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£mto Owiiyu #
OLD SERIES, VOL. LIX.
THE CHRONICLE & SENTINEL
13 rriUSUED DAILY, TRI-WEKKLY, AND WEEKLY
BY J. W. <St tV. S. JONES.
The Weekly Chronicle & Sentinel
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money received at its value in this city.
Train the Kalwnal Intelligencer.
Captain Fremoul's Report.
SECOND KXPEDI I'ION—CuNCLCObd.
[CONCLUDED FROM LAST Week’s PAPER.]
Aithon’b we have do tear of wearying , ur
reader/ ;wiencc, or-exfMiuvtiug their curiosity,
by a continued recurrence to thte truly national I
pro taction —nn I it j>rimlcyd onex f wM*** any
people might be pfoud—yetw-*d6not wish to
lltespass too much upon the pleasure which will
be experienced Irom the regular perusal of the
woric by the detaching of passages, however in
teresting they may be, from the connected nar
rative. We shall, lherelore, now bring out no
tice of these important expeditions to a close.
We left the party at the Utah Lake. The nar
rative thus continues:
“In arriving at the Utah lake, we had com
pleted an immense circuit of twelve degrees
diameter north and south, and ten degrees east
and west; and foiinft ourselves, in May, 1844,
on the same sheet of water which we had left
in September, 1843. The Utah is the southern
limb of the Great Salt lake; an 1 thus we had
seen that remarkable sheet of water both at its
northern and southern extremity, and were able
to fix it* position at these two points. The cir
coir which we had made, and which hail cost
us eight months of time, and 3,500 miles of
travelling, had given us a view ot Oie*;on and
of North California from the Rocky Mountains
to the Pacific ocean, and of the two principal
streams which form bays or harbors on rhe coast
of that sea. Ha ring completed this circuit, and
being now’ about to turn our backs upon the Pa
cific slope of our continent and to recross the
Rocky Mountains, it is natural to look back
upon our footsteps, and lake some brief view of
the leading features and general structure of the
country we had traversed. These are peculiar
and striking, and differ essentially from the At
lantic side of oar country. Ti e mountains all
ar? higher, more numerous, and more distinctly
defined in their ranges and directions; and, what
is bo contrary to the natural order of such for
mations, one of these ranges, which is near the
coast (the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range,)
presents higher elevations and peaks than any
‘ which are to be found in the Rocky Mountains
themselves. In our eight months’ circuit we
were never out of sight of snow ; and the Sierra
Ne/ada, where we crossed if, was near 2,000
feet higher than the South Pass in the Rocky
Mountains. In height these mountains greatly
exceeded those ot the Allanite side, constantly
presenting peaks the legion of eter
nal and some of them v Jeanie, and in a
frequent state of activity. They are seen at
great distances, and guide the traveller in ids
courses.
The course and elevation of these ranges
■give direction to the rivers and character to the
coast. No great river does or can take rs rise
below the: Cascade and Sierra Nevada range;
the dis a nee to the sea is too short to admit ot ii.
The rivers of the San Francisco bay,As hich are
the largest after the .Columbia, are local to that
bay and lateral to the coast, having rheir sources
about on a line with the Dail?.?-of the Col nu
bia. aftd running ea£h in a valley of its owp,
> t Qoa sLkm—■ '■ a'scade and S&r ra
• v «•# i* the only Aver
the whole breach of
; re»t*r
fJ;-e •’■ i Dr ving'its waiers tro:r ;• h-hi
ot latitude in the Rgcrv Moun
" which are collected into one stream by
* three main forks (Lewis’s, Clark’s, and the
North fork) near the centre ol the Oregon val
ley, this great river thence proceeds bv a single
channel to the sea, whil.» it* thre? forks lead
each to a pass in the mountains, which opens
the way into the interior of the continent. This
fact in relation to the rivers of this region gives
an immense value to the Columbia. Its month
is the onlv.inlet an I outlet to and from the sea ;
its three forks lead to the passes in the moun
tains; it >s therefore the only line of communi
cation between the Pacific and the interior of
North America; and all operations of war or
commerce, of nart mal or social intercourse,
must be conducted upon it. This gives it a
value beyond estimation, and would involve ir
reparable injury if lost. In this unify and con
centration ot its waters, the Pacific side of our
continent differs entirely from rhe Atlantic side,
where the waters of th? Alleghany mountain*
are dispersed into many livers, having their dif
ferent entrances into the sea, and opening many
line? of c<»m nunication with the Interior.”
“Th? Pacific coast h equally different from
that of the Atlantic. The coast I the Atlantic
is low and open, in lented with numerous bays,
sounds, and river estuaries, accessible every
where, and opening bv many channel* info '.he
heart of ibc country. The Pacific coast, <»n the
contrary, is huh and compact, with lew bays,
and but one that opens into the heart of the coun
try. Thu immediate coast is what th? seamen
call iran bound. A little within, it is skirted by
two successive ranges of mountains, standing
as ramparts between the sea and the interior
country, and to get through which there is but
one gate, and that narrow and easily defended.
This structure of the coast, backed by these two
ranges of mountains, with its concentrati n a?.d
unity of waters, gives to the country an im
mense milifarv strength, nr<l will probably ren
der Oreg ?n the most impregnable country m the
world.
“Differingso much from the Atlantic side of
our continent, in coast, mountains, and rivers,
the Pacific side diff*rs from it in another most
rare and singular fentu< ° —that of the Great In
terior Basin. ot which I have so often spoken,
and the whole form and character of hi 23 1
was so anxious to ascertain. Its existence is
vouched fur by such of the American traders
un I hunters as have some knowledge ot that
region $ .the structure of the Sierra Nevada rang.?
ot mountains frqaire-.it to be there; and my
own observations confirm it. Mr. Joseph Walk
cr, who is s> well acquainted in those parts, in
forms! me that Iro n (he Great Salt lake we>t
there was a succession rtf lakes and rivers
whi£h have-.no outlet to the sea. nor any con
nexion with the Columbia or with the Co.orado
of the Gulf of California. He described some
ot .these.lakes as being large, with numerous
Streams, and even considerable rivers falling
into them. 1-1 fact all concur in ’he general re
port of (fiese interior rivers and lakes; and for
want of.hnderstanding the force and power of
evaooration, ' which so soon c.stabli>hes an
.tqailibriom between the loss and supply o.‘
I . adrixipLHzU ami
ous oatlets has gained belief, as the only imagi
nable way of carrying off the waters which
have no visible discharge. The structure of
the country would require this (urination of in
terior lakes; for the waters which would col
lect b»twesj> the Rocky Mountains and the
Sierra-Nevada, nut being able to cross this lor
uridable barrier,-n irlo get to the Columbia or
z the Cvlora b», must naturally collect in reser
voirs, each of which would have i:s little sys
tem of streams and rivers to supply it. This
would be the natural effect; ar d what i paw
went to confirm it. The Great Salt lake i* a
formation of this kind, and quite a larg? one;
and having many streams and one considerable
river, four ur five hundre t mile* long, falling
into it. This lakeand river I saw and examin
ed myself; and also saw (he Wah->a(ch and
Bear River mountains which enclose tbo waters
of the lake on the east, and constitute in that
quarter the rim of the Great B.isin. After
wards, along the cistern base of the Sierra
Nevada, where we travelled for forty-two days,
1 saw the line of lakes and rivers which lie at
the foul us that Sierra; nnd which Sierra is the
western rim of the Basin, tn going down
Lewis’s fork an ! (he main Columbia, 1 crossed
only inferior streams coming in from the left,
such as could d aw their water from a short
distance un v; and I oti. n saw the mountains
at their head* white with snow ; which all ac
counts said, divided the water* of the desert
from Those of the Columbia, and which could
Ijeno othe: .an the range of mountains which
foHrthe rim us the Basin on its imrihe n side.
An I in returning from California dong the
Spanish trail as far as the head of tin Santa
Clara fork of the Rio Virgen, I craved < .
small streams making their wav s u h ( « th-
J Colorado, or lost in sand —as the Mu-hah-ve ;
while to (he left lofty mountains, their *u:..-.ri:
white with sm»w, were often visible, and which
must have turned wafer to die north as well a
to the smith, tin 1 thus constituted on this nan
the southern ri.n dl the Basin. At th head < ‘
the Santa Clara fork, and in the Vegas de
Santa Clara, we crossed the ridge which pared
the two svsmnis of waters. We entered the
Basiri at th ’i point, a id have tnvelle I in i:
ever sin< haymg i;s *• mhem rim (the »V ali
such rnuumai i) oil Hi'* rind, and crossing th?
streams which Ajw down into it. The exis-
> hi ■ ii i 1
encv of the Basin is therefore an established
fact in my mind; its extent and contents are
yet to he belief nsceriained It cannot be less
than four or fivo hundred miles each way, and
must he principally in the Alia Carifomia; the
demarcation latitude of 42° probably cutting a
segment from the nonh pall ol the rim. Os
irs interior but little is known. It is called a
tesert, and from what 1 saw of it, sterility may
be its prominent characteristic; but where there
isso much water, there must be sufneonsts. The
great river and the great lake reported, may not
l>? equal (o the report; but where there is z so
much snow, there must be streams; and where
there is no outlet, there must be lakes to hold
(he accumulated aiers, or sands to swallow
them up. In this eastern part of the Basin,
containinc Sevier, Utah, and the Great Salt
lakes, and the livers and creeks, falling into
them, we know there is good scil and good
grass, adapted to civiliz d settlements. In the
western part, on Salmon Trout river and some
other stre.ams, the remark may be made
The cuntents of tins Great Basin is yet to be
examined. That it is peopled we km»>v; but*
miserably and sparsely. From all that 1 heard
and saw, I should say that humanity here ap
peared in its lowest form, anc in its most elemen
tary stste. Dispersed in single families; with
out fire arms; eating seeds and insects; dig
ging foots, (end hence die name) —such is the
id the giea'er part. Gibers ara in a
degree hi. her , an ’ I’ve in communitif 1 upon
softie lake or river 'hat supplies fisb, and’ from
which they repulse the miserable Digger. The
rabbit is the largest animal known in this de
sert; its flesh affords a little meat; and their
bag like covering is made of its skins. The
wild sage is their only wood, and here it is of ex
tra(»ruinan r size—sometimes a foot in diameter,
and six or eight teet high. It serves for fuel,
fi*r building material, lor shelter to the rabbits,
and for some sort ot covering for the feet and
legs in cold weather. Such are the accounts of
the inhabitants and productions of the Great
Ba>in; and which, though imperfect, must
have some foundation and excite our desire to
know the whole.
