produce or merchandize,
• at lhe present depressed rates, would be consid
f ered sale beyond contingency, and where, as is
> the case in many instances, they are much be
low the actual cost of production, we might
! reasonably look for ceusiderable purchases on
. speculation. But in our present condition we
1 cannot safely argue from any thing in our for
mer experience. The state of things which
has existed and which now exists is wholly dis
simUnr to any which has preceded iq or if in
some points a resemblance is found, in others
they are so entirely different that a jterfect par
allelism cannot be established.
This uncertainty thus existing prevent opera-
• tions which might otherwise be expected, and
hence as a general observation the mercantile
portion of the community confine their purchas
es'to the actual amount necessary for the pres
ent purposes of their trade, not buying largely
in anticipation of either an improvement in bu
siness or a rise in prices. That both these re
“ul’s will occur by and by we entertain no
doubt but they will come as a natural conse
quence of a return of prosperity to the country,
and not be hastened (at least lor the present) by
operations of the character alluded to.— Comnier- I
< ial Adv.'rtkwr.
U. 8. Senator for Indiana.—Edward A.
Hanagan was recently elected Senator from In
diana, but there appeals to have been some in
formality in the election, end Oliver H. Smith,
the Whig candidate, will therefore contest.
* Correspondence of the Baltimore Patriot.
Washington, April C, 1813.
It is very evident that despondency has seized
upon a considerable portion of the office-seeking
crew that still prowl about the precincts of the
White House and the Departments. Many of
them belonged to the description of persons call
ed camp-followers, who are ever found attaching
themselves to a triumphant party at the eleventh
hour; and who having fastened themselves to the
great Harrison army for the sake of the spoils,
subsequently gravitated by a specific attraction
to the little faction that clung Io the present dis
fiensers of patronage after their apostacy. They
lave had in return, (if we may believe theirown
stories) promise upon promise, and pledge upon
pledge, that something would be done for them;
and though enduring all that sickness of the
heart which ariseth from hope deterred, they have
gone dreaming on that tbeir reward would yet
come. The illusion, however is now pretty near
ly over with some ofthem; and they are begin
ning to find out the cause of the Administration's
withholding the looked for gifts. They are not
of the right schdbl. The President has taken the
determination, and has caused to be proclaimed
“by authority” in his official organ, that in all
his official acts he will henceforth recognizeonly
his “democratic fellow citizens.” Now some of
these unfortunates to whom I refer, have profess
ed to be Whigs. There associations heretofore
had been with the party that elected Mr. Tyler.
They have no intimate relations, and conse
quently no influence, (however much they may
now desire it) over the Locofocos w bom thePres
identis so industriously courting. What, there
fore, (he asks) would he gain by keeping his
word with such poor fellows? Nothing—or rath
er he would gain a loss, for the Locofocos know
them not, or if they know them, they recognize
in them only their bitter opponents in the last
Presidential contest, and cannot regard their ele
vation to office as evidence of Mr. Tylrds demo
cratic intentions." Others ot the office-seekers
and have always teen Locofocos; but since the
President basso cleaily announced his purpose
of making himself “one and indivisable” with
that party, a new set have rushed here and assur
ed that those men have no weight or influence
with the masses, —that they are merely excres
cences of the party; and that, in short, it will
never do to lavish his patrongc on such useless
creatures. The promises given day after day
then go for nothing. The "Great Democratic
Interost" is to be propitiated ; and all such tri
fling considerations as fulfilling a promise must
yield to that super ior end. It is truly melancho
ly to see the long faces of the poor, disappointed,
deluded applicants, who, after spending montLs
here, are put off at last with excuses and pre
tences. Their patrons promised extravagantly
—but performance has never entered into their
minds. These gentlemen “do protest too much.”
But we cannot exclaim with Hamlet—“Oh !
but they all keep their word I”
I incline to the opinion that the fountain of
patronage will not dispense its streams very’
profusely in any direction at present; but will
be kept full, so as to increase the number of
those whose thirst for its seductive waters will
collect them around it with submissive faith
and zeal. The Government can operate more
extensively by exciting expectations than by
conferring’ actual obligations.
The President is positively said to cherish
the belief that he has some chance for re-elec
tion. The Madisonian, with its characteristic
silliness of exaggeration, proclaims that three
fourths of the Loeofocos will be his friends in
six months. Nobody else in the whole world
probably has any idea that he could get the vote
of a single county in any State. Those around
him however will keep up this dulusion for
their own purposes, which are simply to go on
gaining as much strength as they can by an un
scrupulous use of the public patronage’, and in
1844 to sell out to one or other of the great par
ties to the best advantage. Their design is to
keep in now, and bargain then for the interest
of themselves and their friends. It is a cun
ningly devised game—and the principal players
are old hands—but the people will overturn their
tables.
Pittsburgh Chronicle says that Capt.
Collins, of the steamboat Cutter, which arrived
at that place on Friday morning, being the first
trip since her accident, was arrested and hold to
bail in the several sums of $1,500 and $4,000,
at the suit of Wm. Scantlilin and Wm. iscanth
lin and wife, for injury sustained by them on
the occasion of the late explosion. This will
be a very important case, adds the Chronicle,
and the first ever tried in this city. It will de
cide how far the Captain and owners of the
boat are to be justified in their knowledge of the
defect of the boiler which collapsed.
JS’Jacob Shipman, agent ol the Brokers, as
a carrier between Philadelphia and New York,
has Swartwouted with about $120,000.
Sunday-, the 12th tilt., no less than four
revolutionary soldiers died in Alleghany town
ship, Westmorland county, Pa , John Delap,
aged 80; John Gallagher, aged 104; Robert
Doods, aged 79; and John Johnson, aged 103.
Legal Hints.—The best thing in the way of
“legal hints” that we have yet teen is the fol
lowing : —ln an action for fees, a physician can
not recover; in cases of illness, the patients are
often in the same predicament. On a bill or
note the statute begins to run directly it is due.
The acceptor, if he cannot pay, had better fol
low the statute’s example.— Pic.
Losing A Partner—A long String of Dan
gers.—Some elderly gentlemen m Arkansas
sends us a communication in which he states that
some twenty years ago the natives of Mexico
were in the habit of dancing in the streets, and
that frequently in those days he saw lines of
people a mile in length and all engaged in the
dance. On one occasion a Frenchman lost his
partner in a contre dance, and never found her
until he had “crossed »ver,” “down the middle,”
and “up on the outside”/«r three days and nights!
We have seen some little dancing in Mexico,
but this story is a shader bead ofour experience.
As the writer does not ask us to believe it, we
simply tell the story for what it’s worth.—Pica
une.
Froni the N. Y. Correspondent of the National
Intelligencer.
A Visit to the Five Points.
BY N. P. WILLIS.
As I presume you are interested in the one
portion of New York made classic by a foreign
pen, let me jot you down a m-ni. or two from
my first visit to Dickens’s Hole at the Five
Points, made one evening last week with a dis
tinguished party under charge of the Boz officer.
