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BY WILLIAM S. JONES. Ctrins, Ac THE WEEKLY CHRONICLE AND SENTINEL Is Published every Wednesday, AT TWO DOLLARS PER ANNUM IN ADVANCE. TO CLUBS er INDIVIDUALS sending us Ten Dollars, SIX espies sf the Paper will be sent for one year, thus famishing the Paper at the rate of SIX COPIIi FOR TEN DOLLARS. ar a free copy ts all who may procure us jive aub ■eribers, and forward «s the money. aHE CHRONICLE AND SENTINEL DAILY AND TRI-WEEKLY, Are else published at this office, and mailed to sub scribers at the fallowing rates, viz.: Daily Papbs, if sent by mail* •••37 per annum. Tai-Wmmlt Papbr--......... 4“ “ TERMS OF ADVERTISING. In Wbskly.—Seventy-five cents persquare (12 lines er lass) far the first insertion, and Fifty cent ar eash subsequent insertion. a— i" ■!<,_ ■! ■ i I. hi !■■■ Business Cards. ToFrofessional & easiness Men. PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESSCAKbS, net exceeding six lines, will be inserted under this no* at the rate of $lO per annum. Cards exceeding rix line*, will be charged prorata perline. 3ttornies ani> Sflluitflis. • p. a. arhinoton, ATTORNEY AT LAW, AND NOTARY PUBLIC, Oglpthorpe, Macon county, Georgia. g~r» Office at Oglethorpe. dllwly Wx. Gibbon. | Jkssk M. Jonbs GIBSON JONES, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, WARRENTON, GEO., IHr Will practice in ell the counties of the North ern and Columbia, Washington and Jefferson, ol the Middle Circuit, and the Supreme Court of the State of Georgia. ap9-wlr Jot. B. Jonkb. J Malcom D. Jones J. B. A M. D. JONES, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, WAYNESBORO’, GEORGIA. Ja3Lwly JOHN L. KIRKPATRICK, ATTORNEY AT LAW, o 4 W ayneaboro, Georgia. pHAPLKY R. STROTHER, ATTORNEY AT LAW Practices in the Northern Circuit. AH business will receive prompt and efficient attention. 575* Office at Lincolnton Ga. je2B-tf Lietton Stephens, ) J. L. Hird. STEPHENS A 11UD, •ATTORNIES AT LAW. CRAWFORDVILLE, GA. JjyWillpraetice in all the Counties of the North erucircuit. jyl6-ly* JASPER N. DORSEY, ATTORNEY AT LAW. Dahlonega, Georgia. JjT Will attend to all Professional business entrust ed to him in the Cherokee Circuit, anti in Habersham county, of the Western Circuit. Referbncxs —Messrs. Haye Bowdre, Dr. Wm H Turpin, Augusta; Hon. C. Dougherty, Athene, James Law, Gainesville; Smith A Walker, and J. W. Grady, Dahlonega. fell N. G. db A. G. FOSTER, ATTORNEYS AT LAW. <Tjr The undersigned aro still engaged in the prac tice of Law. Oilice at Madison, Morgan County, Ga. All businessentiustedtothem, will meet with prompt ar i efficient attention. N. G. FOSTER, fe2B-tf A. G. FOSTER. EDWARD H. POTTLE, ATTORNEY AT LAW, WARRENTON ... GEORGIA. Fjf Will continue to practice in Warren, Hancock, WHkea, Taliaferro, aud all of the counties of the Northern Circuit, and Columbia, Jefferson and Washington of the Middle. Refer to Tbreewitts, Hudson & Shivers; G. C Cody & Go., Warrenton. ja2o BURCH A TILLEY, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, NEWNAN, GA., Will practice in the counties of the Goweta Cir cuit, and the Supremo Court at Macon and Decatur. R. S. Burch. John M. Tilley. ---- Samubl J. Baily. I Elbazbr Cumming. BAILEY A CUMMING, ATTORNEYS AT LAW. Sandersville. ••• Georgia. fjy Will practice in all the counties of the Mid dle Circuit. j c 2 JOSHUA HILL, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Madison aud Monticello Georgia. yV All business addressed to him at either place in the counties of Morgan and Jasper, and those contiguous, will receive prompt attention. n 23 G. PUTNAM. ATTORNEY AT LAW , Warrenton, Georgia. Robert W. Simms. | John Askew. SIMMS di ASK EW, attorneys at law, NEWNAN, GEORGIA, Will practice in all the counties of the Cowe ta Circuit, and in the Supreme Court at Macon and Decatur. All business entrusted to them shall have prompt attention. mh!3-w|y J. B. EDMONDSON, AT LAW, NgWNAN, GEORGIA, Will promptly attend to all busiest* entrusted to Ills care, in any of the counties of the Coweta cir cuit. j <22 :. w l? Bbbbibn, | John T. Shiwmake. BERRIEN & SHEWMAKE, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, MIDDLE DISTRICT, GEORGIX. ry Office at Waynesboro, Burke county, Geo. - UOBBBT K. WOODING, ATTORNEY at law, Appling* Georgia. f2B-wly L. C. SIMPSON, ATTORNEY AT LAW, ATLANTA- • • • GEORGIA. Wil (promptly attend to all buainesventrusted |oht« care. f2V-1 y JOHN W. POWELL, attorney at law, NEWNAN, GEORGIA, Will practice iu all the countisa of the U owe circuit. AH business entrusted to nis care, will receive prompt attention. ja22-w ly JOHN H. STANFORD, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Clarkesville-. G«. | V \Vill practice in the counties of Clarke, Frank lin, Haherbham, Lympkiu, Forsyth, Gilmer, Union Murray ami Gwinnett, and in the Fedeial Circuit Court for Georgia. Uy IRWIN <fc KNIGHT, ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS AT LAW, MARIETTA. GEORGIA. Will abend the Courts in the counties of Cobb QeKalb, Forsyth, Cnerokee, Cass, Paulding, Floyd, Cam>ll, aud Heard. Return Day —Twenty days previous to each Term. The Circuit Court U. S. at Marietta, 2d Monday in March and September; and also, the Supreme Court of the State of Georgia, at Cassville and De eatur. fe!7-ly BOBKRT HESTER, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Elbcrtop Georgia. WILL practice in the counties cf Elbert, WHkea, Lincoln, Oglethorpe, Madison and Franklin. _ Warehouse anD (tomnussion P. H. Bshx. | John Post... BK H W A F O S T R K , FACTORS AND COAXMISSION MER CHANTS, jy9-wbm Bay Slrwl, S.rann.h, J. U. DIDLAKE A CO., COMMISSION AND FORWARDING MERCHANTS, T«nn. .22-1 y _ _ WM. K. EVANS A. CO , COMMISSION MERCHANTS Aceouamoclatlou Wharf. Chartwtoa, S.C< W M . E Evans, Wm. M D* Amtiosac, n, dly Gap W. Etaxs. CHARLES P. MeCALLA, COMMISSION AND FORWARDING MERCHANT, APALACHICOLA • oi.Oßlt'A. I I.TAILO.. I OABOS.R SMITH J. E. TAILOR As CO,, AUCTION AND COMMISSION MER CHANTS. Aw 31 Ckartru «>4 41 Stntti New Orleans. R.rtaucu. Bctim- Messrs. Era csoo.Coeh A LX, sad Barosbss Hsskall. .VabUf —Messrs C. AV. (Xvrenee A Sxr, and Howe A Rschellor —Mewra. Dunbar A Brother. A. D. Seo’. A Co., and Coakhn A Sairh. .Vew Orleant— ■*na. A. D. L'rrwiuan, Mayer, Mestn, Hoy t A Ford •> ' A Kemp, Hams A Morgan. M. Gareia A Co. s Samuel VVold. dlO dtf l>- L .Jarraas. j W . s. Corsur JKFFEKS, COTHRAN A. CO. f actors and commission meh chants. AMdV&TA,G4.,andHAMBURG So Ca Jy2B I kicKSON’B Leather Preservaur7~ior"sala b 17 Jal PHILIP A. MOISE, D^ (1 «. 5 * '£3 " 1 "S WBBK.LT CHRONICLE AND SENTINEL SELECTED mW A War Poem Br osolt. We have never (says the New York Mir ror) seen the above Poem, except in manu script, and we presume that it was never published in this country. It is not in Croly’g two volumes of collected works. The Turkman lay beside the river : The wind played loose through bow and quiver; The charger on the bank fed free, The shield hung glittering from the tree. The trumpet, shawn and at abal Were hid from dew by cloak and pall, For long and weary was the way The hordes had marched that burning day. Above them, on the sky of June, Broad as the buckler glowed the moon Flooding with glory vale and hill; tn silver sprang the mountain rill. The shrub in silver bent, A pile of silver stood the tent; All soundless, sweet tranquility— Ail beauty, hill, and tent, and tree. There came a sound—‘twat like the gush When night winds shake the rose’s bush I There came a sound—’twas like the tread Os wolves along the valley’s bed ! There came a sound—’twas like a roar Os ocean on its wintry shore ! “ Dkath to tub Tohk ! ’’ up rose the yell— On rolled the charge—a thunder peal I The Tartar arrows fell like rain— They clanked an helm, and mail, and ehaia— In blood—in hate—in death, were twined Savage and Greek—-mad—bleeding—blind— And still, on fl >nk, and front, end rear, Raged, Cottstantine I thy thirstiest spear ! Brassy and pale—a type of doom— Labored the moon through deep’ning gloom I Down plunged her orb—’twas pitchy night! Now, Turkman, turn thy reins for flight! On rushed their thousands through the dark I But in the camp a ruddy spark Like an uncertain meteor reeled— Thy hand, brave king that firebrand wheeled, Wild burst the burning element, O’er man and courser, flag and tent I And, through the blaze, the Greeks out Like tigers bloody—foot and fang ! [sprang. With dagger, slab and falchion’s sweep, Delving the stunned and staggering heap— Till lay the slave, by chief and khan— And all was gone that once was man ! A wailing on the Euxine shore— Her chivalry shall ride no moro ! There’s wailing on thy hills, Altai ! For chiefs, the Greciau vulture’s pray— But Bosphorus! thy silver wave Hears shouts for thy returning brave— The highest of her kingly lino — For thxrk cokxs glorious Cosstaittisz ! From the Ohio Cultivator. AUTUMN AND WISTER. SY FBANOEt D. «AGE. The Autumn is going with its beauty bo glowing, And Winter o’er all things is casting its pall; The rose-tree is fading, no longe r ’tie shading The arbor of love or the bright water-fall. The dahlias are lopping, the ripe fruit is dropping. The corn leaveearc withered and dry on the stalks, The rirg-dove is rigbing, the grasshopper dying, The fire fly no longer enlivens the walk. The fcrests are changing, the wild birds are ranging To hunt oat a bole wbere the are mere clear ; The streams deeply flowing, the chil’y winds blowing, All tell us tbit Wirfter, cold Wintei is near. Summer’s sweets while we’re tasting, away all arc hasting, The days of the peach and the melon are o’er : Then let us be trying while Autumn is dying, To lay up for Winter a plentiful store. Work freer and harder, fill the barn and the larder, Then give to old Winter, whene’er he ehall come, A welcome most willing; we’ll heed not his chilling, If there’s warmth round the hearth-stone and plenty at home. But while we arp cheerfull—nn cause to betearfql, Let us thiuk of the children of Sorrow and Wrong, And give from our treasure, with no stinted measure, Os the good gifts of Heaven to help them along. HOW BEAUTIFUL IS CHILDHOOD. BY THBODORB Jk. GOVLD. How beautiful is childhood— How innocent its glee; How clear its merry laugh, that spsaks The heart from sorrow free I ’Tis like a pleasant morning When the air is filled with song ; Or, like a summer stream that glides So merrily along. How beautiful is childhood— How trustful—how content; -Ifo memory has no blotted page— alii e '•?! m pie Vow er't TTR Vgruvru All