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NX £ tty zX’F M W Z,| iroalil wr li, 8 UILLIJhL 07 JotCoLiLlLjl I KJI BY WILLIAM S. JONES. WEBKIT CHFONP lE sentinel GOVERNOR’S MESSAGE. Executive Department. ? MILLKf GEVILLKt Nov. 3J, 1851 J Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: In doting my olHc.al om.ection with the representatives of the people, it will be my cbj »ct to place fairly before them the measures 1 have heretofore felt, and now feel it my duty to recommend, sedulously avoiding, as far as possible, the introduc’.ion of any topic not af fecting the interests of the people. While abundant cause of profound gratitude exiats, for the continue J kindness of that su perintending Providence, by which our Stale has been spared from iho scourge of pestilence and famine, yet it is not to be disguised, that we are passing through a a?aaon of bitter dis cor/ent s hat may well claim the exercise of the brighest of the Christian virtues, to enab'e us to per ft rm our full duty to the State, the Union, ourselves, end our ch Idrea. The beautiful eys'etn of a representative confederacy of sove reign States Quied upon the principles of Jus tice and Equality, reflecting the enlightened judgment of a virtuous, intelligent, industrious and patriotic people, is only io be feared by the wicked and corrupt, while to the orderlv end r -‘’’’.-minded, it is a pillar of strength that will g-* insure justice to all. our object th en tie, to enlarge the basis of true civilization wiuio the birda/s o r our State, by planting cecp’y, and .... ■-&.-■a.,•' -V •avry » Claes ar*d condition of onr people: that each and aH may understand and feel the value of free instittitions, and be capable of devising the best means ol perpetual ng ihem. THZ r.NANCES I: affords proper ground cf pleasure, that 1 sbonlG be able to communicate to the sure the high y prosperous condition of the Finances of the Sia f o, and the jest apprecia tion of our public securities at home and abroad. It is believed, tint at no former period, have the bonds of tho State commanded greater cor fi fence, or maintained a higher value in the market*; nor does ibis remark app!y alone to that class qi he public •eearities known av the Domestic Debt, but aqua !y to the remnant of the Foreign debt of £ls 000, held in Eog lan !. The advance in the market value of the latter, wit nti the last twoyears, and the increas ed confidence of the tulders, have rendered all c flora to redeem it itnpraciicab'e for the pre sent. The pablic del t, foreign end doroeatie, at the opening ol the session of the Legislature in 1817, a» communicated in a former message, was $1,578,875 60. In cons rm tr with he recommendation con tained in the la-t message of my predecessor, in which I fully concurred, the General A*aim hlv ot 1847 approDriared the sum rs $375 000 l >r the c«>tnpfe:*on of the Western and At ar t c R :i! Rosd, a detailed statement of the expen diture of which, is contained in a former com mun cation; and, i-t (ho same session, $22,- 222 22 to satisfy the claim of Peter Trexevant for which bond* issued, and were paid, as here toforo communtcste ?. The last Le-rnda ure provided that Messrs. P. O. Reynolds, Jam s F. Cooper, and Rich ard Peters, should inves.igate the claim of John D Gray & Co . c» r tractors on the West ern and At antic Radmad for extra work, &c , and that the Eiecutivo should issue bonds, re dcemeble by the Road, for the amour t found dun by them. Bonds for the inm of $24,- 541.10 were iesned and paid (o Mr. Gray on the 29. h day of August 1850, in pursuance of the law ard the report of the Committee, a «opy of which is trnnsmifed. A funher sp prop nation of $20,000 wa« made, and directed to be paid over to (he Milledgeville and Gor don Railroad Company, upon its completion ; but no evidence h iving been furnished of the camp!e:ion of the R-iad, this appropria’ion still stands where it wav left by the L*gi-lature. , It will thus be seen, that the liability of the Sta.o has been increased, since the close of the political year 18 17. to the close of the political y*-ar several appropriations are so generally known and approved by the country, thst farther de tail, in thij respect, would not now bs deri able Since the close of the political tear 1847. to th* a clo* : of the financial year 1851, tbe;e has been pud, ofinterer on tie pub'ie debt, fo reign and dr mastic $414.77091, and of prin cipal, the sum of $261 559 72, having the debt st this tints $1,721.722 22 If from this amourt is taken S3OO OCO, which is tno ba'anca of the appropriation for the com pielion of the Western a d A Untie Railroad, unredeemed, and which under the act sppr •- pnating the sarr, most ultimately be pa»d off, and discharged from the net income of mH Road, die public deb» at thi« time, is $1424,- 742 22; lees by $154.153 38, than it was at the! *- r*7seof riu politicd year 1817 The avnileble fund* in the Treavurv. rtnnlirxMA tn tha ftktnr* I iuuu- in me i reaeury, applicable totuelutore redocpon of the publics debt, at the cloae of the present fiscal year aa appears by the Treasu rer's Report, ia $51038 09. Thia amount, ($54 038 09 ) being the surplus in the Treasu ry, sh’Uld bs eprhed, as early as practicable, to the farther reduction < f the pablie debt; after which, the liahiliti • proper cf the Sta'e would be $1 370 694 13. It will be borne in trind that the aunt of $l3O 000 was appropriated by the act o f 1845, lorjibe extension of the Writara and Atlantic Rfi'road, of which sums, $lO7 5000 1 waa ex pended under the direction of my predecessor, and the balance applied by the presen Chief Engineer, by my approbation, to the purchase of Jlottre Power and Cars, for the use of said Road. ’I bia sum, however, is no charge open the Treasury ; as by express stipulation, the holders of this class of the public securities are to look alone to the prt.fi aof the Western and Atlantic R til R-tad, for principal and inter est. I : thia ronnccion it would not be deemed, ! trust, out of place to rem cd the General Assembly, that the great ditucu’tv experienced by my predecessor, in con.erting these bonds into cash, or its equivalent, it is behaved, in duced the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company and the South Carolina Rail Road Companv, to endorse or guaranty the pay ment of principal and interest of a large amount ot them; whereby negotiations were effected in one es our neighboring States. Tnat this transaction was otto of good faith, 1 have no doubt. How far it is incumbent upon the General As etnbly, by suitable legislative provisions. to substitute the credit of the Stats for that of 'here Rail Road compere", in thio particular instance, I submit to its sense of jus tics and libera'ity. The remaining probable charge upon the Treasury 'o bo convdered, grows out of ths legislation heretofore bad in reference to the Central Bank, the original capital stsck of which tray be estimated, in round numbers, at $3 560.000 Tns req tuition: on the Bank, in the form of Treasury warrants, as appears by an official report on this sub ect, from ’33 to '4l, itto'u sive, was $2 293 500. and for construction of the W. and A. Ra.lroad, al different periods from -10 to 43. the additioaal sum of S6BO 000. making he amount actually paid, a’d liabd - ti • incurred by the Bank fur various objects of lit ernal improvement the support of the G ivetntaent and other obj CIS not included i t <he aboke bs'ima'ea, no tar from $3,200- COU. In the face of these heavy drains upon the Central B ink. by the act of 1834, fur ibe education cf the poor, 1733 shares of the Bank of the State of Georgia, and 890 shareg of the Bark of Augusta, which constituted a part of its cap tai eteck, amounting to $262 300. was transferred to the Treasury, and the income from this source pledged to the object of Education. From that period, the Bank has not been depri ed, merely of this amount of ite capita! stock, but the dividends which hsve setually accrued and been paid into the Treasure, amounting o the sum cf $129 131 50. io cash, and ths additional sun of $lB 600 of ihs stock of the Georg's Railroad aad Banking Company: making the aggregate, estima'ing the B nk Stock at oar, of principal and inter est, § 410. 