1 had an idea that this celebrated spot was on
the eastern limit ot the city, at the end of one
of lhe omnibus routes, and was surprised to
find that it was not more than three minutes’
walk from Broadway, and in lull view from one
of the fashionable corners. It lies, indeed, in a
lap between Broadway and the Bowery, in
what was once a secluded valley ol the island
of Manhattan, though to believe it ever to have
been green or clean requires a powerful effort of
imagination. We tinned into Anthony street
about half past ten, passed the Tombs, and took
the downward road, as did Orpheus and Dick
ens before us. It was a cold night, but women
stood at every door with bare heads and shoul
ders, most of them with something to say, and,
by :heir attitudes, showing a complete insensi
bility to cold. In every thing they said, they
contrived to bring in the word ‘shilling.’ There
were very few men to be seen, and those whom
we met skulked past as if avoiding observation
—possibly ashamed tube there; possibly shrink
ing from any fm b- r aequaim. n. e wain..-lie,-r
Stevens, tiioug.. m..tnei oi e lielings seem
to be shared by t e females of the community.
A little turn to the left brought us against what
looked to me a blind, tumble-do wn, board fence;
but the officer pulled a latch and opened a door,
and a Hight ol steps was disclosed. He went
down first and threw open a door at the bottom,
letting up a blaze of light, and we followed into
the grand subterranean Almack’s of the Five
Points. And really it looked ven- clean and
cheerlul. It was a spacious room with a low
ceiling, excessively whitewashed, nicely sand
ed, and well lit, and the black proprietor and
his “ministerspirifs (literally lullilling their vo
cation behind a very tidy bar) were well dressed
and well mannered people, and received Mr.
Stevens and his associates with the politeness of
grand chamberlains. We were a little early
tbrtiie fashionable hour, ‘the ladies not having
arrived from the Theatres;’ and, proposing to
look in again after making the round of the oth
er resorts, we crept up again to the street.
Our next dive was into a cellar crowded with
negroes, eating, drinking, and dancing, one ve
ry well-made mulatto girl playing the castanets,
and imitating Elsslcr in what she called tiie cra
cen-cr-again. In their way these people seemed
cheerful, ditty, and comfortable. We looked
in afterwards at several drinking places, throng
ed with creatures who looked over their should
ers very significantly at the officer, lound one or
two bar-rooms kept by* women, who had pre
served the one virtue of neatness, (though in
every clean place the hostess seemed a terrible
virago) and it was then proposed that we should
see some of the dormitories of this Alsatia.—
And at this point must end all the cheerfulness
ol my description. This is called ’murdering
alley,’ said our guide. We entered between
two high brick walls, with barely room to pass,
and by the police lantern made our way up a
broken and filthy staircase to the first floor of a
large building. Under its one roof the officer
thought there usually slept a thousand of these
wretched outcasts. He knocked at a door on
the left. It was opened unwillingly by a wo
man who held a dirty horse blanket over her
breast, but at the sight of the police lantern, she
stepped back and let us pass in. The floor was
covered with human beings asleep in their rags,
and when called by the officer to look in at a
closet beyond, we could hardly put our feet to
the ground, they lay so closely together, black
and white, men, women and children. The
doorless apartment beyond, of the size of a ken
nel, was occupied by a wotaan and her daugh-
ter, and the daughter’s child, laying together on
the floor, and covered by rags and clothes of no
distinguishable color, me rubbish of bones and
dirt only displaced by their emaciated limbs.—
The sight « as too sickening to endure, but there
was no egress without following close to the
lantern. Another door was opened to the right,
It first disclosed a low and gloomy apartment,
about eight feet squared six or seven black
women lav together in a heap, all sleeping ex
cept the one who opensd the doot. Something
stirred in a heap of rags, and one ol the party
removing a dirty piece of carpet with his cane,
discovered a new born child. It belonged to
one of the sleepers in the rags, and had had an
hour’s experience in the-world! But these tales
are disgusting, and have gone far enough whet
they have shown those who have the common
comforts of life, how inestimably by compari
son, they are blessed! Q>r one, 1 had never be
fore any adequate idea bl poverty in cities.
I did not dream that human beings, within
reach of human aid, could be abandoned to the
wretchedness which I there saw —and I have
not described the halt of it, for the delicacy of
your readers would not%e«r it, even in descrip
tion. And all these horrors of want and abandon
ment lie almost within the sound of your voice,
as you pass in Broadway! The officers some
times make a descent and carry off' swarms to
Bfaekwell’s Island—for all the inhabitants ol
the Five Points are supposed to be criminal and
vicious—but still thousands are there, subjects
for tears and pity, starving, like rats and dogs
with the sensibilities of human beings.
As we returned we heard screams and fight
ing on every side, and the officers of the watch
were carrying off a party to the lock-up house.
We descended once more to the grand ball room,
and found the dance going on very merrily.—
Several very handsome mulatto women were
in the crowd, and a few ‘young men about town,’
mixed up with the blacks; and altogether it was
a picture of ‘amalgamation’such as I had nev
er before seen. 1 was very glad to get out of
the neighborhood, leaving behind me, I am free
toconless, all discontent with my earthly allot
ment. One gentleman who was with us left be
hind him something ol more value, having been
robbed at Almack’s oLhis keys, pencil case,
and a few dollars ’'leAffients of two or three
pietu re Ilmre drawn may” touch
some moving spring of benevolence in private
societies or in the Common Council, and that
something may be soon done to alleviate the hor
rors of the Five Points.
A New Movement.— A member of the Com
mit'ee on Internal Improvement, in the House
of Representatives of Illinois, has introduced
«nne important resolutions into that body.—
They recommend the States of Louisiana, Mis
sissippi, Alabama Kentucky, Tennessee, Ar
kansas, Missouri. Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and
Michigan, to meet by representatives in General
Convention at Jonesborough, Illinois, on the 4th
of July next, to consider first, the best means to
be adopted to secure the admission into the Un
ion of all new States, on an equal footing in all
respects with tke older members of this Repub
lic, and like them possess the right of eminent
domain. Second, the best means of preventing
tha slaves of the slave-holding States from de
serting their masters, and r. storing such as
shall desert, at convenient places to their mas
ters.
A correspondent ot the Madisonian, says that
the Convention will be held, when the who'e
question of the public lands will be discussed,
and an effort will be made to unite the South-
West and Western States in support of such
propositions as may be agreed upon. — Mobile
Adv.
THE RIGHT OF SEARCH.
The following is a copy of a Despatch re
cently sent by Mr. Webster to Hon. Edward
Everett, the American Minister in Great Bri
tain .
Department of State, )
Washington, March 28, 1843.4
Sir: I transmit to you with this despatch, a
message from the President of the U. States to
Congress, communicated on the 27th of Feb
ruary, ana accompanied by a report made from
this Department to the President, of the sub
stance ot a despatch from Lord Aberdeen to Mr.
Fox, which was by him read to m® on the 2-lth
ult.
Lord Aberdeen’s despatch, as you will per
ceive, was occasioned by a passage in the Pre
sident’s Message to Congress, at the opening of
its late session. The particular passage is noj
stated by his Lordship; but no mistake will be
committed, it is presumed, in considering it to
be that which was quote I by Sir Robert Peel,
and other gentlemen, ia the debate in the House
of Commons on the answer to the Queen’s
Speech on the 3d of February.