blooming, fair and bright; Ur like a cheering etar 'hit glows Upon the robe of night. SABBATH EVENING•• by OEoaai d. prkntisb. ’Tis holy time. The evening shade, Steals with a soft control O’er nature, as a thought of heaven Steals o'er the human soul; And every ray from yonder blue, And every drop of tailing dew, Seems to bring down to human woes From heaven a meseage of rep>se. O’er yen tall rock the solemn trees, A shadowy group incline Like gentle nuns in Borrow bowed Around their holy shrine; And o’er them now the night winds blow So calm and mill, the music low Seems the mysterious voice of prayer Soft echoed on the evening air. The miate, like incense from the earth Rise to a God beloved, And o’er the waters move as eret The Holy Spirit moved ; The torrent’s voice, the wave's low hymn See in the far notes of seraphim, And all earth’s thousand voices raise Their song of worship, love and praise. The gentle sisterhoed of flowers Bend low their lovely eyes, Or gate through trembling tears of dew Up to the holy skies; And the pure stars come out above Like sweet nnd bleaM-d things of love Bright signals in the eternal dome To guide the parted spirit home. There is a spell of bkßFedness In air and earth and heaven, And n iture wears the bloeed look Os a young snint forgiven ; Oh, who, at such an hour of love, Can gase on all, around, above. A”d n t kneel down upon the «xt With Nature’s self to wore ip G- d ! Qlijavleston AitDertisementß. HOPKINS, HUDSON & CO. COMMISSION MERCHANTS Office Fraser's Wharf, Charleston, S. C, UNDERSIGNED lieg leave to inform their friends and the public, that they have opened an Office in the City of Charleston, S. C-, for a GENERAL COMMISSION BUSINESS. Particular attention will be given to theaale of Cot ton, and all other Conntry Produce, purchase of Merchandize, and Receiving and Forwarding Goods. The customary cash advances and facilities will be afforded custotneis. J R. Hudson and John J. Cohbn reside in Charleston. L. Hopkin* continues bis residence at Augusta, Ga., engaged in the Commission Business as heretofore wheie he may be consulted io relation to burners designed for our House in Charleston. LAMBETH HOPKINS, Augusta. JOHN R. HUDSON, °lO-12m JOHN J. COHEN, | Charleston. ~GANTT. HUFF & GANTT, FACTORAGE AND COMMISSION BU. SI NESS, Charleston So. Ca, THE SUBSCRIBERS re spectfuUy inform the public that fitaiaNl have commenced the TORAGE AND COMMISSION BUSINESS, in the city of Charleston, S. C., and that they will re ceive and sell all articles of Produce entrusted to their care They will confine themselves strictly to the boMneea of CounDissivn Agents, and pledge them selves never to speculate in any description of article they receive for sale. They will give their personal attention to the purchase of supplies lor Planters who may send their crops, without any charge therefor. They will receive and forward Goods for Augusta and Hamburg, at customary rates. Office AccoauDO» daton Wharf. EDWARD GANTT, WALTER R. HUFF, 1a23-dlrwAwif JAMES I . GANTT MAGNIFICENT ASSORTMENT OF PIANO FORTES. -i.gPW'BUW THE SUBSCRIBERS have now on band, the largest and most J * ft J U choice collection of PIANO FOR T E S, ever offered for Mie in this city, which are well worthy the inspection of all ptersons who wish a superior article ; all of these having been jK-rsunally selected by one cf the firm, from he fol* lowing eminent manufacturers: BACON & RAVEN, NEW YORK, DUBOIS & SEABURY, NEW YORK, A. H. GALE A CO., NEW YORK, and HALLET, DAVIS & CO., BOSTON. Thia Stock comprises a full aud well varied as •onraeat of six, six and a half, six and three-quar ters and seven octave PIANOS, in handsome Rose wood and Mahogany cases of every style and price, from the neat, plain and durable six octave to the elegant centre seven octave instrument. The above are all accompanied with a written guarantee as U their perfect durability, so that there Fs no risk whatever to the purchasers. The great satisfaction they have always given for years past, to geiberwith the gold and silver medals awarded them by the various ••Mechanic Institutes” throughout ihe country, sufficiently attest their merit and great superiority. To uxeatHMi the distinguished musieai trusts who have selected them in preference for their performances, would be to enumerate nearly all who lave visf.sd tnw couatry, many of whom have given voluntary teetiux»:ab’tn their favor, which space foes not allow uFIi present to publish. N. B. Piano Fortes tuced and repaired in the be> Banner. H. B.—Poe sale at the lowest prices, tor cash or A OATES A co?s Piano, Bonk i«<* Uepot, Broad-W., botweon n. S. en t G»b« Houts. n>?3__ LD kVKMTi’RS, Car Ll. Mantles. P.uot Leatheraltieles, Papier Ma-hegoods, Uil-elolhs. &c., Ac., can be made to lcu>k like new by a single apn-i.-a-wn of Parana’. FIRNITVRE CREAM, to be had of ja3 D. B. PLUMB 4 CO. 1851. PROSPECTUS 1851, or THB NINTH VOLUME or JOUBNAL, ; 7 Devoted 1 ®o tl)e Jntmsts of SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE! Illustutsd with mart blboant aud costly EMOBAvuras. ONLY ONE DOLLAR a YEAR. EDITED BY DANIEL LEE, M.D. The first number ol the Ninth Voiumb of the SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR will be issued on the first of January, 1851. The Publisher has no pledge to make; he desires to make the Cultivator equal in every respect, to whet it has been—a worthy me dium for the communication between the Planters of the South, through which they may teach each other, and advance the prosperity of the country ; mid ho hopes his past efforts aro an ample guarantee to the public ol how his duty will be performed. Planters of the South I—as this work is exclusive ly devoted to the advancement of Southern Agricul ture, and the promotion of your prosperity the Pub lisher hopes you will cheerfully aid in giving it a circulation. A native of the South, and identified with her in feeling and interest, the Publisher feels a deep solicitude for her prosperity, and hopes his ef forts in the cause of her Agriculture, may meet a cordial response from all classes. The Soctbbhn Cultivator is published month ly, on fine paper, in quarto form, each number con- UIV I'C'U'W u./aof _cJ... < ... ter, y by 12 inches square, forming a volume in the course ot the year of 192 pages—with a complete Index TERMS; Oneeapy, 1 year Ji 0 0 btx copies, 1 year 5 Twenty-five copies 1 year 20 00 Ono Hundred copies 1 year •••75 00 O’Thecash must invariably accompany the order. The notes of all specie paying Banks, in an/ part of the country, will be received in payment of subscrip tions. AH persons obtaining sub-cribcrs, are earnestly re quested to forward them at the earliest convenient day, so as to reach us by the first of January, if pos sible. Letters enclosing nr ney, post-paid, are at the risk of the Publisher. Direct all letters to WILLIAM S. JONES. Augusta, December I, 1850. MISCELLANEOUS Ll- TERITtiRE IND NEWS. Jzvnt Lind goino to Paris.—Monsieur Eugene Guinot, in a letter in the Courrierifes Etats Unis, written at Paris, on the 24th of Norember last, represents the fair songstress, Jonny Lind, as having a great professional re gard and a benevolent solicitude for the inter est of M. Vivier, a performer on the French horn, with whom ehe formerly gave concerts at Baden and elsewhere, near the banks of the Rhine. After relating some anecdotes il lustrative of her sisterly affection for M. Vi vier, the Courrier’s correspondent goes on to say: “ But, speaking of Jenny Lind, the fairy queen of prodigious artistes, it is announced very positively that the illustrious songstress is coming to Paris as soon as her American tour is over. She hto bo brooght thither by M. Benedict, the distinguished musical com poser, who at preseut accompanies her, and who conducts her concerts with so much abili ty, and participates in them with so much credit to himself On returning from the Uni ted States, Benedict has an idea of firing himself at Paris, whtre he will be quite a val uable acquisition. Young, and alread. highly esteemed in the musical world, Benedict, like Meyerbeer, has been called into the de partment and practice of the art by an irresiati >le vocation. Like the author of The Prophet,” too, he belongs to a wealthy family, and is in the personal possession of a handsome fortune. ” His father is the first and richest banker of Stuttgard. M- Benedict might therefore live on his income in luxurious idleness, but he is governed by a passion for music which has at tracted him into the New World. On his re turn he is coming to Paris, where lie will pre sent himself at the opera, holding iu one hand Jenny Lind, and in the other a musical pro duction of his own—a double fortune fur the atre—and Paris will hear Jenny Lind in the new opera of Benedict ” Jessy Lisd's Charity Cos,krt.—We give below a statement of the distribution of the nett proceeds of the Charity Concert given by Jenny Lind, on Saturday evening last, amount- , secb -J rrwnte g-urrm F.itts tact ton. Trie no nations are given to institutions that depend alone on contributions; and will reach and re 1 lieve those of tho poverty-s ricken who are truly deserving Had it been the ease, that this lady had drawn by her transcendaut talent, tens of thousands from the pockets of the rich, the thousand* that she has thus devoted to the necessities of the poor, will cause her visit to this city ever to be remembered with grati tude.