032 50. What principle of public expediency or financial exigency, warranted this diver,ion of the assets of the Central Bi- k a' a ,ime when its liabili ies were proba bly net lass than $1 500 000, when IU bills were below par, wlun there was an ex'easive and general derangement of the currency of the whole country and when Btnks, aswell ar the pecple at largo, were laboring under a pressure, more desolating and dis astrons than had been rxperienaed for years, is to me incoinprehensib a. Asa finan cial ■ easnro. its effects up >a the credit of the State if out the pockets of bill holders, were not more instan'aneons than unavoidable, i'u'•'•c confidence was destroyed, the moment it was apparent that tbe Legislature had de priced the B ink of a large par ton of its assets obi h were pledged friths redemption cf its lia bilities and a: p ied them to ano.her and d ffer ent object it it were within the competency of the Legislature to divest is dividual rights which ha accrued to the creditors of the Bink, what guarsn y was there that ths n it step might not le taken, sod the Bank be deprived of all its assets, without providing for the ultimate redemption of its l abil t esl it is no answer to this otjec'.icn that the Bink st>ck referred to, was applied to the gnat object of educating the poor.es it ill bo seen by reference to the records of this de partment. that for the years 1843.’<9 and '59, teciu-tve. the beneficisries cf 'he fund re puted. number 96 869. andthesum Jistribu ted nrul-r the set of 1813 lor the same per od is $6) 812 50: being a fraction lees than sixty three cents to each per annum, and not sufft e;e:.t, un 'er rhe lowest rates charged, to pay for-wenty days t aiion. Was ever may have be» a the policy ia which this measure orig nated. from 'he beet consideration I base been able to give the subject Ia n farced to the jccnc'asroa that the exsa pie established, of transferring a fund, alter being pledged t> a specific object, bv ore ibo purpeso cf the pledge io falls redeemed, should cot be encoureced ; and of wikdrawiag the Meets of the Ce: tral Bank, and applying th m •„ other eb. cts and hereby depriving it of the means of westing i:< übilit.es. is whoi'v indefeasitlo upon prise po. The Sta e has gained ooh mr. oar bare tt.e peop'e. By ibe transfer el the Park stock to ths Treasuty. a aeeeesity is created to supply tbs defivienc> in the Centre* Bank, by the Stale. It can only be done by tit i<n; and die result of this whe Is measure I is, that every dollar distributed has to be re turned back to the Bank by tho people, wiib- I , oat any substantial good, as I hare shown, in educating the poor children. From the view presented, let not the ina . pression preva I, that lam opposed to a »y> tern of free schools, or to providing the means, amply and liberally, to educa e n'l the you h iof the cout try But to accomplish ‘his eb j ject, let the policy of the State be straight i forward and direct ; let the country know that ea claim is made upon the property.the people, v the intelligence and virtue of the State, to , furnish adequate moans for extetidinz to all f the youth a legacy of incalculable value, a s genera! d (fusion among all c!a«*cs and c indi dsns, of the rudiments of an English educa tiee ; for instilling into them by eerly training, > 1 just conceptions of tho soci.l relation of mat . to his fel ow rrao, a love of country and of i liberty, and the doty of habitual reverence i and humble obedience to the laws, principles, and teachings of the great Author ol man's existence, without which, all government is but a fraud, liberty but a name. The liabilities of the Centr«l Bank, at this time, consist of Bands issued to redeem its 0 rcula'ion. amounting to $371,093. Os this amount, 89 000 is redeemable in 1854, $3!) - 000 in 1855 $31,500 in lek'G, $17,000 in 1857, $21,500 in 1853, SSO 000 in 1859, $35,000 iu 1860. $5 00€ in 18<il. $37 000 in 1362, $lB,- 500 iu 1863 and $74 090 ia 1864. The availab'e assets, as reported to me by the Cashier, may be estimated at $100,600. This probable defieieney. therefore, will have to be provided for hereaftei. Within four' years, ending with the close of the present fiscal year, the liabilities of ths Bank have > be*a redt.f i 87, ; fargw amrmt of the assets, within the period referred' tj, regarded as insolvent or doubtful, has been realized, or secured by the officers of the Bank: and much the lai ger amount of these claims. 1 have no doubt, would have proved a total less to the Bink, had the ease's been transferred to the Treasury. I have not be lieved it to be t« the interest of the St-t-, to order this transfer heretofore, nor would 1 now recommend it to be dune. I believe the discretion vested in the Executive, as to the transfer of its assets, sound and salutary, and there 1 would advise, it should remain. e TASKS. o Upon careful consideration, I fe’t it my » duty to iiwi*e the attention of the lan G. neral i Assembly to our system es levying and collect* !