The President regrets that it should have be
cime necessary tohold a diplomatic correspond
ence upon the subject of a communication from
the head of the Executive Government to the
Legislature; drawing after it, as in this case the
further necessity jbf referring to observations
made by persons in high anl responsible sta
tions, in the debates of public bodies. Such a
necessity, however, secerns to be unavoidably
incurred in consequence of Lord Aberdeen’s
despatch; lor although the President’s recent
message may be regarded as a clear exposition
of his opinions, on the subject; yet a just respect
for her Majesty’s Government, and a disposition
to meet all questions with promptness, as well
as with frankness and candor, require that a for
mal answer should be made to that despatch.
The words in the message at .he opening of
the session which are complained of, it is sup
posed, are the following:
“ Altl.ough Lord Aberdeen, in his correspondence
with lhe American Envoys, at London, expressly dis
claimed all right to detain an American ship on the
high seas, even if found with a cargo of slaves on
board, and restricted lhe British pretension to a mere
claim to visit and inquire, yet it could not welt be dis
cerned by the Executive ot lhe United Stales how such
visit and inquiry could be made without detention on
the voyage, and consequent interruption to lhe trade.
It was regarded as the right of search, presented only
in a new form, and expressed in different words; and I
therefore fell it to be my duly distinctly to declare, in
my aniiuut message to Congress, that no such conces
sion could be made; and that lhe United States had both
the will and the ability to enforce their own laws, and
to protect their own Hag from being used for purposes
wholly forbidden by those laws, and obnoxious to the
moral censure of lhe world.'’
Tliis statement would tend, as Lord Aberdeen
thinks, to convey the supposition Rot only that
the qu sli m of the right of search had been
disavowed by theJßrilish Plenipotentiary, at
Washington, lut that Great Britain had made
concessions on that point.
Lord Aberdeen is entirely correct in saying
that the claim ol a right ot search was not dis
cussed during the late negotiation, and that nei
ther was any concession required by this Gov
ernment, nor made by that of Her Britannic
Majesty.
The Bth and 9th articles of the Treaty of
Washington constitute a mutual stipulation for
concerted efforts to abolish the African slave
trade. This stipulation, it may be admitted, has
no other effect bn the pretensions of either party
man this; Great Britain has claimed as a right
that which this Government could not admit as
a right, and in the exercise of a just and proper
spirit of amity, a mode was resorted to which
might render unnecessary both the assertion and
the denial of such claim.
Tliere probably are those who think that
what Lord Aberdeen calls a right of visit, and
which he attempts to distinguish from aright
of search, ought to have been expressly acknowl
edged by the Governmentot the United States;
at the sane time, there are those on the other
side who think th't the formal surrender of such
right of visit should have been demanded by
the United States, as a precedent condition to
the negotiation for Treaty* stipulations on the
subject of the African slave trade. But the
Treaty neither asserts the claim in terms, nor
denies the claim in terms; it neither formally in
sists upon it, nor formally renounces it. Still,
the whole j roeeeding shows that the object of
the stipulation was to avoid such differences
and dis- utes as had already arisen, and the se
rious ; rsctreal evils and inconveniences which,
it cannot be •rented, are always liable to result
I from tl.e ;: • tisc which Great Britain had ;s
--’•e- du. b r-At.tl. These eV.Is :,nu ine.m.e
rdences uau been acknowledged by botii Gov
ernments. They had been such as to cause
much irritation, and to threaten to disturb the
amicable sentiments which prevailed between
them. Both Governments were sincerely de
sirous of abolishing the slave-trade; both Gov
ernments were equally desirous ol avoiding oc
casion of complaint by their respective citizens
and subjects; and both Governments regarded
the Bth and ‘Jth articles as effectual for their
avowed purpose, and likely, at the same time,
to preserve all friendly* relations, and to take a
way causes ot future individual complaints.—
The Treaty of Washington was intended to
fulfil the obligations entered into by the Treaty
of Ghent. Il stands by itself, is clear and in
telligible. It speaks its own language, and
manifests its own purpose. It needs no inter
pretation, and requires no comment. As a fact,
as an important occurrence in national inter
course, it may have important bearings on ex
isting questions respecting ihe public law; and
individuals or perhaps Governments, may not
agree as to what these bearings really are.—
Great Britain has discussions, if not controver
sies, with other great European States, upon
the subject of visit or search. These States
will naturally make their own commentary on
the Treaty of Washington, and draw their own
inferences from the fact that such a Treaty has
been entered into. Its stipulations, in the mean
time, are plain, explicit, satisfactory to both
parties, and will be fulfilled on the part of the
United Stales, and it is not doubted on the part
of Great Britain also, with the utmost good
faith.
Holding this to be the true character of the
Treaty, I might perhaps excuse myself Irom en
tering into the'consideration ot the groundsol
that claim of a right to visit merchant ships, for
certain purposes, in time of peace, which Lord
Aberdeen asserts tor the British Governments,
and declares that it can never surrender. But
I deem it right, nevertheless, and no more than
justly respectful towards the British Govern
ment, not to leave the point without remark.
In his recent message to Congress, the Presi
dent, referring to the language of Lord Aber
deen in his note to Mr. Everett, of the 20th of
December, 18-11, and in bis late despatch to Mr
Fox, says:
“These declaration* may well lead ns to doubt whe
ther the apparent difference between the two Govern
ments is not rather one of definition than of principle.”
Lord Aberdeen in hie note to you «I the 2ikh
of Beoember, says the
“Undersigned again renounces, ns he has already
done in th*- most explicit tetnis. any right on the part
of the British Government tn keurch American vessel*
in time ot peace. The right of search, except when
specially conceded by treaty, is a purely belligerent
right, and can have no existence on the high seas dur
ing peace. The undersigned apprehends, however, that
the right of search is not confined to the verification
or nationality of the vessel, but also extends to the ob
ject of the voyage and the nature of the cargo. The
sole purpose of the British cruisersis to ascertain whe
ther the vessels they meet with ate really American or
not. The right asserted has, in truth, no resemblance
to the right of search, either in principle or practice.
It is simply a right to satisfy the party who has a legit
imate interest in knowing the truth, that the vessel ac
tually is what her colors announce. This right we con
cede us freely as we exercise. The British cruisers are
not instructed to detain American vessels, under any
circumstances whatever ; on the contrary, they are or
dered to abstain from interference with them, be they
slayers or otherwise. But where reasonable suspicion
exists that the American flag has been abused lor the
purpose of covering the vessel of another nation, it
would appear scarcely credible, had it not been made
manifest by the repeated protestations of their repre
sentative, that the Government of the United States,
which has stigmatised and abolished the trade itself,
should object to the adoption of such means as arc in
dispensably necessary for ascertaining the truth.”
Ind in his recant despatch to Mr. Fox, his
Lordship further says:
“That the President might be assured that Great Bri
tain would always respect the just claims of the United
States, that the British Government made no preten
sion to interfere in any manner whatever, either by de
tention, visit or search, with vessels of the U. States,
known or believed to be such ; but that it still mam
tai tied, and would exercise when necessary, its own
right to ascertain the genuineness of any flag which
a vessel might bear; that if, in the exercise of this right
either from involuntary error, or in spite of every pre
caution, loss or injury should be sustained, a prompt
reparation would be afforded, but that it should enter
tain for a single instant the notion of abandoning the
right itself, would be quite impossible.”