— Charleston Courier. Firemen’s Charitable Association* • •» •• SSOO Ladies’ Benevolent Society 510 Sisters of our Lady of Mcr<*y, with Orphans un- der their charge 500 Charleston Port Society 500 Apprentices’ Library 300 Ladies’ Fuel Soc efy 20l) Ladies’ Garment Society 200 Female Charitable Association, Charleston Neck, 200 Total Abstinence Society 200 French Benevolent Society 100 Hebrew Benevolent Society 100 Masonic B nevolent Society JOO Private Charily 49 A Monster Ship —-We learn that Jabez Williams &. Son, ship builders, of Williams burgh, are to commence early next spring, a clipper ship for a mercantile house in this city, engaged in the Liverpool trade, of the enor mows size of 2800 tons! Her length will be 230 feet, or seven feet longer than the United States ship of the line Pennsylvania. In thia respect, howover, her dimensions de nnt ex ceed those of th* gn at ship which has just been commenced by Wm. 11. Webb for N. L. AG. Griswold; but in consequence of an in creased depth and breadth of beam, she will become 200 tons larger. No merchant vessel lias ever been buijt at ail approaching her in point of magnitude. She is to have three decks, and will be able to carry a vast number of passengers. — N. Y- Journal of Commerce. The Hazard Powder Co.’s Works. The Hazard Powder Company’s Manu factory has long been established, and the quality of their gunpowder is well known throughout the country. They are making at the present time neven hundred and fiity kegs of gunpowder daily, though not yet working up to tho full capacity of their mills : which consist of from seventy to eighty buildings, spread over a distance of one mile iu length. The town of Enfield, in which the village ol Hazardville is situated, also comprises the village of Thompsonville (long known for the large Carpet .Manufactory, es’ablished by Orrin Thompson, Esq .) and is thus distin guished by two of the largest manufacturing establishments of their kind, in this country or n Europe. Among the means employed by the Hszard Powder Company we note thirteen water wheels ; two steam engines, one of which, of about 100 hope power; was made by Stillman. Allen A Co., of New York, and is said to be one of the finest engines in this Slate. We mention, also, as a part of the machinery re ferred to. used for incorporating the materials of which gunpowder is composed twenty two cast iron rollers, weighing about eight tons each. Os the powder manufactured by this Com pany. the largest por ion is sporting; of which, the brands so well known throughout the United States, as the Ken ucky Ride ami American Sporting, are regarded by hunters and sportsmen as equal to any powder made in this country or in England. Aod we may here add. that this establishment, and that of Messrs. Dupont, of Delaware, are believed to be surpassed in extent and magnitude by no works of the kindin Europe. It is not without pride and pleasure that we have thus spoken of the works at Thompson ville and Hazardville, among the manufactur ing establishments which open to the industri al enterprise of our people a field for develop ment and employment, and contribute largely to the general prosperity of tho State.—Hart ford Courant CisciMMxTt Manufactvrks.—There are iu Cincinnati five cotton factories whose aa- mil production is valued at $458,000 They com sunie annually 4,350 bales of cotton —equal to one sixth of the waolo cotton manu facuring of the West. The capital invested, is $220 • 000. Operations in iron and machinery are much more extensive. Seven rolling mills, iu which are invested a capital of $760.000, con sume annually $22,750 tons of iron, aod produce $1,580,000. There are also, fourteen stove faunderies, which employ 888 hands, and pro duce annually 100 000 stoves at a value of $892,000 In the manufacture of ruaeb'nery, twenty eight establishments are engaged, with an aggregate capital of $592 000. There are employed in them 1 799 bands. They con sume annually 15,431 tons of iron, and the annua! produce is equal to $2 459.000. 1 The manufacture of lard oil is carried on exH'iisiveiy, there being no leas than forty es tablishments engaged in this branch of manu ' facture. 1 hese produce annually 33,000 bar rels of oil. and 7,000.000 pounds of stearine, va'ued in the aggregate at $1,119,000. — Kuna ioU Republican Ct*y of Glasgoec. — The Philadelphia Coun cils have agreed to join in preparations to re . eeive this first steamer of the new line between Liverpool »ud that port, and $1 500 was ap propriated as the portion of expense on the 1 part of the ci y. A f«w days will do* bring e the City of Glasgow into port, and tbe event 0 will open a new epoch in Philadelphia emer |pn" monSTA, ‘IA., WElrVßStr.lv HtlßVtVa, JAVUAILY 8 t-Gl Ji-,UA’U list , Ad Valorem Frauds. —Tho report of ihi Secretary oftho Treasury shows bow the a< valorem system works in the matter of nines Under the tariff of 1842, the importation o Madeira wines was little over 100,000 gallons In 1844 it was only 16,000 gallons. For the last year the importation reached over 300,00(1 gallons. A similar i crease has taken place in the importation of sherry wino. But it is in the price that the greatest change is noticeable, and in this the effect of tho advalorem princi ple is particularly manifest. The price of Madeira wine has fallen, on the custom house invoices, from $2.20 to less than fi/ty cents; the price of sherry has also fallen from $1.38 to 56 cents. Does any body believe that this re 'duction has really taken plate7 Does anv body doubt that it is an outrageous fraud, the whole of it f It is precisely the kind of fraud whieh the system invites; the very frauds which have driven American importers out of the market, and which are fast concentrating the business in the hands of foreigners —Prow dence Journal. Amis Bky. —In consequence of some misap prehensions, not to say misrepresentations, says the New York Commercial Advertiser, respecting the mission of this subject of the Sublime Port, J. P. Brown Esq , dragoman to the American legation in Turkey, has writ teu.aletler tothe Cincinnati Commercial saying that Amin Bey holds the rank of a commander in the Turkish navy, and of lieutenant colonel in the army, and has been sent hither by the liberal minded and humane Sultan to obtain in formation respecting our mechanical, naval and military resources ; that he has had similar con fidential missions, and is eminently deserving of esteem and confidence. Tho American Minister resident at Constantinople and other Americans have repeatedly desired the Sul tauOto send such an ageut to the United States. Jackson, tho American deer, beat the horse ! June Bug, ina race at St. Louis, and won 1 s2llO. There were 1000 spectators, and much money changed hands on bets. The horse was to trot two miles less 406 yards whilst Jackson went one mile. The two first heats were won by Jackson—time, 4:55 5:02; jack son winning tho heat after a hard brush—time, 5:21- The horse went in harness, and was driven by his owner. Lakgz Lark iw Africa.—-A recent letter from Stephen A. Benson, a member of tho Senate of Liberia, states that ;he interior people speak of a large sheet or body of water, being a con siderable distance in the interior cf them, and which requires several weeks’travel to reach. They describe it as being a sea or lake, on whose surface ply large canoes, laden with merchandise of civilized manufactures, and productions of the countries near to it They describe the adjacent tribes as being in an advanced state of civilization—possessing an abundance of horses and cattle. They fight their battles on horseback. Their princi pal weapon is the spear, though they have a few firearms, procured by means of the trade of this lake. 1 heir principal garment is said to be the 'uuic. Nothing New under the Sun.—Mr. Ken net Loftus, an English gentleman, whose name has been recently connected with the subject of Chaldean antiquarian researches, and who is now in tho East, assisting in running the boundary line between Turkey and Persia, writes to a member of the New Castle-upon- Tyne Farmers’ Club, describing a discovery he has made that the ancient Chaldeans had a system of under-draining their lands perfectly similar to the improved system now in vogue in England, their draining tiles, which he has found and traced, b,ing of precisely the same form and materials as those used by the British farmers. Linen and C»tton —We referred some days ago to an invention said to have been successfully tested in England for converting flax by achesp and summary process into the form of what is styled flax cotton, which tnay be woven by the same machinery now used in cotton factories. It is said that samples of this fabric will be exhibited at the World's Fair. Some of the Kentucky papers are showing an earnest desire that the account of this in vention may be correct. Tho price of hemp being some four and a half cents while that of raw cotton is nearly three times as much, the successful introduction of a cheap and expe ditious mode of manufacturing the former material would indeed form an era in the cul ture of hemp in the United States. The in vention of the cotton-gin had a great deal to do with the rapid increase of the cotton crop from year to year in the Southern S'ates; aod a similar result might be expected with regard to hemp and flax, particularly the former, if science and machinery could be made equally available in preparing it for manufacture. The superiority of linen over cottomfibrics— to say nothing of the difference ot price in the raw material —would give to linen goods a superior demand if the expenses of ntatiu- Ca9e9 e< lhalized.— We learn via Malta, that in a gale of wind, onthellth of November, three English, o»e French, one Greek, and one Arab vessel were totally wrecked in the roadstead of Jaffa, and several others suffered more or lees damage. A ship in the Persian Gulf, in the course of twenty months, had her copper encased with living coral to the thickness of two feet. Desir action of the hlarlborangh Cotton fac tory by fire— We regret to learn that the Marlborough Cotton Factory, owned by M, Townsend, E-q . and located near Bennetts ville, in this State, was consumed by fire on the 31st ultimo. So rapid was the progress of the flames, that a part of the hands had to jump from the second story windows. By great exertion the store house, dwelling and cotton house were saved. In the latter were stored 300 bales of cotton. The Factory and machinery -were valued at $20,000 : yarn, loose cotton, &c., 2 000 ; total loss, 22 000. Insurance in Howard Co., New York. 5 000 ; Protection. Hartford, 2,500. — Ch. Courier. The small-pot appears to be spreading ex tensively in the upper districts < f North Car olina—in Statesville, Charlotte, and other towns and villages in the surrounding country, the new cases would seem to be very numer ous. The most stringent measures are being adopted by the respective town-authorities to prevent the disease from spreading.— Ch. Cour. A bottle was picked up by the master of a fishing smack, on Sunday last, off Cape Ro main, which contained the following : Wl.oev -r picks this up. will please report the Robert Y. Ray, a brig 250 tons hailing from Newport, Rhode Island, capsized in the Gulf, and all hands lost.” July 18 1850. Capt. Henry Arlington. We give place to the above without, how ever placing any reliance upon it.— Ch. Cour. United Stales Statistics.— Value of woollen', cottons, hemp, and hempen goods, iron aud iron manufactures, sugar, salt, snd coal, im ported during 1850, $61,835,321; duties $16,. 