• ing taxes. The inequality of our tax laws b appeared to be so obvious, as to encourage the - hope that the Legislature would not adjourn, I without the substitution of the ad valorem, fcr - the present specific and objec ionahle dhcriiD inatim principle, adopted in 1804, and con- t tiuued up to thia time with slight r tiona. > One of the defects of the old sv tem was remedied at the last session, bat tho highly objectionable feature of arbitrary specific tax*- » tion of property, whether teal n persoral, irrespective of its value, as ascertained by the J price it would command in the mtrket. or c otherwise, is still reta*nal. i-i vixlation of the most obvious principles of jus'ioo and sound policy. Taxes, however raised, whether by the State or General Government, rmy be re garde! ata charge upon property people for the protection of both. In what mode, and to what extant property should be burdened to rai*a the req tired sum, whe'her bv specific ’ levy with discrimination, or strictly upon tho ad valorem principle, has been, and w;ll doubt lew conliuue to be, the friiitfal source of dis ’ cursion, and diveraiiy of opinion. The principle of discriminilion that so largely enters into every system of specific taxation, had its origin in no clear, or well defined notions c f just ce, and should only be reported to in behalf of property in which all classes and conditions of society have, or ar-j supposed to have, an equal in'erest. Leave man freeto engage in whatever lawful pu'su t may be congenial to his trste, habits and into res', hut let the State beware ho* the proper ’ ty of one of its citizens is exempted from taxes while, by an unequal anti unjust dircrim ination, heavy burdens are imposed upon that 1 of another. The obvious duty of the Legisla ' tore, as it seems to me, is to ascertain with precision, or approximating it, the sum re quired to meet the domancs upon the Treas ury, and then, from tho property of the coun try, rri»e the requisite sum ; not by sajing that 100 acres of land, though worth one ho-jsand dollars, should pay do more tax to the State, than the same number of acres 1 adjoining it, not worth one hundred dollars ; 1 not by exempting the property of one man, 1 and taxing that of another ; not by saying that, as between two individual possessed of equal amounts, hut different species of property, the . one should be assessed, at ihe rate of fifty dol lars, whereas, of the oilier, only live do’hrs 1 ts demanded ; but by ievying the same rate of ‘ iax upon all of the property of the S ate, accor ding to its value If diocriininn'iQns are to be i tolerated at all, lam clearly of the opinion, it 1 should ba Asvoz of gjud Aniala . against ‘ person I ; hut certainly there is no equal ty, 1 or justice, in a system of finance, exact’ng dif ferent rates of taxes on lands of lhe same va'oe. One of ths objee'ione offered Io a system of tsxa'ion bated upon the value of Ibe pro perty itself, is the want of reliable data by which the principle con'd be tea'ed. All must foresee the imminent danger to the credit of the Bts'e, its ci aracter and prosperity, result ing from an inability in the Treasury to meet promptly all demand* upon it. by whata lever means produced. But it is believed, the pre •ent period is exceedingly favo able, either fur a total, or partial change of the prevent systeu. Tha da'a furnished, of the value of real and perianal property of thia Stale, under the an hority of an act of Congress, during the last year, would bo highly tisefel. Many interesting statistics, that would serve to direct the research and investigation < f the Legisla ture, in fixing the prop©- rare cf levy to raise a given amount, might bo obtained from the Census books deposited in lire office cf lhe Secretary of State. It may not ba unworthy of notice that, upon live authority, tha real estate of Gaorrta was estimated at $120,663 - 283, 'hsporsenai at $210,031 954, aud 'bat one eighth cl one per cent, ou tho gross amount, would bring into the Trcas-rey about $347,- 282.82. afar allowing sixteen per cent for assessing, collecting and p ying over tbe same; is amount exceeding the present income, end ms a than adequate fur the present and accru ing liabilities. Having discusred thesttfjact. somewhat at length, tn a communication submitted to the last Legida'urs, I feel that it would be an un necessary tax upon your indulgence, again to repeat tbe argum* nts then submitted 1 most respectfully iel*r you to what was then communicated, as contain!