This then is the British claim, as asserted by
Her Majesty’s Government. In his remarks in
the speech already referred to, in the House of
Commons, the fiist Minister of the Crown said:
“There is nothing more distinct than the right of vis
it is from right of search. Search is a belligerent right
and not to be exercised in time of peace, except when
it has been conceded by treaty. The right of search
extends not only to the vessel, but to cargo also. The
i ight of visit is quite distinct from this, though the two
are often confounded. The right of search, with res
pect to American vessels, we entirely and utterly dis
claim, nay more, if we knew that an American vessel
were furnished with all the materials lequisite for the
slave trade ; if we knew that the decks were prepared
to receive hundreds of human beings, within a space in
right we Claim is know wßather a vessel pretending
to be American, and hoisting the American tlag, be
bona fido American.”
The President's Message is regarded as hold
ing opinions in opposition to these.
i’he British Government then supposes that
the right ot visit and the right of search are es
sentially distinct in their nature, and that this
difference is well known and generally acknow
ledged ; that the difference between them con
sists in their different objects and purposes: one
the visit, having for its object nothing but to as
certain the nationality of the vessel; the other,
the search, being an' inquisition, not only into
the nation dity <>t the vessel, but the nature and
objects of her voyage, and the true ou nersbip of
her cargo.
The Government of the United Slates, on the
other hand, maintains that there is no such well
known and acknowledged, nor indeed any broad
and genuine difference between what has been
usually called visit, and what has been usually
called search; that the right of visit, to be effec
tual, must come in the end to include search;
and thus to exercise, in peace, an authority
which the law ot nations only allows in time of
war.
It such well-known distinction exists, where
are the proofs of it? What writers of authority
on the public law—what adjudications in courts
ot Admirality—what public treaties recognise
it ? No such recognition has presented itself
to the Government of the United States; but on
the contrary, it understands that public writ ts,
courts of law, and solemn treaties have, for two
centuries, used the words ‘visit’ and ‘search’ in
the same sense. What Great Britain and the
United States mean by the ‘right of search’ in
the broadest sense, is called by Continental wri
ters and jurists by no other name than the ‘right
pt visit.’ Visit, therefore, as it has been under
stood, implies not only a right to inquire into
the national character but to detain the vessel, to
stop the progress of the voyage, to examine pa
pers, to decide on their regularity and authenti
city, and to make inquisition on board, tor ene
my’s property, and into the business which the
vessel is engaged in. In other words, it des
cribes the entire right of belligerent visitation
and eat ch. Such aright is justly disclaimed
by the British Government in time of peace.
They, nevertheless, insist on a right which they
denominale a right of visit, and by that word de
scribe the claim which they asseit; therefore it
is proper and due to the importance and delicacy
of ti e questions involved, to take care, that, in
discussing them, both Gover merits understand
the terms which may be used in the same sense.
If, indeed, it should be manifest that the differ
ence between the parties is only verbal, it might
be hoped that no harm would be done; but the
Government of the United States thinks itselt
not justly .-hargeable with excessive jealousy, or
with too great scrupulosity in the use ot words;
in insisting on its opinion that there is no such
distinction, as the British Government main
tains, bet veeu visit and search; and that there
is no right to visit in time of peace, except in
the execution ot revenue laws, or other munici
pal regulations, in which cases the right js usu
ally exercised near the coast, or within the ma
rine league, or where the vessel is justly sus
pected ot violating the law of natiofls by pirati
cal aggression; but, wherever exercised, it is a
right of search. Nor can the United States
Government agree that the term ‘right’ is justly
applied to such exercise ot power as the British
Government thinks it indispensable to maintain
in certain cases.
The right asserted is a right to ascertain wheth
er a merchant vessel is justly entitled to the pro
tection of the flag which she may happen to have
hoisted, such vessel being in circumstances
which render her liable to the suspicion; Ist, that
she is not entitled to the protection ol the flap; and
secondly, that it not entitled to it, she is either
by the law of England, as an English vessel, or
under the provision of treaties with certain Eu
ropean powers, subje :t to the supervision and
search of British cruisers.
And yet Lord Aberdeen says “that if, in the
exercise of this right, cither from involuntary
error or in spite of every precaution, loss or in
jury should be sustained, a prompt reparation
would be afforded ”
It is not easy to perceive how these conse
quences can be admitted justly to flow from the
fair exercise of a clear t tgh’-- If injury be pro
duced by the exercise of a right, it would seem
strange that it should be repaired, as if it had
been the effect of a wrongful act. The general
rule of law certainly is, that in the proper and
prudent exercise of his own rights, no one is an
swerable for undesigned injuries. It may be
said that the right to do certain acts of force at
the risk oi turning out to be wrong doers, and of
being made answerable for all damages. But
such an argument would prove every trespass
to be matter of right, subject only to just respon
sibility. Ifforce were allowed such reasoning,
in other cases, it would follow that an individ
ual's right in his own property was hardly more
than a well-founded claim for compensation, if
he should be deprived of it. But compensation
is that which is rendered for injury, and is not
commutation or forced equivalent for acknowl
edged right-. It implies at least, in its general
interpretation, the commission of some wrongful
act.
But, without pressing farther these inquiries
into the accuracy and propriety of definitions
and the uses of words, 1 proceed to draw your
attention to the thing itself, and to consider what
these acts ate which the British Government in
sists its cruisers have a right to perform, and to
what consequences they naturally and necessari
ly lead. An eminent member of the House of
Commons thus states the British claim, and his
statement is acquiesced in and adopted by the
first Minister ot the Crown:
“The claim oft Lit country is for the light of our
cruisers to ascertain whether a merchant vessel is juat«
ly entitled to the protection of the Hag winch she may
liappen Its haxe Looted—buch vessel being in circum-
Malices v hich render her liable to the suspicion—first,
that she '.a.- n< t ent filed to the protection of the Hug,
and. sccv id!) .1 net entitkd to it. she v. as either under
n.e law <■ na .<i ? i|,r j>r«.•»;. i< :is of treaties, eufjecl
to t.xc aopviv.« .oil xui.i,oi ot udr cruisers."
Mow the question is by iebal means is this as
certainment to be effected'!
As we understand the general and settled
rules of public law in respect to ships of war
sailing under the authority of their government,
“to arrcst pirates and other public offenders,”
there is no reason why they may not approach
any vessels descried at sea, for the purpose of
ascertaining their real characters. Such a tight
of approach seems indispensable tor the fair and
discreet exercise of their authority; and the use
of it cannot be justly deemed indicative of any
design to insult or injure those they approach,
or to impede them in their lawful commerce.—
On the other hand, it is as clear that no ship is,
under such circumstances, bound to lie by, or
wait the approach of any other ship. She is at
full liberty to pursue her voyage in her own way,
and to use all necessary precautions to avoid
any suspected sinister or hostile attack. Her
right to tiie fiee use of the ocean is as perfectas
that of any other. An entire equality is presu
med to exist. She has a right to consult her
own safety; but at .he same time, she must
take care not to violate the rights of others.—
She may use any precautions die ated by the
prudence or fears of her officers, either as to de
lay, or the progress or course of her voyage; but
she is not at liberty to inflict injuries upon oth
er innocent parlies, simply because of conjectu
ral dangers.