“ The whole idea of such a desert, and such
a people, is a novelty in our country, and ex
cites Asiatic, not American ideas. Interior ba-
sins, with their own systems of lakes and riv
ers, and often sterile, are common enough in
Asia; people still in the elementary staie of fa
milies, living in deserts, with no other occupa
tion than the mere animal search for food, may
s’ill be seen in that ancient quarter of the globe;
but in America such things are new and strange
—unknown and unsuspected, and discredited
when related. But I slitter myself that what is
discovered, though not enough to satisfy curios
ity, is sufficient to exci.e it, and that subsequent
explorations will complete what has been com
menced.
“ This account of the Great Basin, it wiil be
remembered, belongs to the Alta California,
and has no application to Oregon, whose capa
bilities may justify a separate rematk. Refer
ring t > my journal for particular descriptions,
and for secJona! boundaries between good and
bnd districts, 1 can only say, in general and
comparative terms, that, in tint branch of agri
culture which implies the cultivation of grains
and staple crops, it would be inferior to the At
iantic S’alcs, though many pails are superior
fur wheat; while in the rearing of flocks and
held* it would claim a high place. Its grazing
capabilities are great; and even in the indige
nous grass now there, an element of individual
and national wealth may be found. In fact,the
val.mbie grasses begin within one hundred and
fifty miles < f the Missouri frontier, and extend
the Pacific ocean. Eastnl the Rocky Moun
taj s it is tftt? short curly grass, on which the
btifladelight to feed, (whence its name ol
Imfialu,) and which is still good when dry and
apparently dead. West U those mountains it
i* a larger growth, in clusters, and hence called
bunch grass, and which has a second or fall
growth. Plains and mountains both exhibit
them; and I haxe seen gon! pasturage at an el
evation <f ten thousand feet. In this spotrtane
ous product, the trading or travelling caravans
can find .‘•ubsistence lor their animals; and in
military operations any number ot cavalry may
be raoved, n.nd any number of cattle may be
driven; and thus mm and horses be supported
on long expeditions, an<( even in winter in the
shel«e«<»d situerinhii
-' ■ • ’ mmertrially, Jhe . IL 9Z.
-- - ;i -
minv <ri the cl'm ents cf c -mmerce—mild and
healthy in its climate—and becoming as it
rally will, a thoroughfare for the East India'V s ©
China ir i le.”
But little novelty of incident befell our tra
vellers during their comparatively easy jour
neying homeward. On the 13;h June they
were about two degrees south of the South Pass
in the Rocky Mountains, and—
“ Our course koine,” says Cant. F., “ would
•have been eastwardly; but that would have ta
ken us over ground mined, and there-
fore with-mt the iiftereW*wflrch would excite cu
liosity. Southwardly there were objects wor
thy to be expk»ied, to wit: the approximation cf
the head-watersot threedifi rent rivers—the Ar
km< s, the Plane, and the Grand River fork ol
the Rio Color uloot the Gulf of California ; the
Parses a! the head of these livers, and the three
remarkable mountain coves called Parks, in
which they took their rise. One of these Parks
was, ol course, on l’: • we tern sice of the di
viding ridt'e; and a visit to it would require us
once more to cross the summit ot the
riountains to the we t, and then t > rc-crp< .>
the cast; making, in ail, vith thetransit w /fad
just accomplislu d, thic<- crossings ol that moun
tain in ties section of its course. But no mat
rThe coves, the heads id the rivers, the ap-
I i\ xi:r ation <’f their wateis, the practicability
of the mountain passes, and the locality of the
three park*, were all objects ot intere*t, and,
ahl.nugb well known to hunters and trappers,
were tr known to science and In history. We
therefore changed our course and turned up the
Valley of the Platte instead of guiugdown it.
“We crossed sever .1 small affluents, and
again made a fortified a grove. The
r-.'iin ry had now became very beautiful—rich
in waler, grass and game; and to these were
added the charm of-cenery and pleasant wea
ther.”
Alter an interesting visit to the “New and
01. l Parks,” which are described as being fer
tile and well wooded and waieied valleys, and
“a paradise to aII grazing animals,” the party
arrive ! on the 22d June at the summit of the di
vrding ridge, tu whi h Capt. F. gives an e»tima
ted height ol 11,200 feet.
“ Oa the 224 we were met by a party ol Utah
women, who told us that on the other side o! the
ridge tlieir village was fighting with the Arapa
hues. As soon as they had given us the infor
mation, they filled (he air with cries and lamen
tation*, which made us understand that some ol
their chiefs had been killed.
“Extending alongthe-nver directly ahead ol
ds was a low piney ridge, leaving between k
and the stream a small open hottmn on whkfi
the Utar.s had very injudiciously placed
village, which, accordin’ to the women, ■&-
be red about 300 warriors- Advancing inwp?
cover ot the pines, the Arapahm s, about tmv
lighr, charged into the village, driving iff a gieat
number (d iheir horse* and killing four men ;
among them the principal chief of the village.
They drove the horses perhaps a mile beyopd,
to ilia end ot n lltcj
had previously sorted at the edge of the pines,
ileie the Utabs had instantly attacked them in
turn, and, according to the report of the women,
were rather getting the best ot the day. The
women presse I us eagerly to join with their
people, an : would immediately have provider],
us wita the best hmses at the village; but it
was net for us to interfere in such a conflict.—
Neither party were our friends nor under our
protection; and each was ready to prey upon
us that could. But we could not heln feeling
an unusual excitement at ' eing within a lew
hundred yards of a fight in which 500 mt n
were closely engaged and' beat ing the sharp
crack of their rifles. We were in a bad posi
tion, and subject to be attacked in it. Either
party which we might meet, victorious or de
feated, was certain to fall upon us; and, gear
ing up immediately, we kept cluse along the
pines of the ridge, having it between us and
the village, which was immediately below i'«,
horsemen were galloping to and Iro, andgroups
of people were gathered around those who
wore wounded and dead, and who were being
brought in from the field. We continued to
press on, and crossing anotherf .uk which came
iu from the right, after having made fifteen
miles from the village, f.>tlifiedouis“ive>.sti<-rig
ly in the pines a .■!.< rl distance Ir'm the river? 1
The party arrived at Bent’s I’oit on the Ist of
July, where they were received—
•• With a cordial ami friendly hospitality, in
the ettj lyment of which wespent sev.-rol agreea
ble days. We were now in the region where
onr mountaineers were accustomed t<f live,
and all the d ingers and ditii-.-nlties. of ill' road
being considered past, fmr of Ihimi, including
Cardin and Walker, remained nt the Fort.”
Ttie expedition reached the littM town of
Kan smi the banks ofthe Missottii liver on
t'ae3lst of July, having made a journey 0f5.70-2
mile® from the Dalles ofthe Columbia, and of
> Io m C.I t. Smt.-t's settlement at New
' Bar ng our prt.tr i. ted absence ol fourteen
im nil.., in the course of v.hiclt we had necessa
rily been exposed to great varieties of weather
and climate, do one case of sickness had ever
■ o.'curied among as.
1 “ Here ended our land journey; and the day
• following our arrival, we found ourselves on
s board a steamboat rapidly gliding down the
1 broad Missouri. O.ir travel-worn animalshad
? not been sold and dispersed over the country to
i renewed labor, but were placed at good pastu-
I rage on the frontier, and are now ready to
i do their part in the coming expedition.”
1 The narrative concludes with the arrival at
j St. Louis on lbe6th of August, where the party
t disbanded. ‘
J “Andreas Fuentes also remained hete, hav
? ing readily found employment for the winter,
■1 and is one of the men engaged to accompany me
■' the present year.
• “Pablo Hernandez remains in the family of
1 Senator Benton, where he is well taken careof,
1 and conciliates good will bv his docility, int"l
--’ ligence, and amiability. General cXlmonte, the
? Mexican Minister at Washington, to whom he
' was of course made known, kindly offered to
take charge ol him, and to carry him back to
f Mexico; but the boy preferred to remain where
1 be was until he got an education, lor which he
1 shows equal ardor and aptitude.