** not merely my opinions at the time, but since greatly strengthened by fur her obse. va ion. reflec tion and expert •nee, I cannot, therefore, too earnestly urge upon you a strong and abiding convic'ion, that j ist co and good fai h as well as expediency, imperiously claim at tne hands of the Legislature an entire ch ugs of the priuc pie of your tax laws by lhe suhstitu ’ tion of a tax bared upon tbe value of proper ' ty Whatever may be tbe fate of Ibis mens' 1 ure before the present Legislature, I shall aver cherish the hope that a sense of right, a leva ofrqua'ity and justice, will ultima e'y prevail; 1 and mat the sound principle ol taxa ion, that ’ the burihans of Government should rest upon ' tho objects of its protection, so earnestly ’ pressed upon you, will become firmly riveted 1 upon lhe public wud. TUX TKXirCRY. s Tbe Reports' ol tire Treasurer and Comp s troffer General, for lhe financial years 185'9and ■ 1851 are herewith irapsmilted. The duly im posed by law upen the Treasurer,has been complied with, and h.s a* :mates of the prob able receipts and expend turas, for lbs next two years, are submitted. The total available balance in the Treasury, st the close of tha financial year, is sllß,- 669 45, from this sum deduct $37 180.71. of undrawn appropriations; s3'l > 2'9 40 of tbe tax of 1851. collected beu-te the close of lhe financial rear, and $lO 582, dividends on * Education Fund," (savins a surplus at lhe close of the fiscal year of S4O 087 34. The amount of undrawn appropns ions, that wi'l revert to the Treasury, w ill probably not very far from sl3 950 75, making the actual surplus tn lhe Treason , subject to any future appropriations made by the L'eislatnre, or applicab e to the public debt, s*>l,o3B 09. At the last session, au Act was pas-e 1, pro vidtog S7O 000 as an annual sinking land. 1 was early foreseen, after lhe adjnuromeut cf tha Legislature from the eitraorciuary expense of t iat session exceeding, as it d d 'he esu mates of the Treasurer by $39 301 08, inde pendent of au eitraordinary appropr ation of $30OIK), the expenditure ol which wasdepend ent upon contingencies that dtd not ari-e ut.t! near tne close of tie fiscal year, t tat the Trea sury rright be somewhat straightened, if an ap p'ication of the stuk ng fund to t o redemption of lhe Bonds was made before any portion of the taxes of 1350 was received. Efforts, how ever. were made abroad, by too agents of lhe Slate, to ascertain »t whsi rates the £ 15,009 sterling could be obtained; ard from causes already mar t oned, it was deeared injudicious to redeem these eecurit es at the time. Nor was the'e any application made, or opportunity sffirdeu .bo Treasurer, to redeem any portion of ths doursstic de t b»f»re March last, w hen $72 000 of the 6 per cent, bonds were offered and redeemed. I).Urgant inqui hs have since been made to obt >io tbe bonds ofthe St ta, that the surplus now in the Treasury might be ap plied m redeeming the same but with htt'e suc cess. Ata more recent date notice w.ugi>on in tha public gaartes of tbe readiness of the Treasury to redeem an additional sum, aed a'ter all proper means used tu induce holders to psi t w th the bonds oft.he St its at par, with in the last tvo fiscal years, just closed, tie amount paese; tni and -adeemed at ths Ties sury » $103,750 Ol'. cf the 6 per cents; thus I'aroishing tie most sstisiactorv evidence of the prosperous cand lion ol the financial af fairs of the Site In this connsc ion it won'd be an acceptable announcement to make, 1 apprehend, to tl.e Legislature, that. nA r vears of delay the sum ol $65 683 44. exclusive of comrais iocs has been collected from th" Ge teral Govet'mcit for advances made, and tha latervst aecro'rg ■ thereon, io lhe !nd.an disttibanees cf IB3*>. Under the autherttv of a Joirt Resslu ion of • the Ua: Lexistsl-rre, I appointed Joseph Stur gis. E«q.. the Attm ey in fact of the State, to y urge upon tbe Authorities at Waskmg'on, this s just claim, of fifteen years standing. To his • untiring zeal, assiduity and skill in tho man • agement of this long neglected c'aiia, the St te > is in no small degree indebted for the respecta ble sum received, so very generally regarded • as utterly