980 698. In 1849 (he value of such imports was S4B 204.750; duties $13.162 751 Vabieof the imports for 1850. $178,136,318; exports $151,898,720 Domestic produce ex ported, exclusive ol specie, 134,900,232- Fo reign merchandise exported, exclusive of spe cie. $9.475 493. Madeira wine imported in 1850, 303,125 gallons; iu 1849. 193 971 gallons In no previous year since 1843 did the quantity ex ceed 117,000 gallons, and in 1844 it was only 16.000 gallons. In 1843 the average cost was $2,29 per gallon; In 1850 it was lees than fifty cents. Sherry wine imported in 1850,212.092 gallons; in 1848,1215,935: and in no previous year since 1843 did it exceed 77,000 gallons. The cast in 1843 was $1,38 per gallon ; in 1850 it was 56 can s. PoruLATios ot Missouri.—The census has been completed m the fifty counties of Mis souri. These fifty counties contain a popula tion of 360.811. and the Marshal estimates that the same ratio of increase will make the total population ffrff.OOU. In 1840 the total popula tion of the State was 383 702 ; so that, if tbe estimate be correct, the increase has been 288 000 in ten years. Bcasao. —We are informed by a gentleman lately arrived in the city, that the Gin House aud 300 bales of cotton, belonging to Mr. Mo latt, of Dallas county, were burned a few days since —MoiiJa Advertiser. Colonisation. — A proposition is before the Legislature of Kentucky to appropriate $5,000 each year, for five years, to be employed un der the direction of the Kentucky Colonization Society, in removing the free blacks from that State, and colonizing them in Africa. Census or Vermont.—Official census re turns from all the towns m tbe State, with the exception of eight in Rutland county, show tbe present population to be 303 190— a gain iu ten years of 20 668. This will be increased by tbe eight towns to be beard from to about 21,000. Increase in tbe last ten years, about 7 1-10 per cent. Pure American Wine—A Mr. Shamans, is preparing a box of wine of his manufac ture, from grapes grown in Ohio, for the great London Exhibition. The peculiarity of the wine is that it is not fermented in the ostial way. not adulterated with sugar or brandy, but is the pure juice of the Catawba grape, retaining tbe aroma and flavor of the fruit in a remarkable degree. The Cincinnati Gazette stat-s that N Longwor'h, T. H. Yeatmaa, Corneau &, 8 >n. and others, are also prepar ing cases for presentation. A curious phenomenon was recently fonnd in Baldwin county, Ala., that is twins, of which the one is perfectly black and the other a very bright mulatto. The mother is as black as the ace ■ f spades. A great improvement iu tbe manufacture of watches has j tst been made tn Geneva by which watch-keys are rendered unnecessary. Bv simply turning a screw in the handle the watch is wound up, and another movement rcsula'es ’he hand-. Butter, cheese, <k®.— 10 firkiss prime G -shen BUTTER, 100 ooxes CHEESE, 2 bbls. Pickled BEEF, 2 de. do. FORK, 40 do. Hiram Smith Psour, JI bots. aod half bble. BUCKWHEAT, Pekta Tea Company’s TEA. in I, j and j lb., just received by dlj dtf H ARI 4N & ESTES. LISSEED OIL.— A foil suopl* just received, and tor eale by j*4 WM. H. TUTT. 3 ’ POLITICAL. ' 1 Bit ~ a , Report of the soerststry of the Navy. '« This important document, will excite tin '•> usual attention, both on account of the great n interest which attaches to tit, suhject of which n it treats, and of the nuinerons suggestions which it advances in regard to the improve i- meat of this branch of |he public service. I The Secretary commwiccs with a descrip ts tion of the various squadrons into which tho o vessels of our navy havd been distributed du » ring the pastyear, and a review of the services which they have perform'd. The vessels in ■' commission, exclusive of the steamer Miehi ’ gan, which has been cruising on the lakes, I have been employed in squadrons’ > The homo squadron, tGommodore Parker > commanding, flag-ship the frigate Raritan i whose field of operatirov extends from the’ ■ banks of Newfoundland a the mouth of ths Amazon river, has been chiefly occunied in the West Indies and the GWf of Mexico, nnd has performed valuable service in preventing a violation of our in the attempted invasion of tb-A-h and of Cubkl The Pacific squadron the comtnaud of Catesby Jones until the month when he was succeeded by McCanlcr, whoso flagship IS thaWSste Savannah. Three vessels of the sqaa'aWft sro so cruise be tween Cape Horn and Panama, and west ward to the ono hundred and eigntieth degree of longitude, while tho residue will be gene rally employed norlh of die equator The squadron on the coast of Brazil, Com modore McKeever commanding, flag ship t|, e frigate Congress, cruises Pom the mouth of the river Amazon to Cape lloru, and occasion ally eastward to the coast J Africa. Its atten tion has been espwai/jj eclhd to the sup 1 pression of the slave Sra, jfe.ol to u le protec | non of our neutral righisaflxi state of hos tility el ating between thFArgentme Repub lic and the Banda Oriental of Uruguay. The Mediterranean squadron, Commodore Morgan commanding, flig-ship the razee In dependence, has been actively engaged in vis iting the various ports of the Mediterranean, Adriatic, aud the Tho squadron on the coast of Africa, Commodore Gregory commanding, flag-ship the sloop-of war Ports mouth, has been vigilantly employed in break ing up the slave traffic cn the west coast of Africa. The squadron in the East India and China seas, lately under the command of Commo- ' dore Geisinger, was transferred in June last ' to the command of Commodore Voorhies and ' consists of the sloops-of-war Saratoga and Manon. Wherever our flag has been displayed bv a national vesiml, it has received the respect due to tbe national character, and our interests and commerce have been secure under its protection Bhe two brigantines composing the expe dition it. search of Sir John Franklin, at ihe date of their last report to (he Department, had advanced to the 75:h degree of north latitude, and about the 60th degree of west longitude. During the last year nine parties, eight in the Atlantic and one in the Pacific, each in charge of a lieutenant, accompanied by a competent force of midshipmen as assistants, have been actively engaged in ’he coast survey. The Secretary suggests that i; would be more ap propriate as well as more economical that this work, which is now under the direction of the 1 reasury Department, should be assigned wholly to the Navy, as the branch of the ser vice on which the chief share iu its execution now devolves. The vessels of the navy of the United States consist of 7 ships of the line ; I razee ; 12 frigates ;21 sloops-of-war ; 4 brigs; 2 schooners; 5 steam frigates; 3 steamers of the Ist class ; 6 steamers less than Ist class, and 5 ■loreships. Ol these there are in commission, 1 razee ; 6 frigates; 15 sloops-of-war; 4 brigs; 2 schoofters, (coast survey;) 2 steam frigates; I steamer of the Ist class; 3 steamers less than Ist class ; 3 ships-of-thd-line, as receiving ships ; 1 steamer do.; and 1 sloop do. There are also on the slocks and in pro gress of construction 4 ships of the line and 2 frigates. To the foregoing may be added as a contin gent naval force, the various mail steamers which are liable in an emergency to be con verted into vessels of war, viz : 5 steamers of the Ist class, already constructed ; 1 con strutted, but not yet received ; and 4 contracted for, but not yet constructed. Permanent stone docks have been many years since erected at the yards in Charlestown and Norfolk, and a third is nearly completed in that at Brooklyn Floating balance-docks, with stone basins and railways are expected to be completed for uso at Portsmouth and Pen sa< ?la in the course of the ensuing year, and a floating sectionai dock, also with a stone ba sin and railway, at Philadelphia within the same period. Proposals have been invited for dock. basin.’and rail* ..y orFthe coast el the Pacific. The personnel of the navy comprises 68- captains, 97 commanders, 327' lieutenants, 68 surgeons, 37 passed assistant surgeons, 43 assistant surgeons, 64 pursers, 24 chaplains, 12 professors of mathematics, 11 masters in the hue of promotion, and 461 passed and other midshipmen ; to which is to bo added, besides oilier warrant officers, according to the annual appropriation for pay and sub.istance, 7,500 petty officers, seamen, ordinary seamen, lands men, and boys. Tho capacity cf the country to enlarge thi* force whenever desirable may be readily per ceived by stating that we have now in the mer cantile m rine 3,000,000 of tons of shipping an amount greater than that of any other nation of the world ; and, according to the ordinary estimate of six men to every one hundred tons, there are in our merchant ser vice 180,000 seamen. And obvious fault of the present organiza tion of the personnel of the navy, as above set forth, is the disparity between the heat| and the subordinate parts (tis believad that the list of supernumerary officers, at least in the three higher grades, is greater than is de manded for an effective naval establishment It is, therefore, recommended that the number he reduced to 60 captains, 80 commanders, 300 lieutenants, with corresponding modifica tions in the inferior grades. The size of the navy being lhu« determined, it is further re commended that, from time to time, as officers may decline in capacity for useful service, they may be retired from the active list oa terms both juat and liberal. The Secretary proposes that in all future promotions to a captaincy or to a higher rank, if such shall be established, seniority shall not be regarded, and merit shall be esteemed the only criterion of selection. This will appear to be more eminently just and proper, since under the present system, no brevet rank is allowed to reward the must acknowledged professional superiorl y. Another de ectiu the present establishments, i* t!ie disparity between the ages of subaltern officers nnd their grades, proceeding from th? fixed number* in each rank and the failure to provide for any promotion, except in cises of vacancy. The senior passed midshipmen, now in the service, are older than were Perry, Decatur, and IHacdonough, when they achiev ed their victories. To rc.nedy this defect two methods have been severally suggested by officers of great merit and intelligence : Ist To reduce the numberof midshipmen, so as to furnish only so many as may be re qnired to supply the higher grades as vacan cies may occur. 