But, if the vessel thus approached, attempts
to avoid the vessel approaching, or dues not
comply with her commander’s order to send him
her papers for his inspection, nor consent to be
visited or detained,"what is next to be done? Is
force to be used 1 and if force be used, may that
fores be lawfully repelled J These questions
lead at once to the elemental principle, the es
sence of the British claim. Suppose the mer
chant vessel be, in truth, an American vessel,
engaged in lawful commerce, and that she does
not choose to be detained ; suppose she resists
the visit—what is the '-onsequence ? In those
cases where the belligerent right of visit exists,
resistance to the exercise of that right is regard
ed as just cause of condemnation, both of vessel
and cargo. Is that penalty or what other penal
ly, to be incurred by resistance to visit in time
of peace ? Or suppose that force be met by
force, gun returned tor gun, and the command
er of the cruiser or some of his seamen be kill
ed, what description of offence will have been
committed ! It would be said, in behalf of the
commander of the cruiser, that he mistook the
vessel for a vessel ofEngland, Brazil, or Portu
gal; but does this mistake of his take away
from the American vessel the right of self-de
fence ? The writers of authority declare it to
be a principle of natural law, that the privilege
of self-defence exists against an assailant, who
mistakes the object of his attack for another
whom he had a right to assail.
Lord Aberdeen cannot fail to see, therefore,
what serious consequences might ensue, if it
were to be admitted that this claim to visit, in
time of peace, however limited ordefined, should
be permitted to exist as a right; for, if it exist
as aright, it must be followed by corresponding
duties and obligation, and the failure to tultil
those duties would naturally draw penal conse
quences after it, till ere long it would become,
in truth, little fess, or little other than the belli
gerent right of search.
If visit, or visitation, be not accompanied by
search, it will be, in most cases, merely idle.—
A sight of papers mac be demanded, and pa
pers may be produced; but it is known that slave
traders may carry lalse papers and different sets
of papers. A search for other papers then must
Ire made, where suspicion justifies it, or else the
whole proceeding w’ould be nugatory. In sus
picious cases, the language and general appear
ance of the crew are among the means ot ascer
taining the national character of the vessel.—
The cargo on board, also, often indicates the
country from which she comes. Her log book,
showing the previous course and events ot her
voyage, her internal fitment, and equipment,
are all evidences tor her, or against her, on her
allegation of character. These matters, it is
obvious, can only be ascertained by rigorous
search.
It may be asked, if a vessel may not be call
ed on to show her papers, why does she carry
them ? No doubt she may be called on to show
her papers, but the question is, where, when,
and by whom? Notin lime of peace, on the
high seas, where her rights are equal to the
rights of any other vessel, and a here none has a
right to molest her. The use of her papers is,
in time of war, to prove her neutrality, when
visited by belligerent cruisers; and, in both
peace and war, to show her national character,
and the lawfulness ot her voyage, in those ports
of other countries, to which she may proceed lor
appedVs to the government o! the U. States, 1
that the view of this w hole subject, which is the
most naturally taken, is also the most legal and
most in analogy with othercases. British cruis
ers have a right to detain British merchantmen
for certain purposes; and they have a right ac
quired by treaty, to detain merchant vessels of
several other nations for the same purposes. But
they have no right at all to detain an American
merchant vessel. This, Lord Aberdeen admits
in the fullest manner. Any detention of an A
merican vessel by a British cruiser is therefore
a wrong—a tresspass—although it may be done
under a belief that she was a British vessel, or
that she belonged to a nation which had conced
ed the right of such detention to the British cruis
ers; and the trespass therefore an unvoluntary
trespass. If a ship of war, in thick weather, or
in the darkness of night, fire upon and sink a
neutral vessel, under the belief that she is an en
emy’s vessel, this is a trespass—a mere wrong
and cannot be said to be an act done under any
right accompanied by responsibility fordamages.
So, if a civil officer on land have process against
one individual and through mistake arrest anoth
er, this arrest is wholly tortious. No man would
think of saying it was done under any lawful
exercise of authority, subject only to resposibili
ty,or that it was any thing but a mere trespass,
though an unintentional trespass. Themunici
pal law does not undertake to lay down before
hand any rule for the government of such cases;
and as little, intheopinionot theGovemment of
the United States, does the public law' of the
world laydown beforehand any rule for the gov
ernment of cases of involuntary trespass, deten
tions and injuries at sea; except that in both
classes of cases, law and reason make a distinc
tion between injuries committed through mis
take and injuries committed by design; the for
mer being entitled to fair and just compensation
the latter demanding exemplary damages, and
sometimes personal punishment. The Govern
ment of the United States has frequently made
known its opinion, which it now repeats, that
the practice of detaining American vessels, sub
ject to just compensation, however guarded by
insti actions, or however cautiously exercised,
necessarily leads to serious inconvenience and
injury. The amount of loss cannot always be
well ascertained. Compensation, if it be’ ade
quate in the amount, may still necessarily be
long delayed; and the dependency of such claims
always proves troublesome to the Governments
of both countries. These detentions too frequent
ly irritate individuals—cause warm blood, and
produce nothing but ill effects on the amicable
relations existing between the two countries.
We wish, therefote, to put an end to them, and
to avoid all occasion for their recurrence
On the whole the Government of the United
States, while it has not conceded a mutual right
of visit or search, as has been done by the par
ties to the (Quintuple Treaty of December, 1841,
does not admit that by the law' and practice of
nations, there is any such thing as a right of vis
it distinguished by well known rules and defini
tions from the right of search.
It does not admit that visit ofAmericau mer
chant vessels by British cruizers is founded on
any right, notwithstanding the cruizer may sup
pose such vessel to be British, Brazilian or Por
tuguese. It cannot but see that the detention
and examination of American vessels by British
cruizers, has already led to consequences, and it
fears that if continued, it would still lead to fur
ther consequences, highly injurious to the law
ful commerce of the Unite ! States.
At the same time the Government of the U.
States fully admits that its flag can give no im
munity to pirates, nor to any other than to regu
larly documented American vessels; aaditwas
upon this view of the whole case, and with a
firm conviction ofthetruthofthe.se sentiments,
that it cheerfully assumed the duties contained
in the Treaty of Washington; in the hope that
thereby causes of difficulty and of difference,
might be altogether removed, and that the two
powers might be enabled to act concurrently, for
the suppression ofa traffic which both regard as
a reproach upon the civilization of the age, and
at war with every principle of humanity and
Christian sentiment,
The Government of tha United States has no
interest, nor is it under the influence of any op
inions which should lead it to desire any dero
gation of the just authority and rights of mari
time powers. But in the convictions which it
entertains, and in the measures which it has
adopted, it has been governed solely by a sin
cere desire to support those principles and those
practices, which it believes to be conformable to
public law, and favorable to the peace and har
mony of nations.
Both Houses of Congress, with a remarkable
degree of unanimity, have made express provis
ions for carrying into effect the eight articles of
the Treaty. An American squadron will im
mediately proceed to the coast of Africa. In
structions for its commander are in the course
of preparation, and copies will be furnished to
the British Government, and the President con
fidently believes that the cordial concurrence of
the two Governments, in the mode agreed on,
will be more effectual tiian any efforts yet made
for the suppression of the slave trade.