“ Our Chinook Indian had his wish to see the
whites fully gratified, He accompanied me
■ to Washington, and, after remaining several
■ months at the Columbia college, was sent by
“ the Indian department to Pniladelphia, where,
among other th ngs, he learned to read and write
well, and speak the English language with some
fluency.
“ He will accompany me in a few days Io the
frontier of Missouri, whence he will be sent with
some one of the emigrant companies to the vil
lage at the Dalles of Columbia.”
We have thus endeavored to lurnish our rea
ders with such an analysis of Capt. Fremont’s
two expeditions as may, with the copious ex
tracts which we have made from the narrative,
enable them not only to trace his adventurous
coursje, but also to estimate what he has accom
plished, and the great value of the information
which he has collected, in a geographical, a
commercial, and a scientific point of view.
We will not attempt a recapitulation; lor
where so much has been done,'and so well done,
it would be only to repeat, in another form, the
substance of all which v.ehave already said
In geographicaldiscoveryCaptain Fremont has
done much: he has shown that the transit
across the Rocky Mountains, particularly at the
Southern Pass, is comparatively easy; that the
proportion of absolutely barren country is small;
that, from within one hundred and fitly miles of
the Missouri frontier to the longitude of Fort
Laramie, (105- 40',) there is in general great
plenty of the short curley grass called buffalo
grass. Westward ol Laramie, for a considera
ble distance, the region is sandj' and apparently
sterile, and the place ofthe grass is usurped by
artemisia ; other localities, where there is a de
ficiency of pasturage, are found on both sides
ol the mountains. These expeditions, however,
will furnish to trading caravans, or to emigra
ting patties, a knowledge oi the most practica
ble routes, where they may most generally find
sustenance lor their animalsand water and-fuel
fur themselves. The road to Oregon will be
made comparatively easy: and although the
emigrant who contemplates taking up his line
of march to that distant region ought to heap
prized of and guarded against the dangers, the
ilifficullies, and the privations he will have to en
counter, yet he may be cheered by the certainty
that fie will meet with nothing but what fore
sight and prudence may in great measure pro
tect him from, and courage, fit mness, and perse
verance overcome. He will be called upon to
exercise all these qualities; and the most dan
gerous error into which he can fall is to ima
gine that Hie journey is an easy one, and the toil
and suflering which he will have to undergo tri-
and the rivers, the valleys, amTlhe inoffrralre' '
of Upper California may be said to be now first
brought to the knowledge of civilized man by
these expeditions. The correction of our for
mer geographical errors whith respect to the
r iver Buenaventura, we owe to Captain F.; the
existence of a grrat central point or basin in
California is established by him, as is also the
important fact that there is no river of any na
vigable size which has its outlet directly into .
the Pacific, and communicates with the western
■ slope of our continent, except the Columbia, be
tween fifty degrees of north latitude and the
Gulf of California. In a military point of view
these expeditions point out where forts and
posts may be most advantageously established,
with a view to the safeocupancv ofthe country
and the protection of the inhabitants and the
trader from Indian outrage, or from aggressions
or interferences of any kind. This, we believe,
was the professedly authorized object of Capt.
Fremont’s expeditions; but bis ardent and ac
tive temperament, and his love of science and
knowledge, cou d not reR satisfied with a bare
pei forinar.ee of prescribed duties. He has sub
mitted to his countrymen an?the world, in his
unpretending and modest nar'ative, a vast bo
dy ol botanical, geological, and meteorological
information. The soil and the mineral waters
have been subjected to analysis. More than
four hundred and thirty astronomical observa
tions are recorded, the latitude and longitude of
important points accuriMriy determined, and the
elevation of mountains ascertained. The sur
vey of Captain Fremont from the eastward
meets that of Captain Wilkes from the west
ward, and, so far as is requisite for all imme
diate practical purposes, the map oi Oregon is
complete. The appendix to Captain Fremont’s
narrative contains Dr. James Hall’s (of New
York) report upon the nature of the geological
formations occupying the portions of Oregon
and California traversed by Captain Fremont,
as deduced from his observations, and the spe
timensol minerals and vegetables, and animal
otcanie remains which he collected.
Professor Torrey makes the following state
ment with respect to the botanical collection of
the expedition: **
“When Captain Fremont set
conrt expedition lie was well provided
per and other means lor maki. • extensive bo
’anical collections; and it was -nderstood that,
on his return, we shield conjointly prepares
foil account ot to be appended to his
report. About f.
collected, many olTEem ■■ pW” I -' 5 not befute.
explored hr an y
however, of the great length ot the journ' snd
t*e numerous accidents to which the y
were exposed, but especially owing to the
dreadful flood ofthe Kansas, which deluged the
borders of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers,
more than halfof his specimens were rained be-
• fore he reached the borders of civilization.
Even the portion saved .was greatly damaged,
so that, in many instances, it has been extreme
ly difliedlt to determine the plants. As there
was not sufficient time before the publication
ol Captain Fnsniwit’s report for the proper study
of the remains'-! his collection, it has been
deemed advisable to reserve the greater part of
them to incorporate-with the plants which we
expect he v ill bring with hint bn/eturningfrom
his third expedition, upon w’hich he has just
set out.
“The loss sustained by Captain Fremont,
and 1 may say by the botanical world, will, we
trust, be partly made up the present and next
seasons, as much of the same country will be
passed over again, and some new regions ex
plored. Arrangements have also been made
by which the botanical collections will be pre
served, at I’ast from the destructive effects
of water, and a person accompanies the expe
dition who is to make drawings of all the most
interesting plants. Particular attention will
be given to the torest trees and the vegetable
productions that are useful in the aits or that
are employed for food or medicine.”
Professor Torrey furnishes in the appendix
descriptions ot about thirty new genera and
species ol plants collected by Captain Fremont.
The objects of Captain Fremont’s third ex
ploratory tour are, we believe, eorrectiy detailed
in Ihe following paragraphs, which we extract
from a late number of the Western (Missouri)
Expositor:
' “The expedition to the Rocky Mountains,
: under command of Captain J. C. Fremont, of
the U. S. Army, being the third exploring tour
ol that officer, left Westport on the 261 h June.
Captain Freu.rft by two junior officers
I ol the Topographical Corps, and employs
■ eighty men. The design of this expedition is
r to complete the surveys ot the plains and moun
r tains intervening between the western boundary
ol the Pacific, heretofore partially accomplished
AUGUSTA, GA., THURSDjf MORNING, SEPTEMBER 25, 184.5.
• bv the exploring squadron and the two former
i expeditions ot Captain Fremont. As far as we
i can learn, this party will proceed to survey the
I Arkansas river toils source, after completing
> which the party will be divided. One division
will then return byway ol the head of the
> Rio del Norte, through the country of the
Camanche Indians, on the sources ofthe Red
! river, and by the low waters ol the Arkansas.
The main division, under Captain Fremont,
will cross the Colorado, complete the survey of
the Great Salt Like, and penetrate by the
waters of Mary’s river, which flows westwardly
through Upper California, in the vicinity of the
! 42d degree parallel of latitude, and is lost io a
lake at the eastern base of the California Moun-
I tains. It is believed that from a point on
Mary’s liver, some days’ journey from its
mouth, the head ol the Sacramento may be
reached in two days’ travel. The route then by
which Captain Freinont proposes to penetrate
tothe Pacific is the shortest and most direct from
the lower Missouri: of this the portion from the
Arkansas to the head ofthe Sacra memos, about
six hundred and fifty miles in distance, is as
yet unexplored by the white man, and generally
designated as “the Great California Deserl.”
None of its waters except the Colorado reach
the ocean; they are absorbed or disappear by
evaporation.
“ After nassing the winter apiong th? settle
ments of Upper California, the exploring part',
will, it the country be found practicable, pass
round by the lower roulefroin California, cross
ing the Colorado below the great ‘Kennion,’
anil return to the Arkansas by the waters ofthe
Gila and Juan, large tributaties < f the lowet
Colorado, which have their sources west of the
mountains of New Mexico. This sketch con
templates a route ot five or six thousand miles.
It will probably eventuate in the discovery of a
new and straight road to both Oregon and Cali
fornia, passing lor the most pan through our
own territory, diminishing the distance some
three or four hundred miles, and the time two
months. The country to the right and left will
be examined, and its geography, at present a
blank, somewhat understood. The importance
of these contemplated explorations is very great
—every confidence is reposed in the energy and
ability of the commanding officer.”
We cannot take leave of this most interesting
and valuable document without expressing the
great pleasure and instiuction which its perusal
has afforded us, and the conviction, which every
additional page increased, that the important
objects ot the expeditions could not have been
entrusted to better hands. The journals of the
three expeditious will, together, furnish one of
the most important productions ofthe age, and
constitute a most suitable and valuable present
to science and literature, made by our young
and vigorous country,’through the hands of one
of her most amiable, talented, and enterprising
sons,
Prom the Lexington Observer.
Counterfeiting Establishment broken up,
and Counterfeiters Arrested.
Lexington, (Ky.) Sept. 3.