2d. To educate a number as great as that now established, and to fix an age in every grade, upon the attainment of which, if no va cancy exDtfor promotion, they may be retir ed from the navy to find employment in the merchant service, and to supply a reserve corps, in case of war, of the most efficient character. The whole subject is submitted for the de libeffftuon of Another recommendation of the Secretary is, that the office of Commodore, (a ti le now given merely by courtesy to officers who have commanded squadrons.) be recognised by law, and that at least two officers be created of the rank es rear admiral. This is considered im portant in order to plaee the highest officers of our navy on an equality wiih those of other nations whom they are accustomed to meet on the ocean. It is necessary, also, in order to put them on an equality as to rank with the high er officers of the army. By the established rule of relative rank, a captain, the highest officer in our navy, ranks only with a colonel. No good reason can be perceived why the highest officer of one service should not be equal in rank with the highest officer of the other. rear admiral is the correlative rank to a trajor general. It Congress shall hereaf ter add the rank of lieutenant-general to the army,it may be accompanied by its correlative of vice-admiral in the navy. Os the two rear admirals proposed, one might be most usefully employed at the De partment itself, when noton mere active duty, in a connexion similar to that of the General in chief and the Adjutant General with tbe Department of War. The other, when notin command at sea, should establish his quarters at San Francisco, or other point on tho Pacific coast, and should be invested with ths command over all the naval officers and seamen west of the Rocky Mountaias as well as the naval for ces in the Pacific aad in the China and Eas» indiisess. The distance of our Pacific coast from the seal of Government is too great for an energetic eyeteu* of naval operations or even for tbe enforcement of proper discipline under the exis io< bxw. The necessity of maintaining an efficient na val force in the Pacific, io order to protect a coast more than one thousand miles in length, and to give protection and encouragement to our whale fisheries, is fully *et forth in the re port. The longed voyage now made bv nav igators is from our Atlantic to our Pacific pons. It is therefore advised as a matter of economy, both in expense and time, that when a sufficient number of ships shall be placed on the Pacific side of the coa’inent, they be re tained therefor permanent use, the crews be ing enlisted in the Atlantic ports and bent out in Government transports on the ordinary Lne of travel across the Isthmus of Pa- ; nama. | Although nut of opin’on that war steamers • will ,urperwa« safl as akip, «f war, tha j Secretary is thoroughly *p**rsupdvd that they will be m<Hi valuable auxiliaries A letter io _ submitted from an officer of much experience “ | in tho command ol war steamers, iu regard to • their efficiency simply as striking bodies-in running down an enemy’s veegels Attention f is also called to the recommendation of the Bureau of Construction, that our sail ahips-of war hereafter to be coostrupted be furnished with steam propeller?, to be used on occa sions where celerity of motion adverse to the prevailing winds may be important. ’ €>fthe four steamers authorized to bo built by the act of 1847, the Saranac only is ready i for sea She will be retimed in the home squadron The Susquehanna, when cornplo ted, will be attached to (he East India squadron, and the two remaining ones will be sent tv the Pacific and the coast of Brazil. The commandants of Fquadrons are to be required to meet at certain limes and places for the purpose of exercising in fleets, The Naval Academy is described as in a flourishiag condition. Tbe attachment to the academy of a practice ship, fir the purpose of prac’ical instruction, is regarded as an im provement of great value. It is recommended th at a few appointments at larg j of midshipmen be allowed to the Pres ident as a of promoting youfe pi ex- traordinary Iho d : ‘ficffeney (he utides of war far t the government es the nnvy is r*>furred • r., with csp» c«r-i reference tu the altera tion made in them by the abolition of flogging. This abolition has lef t in the handa of authority but few other punishment, than those of death and imprisonment. It has in n »degree abated the severity of the penal code. But it was possibly rhe infli :tion of this punishment in a summary way by a commander of a ship,-'tin which there had doubtless been abuses, that was intended to be remedied The opinion of a board of officers, assembled for another pur pose, has been asked on several questions con nected with this change of liiscip! , is suggested that a coAmiiuee of C r >v take tho testimony on oath ofexperienced sea men, as well as officers, in reference to a pro per code of discipline for tho service. The operations of tho several lines of mail steamers and the payments made upon their contracts, are set forth. It is recommended that a line for the transportation of the mails from San Francisco to Madho, Shanghai, or other point in Eastern Asi i, *.4ffier by steamers or sail vessels, be established. T-he operations at tho National Observatory and Hydrographical office continue to be con dneted in a manner highly satisfactory. The astronomical expedition, under Lieut. Giiliss, to Santiago de Chili, with a view to a new de tPFtnilinf inn r,C a c .1 ..if. < I termination of the distance of the earth from the sun, by observations carried on st the sane time there and here, and other scientific ob jects, has prosecuted its labors successfully, aud has been signally favored by the Chilian ( government and people. The preparations for the publication of an American NationalfaAlinanac, by Lieutenant Davis, under the direc ion of the Department, are in an advanced stale of progress. The experiments of Professor Page in test ing the applica ion of electro-magnetiain as a motive power in mechanics have been con tinued. and he is now engaged in preparation for a trial trip of a locomotive on a railroad propeded by this power. The meteorological observations of Professor Espey are still in progress. The course of experiments in gunnery, and the preparation of ordnance find ordnance stores of ail kinds at the ravy yard in Washington, have been conducted in a manner highly satisfactory to the Depart ment. A board of naval officers has been convened, for advice and information on the question of rank between officers of the military and civil branches of the naval service, and the relative rank of officers of the army and navy when acting together. The joint hoard of officers of tho army and navy, who have been engaged in the examina tion of our Pacific coast with reference tr har bors. fortifications, light houses, navy yards, and docks, is expected to finish its work in the present month,and roturn io the seat of Gov ernment. The sums total of appropriations required for all objects under the supervision of the Department is $8,111,609. Ofthfo sum the amount required for the naval service and ma rine corps for the year is $5,900,621. The above aggregate is less by more than a million of dollars tnan were the estimates for the ore sent year To it, however, must be .added the amount which may be required for the dry dock on the coast of the Pacific. The Secre tary suggests that the appropriations for the annual support of the navy be separated here after from those for fixed and permanent ob jects on shore. The expenditures of the Department during the year ending June 30,1850, were $7 891 - 891 94, of which sum the amount expended for the support of the and marine corpa was $5,523 722 83. The unexoended bilance of appropriation?, at the date last mentioned, was $3,839 253 84, all of which will be re ■gnirrisi nuintaafiin* nMiaafinna fnr ifaw . The remaining recommendations of the re port are certain reforms proposed by the chief of the Bureau of Provis ons and the chief of theßureauof Medicine and Surgery; that the num of $200,000. part of the Naval Hospital Fund, hje invested in stocks; an I that an augmentation be made in the Marine corps. REPORT OF THK SECRETARY OF THE TREASURE. Trbasumy Department, Dec., 1850. The Secretary of tbe Treasury reports : Receipts and Expenditures. The receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year end ing Juno 30, 1850, were— Receipts from customs $39 Receipts from public land. 1.859,894 25 Receipts from miscellaneous sources* 1,547,218 23 Receipts from avails of stock issued for specie deposited 399,050 00 Receipts from avails of Treasury notes funded 3 646,900 00 47,421,748 90 Add balance in Treasury July I, 1849 2,184,961 23 819,506,713 13 The ex pen li’ures for the same fiscal year were in cash *39.355.268 69 Treasury notes funded ,•••• 3.646,900 00 43.002, .63 69 Leavin» a bahnee in the Treasury July 1, ISSO, of--- *6,604,541 49 Estimates. The estimated receipts anti expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30 1851, are — Receipts from customs, Ist quarter, by actual returns -914,764,043 05 Receipts from customs, 21, 31, and 4ih quarters, as estimated 30,235,956 95 45,000,000 00 Receipts fretn public lands 1,967,000 0 “ miscellaneous sources•• • 625,0c0 00 *47,592 OGO 00 Receipts from avails of Treasury n->tes funded •••• .... n 116,050 00 T. til receip’s 347,705(50 00 Add balance in Treasury July 1, ’SO 6,601,.54 149 Total means, as estimated *54,312,594 49 Expenditures, viz : Tbe actual expenditures for the quarter ending Sep tember 30, 1850. were ••• *5,983,43'2 99 The estimated expenditures during the other three quarters, from Ist Octo ber, 1350, l<> 30th June, 1851. are — Civil list, foreign intercourse, and mis- cellaneous 13,719,094 31 Expenses of collecting the revenue from customs 1,500,000 00 Expenses of collecting the revenue from lands 170,835 00 Army proper, (fcc 9,099,716 72 Fortifications, ordnance, arming militia, &,c. 2,261,370 C 6 Internal improvements, &c. 327,309 76 Indian Department..*. 4,363.867 51 Pensions 1,380,583 40 Naval establishment 9 508,858 88 In erest on public debt 3,694,321 03 Purchase of the stock of loan of 1847* 844,207 24 53 tfad,s97 50 Leaving balance in the Treasury July I, 1851 *458 996 99 Tbe estimated receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year commencing July 1, 1651, and ending June 30, 1852, are: Receipts from custom* 45,000,000 00 Receipts from public lands 1,600,000 00 “ miscellaneous sources.. 