worthless. A claim of the Certral Bank against ths United Stites of like charsc- , ter, was also p’aced in the hands of Judge Sturgis, wi h like happy results! the Bank having received for this cla m s2l 044 00. WESTXr.N AW ATLANTIC RUtl lAD The Reports of the Chief Engineer of the Western and Adar.t : c Railroad, for ths years 1850 and 1851. and the Report ! of the Finance Committee, appointed under the Act of 18-15 are also transmitted. To these Reports I in vie the calm and patiant a rention of the legis lature, for many valuable suggestions, and much useful information. Questions of deeper interest fa the future prosperity of the Sta e, will cot engage your attention than those connected wth this pubi c work. They rise above all party, se fish, or sectional considerations, and. to the enl rged and comprehensive views of the Stitesmin, address themselves with a force too iiresistible, it is believed, not to insure the adoption of wise measures. It was early foreseen by the friends of this work, that sectional jealousies would spring up, and that it would have t» encounter oppositi in from this quarter, not less virulent in its charac ter, than from that equally deplorable infirmity, unfortunately too prevalent w.th certain class es, to busy themselves most in matters of pub lic concernment, in w ich they are roo t igno rant The Report of the Finance Committee, anj (he views there presented, as welt as tha policy in which this Railway had its origin, would seem to demand at my hands, in rttir iri frrt*'. ha public trust ernfided to me, to enter somewhat into the da'ano: lacta'oonnect <*d with the administration of the affaire of this Road, since my official connection with it com menced. This seems to me proper, that the publie, as well aethe Legislature, may undir s’and the policy that haa governed me, and the d fiicnlties with w hich the management of the affairs of the Road h s been invested, from the moin-nt of tny connection with it. It will ba conceded, 1 apprehend, diet ho successful management of a Railroad very much depends upon the financial abtli’y wife which its income arid disbursements are cor.- dti ted. When the present Chief Engineer wm called ti perform t e threefold duties of a Board ol Directors, President and Chief Engineer, the name affixed to ihose du ies by eur stabile, was that of Chief Engineer. To fin! blended in one man, tho highes’ at tainments in these several departments, com bined with practical experience in each was not to bs orp cred, Sc least, for the inadequate ra'ary of SI .BOO per annum, a compensation below what is believrd to be paH on moat of the import nt roadi in tho State, to the Chief Engineer a’nnr. B .ing qt ts stt sfied of the eminei t qualification of the present incuoc bei t n e ery thing conue’ted with the fiosn cial dot es of tn« traly multdarous office. t > Wuich hs combined an accurate thoorttcal knowledge of Civil Engineering, superadded t > which I may mention his elevated charac ter for prob ty. intelligence and strictly bu?i ness habi s, with ah intimtta acquaintance with legs! principles, and the necessity of such knowledge in the adjustment o! many vexed questions, left as a legacy by the preceding ad ministrations, clearly indicated Mr. Mitchell a* a suitable person to invite to this responsible H tion. Being sat sfied at the time, that the public interest would be promoted by calling the pre sent incumbent to take chargo of this branch of the public service, f have hid no jut cause change that opinion since. The propriety of th s remark will be seen, when t is known to tho Legislature, that in every ins'ance of a charge invol-ing the mi«managerne tof the Road, brought to my attin'ion in a form tnet would warrant offi ial nitice of the same, the accusers hive invariably failed to adduce proof in support of their charges, Tne conclusion would seem irre irtible, that aPagat nns have been prefeired ‘hrough a misapprehension of the f cts, or from motives less cred tible to the hi in an hea*t and locking io ulterior objects connected with party, or the creatir n of a pub lic opinion that would de olve upon the Legis lature the necessity of disposing of his valua ble property, to private individuals, or com panies. In January, 1848, when the former Chief Engineer. Mr. Garnett, lumed over tho effe :ta of tho Riad ts the presant incumbe r t, about one hundred miles, cimtnencing at Atlanta, and extending to Dillon, were completed: and the entire equipment for this extent of Railway, consisted of s’i locomotive*, one of which war purchas’d after he Is! of Novetn ber, 1817, two Passepper Cars, end two Ba?