The most extensive counterfeiting establish
ment, nerhaps, in the United States, has just
been discovered in out State, within forty miles
ol this place, which has doubtless, however,
been in existence a great length of time. It is
upon the farm formerly owned and occupied by
the father of the present occupants—John
Banion—who was for years before he left for
i exas, suspected ol carrying on the counter
leiting of coin at this establishment. Indeed
if we temember rightly, he was once or twice
arrested many years ago, unou this charge, but
being a very astute man with considerable pro
perty, he was always enabled to escape the pun
ishment to which be was justly entitled. Fi
nally, however, he was compelled to leave the
State, and at the last accounts was tu that hither
to land of refugee lelons—Texas., His farm
and effects he left in the possession us his three
sons, one of whom is since dead, where they
have been since iesiding.
It seems that some two months ago a man
calling himself G. \V. Robinson, was arrested
in Columbus, (Ga.) for passing couiilerjeit
imqiey. t tie money consisted ot notes on the
wor-n irrev wroe exectiteifthai C f>e succeeded in ’
passing one hundred and ninety dollars, in notes
of various denominations from $5 to 100, upon
a keen sighted broker of that place, receiving
in return gold at but 2 per cent, discount.—
Shortly after the exchange was made, one of
the notes was upon examination thought to be
hot genuine, which led to a more critical exam
ination of the whole ol them, when they were
all found to be counterfeit. Cne halt ofthe
business men of Columbia, however, protested
that they were genuine, until subsequent events
•forced upon them the conviction of their base
ness.
Robinson was thereupon arrested, but pro
tested vehemenily his innocence, stating that
he was a Kentucky drover, and liad received
this money lor stock he had sold. Bis room,
however, was Searched, and in the lining of a
fellow lodger’s cloak, it was discovered that he
nail concealed near a thousand dollars ol tie
same money, and also a bunch of skeleton kens.
which he had with him to answer certain pur
poses when his counterfeit money failed him.
He was tried before an examination court, and
the evidence being as we have stated, there was
no hesitation as to his guilt, and he was sent
on tor tiial before the Criminal Court. Short
ly alter his imprisonment he was taken sick,
and was so ill that the physician supposed he
must die. Under this belief himself, he sent
tor several gentlemen, and made a full confes
sion and detailed all the circumstances about
the counterfeit money which had been found
upon him. tie told them he procured the
money, as an agent for its disposal, from the
Banton’s (John and William) in Lincoln
county, in 'his State, where there was an exten
sive manufacturing establishment, tor notes as
well as coin, and that it was in constant opera
tion. He accurately described to them every
portion ol the buildings as as the appara
tus, and gave them the names of many of their
agents for the disposal ofthe money throughout
the United States.
Upon this information being furnished, Mr.
A. K. Ayer, a merchant of Columbus, and a
gentleman of lhe highest respectability, start
ed lor Kentucky, and reached Stanford on Fri
day last. The establishment of the Baton’s
is about 5 miles from that t lace. A warrant
fortheir arrest, upon the information of Mr.
Ayer, having been issued, that gentleman with
lhe SheTfffand a number ot the citizens pro
ceeded to the farm of the Banhm’s. Thej’
were not at home when they arrived, but being
in the neighborhood, were found and arrested.
Thev then proceeded to lhe establishment of
the Banton’s, w hich they searched, and found
the most complete and extensive establishment
lor counterfeiting, that is to be found, perhaps,
in the United States—presses, one of which
will weigh fully five thousand pounds stamps,
<lye*-crucibles, with a large qiHmriiy «rme<-»t*.,
and ia fact every thing necessary for the busi
ness. The Bantons were taken to Stanford,
tried on Saturday, and sent on lor further trial
the Coutt at the same time ordering the She
riff to take into •!' «kn nL-mme
». yt od qwretae US
The above facts we have from Mr. Ayer
himself, to who n the people of Kentucky, and
indeed <2 lhe whole Union, are under heavy
obligatiOTts, for his exertions in ferreting out and
breaking up this e tablishment and in bringing
the counterfeiters to lhe justice they will un
doubtedly receive at the hands of a jury.
Correspondence of the Baltimore Patriot.
Nkw-YoRK, Monday, P. M.
The ship Southport, Griffiths, hence for
Charleston with a full cargo cfdry goods, gro
ceries, &c„ went ashore at Barnegat on S.ifttr
<hy night, and has 6 feet water in her hold.
She is fully insured in this city, and will be a
heavy loss to the underwriters. The under
writers’ agent, Capt. Sturges, went to the assis
tance ofthe ship, with steam pump, &<: , and
would probably be able to>tve most ofthe car
go, which is a valuable one. The S. was
bound from t?ew York to Charleston, and is one
of Bulkley’s line of packets. The passengers
and crew saved.
* The Cotton market is quiet to-day, as our
merchants are busy with their foreign corres
pondence.
Genesee Flour is in demand, and the bulk ot
the sales to-day have been at $1,87J; Ohio and
Michigan brings ®4,75 ® 4.87 J.
The sales at the Stock >• xchange this morn
ing were to lair extent, with but little variation
from Saturday’s prices—the market is decided
ly heavy. Foreign Exchange has been in de
mand at 109 f ® 110 on London, and 5,231 on
Paris.
Fins at South Boston.—The Suffolk white
lead manufactory at South Boston, belonging to
Messrs. Henshaw, Ward & Co., took fire yes
terday morning about two o’clock, and the ma
chinery and wood wotk were entirely destroyd.
The main building was very large, and of brick.
A cooper’s shop connected with the manufacto
ry was partly burnt. Loss estimated at $50,000
—530,000 covered by insurance.
The factory was situated on Fifth and Gulden
streets. Six wooden dwelling houses in the
immediate vicinity were also destroyed, but
were all insured. The furniture of most of the
occupants was saved.— Boston Courier.
The weather in Canada las I. en tin usually
cold arid stormy for the season. On the 4th inst,
during a gale, a large and ancient elin tree
which was standing in 1608, when Unebec was
first settled, was broken off near the ground.
FRIDAY MOljtNG, SEPTEMBER 19.
Railroad in Georgia.—Un
der this head, in tffher column, will be found
a communicatiorfeiji “ Atlantic,” which ap
pealed originally the Constitutionalist, to
which we desire |nvite the attention of every
reader who looksiiward with any degree ot
interest tothe coiletion ot our State work.
The position of ti writer, and his extensive
sources of enable him to present
an array of facts ts arguments, which have
been collected at of much time and la
bor, and his viewer therefore entitled to the
mature and delibera reflection of the intelli
gent and patriotic®ll parties. It the exten
sion of this great cri ot inter-communication
to Chattanooga, if rfee never to go beyond, be
a ma ter of grave l r brt, involving to the peo
ple of Georgia int&tffff immense magnitude,
how much more btesl be its extension to
Nashville, Tennessßy. .Bow contemplated I
To solve S .-
k'liiive perusal V tWiriivtiiicatii.n of '• At
lantic.”
The names of Malty Morton ol Massachu
setts and Levi Woodfry o New Hampshire
have been already priented as candidates for
the vacancy on ths ench of the U. S. Su
pie > e Court, occasiold by the death of Judge
Story.
Health of New O ieaNs.—The Picayune
of the 13th inst., says.: Upon inquiry at the
Charity and private ospitals yesterday, we
could obtain no infofnttion as to the existence
of yellow fever in the ity. No case, at any
rate, had there been premted. There is a good
deal of conversation otrhe surject, and very
naturally many rurmTs'are circulating in re
gard to the actual heal: of the city; but so far
as we can judge, alteconsiderabie inquiry, the
alarm as to an epidejic is subsiding, so miny
physicians having d<lared their belief that lhe
tever has not yet its appearance in an un
doubted form. »
The Ohio Methodit Episcopal Conference,
now in session at Citinnati, have adopted a
resolution approvingjtiie proceedings ol the
General Conference ffepecting ministers own
ingslaves.
The Hon. Wm. C. Preston, lhe Colum
bia South Carolinian if yesterday says, while
returning from his salrworksto Abingdon, Va.,
was seized with a stidiH affection ofthe brain,
and immediately deprvfd ot sight. The dis
ease assumed the chantterof congestive fever,
and lor some days his 'ite was despaired ot.
Our latest information islthat be has recovered
his sight, and is now thoight to be out of dan
ger- .-JSt .
Arrival of a Slaver —The brig Albert, ol
Boston, arrived at Philjdelphia on Sunday,
from Bahia, in charge ofLieut. (Valker, of the
U. S. brig Bainbridge, lhe A. has been sent
home at lhe instance ol Alexander H. Tyler,
Esq., U. S. Consul at Balia, on the charge of
being engaged in the slaty trade, between the
Coast of Africa and Brazi, in conjunction with
brig Washington’s Barge, late of Philadelphia.
The first officers and ere« of the Washington
Barge have been brought home prisoners in the
A. Captain VVonjlbnry, tytemaster of the Al
bert, effected bis escape prior to her sailing.
Aiwrilbn jidt*sK7jgtr-'.L —A letter from
is now fitting (out at that port for the slave
trade. The owner, captain, and mate are Por
tuguese, and lhe engineers and firemen Ameri
cans. This is the first experiment of slaving
bj’ steam.