You will read this despatch to Lord Aber
deen, and if he desire it, give him a copy.
I am. sir, vour obedient serv’t,
(Signed) DAN’L WEBSTER.
Edward Everett, Esq., &c. &c. &c.
EXTRACTS FROM THE ADDRESS OF 11. COLMAN.
DELIVERED BEFORE THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF
MONROE COUNTV, -NEW YORK.
The improvement ol agriculture may be said
to comprise two objects; first, the improvement
ot the ait oi cultivation, and second, the im
provement if the condition and chatacter of the
cultivators. The improvement of the former
is a small mater compared with that of the lat
ter; the im; rovement of the latter, understood
in its best sense, must essentially aid the im
provement ol the former. » • • » *
1. If we ap. iy this test to our present hus
band, y, w. .., ii , e lomj-'le,: io acai owledge
that it is fa: Hom h.ving leached the perfection
of the art. If we kaik first at the amount of
products, even in this favored region of western
New York, the average yield falls far below the
possible yield; and by the possible yield, I mean
not a mere theoretical or speculative p odttction,
but that which has actually been accomplished.
Os wheat, some of the most intelligent farmers
state that the average yield does not exceed, and
this in the most favored districts, twenty bushels
to the acre. Now, I have known thirty bushels
to be taken on large fields, forty bushels, fifty
bushels, and upon one large tract sixty-four
bushels per acre. I speak now of home pro
duction, and not of foreign countries. In this
matter, likewise, there is little reason to ques
tion these statements, as the wheat crop is easi
ly, and. almost always measured with exactness,
in the half-bushel or by weight; but reports of
very’ large crops of Indian corn, are always dis
trusted by the sceptical, on the ground that the
corn may have been measured in the ear, or
only a portion of the field may have been mea
sured, and the rest made matter of inference; or
no allowance has been made for shrinkage. In
respect, however, to Indian corn, making all the
abatements for error that the incredulous may
require, it will appear that such yields have
been obtained as should make tl e farmers, who
are satisfied with the meager cropj usually ob
tained, at least open their eyes, if in truth such
men have any eyes to open. I have been ex
ceedingly surprised, when informed by farmers
in western New York, whose good judgment
and intelligence cannot be distrusted, that the av
erage yield of Indian corn does not exceed 25
bushels to the acre. Now fifty bushels are not
at. extraordinary crop. I have known seventy
five bushels par acre to be the ordinary yield of
one farmer, whose cultivation was extensive.
I have had authentic information of the crops
of Indian com of one farmer, having for years
exceeded one hundred bushels per acre, shelled
and measured accurately in the half-bushel, in
the spring. I have known, upon the most un
doubted testimony, one hundred and twenty
eight and one hundred and thirty-two bushels
per acre, produced in localities which seemed
most inauspicious.
In respect to grass, the crop of hay does not
probably average more than one and a half ton
per acre. Now I have known many crops of
three tons per acre on extensive fields; and in
one case I knew more than twenty-nine tons to
te taken in the same year in two cuttings, upon
eix acres oi laud, in respect to potatoes, the
yield Is ‘probably not more than two hundred ’
bushel-, jier acre. I haw produced crops of i
more than four hundred and eighty bushels, and 1
have known repeatedly seven hundred bushels
per acre, and in one instance, at the rale of more
than twelve hundred bushels per acre.
I might instance other crops; but it is suffi
etent to have referred to these, to show that our
husbandry in general, in respect to its produc
tiveness, is far inferior to what it maybe. In
many cases our soil is not interior to any which
the sun shines upon. There is in our climate
no hindrance to the highest measure of produc
tion. The large crops to which I refer, are the
result of skilful and superior cultivation. They
do not come by chance. They show what skill
and labor can effect. It will be said that they
involve an expensive cultivation, but in every
case within my knowledge, they have rendered
an ample return for all the labor and expense
incurred. An observing farmer willpeiceive
that in most cases a few extra bushels in tha
yield constitute all the profit of a crop. Thirty
bushels to the acre, may barely pay the expen
ses of cultivation; but filly bushels, without any
increase of land, or labor in planting, cultivat
ing or harvesting, maj’ leave a clear profit ot
twenty bushels per acre. It will be said that
such cultivation exhausts the soil. It docs not
exhaust the soil any more than poor cultivation
exhausts the soil; and it is followed with this
remarkable difference, that it affords the means
of enriching the soil and restoring its exhausted
energies, which poor cultivate n does not. Who
ever heard that a farm became exhausted by
good cultivation? Whose farms are in the best
condition; the farms of those who grow the
poorest, or those who raise the largest crops?
Farms may be exhausted by growing the same
crop too often, in immediate succession on the
same land; by carrying off the products from,
instead of consuming them on the farm, and
thus returning nothing to replenish the soil in
the form of manure; but under a wise and skil
ful and liberal husbandry, it would be difficult
to find a country exhausted of its fertility by
production. Look at our immense forests, and
calculate what an enormous amount of vege
table matter is contained in the timber upon an
acre of ground. But is the soil impoverished
or enriched by it! Is not the vegetable pabulum,
the sq jd of jdants. constantly increased bv the
growth of tmsheavy timber? Would laud be
come more rich by leaving it uncovered and
without plants? Does a naked fallow enrich
the soil? A fallow may benefit the fanner by
the destruction of noxious weeds. The land is
benefited by being stirred, and exposed to the in
fluence of the air, and dew, and frost, and rain.
But would a fallow kept constantly clean, and
extended even through a series of years, do any
thing to increase the fertility of the soil? Un
doubtedly, a large proportion of the carbon of
which plants are composed, of the food of plants
is derived from the atmosphere, of that which is
above the ground, and that which is within the
ground; but as undoubtedly this is received only
through the organization of the plant, through
its leaves and stem. The living plant itself de
composes the atmosphere, and appropriates to
its own growth and nourishment* that which it
requires. So, likewise, it decomposes the vege
table matter already existing in the soil, in a
state of decay, and recovers the food, which, in
the dissolution of a previous vegetable growth,
has there been stored up for it, and is held ready
for its use. With the exception of the salts or
the mineral substances, w'hich are found in
plants, and which in any case constitute com
paratively a very small proportion of their sub
stance, they derive all their food and nourish
ment from the air, either directly or indirectly;
directly through the leaves and stems, by a pro
cess of absorption well understood, in which the
elements of the air are decomposed, and its car
bon appropriated; and indirectly through the de
cayed vegetable matter or humus of the soil, it
self the product of former vegetable growth.—
So far then from vegetable production serving
to impoverish the soil, it is the means of in
creasing its fertility. In proportion as we culti
vate and enrich our lands from their own re
sources, under a judicious arrangement and
management, they become, constantly more and
more fertile. By the beneficent constitution of
Divine Providence, the earth, while it contrib
utes to the support of man and beast, is design
ed to become more productive, or to keep up its
richness, from its own activity. It is like the
fountain of true charity, and beautifully emble
matical of the Divine beneficence; the more it
expends the more its abundance increases. It
is like the human mind; the more active it is
rendered, the more its powers are invigorated;
the more it does the more it can do; and the
more its treasures are poured out, the more its
fullness is enlarged. The great object ot the
art of agriculture is therefore yet to be achieved.