- gige Cars t wi h an > nt tand ng debt, amour t ing to $42,167 43, and a cash, balance in tne hands of the Treasurer of $1,878.75. This equipment would be a Inait ed by expe rienced Rail R~ad men, as wholly inadequhte; admiring the Engines and ca's al' new, and fit Tmrrr. -Ttrc Pawiiger vw wvw>- *■■■> ■ and nnt liknlv H) attr.iCt rough's constructs.;, and not likely to attract lhe admirat'on of travellers, either for the comfort afforded, or elegance of finish- The Motive Power was miserably deficiett. Since January. 1848, ta the present time, the motive power has been increased by the purchase of7 locomotives of the first class at u cost of $44,500; making the pres int equip ment in motive power, to consist of thirteen eegines. seven of which have been bsegh' and paid for s'nee April. 1848; and most of which are in good order, and are believed to be barely sufficient to do the business for tie present. But the deficiency in Freight cars still exists, and until it is supplied, it mav be expee'ed that the business of the Road wi I rot be con dieted with dispatch, or satisfaction to tho public. It is believed that, from t' e eariies' experience to the prce“nt moment, few, if any, examples can be found, where ehher a Slate or Company, with one hundred and thirty eight miles of Rail Road has attempted to do lhe business of transportation, for any considerable length of time, without a fu'l equipment of freight ears. If the q'last'on is considered, aloes ia reference t« the net i«- 'ome of tbe road, ecosomy wenM dsmand an immediate equipment. For, let it be borne in mind, that tin present Chief Engineer found, upon ea'ering upon k : « duties, a subsisting contract with ths Gee. Railroad, and lhe Ma con and Western Railroad Companies, made by the former Chief Engineer, Mr. Garnett, that one eighth of tho gross am runt received for freight, transported in the cara of thosa Compan'es over the State Road anou'd be paid as hire or re o', for the use of the same, together with the expense cf rep airing all cars which might bn broken orinj'ired. while en gaged in such transportation. These items, fer lhe last two years, amount to he su nos $45 845 69, exslusive of an unadjusted clai u of the Georgi’ Railroad Company lor repairs of ears, of $17,111 51. The cost of freight ca-s, nece’sary to Inve performed the transportation for 'liesame time, wou'd not havs exceeds ' $60,090 ea imating iho number of care to bs one hundred; while the on ire cost of the cons ruction of t o West ern and Allamie Railroad, up to this time, amounts to $3,913 862 28. From thia data it will be seen, the Georgia Railroad, and Macon and Western Railroed have pro bably received, upon their capital invested in Cars, from ihis State, in tbe form of rent and repairs alone about ih tty eight per cent per annum for the iwo years jost ended, whereas lhe S ale hae received, upon the cspi al ex pended in the conetruciion of i s RoaJ, about 1J per cent, for 185', and 2j for the year just terminated. But “ complete equipment of freight cars is domancod, no merely fr tn the cons deraiion noticed, bit it is essential to the faithful dis charge of a du'y to tho public, undertaken by the State. Freights in large quantities, accu muiale occasionally at different points on the Road; the owners or ship era are deeply in terested in having them sent forward to meet au advance in the market, actual or ant cipa.ed but how often is it tbs case, when tho freight cars are most needed on the Western and At lan ic Railroad, lhe Georgia and Macon and Western Roads are not able to meet the de maud. And if injury result to the owns- or shipp-r of produce or merchandise, by a de clino m the markets, from such un-etscnsbla di tention, is not the State, by its mistaken and ruinoas policy in refising to equip tbe Road, morally, if not legally, answerable lor the damage? There is no obligation on the Georgia and Macon and Western Ra-lroad Comps ies, to furnish cars for the use of the State Road ; and it may not be expte'ed 'hey v ill da so, unless it suits their interest or convenience. Bit another insuperable objee iou *o lhe longer contisus'ion of the existing arrange