The Charleston Courier of yesterday says :
In lhe account recently given in this paper,
taken from a Lexington (Ky.) Journal, of the
arrest and breaking up of a nest of counterfeit
ers, residing near Lexington, we learn that due
credit was not awarded to all the parties con
cerned in the undertaking. We have since
been informed that it was at the instance and
expense of the Bank of Charleston and South-
Western Rail Road Bank of this city, whose
bills had been counterfeits I, that an agent was
employed to go to Kentucky, and that it is to
Gen. S. A. Bailey, ofCo'ttmbus, who designed
the plan and made the necessaty arrangements
on behalf of these Bank*, as '.sell as to Col.
Ayer, whom he selected to execute it, that lhe
public are indebted lor the success of the enter
prise.
Goodness.—Let lhe misanthrope grumble as
he will, there is many a sunny spot to'chi er the
patboflile. An incident, trifling in itself, but
chaitningly illustrative of benevolence and vir
tue, passed under our window last Monday. A
little girl was crying alum, the pavement, over
burdened by two baskets ofchips.
“What is the matter, child 7” said a lovely
young lady in kindest accents.
“They are so heavy,” replied lhegiri, setting
down the load.
“Tell me where you live, and let me carry
one for you.”
She would not tell her residence.
“Well, my little friend, do you take one bas
ket home, and 1 will stay here and guard the
other till you return for it.”
With a bright smile away trudged the liny
porteress, and there stood the benevolent lady,
lhe daughter of one whose name is an honor to
the city, whose high sense of duty and whose
unyielding integrity the Chancellorship of the
exchequer could not move, “for modern degene
racy had not reached him.” The child found
ber treasure sale, and that charming lady (God
bless her!) stepped lightly on her wav, her
heart swelling with emoHons that the wisest and
the best might envv. She did a simple deed,
“and blushed to find it me.”— V S. Gazette.
(inter from Sew Mexico.
The Western Expositor ofthe2oth ult, print
vrt-a-r 1...1 C[ —i—s;--— u.v .i.llJjl UI~
Mr. Albert Speyer, in>iliirty-eisht days trom
Chihuahua—twelve or fourteen days less than
the trip has ever before Been made. Mr. Speyer
left CMHaalrna en the 118th of July, at which
date all was apparent pvace and security, nor
was there any news ol importance. It was re
ported at Santa Fe thajt Gen. Garcia Conde
was expected shortly, a-j also the new Governor,
(Armijo,) which kept thy military and all astir
The news of the Annexation of Texas had not
been received at Chihuahua, although it was
daily expected, and the citizms were anxious
to fight.
The weather had been unusually favorable,
and the company were only detained two or
three days on account of high water.
Mr. Speyer brings in with him eight wagons,
175 mules, and about $40,000 in specie. After
the most unheard of misfortunes, and loss ot
almut 300 mules in his outward trip, and un
expected delays, he is here again, ready to un
dertake the hardships ot another journev the
coining season —exhibiting an energy of cha
racter and determination ot spirit almost un
paralled. Anv other man in similar circum
stances would have become dispirited in the
outset and given up, rather than endure the la
bor and vexation, or suffer the trouble ot mind
that he must necessarily have endured.
The Mexican traders were waitingforthear
rival ul Gen. Garcia Conde before they would
leave.
Messrs. Wieck, Thrnston, McMannan and
others, whose names we have not learned, also
arrived this week Irom Chihuahua. They
bring with them about SBO,OOO in specie—ma
king in all SIOO,OOO that has arrived in our town
this week.
Violating the American Flag.—The
Danish brig Clara, from Port ait Platte on the
2d inst. reports that lhe Dominican president
lias ordered out all the male inhabitants to repel
the invading forces, and several engagements
had taken place, without anv decisive result.
The Dominicans forcibly seized the late New
Yoik pilot boat Virginian, trading thereunder
American colors, and converted her into a man
ot war. intending to invade the Haytiens by
sea. The outrage will of course receive pro
per attention trom our Government. The
Island was in a distracted condition.
A gentleman ot Alton, 111 ,is having a car
constructed to run over the prairies by steam,
without a railway. The wheels are four feet
broad, and about six feel in diameter; lhe size
of the car is about 15 bv2o feet; it will carry
from forty to fifty tons ata trip, between Alton
and Springfield, 70 miles, at lhe rate often miles
per hour.
Ball Bond Improvements of Georgia.
The Rail Road improvements of Georgia,
heretofore but little noticed abroad, begin to ex
cite attention in different parts ot the Union. —
The rapid progress of these improvements re
cently, is cieating an interest in the right direc
tion, and we ate encouraged with the hope,
that Georgia ill yet reap the honors, and real
ize the profits ot one of lhe greatest improve
ments of the age I Doctor James Overton of
Nashville, lately made a very able speech in
that city, which exhibits a thorough acquain
tance with the whole subject, and shews in a
very striking light, the important beating ot
these improvements upon the interest oi his
own date, and those ol lhe most populous and
fertile portion cf the great valley ol the Missis
sippi I The object of this speech,—which I
am pleased to see extensively re-published,--
was to impress upon the people of Tennessee,
lhe importance and expediency ot building a
rail road from Nashville to Chattanooga. And
all intelligence recently received from that
quarter, encourages the belief, that the route is
practicable, and that the road will be built.
These facts must have an important bearing
upon the policy of continuing our State work.
They give hopes that had not been previously
entertained, to any great f xjgnt, .and iUhese
ffie "vie wsof oWroz.-ns
less undergo a change on this subject.
There has been much dissatisfaction with
the present location < t lhe road, and its contem
plated terminus at Chattanooga. It lias been
thought by many, that the route by Gunter’s
I anding was prelerable on many accounts.
That it was shorter, cheaper, accommodated
better the rich Valley of lhe Cucsa, as well as
Uppbr ar d North Alabama, and the Valley of
the Tennessee. That it intersected the road
below lhe most formidable o strtretions.—
would communicate laterally with Nashville,
through Huntsville, by means of existing turn
pikes, and above all, was in the most direct line
to Memphis, the point first contemplated as the
ultimate terminus of this great connecting line
of improvement. These are brief bints at tne
reasons given for a preference to the Gunter’s
Landing route, but this is no longer an original
question. The expense, the most formidable
objection to the Chattanooga route, has mostly
been incurred, and the lower route, os a Staie
work, or even as a continuous rail road route,
has been long since abandoned. No one has
recently supposed, that the Stale, after such vast
expenditures upon lhe upper route, would now
reconsider the matter, and run a road to Gun
ter’s Landing. I have seen no reason for the
apprehensions lately expressed by the friends
of the present route, or any practical utility in
theirrevival in lhe public prints, of an obsolete
issue. It was not believed from the last action
ot the Legi-lature on the subject, that any
further appropriation would shortly, it ever, he
made, ami no disposition was manifested in
Tennessee, until recently, to continue the
route, or even to furnish suitable boats for the
naviga'ion of the river. In this state ot affairs,
the people of North Alabamasuffering for
want of a communication with the South
Atlan'ic ports, and with the Southern and Mid
dle parts of their own State, agitated the sub
ject ot making a rail road from Gunter’s Land
ing to the Double Springs on the Coosa river:
—and by steam boats on the Coosa, and a
short road from Rome, thus connect with the
State road sixty-five miles from the eastern
terminus. It was known that this would have
been rather an imperfect continuance of the
line, but it would have been remarkably cheap;
would have been a valuable feeder to the
Georgia State road:—would have answered
a most valuable purpose lo North Alabama
and a parlot West Tennessee; and lor many
other reasons would have been far better
than no extension al all. It was therefore
advocated and encouraged, by all the true
fiiends of the Georgia Slate work, and the
improvement connected with it.
This is lhe only "rival route” that I have
recently heard advocated, and which appears
to have given rise to such an effusion of ink,
and waste ot paper; unless the lower line
were a continuous rail road line, the two
routes would not very materially inletfere with
each other, supposing both lo be put in opera
Hon.
The Alabama part of this improvement..!
'-BS-nm company
depended much on a share of the 2 per cent,
fund, which the Stale proposed only to loan
to them, instead of making a subscription or
donation, to the one or the other of which
the company believed itself entitled. And
again Congress nieanlv refused, at the last
session, to grant them the alternate section,
(though ol no value,) or even to grant them
the right of wav over the public land, except
on conditions both forbidding and insulting.
The Georgia part of this contemplated line, I
hope will be made by individual enterprize. It
is very important to the Georgia State work
and the improvements connected with it, to at
ford this facility to lhe rich Valley of the
Coosa.
The route lo Chattanooga being the only
continuous rail road route, extending the State
road to lhe Tennessee river, lhe policy of an
early extension will doubtless be agitated at lhe
next session of the Legislature. Few, I pre
sume, will oppose the extension cf the road to
Cross Plains, al the expense of the State. And
pet haps none will oppose its completion, if it
can be done at lhe expense of others. The ex
tension ol the road to Cross P.ains, would add
greatly to the profits ot the road, and would cost
but a mere trifle. It would place the road
nearer to lhe Hiwassee. Valley, and in fact to
nearly ail lhe most fertile and productive parts
of East Tennessee, it would also give the lull
advantageof the road to neatly all the North
western pans of otir own State, and would not
be very remote from some of the finest counties
of Middle Tennessee. Il is clearly the interest,
as well as the duty of the State, to continue the
road to this noin l , with convenient despatch,
and this will doubtless be done. It has been
the opinion ot many, however, 'hat the State
should stop here, at least for the present, and
await future developments on the score of pro
fits.