200,000 CO Total estimated receipts 46,800,000 00 Add estimated balance in the Treasury July 1, 1851 458,996 90 Total estimated means *47,258,996 99 The expenditures for the same period, as estimated by the several Departments of State. Treasury, In terior. War, Navy, aod Postmaster General, are — The balance of form r appropriations which will be required to be expended this year•• *4,929,224 97 Permanent and indefinite a[prop ia- tiuoc 9,528,279 17 Specific appropriations asked for this year 33,667,489 04 *43,124,993 18 This sum is composed of the following particulars, viz : Civil list, foreign interc- urse, and miscellaneous, inaluding Mexican indemnity *12,713,625 15 Expenses of collecting the revenue Irorn customs 2,450,000 00 Expenses of collecting the revenue from lands 170.200 00 Army proper, &z 10,287,151 80 Fortificaiioos, erdnanee, arming mili- tia. dec 2,307,575 46 Internal improvements. Ac 1.330,773 89 Indian department 1.751.517 76 Pensions 2 645.900 00 Nava! establishment, including dry docks aod oceed steam mail contracts 10.159,375 09 Interest on public debt 3,665.321 03 t Purchase of stock of the loan of 1847.. 340,156 96 Redemption ofstock isai’ed uader act ’ 9th August, 1846 303,391 04 *48,124,993 18 Estimated expenditures over estimat- • ed means up to July 1, 1852 *865,996 19 1 The foregoing does not include the interest 1 to be paid on the Texas boundary stock. IFork Done. t By the joint re«olntion of 14th February r last, the s»i»n of $2,450,000 appropriated - to defray the annual expenses of collecting the revenue, in addition :o such "uids ‘ a< may be ■s received from storage, cartage, drayage, and e j abor.” -w--l - ■ l— Bv the provisions of the act of 3d March, 5 1849, in lieu of the nett revenue, “the gross n amount of all duties received from customs, r> from the sales of the public lands, and from ail n miscellaneous sources,” wero required to be j paid into the treasury without u any abatement 9 or deduction” whatever. This devolved upon f the Department the necessity of transferring 1 all coin received to (he depositaries designated by the act of 6th August, 1846, and re-trans- > porting the sums necessary for the current ami incidental expenses of collecting the reve t nue, or tho exercise of the impliad discretion r ary powers conferred by the same act upon the Secretary of the Treasury to designate such other depositaries ae circumstances might require. The collectors of customs and sur veyors of interior ports have, therefore, been made depositaries, and given bends as such. I concur in the views of my predecessor that the change was a salutary one. The labors of the collectors and their clerks, though large ly increased thereby, have been, in general, performed by the force authorized at the date i of my assuming the duties of this Depart ment. The law of 29th-'*flfaty last, directing all con. f veyanees of vessel* te be recorded at the cos- > lorn house*, necessarjiy required some addition 19 clfflieal foiee, el.rk for that dot; ,a» bean Mihorir.ed ai r j each of the larger the fees allowed, it | im •**’!! equaTthe expenses incurred thereby. I transmit herewith statement C. showing ’the amount of money expended at each cus tom house in the United States during the fis cal year ending the 30th June last, the number of persons employed aud the occupation and salary of each person at each of said custom houses during the period aforesaid,” as requir ed by the 6th section of the act of 3d March, 1849. Ihe act of 30-h September last authorized i thei ernplojrwfiit of ten additional, inspectors cnarting clauae, and th« relief an much re i quired awaits the further legislation .f Con gress. By the act of 28th September last, aix col- > lection districts were creat.d on the Pacific and 1 two east of the Rocky mountains, on our I northern frontier. These give occasion for a large increase in the personnel of the depart ment of customs, and a more than correspoa.- i ding increase in the expenditures. The maxi-, innm salaries of those officers attached to the Pacific districts designated by that act, though iti general reduced by the Department, are be- *" lieved to be only commensurate with the ex penses attendant upon a residence in Ihatooun- I.- '.. l r. try. That basis, as fixed by Congress, has been the standard adopted by the Department relatively, for the compensation of the subor dinate officers, and in the exercise of the dis cretion given by the first section of the joint resolution of 14th February last, such salaries have heea assigned a., in the opinion of the Department, were required to insure to the Government, officers of ability and integrity, nnd full reliance is placed upon an honest and faithful discharge of the onerous and responsi ble duties devolving upon them in that, remote section of our country. Ihe great reduction of the revenue marine made by my predecessor, in consequence of the limited appropriations, has been represented as injurious in its effects. This branch of the service, intimately connected with, and neces sary to, the collection of the revenue, is, in the opinion of the Department, a proper sub ject for distinct appropriations, and I have there fore submitted estimates for that service upon a basis of twenty revenue vessels, a less num ber by four, than existed previous to that re duction. Public Debt. According to the last annual report from this De partment the public debt on the Ist December, 1849, including 818,821 48 in Treasury notes and stock not then stated, was $64,723,515 16 Since that period the following reductious have been made, viz : On account of the debt of the cities of the District of Columbia, assumed by the act of 20th May, 1836-... 860,000 00 On account of the old funded and un- funded debt 3 J 49 ]o Os Treasury notes 1,877 67 And of the stock of 1847 130/250 00 4495,276 79 The above stock was purchased at market rates, through the agency of Messrs. Corcoran & Riggs, and which but for the great demand for Government securities, increasing their price beyond the limit fixed by the Department in its instructions to its agents, would have qeen somewhat increased. Tho public debt on the 30th November last was 864,228,238 37, viz: Old funded and unfunded debt re deemable on presentation 119,585 98 Debts of the district cities, assumed by Congress, $60,000, payable an „.nual|y- 90'000 00 rive per cent, stock per act of Au- gust, 1846, redeemable August 9, 1851 ■■;■■■ 303,573 92 Six per cent, loan of 22J July, 13 6, redeemable November 12, 1856*. 4.999,149 45 Six percent. Joan of 15th April, 1842, redeemable December 31, 1862.. 8,198,686 03 Six per cent, loan o( 28th January, 1847, redeemable first January, 1868. 27,135 122 00 Six percent, loan of 28th January, 1847, redeemable Jan’y let, 1868. 154,328 00 Six per cent, loan of 31 st March, 1848, redeemable July 1, 1868... 15,740,000 00 Treasury notes issued prior to 1846, payable on presentation, if con verted into stock, under the act of January 28th, 1847, will be re deemable July 1, 1868 209,561 64 *64,228,238 37 Estimates. Tbe total actual cash receipts into tbe Treasury from all sources during the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1850, were *43,774,848 90 The total cash expenditures for tbe same period were. 39,355,268 69 The actual and estimated cash re ceipts from all sources for the year ending 30th June, 1651, arc 47,592,000 00 The actual and estimated cash ex- penditures for the same period amount to 53,737,547 50 The total estimated cash receipts for the year ending 30ih June, 1852, amount to 46,800,000 00 The total estimated cash expendi- tures for the same period amount to. 48,124,993 19 I am well aware that these actual and esti mated expenditures may justly be deemed large, and therefore in submitting thorn, it ie proper that they be accompanied by such ex planations and statements as will distinguish the ordinary from the extraordinary demands upon the treasury, aud show that the aggre gate is no greater than is demanded by a due regard to economy and the obligations of the Government. I annex a table, marked H, exhibiting the total expenditures, exclusive of payments on account of trust funds and public debt, ex penses of collecting the revenue from customs, lands. &.c. t for three periods, viz: Ist. For the years ending 30th June, 1843, ’44, ’45, or immediately preceding the Mexi can war. 2d. For the years ending 30th June, 1846. 47 , 48. embracing the period of the war, and 3d. For the years ending 30th June, 1849, *SO, ’sl, actual and estimated, or the three years subsequent to the treaty of peace. It will be seen that, for the three years prior to the war, the aggregate expenditures, exclu sive of trust funds, public debt, and the ex penses of collecting the revenue from customs, lands, Ac., were *63,833,704 93 Averaging annually. *21.277 931 64 For the three years of tbe war. 125,201,017 11 Averaging 41,733,672 37 And for the three years immediately subsequent thereto.. 116,922,178 82 Averaging annually•• 33,974,059 61 Including the expenses of collecting the revenue from customs, public lands, duties returned, drawbacks, debentures, bounties, Ac., none of which have appeared in the expenditures heretofore exhibited prior to the 30th June, 1819. (as all these items were, previously to that date, deducted from tbe revenue before the latter was paid into the _ ury. leaving only the nett, xeceipto to figure u the annua! statememsTihe aggregate expenditures for the first period will be Eeea to have been *76,230,541 83 Averaging *25,410,180 61 For the second period *137,189,666 97 Averaging *45,7^9,8c8 99 And for the third period *125,106,754 18 Averaging -*41,702,251 39 It thus appears that these largely increased expenditures commenced in the year 1845-'6, and in consequence of the war with Mexico, and it will be shown that by reason of our new acquisitions of territory, and the fulfilment of the obligations of the Government resulting from that war, a continuance of these expen ditures will be required for an indefinite period. Annexed are statements (land J) showing the total annual expenditures, exclusive of the payments on account of (he public debt, as made and estimated to be made under the di rection of the several heads of Departments for the years ending 10:h June, 1846-’7-’B’-9-'SO - and ’52, or the seven years subsequent to the declarat on of war with Mexico. Also statement (K.) showing the quantities and val ues of the public lands required to satisfy war rants issued, and to be issued, under the sever al acts granting lands, distinguishing, of such expenditures and values, those occasioned by said war from those demanded by the other wise ordinary requirements of the Govern ment upon the peace establishment prior to said war. The actual and estimated expendi tures for the seven years ending on »he 30th June, 1852, amount to.