What has been done once, can be done again.
There is no monopoly ot power in this ca e.—
Nature js uniform in her laws and operations.
It is an old saying, that “fortune favots the
brave;” that is, men find their powers increased
with their activity; according to the Latin pro
verb, “they are able because they believe them
selves able.” In many respects they command
fortune. Taking advantage of the simplest of
nature’s laws, and using her forces as she de
signed they should be used, she is never waul
ing on her i art, but seconds every effort for im
provement; andthemore readily and cheerfully
as these efforts are the more spirited, energetic
and determined. If any man has raised one
hundred bushels of corn, or sixty bushels of
wheat to an acre, who will pretend that it cannot
be done again? No fanner, who deserves to be
called a farmer in the highest sense, and to take
rank among the noblest of this nature’s nobility,
the lords of the soil, ought to remain content un
til he ha-s done it. When he has accomplished
this, then he should not be satisfied until l.e has
done even much more than this. There is un
doubtedly a limit beyond which we cannot ad
vance. All human attainments are necessarily
finite. But who knows where this limit is?—
Who ever went so far as to be certain that he
could go no farther? The difference between
that which cultivation has produced already in
some hands, and that which is ordinarily produ
ced, is very great, and sufficient to occupy the
enterprise and ambition of most farmers, for a
long time to come. But let them make the at
tempt to do all they can do, or rather all that
can be done. They may not succeed at once.
Few men succeed at once in any great enterprise.
But let them try again, and again, and again.—
If, after doing their best, they fall short of the
goal of their hopes and expectations, yet there is
a great pleasure in trying. There is a great sa
tisfaction to a genet ous mind, in the mere pur
suit of a good and useful object. An immense
benefit comes to the community from an exam
ple of intelligent and persevering exert ioty Let
there be a generous ambition and a constant
stimulus to enterprise, in all the departments of
human industry and activity. When the heart
beats, the impulse is felt throughout the frame;
and you cannot quicken the stream of life in
any one part, without accelerating the circula
tion through the. whole body. Go on, then, try
ing to do better and better. The farmers have
been too often the sport of the rest of the com
munity foi their sluggishness, their indifference
to improvement, and their incredulity in respect
to what has been done, where any thing extraor
dinary has been effected. Injustice has often,
but not always, been done to them in this mat
ter. They should shake off this apathy. They
should wake up. While every other art is ad
vancing in the career of improvement, almost
with the speed of a locomotive engine, they
should whip up their team, and not be distanced
in the competition. There is a beautiful cir
cumstance connected with agricultural emula
tion. In many of the pursuits of life, one man
gets rich by making another man poor. He
climbs the ladder by putting his foot on another
man’s shoulder; of, he builds his own dwelling
out of the fragments of his neighbor’s, which
he has undermined. This is often a crying in
justice, and inflicts many bitter mortifications,
or arotu es vindictive and tiger passions. Emu
lation in agricultural improvement enkindles no
such baleful fires. A man can make no im
provement-. tn husbandry, without at once ex
tending the knowledge and advantages of them
toothers. The enlargement <ff capacities of the
soil, an.! ev y increase of i s productions, con
fers an im .uditsle benefit upon the whole com
munity.
* * * I proceed to speak of the other sub
ject suggested; that is, the improvement of the
fa-ms themselves. It will be seen, from what
has been said, that agriculture is a great art; and
that its improvement demands the highest exer
cise of the highest powers of the mind. If there
was ever a subject presenting food for intellect
ual inquiry, that subject is agriculture, involv
ing, as it does, the most subtle operations, and
the deepest mysteries of nature. It is the mind
which constitutes the true dignity ot our nature.
Without it, man would tea mere machine; with
it, he becomes a divinity. It is lor the farmers
to come to a knowledge of the true char acter of
their great calling, and place it where it belongs,
among the liberal professions, and among the
most exalted of sciences. Formerly, whenever
there was a lame or deformed child in the fami
ly, it was thought he would dr for a tailor or a
minister; and if he were a dunce or a block
head, he would answer for a farmer. These
prejudices are gone, and that stock is nearly
worked out. Agriculture is assuming its pro
per place among the pursuits of men; and yield
ing to none under heaven in usefulness, in hon
esty, and intrinsic respectability, let us seek to
prove, that while it presents objects to call out
and interest, it is every way worthy of the appli
cation of the most improved talents whichever
tell to the lot of man.
Agriculture is not a mere physical effort or
labor. It is a science. It is a branch of intel
lectual philosophy; and its improvement and
perfection, if ever it is to reach perfection, areas
dependent upon the application and instrumen
tality of mind, intellectual perception, intellec
tual skill, knowledge, I will add genius, as any
art or science, which is the subject of man’s
power or attainment.
I am aware that this is not the light in which
it is usually regarded. The public sentiment in
this respect needs to be reformed and strengthen
ed. Justice has not been done to this art. It is
encouraging to belive, that in this matter, public
opinion is undergoing a favorable change. I
am anxious to see agriculture occupying the
place among the humane, liberal and intellectu
al arts, which belongs to it. But if it would
reach and maintain that station, it must prove
itself deserving. It may be carried to the throne
by acclamation; but, as the public judgment is
constantly becoming more enlightened and se- J
vere, it cannot maintain its ascendancy unless it';
is worthy of it. The laurels will be plucked from '
ts brow, it they are not the i.'ward* of moi!.--
II can prove itself worthy io lank ... nong the li
beral ami enlightened arts, only by becoming
itself liberal and enlightened. Study, inquire,
reading and knowledge, are as much demanded
foi the advancement and perfection of agricul
ture, as for that of any art or science. We may
expect from science, inquiry and the efforts of
genius, the same advantages here as in any oth
er place or objects where they may be applied.
I proceed now to the consideration of a mean s
of elevating the agricultural profession of more
importance, because of much more efficient in
fluence, than any to which I have referred; and
that is education, knowledge, intellectual im
provement.
I have already said that the glory of man is
his mind. If his animal nature is curious and
wonderful and beautiful, his intellectual nature
is transcendent and divine. This places him at
the head of the animal creation. In his mind
as in the seed lie the undeveloped elements of
moral growth, and the secret sources of that en
ergetic authority which subjects the most pow
erful elements of the physical world to his
sceptre, and makes him “the monarch of all he
surveys.” In an art, involving many of the
most wonderful operations—and agricul ure is
that art—dealing in the most subtle agencies in
nature, and presenting even to the casual obser
ver, in cultivation and in vegetable and animal
growth, a succession of miracles, where is there
moroe evasion for the most subtle inquiries of
philosophy?