If, however, there be a reasonable prospect
of the extension ofthe road from Nashville, the
whole aspect of the question would seem to be
changed. In that case the road should certain
ly progress to completion, and, upon mere finan
cial considerations it should be finished but he S'ale
itself. It would become not only one the most
important in many senses, hut also one ofthe
most profitable roads in the Union. Whata vast
field of patronage would encircle the northwes
tern extremity of this road! Nashville, seated
at the head of navigation on the Cumberland,
and encircled by a country of inexhaustible :er
tility fora great extent of country around—of
fering a choice of markets to the exporter, and
the quickest and shortest passage lo the Atlantic,
by many days and many hundred miles—bring
ing her heavy groceries trom lhe Gulf, and her
dry goods through the Atlantic ports, must be
come a great inland depot for both imports and
exports, and speedily rise to the rank of one of
the finest inland cities in the Union.
a,., i. -Oy iio. Mresnrrrr-terminus
ot lhe line, would powerlully aid the o her une
qual advantages ot the location. Nashville is
situated nearly on a direct line between Augus
ta and St. Louis, and is consequently on the
nearest route from that city to the ports of Sa
vannah and Charleston. Tins route wouW,
therelore, not only draw 7nto it a rich trade
from East and West Tennessee, North Alaba
ma, and the southern counties of Kentucky, but
would also draw some trade from Ohio, central
Kentucky, Missouri, and the southern nart of
l.linois. And bcingopenataU scasonsof theycar
would, at some seasons, when otherchaunelsare
obstructed by ice or low water, draw a great deal
of trade from the section last named. It would
at all times draw a heavy travel, not only from
all those sections of country, but from Arkansas,
the upper part of Mississippi, and in fact from
the whole range of country between the Ozark and
the Rocky Mountains! None will doubt the
great extent ot the travel from these regions.
A glance at the map settles that question. All
know that expedition, cheapness, and certainty,
will secure that: but some have doubted whether
much trade could be drawn trom countries b >r
dering on the Mtssisesij'pi and its tributaries,
with their cheap steamboat navigation to Hie
Gulf. Such person s have not acquainted them
selves with the great advantages oi lhe Atlantic
overiheGull ports. Those unaccustomeJ to tie
tails, may draw some idea of these advantages
from the well known fact, that many exports go
to New-York from Cincinnati, rather than to
New-Orleans! Instead ot running down to
New-Orleans, without transhipment, and at the
lowest freight perhaps in the world, un an in
land line ot lhe same length, we find them some
times struggling up a low river to Portsmouth,
then transhipped and carried more than three
hundred miles on the canal to the lake, from
there by steamboat lo Buffalo, from there by
canal lo Albany, from there by steamboat to
New-York! Theseare generally heavy arti
cles of provisions, and we find them carried ,2
or 1300 mites, partly over artificial improve
ments of immense cost, and undergoing four
transhipments, in preference to going into a
Gulfport in less time—without transhipment,
and for a fraction of the freight charged upon
the other route!
Strange as this may seem, merchants under
stand the matter perfectly well. As it tnay not,
however, be so well understood I y planters and
farmers, I will, for their information, give a
comparative statement of what would be the
earnings of a ship Iron) Liverpool-say ot 700
tons, making a trip to a Gull and an Atlantic
port, at the same rate of freight.
Comparative statement of what a ship of 700
' tons will earn in a voyage from Liverjaool to
Charleston (an Atlantic port,) and to New-
Orleans (a Gulf port.)
Liverpool to Charleston, giving four months far
the voyage.
Interest four months on value of ship,
say $25,000, at 6 per cent. 600 00
Sailing ■'hip: being seamen’s wages,
&c., 81 000 p r month, 4,000 00
Insurance on ship out and home, 1]
percent 447 50
Portcharges,(wharfage.pilotage,&c ) 450 00
Storing 3) bales cotton to tne ton,
2275 bales, at 10c 227 50
Compressing same at 50 cents per
bale, 7 1,137 50
Commissions on freight, 2275 bales,
averaging 360 each, 864,509 lbs , at
id. stg. 88,645, at 2} per cent 216 12
Com. on disbursements in Charleston, 45 37
Expenses of voyage, less charges in
Livet pool, 87,023 99
Cargo, 2275 bales, weighing 380 each
at Jd stg. freight, and 5 per cent pri-
mage, 9,077 00
Nett profits of Charleston voyage, 82,054 01
Same, ship on a voyage to New-Orleans.
Interest f'v five months on value of
per month, 5,000 00
Insurance fiiom and back to Liverpool,
21 per cent. • • • 687'-50
Portcharges (pilotage, marketing,&c.) 600 CO
Towing in irom nnd out to Balize,
8425. and 8212 50, 637 50
Storing 2275 bales cotton, at 30cents, 682 50
Compressing same, at 50 cents each 1,137 50
Commissions on freight, 2275 bales,
440 each, at Jd stg., 89.191 at 5 per
cent 459 55
Com. on disbursements, 83,517 05, at
5 per cent. 186 85
Charges at New Orleans,- 810.202 90
FreightJ9,l9l,andsperrent primage, 9,650 00
Loss, 552 90
Here we see that the same ship that would
make a profit ut $2 054 01 on a voyage to
Charleston, would, at the same rale of freight,
make a loss of $552 90 on a voyage to New
Orleans. And this, notwithstanding a catgo of
cotton affords a comparison more favorable to
New Orleans than perhaps any other. The
heavy square bales of that port giving an ad
vantage in weight of cargo, as may be seen,
equal to $546. The consequence is, that freight
is necessarily higher, and of course produce ot the
same quality, lower in the Gulf than in the At
lantic ports.
These are obvious disadvantages, which can
be accounted lor by figures, and tacts known
and tangible. Say,
1. Difference of interest from increased length
of voyage.
2. Difference in sailing ship for same reason.
4. Heavy difference in insurance lor the dan
gers ot passing the Straits and Keys of
Florida.
4. Enormous charge tor towing to and trom the
Balize.
5. Difference of port charges.
6. Difference in charges for storing commis
sions, &c. &c.
But there are other advantages in lhe Atlan
tic ports, still more important, but not so easily
estimated.
An intelligent correspondent doing business
in New Orleans, speaking on this subject says:
“The saving ot interest, freight, insurance, tow
age, landing charges, &c. &c., are not the only
advantages bl an Atlantic port, but being sc
much nearer the great consuming markets of
the world, the demand is always more active,
and presents many advantages to the merchant,
as he can promptly avail himself of any late
intelligence, and actually have his shipment
nearly to Europe, before the New Orleans
shipper will have passed the Balize! This Is
much felt, and duty appreciated by the mer
chants ot New Orleans,” &c. It will readily
be perceived that the advantages above enume
rated do not apply to cotton alone, but equally
to all other products, and apply still stronger, to
proviaf&Oß, a prinoifHli prtnluvt of tlie West.
The same correspondent adds—" And again:
the tedious passage ofthe Gulf in summer, is
very prejudicial to the shipriient of grain and
provisions. After the month of May, it may
be safely assumed, thatso per cent, of the flour
and corn exported becomes sour and heated,”
&c.
In the language of an intelligent merchant of
Huntsville, “Noone can estimatethedisadvan
tages of the Gulf ports, but those who have
been confined to them.”
Look, for instance, at the charges upon a
planter ol North Alabama, above the shoals:
Fie usually pays freight per 100 lbs- 62J
Insurance, 1J p. c.
The returns are so slow and uncertain
that the custom is to draw at 6
months, —loss of interest, 4 p. c.
Commissions for accepting, 2j p. c.
Commissions fir selling, 2j p. c.
Landing charges, per bale, 40 cis!
Apply these charges to an actual shipment,
and add storage, mending, &c., and take off a
loss of J ® J per cent per lb. in the price for the
disadvantage of a Gulf port, then rim out lhe
account to a net balance, and really it would
seem, that our “land locked" neighbor can have,
at the present low prices, but very little left.
Had he tye advantage of a rail road connecting
with lhe Atlantic, he could go with his cotton to
market, sell his own cotton if he preferred to do
so,—avoid many other of the exorbitant charges
before enumerated—get the increased price of
an Atlantic port,—purchase his supplies, and
return home in a lew days. Is it at all strange,
that our North Alabama friends are feeling a
deep interest in the progress of our improve
ments!
Speaking ofthe disadvantages uniijr which
North Alabama labors, a correspondent says:
“What holds good as to cotton, from North
Alabama,- holds good as to other produce, and
Irom numerous other points. Let us consider
lor a moment what would be the result to all the
country within one hundred miles of a rail road
from Augusta to Nashville, Tennessee,” &c.
My friend runs out these consequences with
much judgment and ability, but as they will be
made obvious Irom what has been said, I need
notexter.d this article by repealing them. In
fact I have extended this communication much
longer than I intended. My object is only to
introduce the subject and press it upon the in
quiring intelligence of the country. I hope it
may be taken up by abler hands. Some of our
intellig nt merchants could do much more jus
tice to it. I have to derive many ol my tacts
from them, and claim no other merit in using
them, than that of an endeavor to give them a
proper application, and urge the importance of
the conclusions to which they lead. I am in
debted lor manv impoitant details to a friend
doing business in New Otleans, who formerly
did business in Charleston, and who is, there
fore, practically qualified to speak open thecom
paralive advantages of the Gulf and Atlantic
pons.