—.. .$294,807,407 95 The expenditures i'or tbe year anding ' 30tb June, 1845, tbe year immedi ately preceding the war with Mexi co having been *21,380,049.3), ‘ the aggregate expenditures for the 1 seven aucceeding years upon that , | basis would have amounted to-••• 149,660,345 52 ’ I Snowing an excess over the peace es- ’ tabhshmer.t of 1945 of *145,147,062 43 This excess of expenditures is io be accounted for ) as follows : The actual and estimated expenditures of the War Department for seven years subeequtnt to the ae claration of the war with Mexico, are *117,976,495 31 . Under peace establishment of 1845, as j before stated, they would bare been, 35.643,749 54 Excess occasioned by said war *82,232,745 77 Tbeactual and estimated expenditures ■ oi cue Navy Department amoa'jt te *63,659,331.74, would have been aa VOL;LXV—NEW SERIES VOD.XV-NO 2- > par Statement L 43,600,473 61 i Excess *19,058,858 11 | Pensions paid under acts of 1848, to 30th June, 1850 1,198,141 1? Do. estimated for 1851 and 1852 ••• 1,525,000 0C Indians iu new territory to 30th Juoe, 1852 204,830 40 Instalments and interest under 12th article of treaty with Mexico 16,388,396 37 Payment of liquidated claims against Mexico, per act 29th July, 1848««» 2,089,578 84 Renewal of diplomatic intercourse with Mexico 37,560 61 Expenses of Board of Commissioners oo Mexican claims-••••••••••• 44,428 39 Surrey of boundary tine between Uni- ted States and Mexico 335.000 00 Surrey of coast of California 200,000 00 Light houses, dry-dock, custom house, and hi a rine hospital in California*. 640,000 00 Territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico.... 147,300 CO Expenses of loans and Treasury notes ( w «) 150,879 41 Amount to 1852, occarioned by the war ........................*124.252,719 09 : And for objects not included in tho ‘ auiu as Che expeediiores for 1845, [ made in pursuaac. of hcU Gorernm- o* during a peri-'J avbee qeeu to and prior te 4th March, 184$ Office deficiency aad ffftowsr- - ' ' ~ i-. Seventh cenpus Erection of Patent Office 600’000 00 lying deficiencies in Post Office Department and for Department mail matter 1,768,752 57 expenses of collecting tbe revenue from customs, lands, Ac., never ex hibited in the expenditures prior to 30th June, 1849 6,813,557 95 Kxpendiluree on account ot the Smith- eoniao Inatitute 412134 70 f funding dutiw, debentures, draw- K-’’ tacka, - - 'ldiw To which sum of- 8138, may be added for building light : houses, beacons, bouys, dto 974,795 26 Marins hospitals, custom-houses, and support thereof- 1,288,741 87 Increase of expenditures in tbe legis- lative, executive, and judiciary De- pirtmente the sum of- 4,205,751 50 And for miscellaneous items not enu- merated 529,443 64 8145,147,062 43 Sum as above to 30th June, 1852, chargeable to the m w »r-_ 8124,252,719 03 To which may be added interest on war debt to 30th June. 1852 13.387.544 0B uuui ouui «*uae, Id,do/,ba4 uo Interest on war debt from 30th June, ’52, to maturity <1,173,493 38 Public lands granted and to be grant- ed, as estimated - 17,346,750 00 Claims pending and estimated by Third Auditor.. 765,069 37 Texas boundary stock to be issued.. 10,000,0*0 00 Interest on do. for 14 years, at 5 per c ent 7,000,000 00 Mexican claims per treaty, stock to be issued 3,250,000 00 Thus we have, as expenditures and liabilities chargeable directly to said war, and tbe acquisitions of territo ry consequent upon the treaty of peace, the sum of. *217,175,575 89 This does not include many claims presented and to be presented, arising indirectly from lhe war, their great variety forbidding even an approximation either as to number or amount. Statement R gives the annual expenditures from 1828 to 1841, ranging from $12,530,846 43, iu 1828. to $25,745,776 28 in 1841, the ave rage annual increase being $923,52356, exclu sive of ail expenses of collecting the reven ue, &c. The expenditures for the four succeeding years from 1841 to 1815, are averaged in consequence of the change in the fiscal year, tbe average being *22,987,411 78 A diminution in the average, as com pared with the four preceding years, of- 3,481,158 95 Amounting, in the aggregate, t 0.... 13,924,635 €0 The estimated expenditures for the year ending 30ih June, 1852, are* 48,124,993 18 The expenditures under the peace establishment of 1845, exclusive of the public debt, were, 21,390 049 36 Excess for the year ending 30th June 1852 *26,744,943 82 By reference to statements (S, I, M, and O,) it will be seen that, of these estimated expenditures for the year ending 30th June, 1852, the excess over the expenditures of 1845, required by the War Department in consequence of the war and our new territories, is *6.002,658 43 Navy Department-•• 3,930,736 00 Pension acts of 1848 840,000 00 Mexican instalment A interest 3,180,000 00 Survey of boundary line- 100,000 00 Light-houses, dry dock, Ac. in Cali- fornia 300,000 00 Territorial governments, Utah and New Mexico 70,200 00 toms, bounties, &c. not included >n 1845 3,484,775 04 Expenses land sales do. do 170.200 03 Patent Office 3SO,OOi> on Payment on acc’t of the principal of the public debt 643.548 00 Survey of the coast of California...• 100.000 00 Smithsonian Institute-i ... 30,910 14 Deficiencies in Post Office Depart- ment 200,000 00 $23,199,148 64 By deducting this aggregate of excess $23,199,148 64, from the aggregate estimated expenditures fur the year ending 33th June, 1852, of $48,124,993 18, there will remain, as the estimated ordinary expenditures, the sum of $24,925,844 54. Thus it will be seen that of the aggregate expenditures, actual and estimated ; for 'he seven years ending on the 30th Jun*. 1852. amounting to $294,807,407 95, the sutn of $138,148 330 18, exclusive of $13,387,544 06 interest on lhe war debt, is required to sustain the faith of the Government, pledged or im plied, or arising in consequence of its acta duriug a period subsequent to 30th June, 1845, aud prior to Ist July, 1849. Some of the object, of these estimated ex penditures, by reason of the extended area of territory, have been made either permanent charges upon the Treasury, or will continue for a long series of years, and may be stated as follows. Excess of expenditures of War Department; Navy Department; Pensions; lute rest on War Debt; Territorial Governments: Sur vey of Boundary Line; Surrey of Coaat of California ; Indians. Further experience will undoubtedly result in compelling still greater expenditures in the fulfilment of treaty stipulations, and in con trolling and subduing the Indians ard other lawless bands with which our newly acquired Territories are infested, and before there will be that permanent emigration to and settle ment therein of that class of our citizens so necessary tea full development of the resour ces and defence of that country. These charges upon the Treasury, not found in our expenditures in former times, arising from our greatly expanded territorial limits, will doubtless, for the present, press heavily, but we may confiden ly expect au ample com pensation for these additional burdens, in the immense mineral wealth of our new acquisi tions and the rich commerce which our com manding position on the Pacific ocean open, to the enterprise of our countrymen. frauds upon the Revenue. In obedience to the act of 10th May, 1800, whereby it is made the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury “to digest, and prepare, and lay before Congress, at the commencement of every session, a report on the subject of fi nance. containing estimates of the public rev enue and public expenditures, and plans for improving or increasing the revenue from time to time,” I feel it my duty, in view of our necessarily increased expenditures and ma turing liabilities, to submit to the wisdom of Congress such suggestions as the present slate ol piir country and the revenues seem to de maad. “ We cannot overlook the fact, in our esti mates of future revenue, that the last three or four years have been exceptional ones ; that we are indebted fer our large revenu.s in part to the famine, the revolutions and the broken down markets of Europe. Tbe ease with which the low duties under the actoflß46 may be reduced still lower by successful frauds and under-valuations, combined with the causes just stated, have induced a large excess of im portation. But lhe markets "f Europe are recovering their tone, the effects of the famine are passing away, our country is filled, it ie be lieved, to excess with foreign goods, aod it would be contrary to all reasonable expecta tion to look for a continuance of these large importations. The provisions of the act of July, 1846, have been found insufficient for the preventioa of frauds and undervaluations, The extent '<> which they have been carried, and the degree in which they have beeu rendered systematic and complete, have been highly detrimental to the revenue. The Department has long given the subject of these frauds its most earnest at tention, anil exhausted all its authority for their prevention and detection, but they are still of such magnitude, and so demoralizing in their effects, as to demand the immediate in terposition es Congress. A special cnmmunication on this subject was made to tbe Senate on the 26th September last, in answer to a resolution of that body, and as that embraced much that would other wise be incorporated in thia report, a copy thereof is annexed hereto. The numerous frauds, by means of under valuations, have been and continue to be sys tematically perpetrated, and that they are con fin-jd neither to one class of articles, one mar ket, nor one port oftbe United States, this Department has an accumulation of tbe most undeniable evidence. This proof, conus ting of a great variety ot details, will with great pleasure be sub mt ted to Congress, or any of its committees that may be charged with the subject Through the vigilance