To the careless observer the deposite of a
seed in the earth, its germination, its after cul
tivation, its progressive growth and its ultimate
maturity, are matters of such every day occur
rence, that they create no surprise, and are sel
dom remarked. But they are all replete with
wonders, which in their solution have hitherto
defied to a large extent the most subtle search
ings ot the most subtle minds. Where does
life repose in this dried kernel, so small and to
all appearance so utterly inert? What secret
agency swells ami protrudes the germ? By
" hat power does it force its way above the sur
face and gradually expand its leaves, and put
forth its flowers, and mature its fruit? How
and where docs it gather and assort, and at its
pleasure use or reject the various materials
which go to form the stPtn, the leave*, the flow
er, the fruit? How does it construct its exqui
site cells and pierce its delicate tubes, and elafe
orate its juices, and drink in the subtle gases
that float around it, keeping that which it needs,
sending back that which it does not need, doing
that by its own spontaneous energv, which the
chemist deems the highest triumph’of his skill,
and flaming its wonderful organism, and com
pounding its peculiar odors, and mixing in ex
act proportions its beautiful colors; and all this
while, he the situation or soil, the appliances or
manures, what they may, remaining true to its
kind, so that the grasses do not change into the
umbelliferous plants, northebulbous roots trans
form themselves into the cereal grains? Beyond
all question all these operations goon according
to fixed laws, perfectly simple in their operation,
if we could but understand that operation; and
no more the effect of chance or accident, or di
rect interference of the divine artist than any
other of the regular operations of the material
world. But what are the influences and effects
of seed and soil, of heat and light and electricity
and gravity, of dew and rain, and air, and ma
nure, and culture, by what power exerted, by
what circumstances controlled, all these are
matters for philosophical inquiry, and as yet
can scarcely be said to have been approached.
The rearing and improvement of live stock, and
the whole subject of comparative anatomy and
animal physiology, are matters likewise coming
directly within the province ot the farmer, full
of food for the inquisitive mind, and opening a
wide field of inquiry. Is education then of no
value to the farmer? Has knowledge no use to
him? Is his profession a matter of mere servile
and animal toil? Has the mind no work to per
form here? Is this art to form an exception to
every other?
How far is the art in any country from hav
. ing reached the highest point of productiveness !
Where and when, indeed, has the actual capa
city of a single acre been tested? Is there no
room for inquiry, for the exertion of the highest
powers of the mind to determine this point?—
The same remarks apply with equal force to
there: ring and management of livestock. Any
man who compares an improved Durham short
horn, ora full-1 flooded Merinoor Dishlcysheep,
with the common stock of the country, and does
not perceive how much has been effected by the
exertion of the highest measure of intelligence
and skill directed by science, and how much
more is yet to be hoped lor by renewed and con
tinued efforts, seems doomed’to a hopeless stu
pidity.
If at the same time we look back to what
has been gained in the actual increase of the
prodm Is of agriculture, we shall se- equal rea
sons to acknowledge the advantages derived
from the application of mind to this art, and to
take courage in view of what may hereafter be
gained. 1 have already touched upon this sub
ject. Haifa century ago, fifty bushels of Indian
coin to the acre would have been regarded as an
extraordinary yield. A crop ofa bundled bush
els is not now uncommon, and more than one
hundred and seventy have been produced in this
State. In Scotland a few years since, thirty
bushels of wheat would have liecn beyond the
average yield even of the best cultiva ion. Un
der a system of under-draining and subsoil
ploughing, sixty are not uncommon. It is not
long since the system of leaving half the ground
fallow was deemed indispensable, in order to re
cruit the exhausted lands; now, by a judicious
rotation, alternating white and green ciops, the
land is kept uninterruptedly in production.
Education may be considered in two aspect-;
first as general, embracing all the common sub
jects of reading and inquiry; second as specific,
limiting itselt to the particular objects of the ag
ricultural art. Both arc equally conducive to
the respectability of the profession. We see
every where, what an influence and standing
the high cultivation of the mind gives to every
man vho has it in our community. No official
station, no mass ot wealth so elevates a man;
and even if we were cursed with the aristocratic
distinctions which prevail in other countries,
such is the spreading influence of intelligence,
that the cultivation of the mind would enable
the man to overtop them all. To attain excel
lence in any art, t'e principles of that art re
quire Io be made the ..ejects of specific inquiry
and study. But giving to these considerations
all the prominence we may, success in any art
or science will essentially depend, not merely
and not more, upon the knowledge of the parti
cular principles or elements connected with it,
than upon the strengthening and enlargement
of the mind by general knowledge.
We must likewise observe an obvious dis
tinction between the knowledge of the piaetiee
of, and the knowledge of the principles of an
art. Men may thoroughly understand the prin
ciples of an art, without knowing any thing of
its manipulations. The philosopher may in
vestigate and explain with the greatest advan
tage to the common farmer, the principles of ve
getation, and the operation of manures, without
himself having even so much as reared a single
flower, or stuck even a garden spade into the
ground. In order to a successful practice, the
art must be learnt as well as the science, the ex
ecution as well as the theory. The best pros
pect of success is when they are united; when
science directs the application of art, and art in
its turn demonstrates the lessons, and shows the
proper qualifications and necessary limitations
of scientific principles.
To tender the profession as respectable as it
may be, they should be combined. The farm
er’s vo-atini in this respect presents singular
and extraordinary advantages. His seasons of
relaxation from toil in our favored climate fm
nish enviable opportunities for reading and in
quiry. Be-ides this, none of the labors of the
farm, excepting where they ate excessive, re
quire any intensity ot application or any ab
stracts tt of mind, which would interfere with
the mo-t active exercise of the intellectual pow
ers on . object- quite foreign from his immediate
occur.- 1 io' . The fermer may commune inti
mate! a i::, »>. lure even when bending over his
hoe; he may talk reverentially with God about
his wonder-working providence from between
the handles of his plough; and he may often in
his fields hear the deep voice of a divine philos
ophy speaking to his soul, as the shepherd*
heard a message from Heaven, while they were
counting the starsand watching their sleeping
flocks upon the plains of Babylon.
Commander Mackenzie.—The New York
Express says:—lt is said a letter has been re
ceived from Washington, stating that Comman
der Mackenzie is acquitted, and that the Presi
dent has approved it.
The First or April.—A train of cars, on
Saturday last, at Concord, passed over a man
lying on the track, and severed his bead from his
body. The cars were stopped, the passengers,
jumped out, and the mutilated body was picked
up, when it was discovered that the body was
only a man of straw. The person who had pick
ed up the head came to his senses, and found
that he was holding a large rcdaMazr, of which
the blots! which had been discovered upon the
track proved to be the juice. A bystander hap
pening to recollect that it was- the first day of
April, the mystery was explained—the passen
gers resumed their seats, the train wa; again put
in motion.
X3"Major Kelly, of the Chronicle, says that
the steamboat Lui/a is like a fashionable lady
because she carries so much cotton aft. "
To this, the N. O. Bee replies
This is a moat ungallant attack upon hustles.
Now we like bustles. In this age of trashy lit
erature and sentimental nonsense, bustles are
decidedly an improvement. They are in fact
talcs faun did- on facts.
“Dio about and dung it.”—This direction
was given many centuries ago, and has often
been repeated, and perhaps 1 may say, as oils
foigotten or neglected, l.ast summer 1 took
particular care to apply the above tosome young
pear trees. One was a graft of a year’s growih,
on a stock of several years’ standing. The
ground was loosened for some distance about
the tree, perhaps a dozen times during the sea
son. From a single stem of three feet, the new
growth measured 30 feet! The effect on all wa*
very obvious Albany Cultivator.