This is a subject ofdeep interest to the South
and West, and big with consequences to the
social and commercial relations of these sec
tions of the Union. Should this contemplated
road be built to Nashville, we are on the eve of
a great commeretatTevunnfon.foo tittle thought
of by the great mass of our people.* Without
it even, we may soon look for a vast accession
to our trade. On this day, lam informed, the
Georgia Rail Road will unite with the State
Road, 173 miles Irom Augusta. In a few
weeks, the State Hoad will be finished beyond
the Highfower, and tn a few weeks more, it will
reach lhe Oostenaula river near New Ochota,
—and within about forty nnles of the Tennes
see line! Therich Valieysof East Tennessee,
will then pour down their surplus products to
t'te head of the road, and must, hereafter, de
rive their principal supplies from lhe South At
lantic cities. I am glad to hear that our mer
chants are preparing for this enlarged trade
from lhe west.
Augusta possesses unequalled advantages as
a depot, lor every description of export. The
same advantages which have recommended
Augusta so strongly to the planter a* a cotton
tnatket, will apply equally to every other pro
duct intended for a foreign market. A sound
currency, and abundant capital, ensures fair
competition and full prices, if he wishes to sell,
and if he wishes to hold, he can do so at a veri
low rate of storage, and in fire proof ware
houses, equal to any in the Union. By holding
at Augusta, he lias the advantage if a constant
choice ot seaports, and can, at the shortest no
tice, avail brmselt ofthe temporary advantages
of either. No location could possib'y offer
more advantages as a depot for export than A u -
gusta, and certainly no part of our population
should have more cause than its merchants, to
rejoice at the extension of our improvements
which mnst so greatly increase not only the
quantity, Lui the varietu of its exports.
1 •’ ATLANTIC.
’ One of lhe largest properly holders in New Orleans. |
it is well known there, sold our a very targe amount of
properly the past year. A triend. who was in New
Orleans last winter, informed me, that he asked him
hie reasons. He answered that the extension of north
ci n improvements, particularly the Boston and Al
bany Rail Ro d. had already taken much trade from the
upper tributaries of the .Mississippi—that other* were
progressing -and. if the Georgia fine should be extend
ed to Nashville, (which he thought highly probable.)
it would tap the valley, in its very bean, and the advan
tages of the Atlantic over the Gulf ports were so
<*reat, that he did not know what the consequences
might be to New Orleans, lie was certain, at any rate.
iha"t it must powerfully check the growth ofihecity
There was a slight fiost al Philadelphia
on Saturday.
SATURDAY MORNING, SEPT. 20.
The Gate Judge Story—Mr. Webster.
Ata meeting of the bar of Boston, called to do
honor tothe late Judge Story, Chief Justice
Lemuel Shaw of lhe Supreme Conn presided,
who announced in a brief and feeling address,
thecause of the assemblage. Mr. Webster in
troduced a series ot resolutions, which he pre
faced in substance with the following chaste
and eloquenteulogium upon the distinguished
dead.
The Boston Post, in alluding to this iznpres.
sive and touching tribute of the distinguished
Orator, says: “he spoke of the character, ability
and services of the deceased, in a strain of im
pressive and unqualified eulogy, for the space
of halt an hour. But much of what he said
was not generally heard, for he was so deeply
affected by the solemn event of which he had
been called to speak, that his utterance was re
peatedly impeded by his emotions, and occasion-
Mr. Webster,) a confirmation of the solemn
fact, which we had previously heard through
other channels of intelligence, and which has
drawn together the whole Suffolk Bar, and all
connected with the Courts ot this Co'intv, to
testity their sense ol the loss which they have
sustained. It has drawn from his retirement
that venerable man (Judge Davis) whom we all
respect and honor, who was for thirty years the
associate of lhe deceased upon the Bench. It
has called hereanother Judge, (Judge Putnam
who has retired from a seat upon that Bench on
which you preside, and who was himself once
the instructor in the law, of him whose loss we
mourn. The members of the school, over
which he lately presided, the friends with whom
he was associated in public or tn private life,
have come here to day. One sentiment only
prevails among all, a sense of profound grief.
But all of him is not dead. With all our sense
ol lhe irreparable loss, we feel that he still lives
among us, in his spirit, in his recorded wis
dom, and in the decisions of authority which
he has pronounced. *' Vivit., emm, vivetque, sem
per/ alque eham latius inmemoria hominum, el
sermone, vrrsabitur, pos/tfuam’ab oculis recessit."
11 Mr. Chief Justice, —The loss is not felt
alone among this bar, or in the courts of this
Commonwealth, but is felt in every bar and
every court in the Union, it is not confined Io
this country, nor to this continent. He Itad a
wider range ot reputation. In the High Court
ot Parliament, in every Court in Westminster
Hall, in every distinguished judicature in
Europe, in lhe Courts ol Paris, ol Berlin, of
Stockholm, and of St. Petersburg, in the Uni
versities ofGertnnnv, Italy, and Spain, his au
thority was received, and all, when they hear
of his death, will agree, that a great luminary
has fallen. He has in some measure repaid
the debt which America owes to England, and
lhe mother can receive from the daughter, with
out humiliation,and without envy, the reversed
hereditary transmission from the child to lhe
parent. By thecomprehensiveness ol his mind,
and by his vast and varied attainments, he was
most fitted to compare the codes of different na
tions, and comprehend the results of such re
search,
“ His love of country was pure, and he re
garded justice as the great interest of man, and
the only foundation of civilization. On this
foundation he has built his tame, and united
his own name with that ot his country. It was
to constitutional law that much ot his attention
war: directed, and in the elucidation of which he
was pre-eminent. "Adrempublicanfirmandam,
et ad stabiliendas vires, et sanandum populum,
omms ejus pergebat inslitutio.”
“ But it is unnecessary for us this day to speak
in detail ol his public or judical services. That
duty will remain lor us to perform, and it will,
no doubt, be executed in a manner worthy of
the occasion. Still, in the homage that will be
paid to him, there is one tribute which may well
come from us. We have seen him, and known
him in private life. We can bear witness to
his strict uprightness and purity oi character;
his simplicity and unostentatious habits; lhe
ease and affability of his intercourse; his great
vivacity amidst the severest labors; lhe cheer
ing and animating lone of his conversation,
. and his fidelity to his friends; —and some of us
can testify to his large and systematic charities,
- not dispensed in a public manner, but gladden
ing the hearts of those whom he assisted in pri
vate, distilling happiness like the dew of
heaven.
“ His labors were all subservient to his great
object, judicature. "Cesl vain que Von cherche
a disl ngver en lui lepersonaeprivee ellapersonne
publtque; un meme esprit les anime, un meme
objet, les r.mnil I’homme, le pere tie famille, U ci
toi/en, tout est en lui consacre a la gloire du
Magistral.”
“ Mr. Chief Justice,— One may live as a con
queror, a king, or a magistrate, but he must die
as a man. The bed of death brings every man
to his pure individuality; to the intense contem
plation of the deepest of all relations, the relation
between the creature and his Creator.
“ This relation the deceased always acknow .
ledged. Hi reverenced the Scriptures of Truth,
he received from them this lesson, and sub
mitted himself, in all things, to the will of Provi
dence. His career on earth was well sustained.
To the last hour ol his life his faculties remain
ed unimpaired, and the lamp weht out at lhe
close, nndimned, and w ithout flickering or ob
scurity. His last words, which were heard by
mortal ears, were a fervent supplication to bis
Maker, to take him to himself?’
Mr. Webster then offered a series of eulogis
tic resolutions, one ot which was, that “a com
mittee ot twelve be appointed by the chair to
consider and determine the proper tribute of re
spect to the deceased, and to make lhe necessa
ry arrangements tor carrying lhe same into ex
ecution.”
Judge Davis also spoke eloquently and ap
propriately. The resolutions wete adopted. A
resolution wasthen passed, “that Mr. Webster
be requested to pronounce a Discourse on the
life and judicial character ot the late Mr. Jus
tice Story, at such time and place as shall be
designated by the Committee of the Bar.”
Ata meeting of the Trustees of lhe Cemetery
of Mount Auburn, it was voted “ that the Tius
tees offer to lhe friends and fellow-citizens of
the deceased, a place in the new chape’, now in
the progtessof erection at Mount Auburn, for
the reception of a marble statue ol the late Jo
seph Story, when such a work, worthy of lhe
character of its original, shall have been com
pleted through the contributions of lhe public.”
Tennessee.—ln the lateeleclion for Govern
or, Foster received 51,583 votes and Brown 53,-
447; majority for Brown 1861. At the late
Presidential election, Clay receiveil60,030 and
• Polk 59,917; majority for Clay 113. The ag
gregate number of votes for President was 119,-
947 and for Governor 105,030. a falling off in
the aggregate vote, since last November, ot 14,-
917.