of the appraisers, vast numbers of advances upou invoices have , s een made. At Boston and New , number so advanced, from January, *4 » ° r October Ist, 1850, amounted to mors than 4000 (table T) ranging from 6 per cent, to up wards ol 410 per cent. rr-u Siafajnem U- w koit, <na >3 !is cited as exhibiting nor only the system ,f fraudulent undervaluations, bu tthe inequality 1 d,ffe,en ‘ P° r “ of (ha United states under the present system. The fruit 8 was shipped by the name house about the same •0 time, one cargo arriving at Philadelphia, one at Mew York, and eno at Boston, the quality u and invoice value being the same. At Phila , delphia it passed at the invoice value ; at New York the appraisers advanced it 75 per cant, 4 and at Boston 92 per cent., and no objeetiou or appeal from the decision of the appraisers 1 was made. I would respectfully and earnestly urge up- 3 on Congress to inquire fully into the practical operation of onr present system of imposing 3 duties upon the foreign cost or values of mer- 1 chandize, being fully satisfied that the longer . it is continued the weaker will become the re straints npon and the stronger the induaemeat ) to the commission of frauds, by misrepresent ing the dutiable values. IFuys and Maaes. The estimated receipts from customs, as pre sented for the remainder of the current year, and for the year ending 30th June, 1852. are baaed upon a continuance for the present large amount of imports. Aside from onr increased etpcmtiwrea and “wluaive of, estimated par-,, chav.' ate• <s have to provide so» 87,- SS ttf.be ? Mic debt which mattfrW will-in :-b nest iv fiscelvsara. J? ‘ th “ in the recent war with Mexico, together with a variety of demands arising out of that war, present the amount of liabilities for which it becomes the duty of Congress to provide. Our trade with foreign nations, and Jh±-' moneys arising from thesUss of, public ' have constituted heretofore the which^ the annual ezpeaaeowf the GovernpMV. has' - ana GoiSniuiiiif, duties on imports hare boon re garded as the least objectionable mode of rais- J mg revenue. By the various acts of Congress appropria- I ting the public lands to objects which with- I draw them from ordinary revenue purposes, 4 it is quite certain that, for several years to come, ths Treasury must be mainly, if not entirely, dependent for its receipts upon duties levied upon foreign merchandize. The act of the 28th January, 1847, ap propriates the entire proceed of the sales of the public lands to the payment of the principal I and intAraaf nf th* Iman r>rmeri<4mJ Asm k«r oL-o ana interest ot the loan provide* for by that law. By reference to table D, it will bo found that the loan for the redemption of which this fund is appropriated, amounts to $27,135,122, the interest upon which at six per cent per annum, is to be paid semi-annually, and the principal on the first January, 1863. The law recently enacted giving lands tn those who served in the war with Mexico, and, at the last session, to such as had served in former wars, in addition to grants to States for internal improvements, will undoubtedly supply the market with the greater portion of the lands that will be required for occupation for many years to ceme. Thia source of rev enue, therefore, small indeed comparatively, but still, in the ten yean preceding 1848, avail able for an annual average of $2,993,616 19, should not hereafter be relied upon with any certainty or to any considerable amount in estimating the receipts of the Treasary. Statement K, appended to this report, shows, the nnmber of warrants located by the acts to which reference has been made, and the number yet to be located, as estimated from the pay-rolls and other evidences on file, with the quanitity of lands io acres, required to satisfy them. The quantity of lands sold, and taken from market, by virtue of those war rants for the years 1847. 1848, and 1849, is 14,727,742 40 acres, averaging 4,909,247.46 acres par annum, valued at $18,911,134 76, averaging $6,303,711 58 per annum. The warrants yet to be presented under these acts will require 78,922,513 acres rained at $98.653140. At the above average of 4,909,247.46 acres per annum, over sixteen years will Ise required to absorb and satisfy the warrants yet to be issued, as estimated, under the several bounty land acts now in force. There will then be diverted from the Treasu ry, from the sale of lands the sum of $113,245,- 896, net anticipated at the date when the reve nue law of 1846 was enacted. This state of things imposes upon Congress the duty of determining whether the laws now existing, with the rates of duties imposed by them on foreign merchandise, will produce the amount necessary to defray the annual or dinary expenditures of the Government, and meet punctually the interest on the public debt. The ability of the country to discharge every obligation upon it, if aided by wise and timely legislation, is unquestionable. If am ple provision stiailbo made for the prompt dis charge of annually a. ereiuj Itabiiitioe, the --nublic faith,. "ill »n micii a i, duticThowcvcr applie^ t many articles of trade, when tion, or eafegirP.'tnout discrimination, rastrie perience of this 'TH.been proved by the ex to many and strong objecOM, to bo subject is to cherish a spirit of overtrading wandency jurious to the industry of our own all its departments, and, in its final results, fatal to the revenue. Considering this system only in itsoperation upon revenue, it is believ ed that the experience of the most enlightened commercial nations of Europe has proved it to he impolitic and unsafe. Under the operation of the British tariff, revised in 1846. the whole revenue derived from articles paying ad va forsm duties has been only an average of about £38.000 ($182,000) per annum : in a gross receipt from customs of £22 000.0?0 ($105,000,000) being less than •ntfiJtA es om per cent, of this immense iseome from im posts, and the evident design of Parliament was to make ipecifi* duties the source of rev enue from imposts, so far as it possibly could be effected. A like policy has also always been pursued by the other commercial nations u s Europe. The primary object to be kept in view in levying duties upon imports is admitted te be revenue. Il io equally well established as th* policy and duty of the Government so to dis criminate in the levying of d*rios, as, without falling below the necessary amount of rev enue, to give the greatest encouragement pos sible to all the industrial pursuits of eur own people. One feature of the law of 1846, in the epinion of this Department, is opposed to both the controlling priueiplosjust stated. I have reference to an equal, er higher rate of duty on the raw material, than upon the manufae tured article of which it is composed. Such provisions certainly take from the manufae turerand artisan, that encouragement which the present law doubtlese, to some extent, was intended to afford, and also ehock the importation of the raw material to a degree detrimental to the revenue. The constant fluctuations in prices, and consequently in the duties, under any unrestricted ad valorem ta riff, give to the act of 1846 that moat objection able feature, instability. These variations, giving a high duty whoa least required, and low duties when prices are ruinous, tend to an excess of importations, and subject all the products of labor in our own country to the frequent and euormoue fluctuations in the markets abroad, arising from the disturbed condition of those nations with whom our foreign commerce is chiefly carried on. Under the prosent system, duties are highest when the article imported is highest, and when the purchaser and consumer ean least afford to pay the duty ; and lowest when the price of the article wanted would allow a heavy additional duty to be levied on it. Thus, if an article costs $lO, a duty of thirty per cent, would compel an addition of $3; if that arti cle falls in value to $5, then is the duty re duced one half. That eannot be a wholesome system of tax ation which follows the consumer in his pur chmrev, hia£axdnmluin»rie*s are high, and taking it off as prices fall and Til* ability to bear it increases. If applied to ar ticle* of subsistence, it would operate as* heavy tax upon bread in a year of famine, increasing with the intensity of the evil, and gradually disappearing with the return of abundance. The objection to the present system, from commercial fluctuations in prices, is constantly forced upon the attention of the Department by instaaoes of extreme inequality and prejudi cial operation. The European price of iron was, in 1846. greatly above that which baa prevailed for the last two years. If the duties upon bar iron have been levied in strict accord with foreign cost, they would now be but lit tle more than one half of what they were in 1846. By this process, besides the immense injury inflicted upon domestic industry, our revenue t* made to fluctuate with the acci dents and revulsions in foreign commerce, and these accidents and fluctuations, which origi nate abroad, are imported with their.attondent mischiefs. Our revenue, as already stated, must be mainly dependent on duties on imports. Those imports from abroad can only be paid for by exports made up es the products of oar labor in all its varieties, or in the precious met als. If oar imports shall exceed the value of our exports abroad in any given year, to the extent of such excesa do we create a foreign debt. If this operation be repeated for only a tew years, it is obvious that it will effect tbe withdrawal from us of a quantity of the pre cious metals equal, or nearly so, to the amount of the accumulated debt, bringing with it bank ruptcy in all departments of business, conse quent inability to purchase foreign goods. an* thus, for the time, causing • ruinous depres sion in the receipts into the treasury. Il then becomes equally the duly of Congress and tbe interests of the people (if possible) so to regu ,ie imports as to confine iho importations in to Ibis country, to an amount about equal to Luch exported our own as can find a msrket at re.nanerative prices abroad. The bar* statement es the foregoing well established laws of trade would seem to furnish a safe guide in all legislation on th* (abject. I: is believed that our own experience has shewn that cur exports cannot be greatly ex tended, as some have supposed, by lew duties upon foreign good* m eur port*. It is a faots