Yellow Fever in N. Orleans.—The Pica
yune of Sunday morning the 14th says:—After
diligent inquiry j’esterday evening at the diffe
j-enl hospitals andot quite a number of medical
gentlemen of our acquaintance, we could not
hear of anv case of yellow lever. At a meet
ing of the Board of Health on Friday evening,
two cases ol mild character were reported, in
addition to the thtee cases first reported. At
their last meeting, the board deemed “it proper
to state that the disease cannot at present be con
sidered malignant or epidemic.” This opinion
of the Board is confirmed by evety medical gen
tleman with whom we have conversed. Most
of them go further, and express their conviction
that no case ol yellow fever has yet occurred,
and that the health of New Orleans was never
better.
Latest from Tubasco. —The brig Jcseph
Atkins, Capt. Higgins, arrived at New York
on Sunday, bringing news trom Tubasco to lhe
20th ult. Ten days previous (says lhe N. Y.
Tribune) a revolution broke out in Tobasco,
the people havingdeclared themselves indepen
dent of Mexico. There was a force daily ex
j pecter! from Vera Cruz to attack the leader of
the people of Tobasco—Don Miguel Bruno.
All commercial intercourse between Tobasco
and Vera Cruz had been suspended.
Steamboat Burnt.—About a quarter past 3
o’clock yesterday morning, lhe steamboat bort
Towson, lying on the other side ofthe river, a
little above the upper ferry landing, was disco
vered to be on fire. The fla res spread so
rapidly that before any assistance could be ren
dered she burned to the water’s edge and sunk.
We learn their was SISOO insurance on the
boat. — Picayune, 14(4 inst.
VOL.IX.-50. 39.7}
Present to Mb. Clay.—We saw yesterday,
says the Baltimore American ofthe 16th inst.,
at lhe residence of Mr. Romulus R. Griffith, in
this city, a coonterrane made by Mrs. Ann
Warner, ot Harford county, Md., a lady now in
her94thyear. It is a beautiful article both as
a specimen of tine needle work, and in respect
to the taste dis played in the arrangement of the
numberless pieces ot which it is composed, la
the centre of it is lhe following inscription:
TOTHE HONORABLE HENRY CLAY ;
TKS ORATOR, VATSIOT AMD FSILARTKRomT,
In token of Admiration of his acais* and his virtnas,
Is presented this piece of needle work,
by Mri. Ann Warnbr.
Executed by her own Im nd in the 93d year of her age,
Baltimore, 1845.
While lingers still mr setting sun,
And life's last sands in silence fall,
Ere death's rode hand the glass shall break,
And o’er ils ruins spiead the pall—
I lift the voice which 'mid the storm
Os war our early pati iot blest.
And with its dyingaccents bail
The patriot hero of the West.
one. The spirit which animated her whilst en
gaged in rendering this handsome tribute from
age to the great American statesman may lie "
inferred from the inscription. The article will
be taken in charge by James H. Meriwether,
Esq., of Cincinnati, and be by him despatched
to Mr. Clay’s residence.
A Duel Stoffed.—The Picayune ofthe I life
inst., tells the following story :—Miss Mary Ann
Golden whs yesterdaylrrested on the affidavit
of Miss Mary Rogers, charged with sending the
latter a challenge. It appears that the parties,
who live in Franklin street, have had a dispute,
which, in the opinion of Miss Golden, could
only be settled by an appeal to arms; according
ly, she sent Miss R. a challenge, of which the
following is a true copy:
Franklin Street, Wednesday Morning.
Madam—l hereby notify you to meet me at t
o'clock this evening at the other side ofthe
French graveyard, then and there to settle our
dispute, agreeably to lhe “Code of Honor.”—
My friend, Miss Ba rah ——, who will hand you
this will meet any friend you may select to set
tle all preliminaries.
MARYANN GOLDEN.
To Mtss Mary Rogers.
The investigation ol this affair will take
place before his honor Recorder Genois this
morning.
Mains Railroad.—The annual report of
the Maine Railroad Company shows that for
the yearendingJune Ist, 1845, the receiptsfrom
passengers were $163 944; freight, $80,092; tnai
and rents, $7064 total $251,101. The expendi
tures in the same time were 5143,231, including
$13,279 tolls paid to Lowell Railroad, $13,961
paid to Portland road, and $5407 taxes in New
Hampshire. A net balance of earnings t»
amount ot 8107,870 sufficed to pay twodividends
of 3J each—s93,s2o, and leave $14,350 in hand
as reserved profits.
-
Mr. Aldrich of New-York, has invented a
“submerged wheel,” which has been applied to
the new steamboat Virginia, recently built at
New-York and intended to ply between that city
and Richmond. In an experimental trip a few
days ago this boat made about nine miles per
I hour with ease. The new principle consists
i in this:—that the floats are attached to a drum,
J which revolves within an air-tight chamber, V
» within lhe apparent sides or walls of the
l leavingan even or smooth surface next to lhefl
water.
8 Ths Cotton Crop.—The following calm B
’ and dispassionate view of the cotton crop, says
. the Mobile Advertiser, is from one of lhe most
I intelligent planters of Alabama; and as his
t means ol information are at least equal to those
e possessed by any other writer on this subject,
e we consider his opinions entitled to more than
e ordinary respect.
„ Marengo, Co., Sept. 8, 1845.
Editor of the Advertiser:— As many partial
. and exaggerated statements concerning the pre
; sent crop are making their appearance in lhe
) newspapers Irom different sections ot the cotton
. country, from which no definite idea can be ot>-
1 tained of the probable production, lhe under
signed requests a small space in your valuable
. paner, fora short but general view of the crop
, and the prospects of the planter, predicated in
part upon his own observation, and partly on
. the most reliable statements which have come
to his knowledge. It is prejudicial to the inte
rests of the cotton grower, that some ol onr peo
ple should, every year, crowd the newspapers
with statements ol drouth, heavy rains, the rust,
the worms, or some other calamity, and con
i clnde with declamations that “there will not be
halt a crop”—“there cannot be iwo-thirds ot a
crop,"&c. Petsons ala distance, and cotton
buyers particularly, have so olten seen the
■ falsity ol such predictions, that no regard is
, paid to anything we may say concerning a forth
coming crop, believing that all such announce
ments in advance are made either through in
terested motives or want of judgment. So that
. the planter, when there is really a diminished
production, would not reap any benefit Irom an
advance in the price, being compelled in most
' cases to part with his crop early in the season.
, Now, there is a certainty that the present crop
r will fall short ol that ofthe last year, but not in
the proportion that most petsons affect to believe.
' Let us examinetheaccount. Allthestatements
- from Georgia and the Carolinas concur in re
> presenting the crop as not .more than one-half
ofthe last year’s. But this is an unheard of
falling off over so large a surface, and for an
’ approximation to correctness we will assume
that lhe deficiency will be one-third —say 200,-
f 000 bales. In Alabama and Mississippi the
crops will not be equal, or will nut reach a full
1 average. Having seen the crops in several
’ counties in eastern Mississippi and western
. and middle Alabama, I am satisfied that the
, hla kor lime It nds and the creek and river bol
lom plantations will yield well, but the light
sandy-land crops have suffered very severely
’ from long drouth, until it is now too late lo re
cover. This class of plantations cannot make
more than two-thirds, and in many casesnot
more than ore-half the usual production. A
large portion ofthe middle and eastern counties
• of Alabama and much of interior and northern
■ Mississippi come under this head; but as the
bulk ot the crop from these two States does not
depend on this quality ol soil, it would be fair
. to assume that the deficiency in these two States
. cannot be more than one-sixth part—say 150,00$
bales. Thus far deduct the above amounts
Iroin the last year’s crop ot 2,400,000 bales and
we shall have 2,050.000 bales. But Louisi
ana, Arkansas and Texas will undoubtedly
. send to market an increase of 100,000 bales,
which will give ns for the crop of the present
year in the United States 2,150 000 bales, or
250,000 bales less than the last crop.
I I am, respectfully, your ob't
“ He has managed financial matters under in
structions of the two last Legislatures, faithful
ly and honestly. Any other honest man ol good
plain sense would have done the same and with
the same results.”
This testimony of the editor of the “Augusta
Constitutionalist”conflicts with statements ot
the editor’s correspondent, “ Piney Woods,”
who has endeavored to defame Gov. Crawford,
by a perseverance and industry worthy of a bet
ter cause. But we thank the editor, at any rate,
for his fairness, in giving the Governor that
credit lor having “ laithfully and honestly” per
formed his duty, which is so justly his due.—•
Couranl.
The Frankfort (Ky.) Com mon wealth ot
Tuesday last, says:
The Governor ol Kentucky has been notified
by lhe Secretary of War, that General Taylor
Commandant oi the army oi occupation In
Texas, is authorised, in case he should need
them, to call on Kentucky for auxiliary troops
for that service to repel the apprehended Mexi
can invasion. The number and description of
troops, should they be required, are tu be desig
nated by General Taylor.
Governor Owslej' has replied to the Secretary
oi War, assuring him that the citizens of Ken
tucky have lost none ot that patriotic zeal which
has ever distinguished them, and which has al
ways led them to tie among the foremost in de
lending our common country against foreign
aggression. He holds himself In readiness, as
he has signified to the Secretary, to comply with
all constitutional and legal requisitions of the
Federal Government, made by the President or
his authorised agents; and he assures the Gov
ernment at Washington, that any requisition
upon the militia of Kentucky will be promptly
and gallantly responded to by them.