ments, grows out of the fact, that the business < f transportation of three Roads, becomes so mixed and blended, as to create much confu sion in fixing the liability of each, for tne loss or di’uage of merchandise arid produce in transi n Much more might be said, but it is deemed unnecessary, as this branch, with all other ques’i r.s connected wi h tbe subject, is forcibly presented in tbe Report of the Chief Engineer, and accompanying documents cf the Finance Committee, here trarsmiued. it is generally know n that the iron used on fifty miles of thia Road, it ot toe most tnfeii r class, and wholly tnsuited to its peculiar cur vilinear strnctaro or the natare of its business. So radical is this defect of structure, the asser non may be safely ventured, ihst a succession of accidents with a heavy loss of property, aad possibly, human life, may bo apprehended, unless ibe early blunder is remedied, as f«r as possible, by tbe suboti'ution of a heavy iron rail for the cns m w in use. Upon this subject, a becoming solicitude was macifes'ed two yean ago, as also iu relation to providing a ne'e organise ion for fire gov I emment of the R >ad. I*. tt.e! not be said that ifiese sabjee s, of great interest then, but of vital moment a: t is time, did not receive lhe favorable considerate t of the Legisla tare. The Road was led, although in the process of completion, under lhe mausgement of lhe Execnt ve and Chief Engineer, rest icted by statute m mans of their duties when a sound d screuou would seem iad spersab'e to its best interest; without mesas ot equipment, force : from stern necessity, to incur heavy expend! ; totes for erecting a bridge over tbe Cbattahoo . chee, and subs'i.uting heavy auu expensive f embanking for ths rapicly decay ng bridges at Noonday'and Pr c or's Creeks; tne wonder > should rather be. to a cal-a end impartial ob s server, act that eemp'aiots may have peso AUGUSTA, GA., WEDNESDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 12, IHSI. F heard, but dial so much has been achieved, ano so few accidents occurred, under circumstance, , so embarrassing From the condition' of the Road, and its I obvious incapacity to meet the daily increasing | business of t.ansporla'ion 1 was forced to as sume the responsibility of making suitable i provison, for tha purchase of heavy iron rails for about fi'ty miles of the Road Feeling sens bie that no authority was vested in mo, or the Chief Engineer, lor this ebjee', by law, th< contracts were made binding, upon the condi lion they were ratified by Iho Legislature A full and detailed statement of the purci,ares of iron from Messrs. Padslfurd, Fay & Co., ol Savannah, is contained in the report of the Chief Engineer, to which 1 respectfully refer the Legislature. In that Report copies of all the correi por.dence had on the subject, and el the contract: entered into, will bo found ; with a clear a d fa thful statement of the facts and circumstances that, in my judgment, rendered the purchase of iron a duty 1 could neither pospon-aor avoid, without tho most reckless disregard of the public interest. It is true, il I had been capab'e i f entailing upon my suc cessor inextricable embarrassment, or could have derived pleasure from seeing the int-rest and character of tho State sunk and degraded I might have lo'ded my arms, and permitted the Road to fall a wreck on tho hands of etb ers The ptrehase of one thousand tons of iron was made in April Jas:; which is now being laid and will extend over about twelve miles. I a addition, 3209 tonshave been contracted for, and from the hat advices from Aieaars Padellbrd, Fay & Co., may be expected in Savannah, sometime in this month and Decern ber next. Il will be seen, by the terms of tha coatraot, I d’a it i • «xp»c.md the float of the iron will be provided lor at an eartv oay ur your session. The cost of the first 1000 tans, at Savannah, was $43,74318; and the 3200 tons, will not probably exceed $124 800; making the sum to be provided for $129 542.18. This may be done, if tha Legislao re shoald ratify ths con tracts, by an application of a part of the sur plus now in tbs Trstsary and by issuing 6 per cent, bends redeemable by the Road, and gua rant ed by the State. Shoald this course be pursued, there c?n ba no doubt of the entire capacity of the Road to meet the interest nrcmoilv; and ultimately redeem the nrinemal: promptly * m.u uimiiaieir redeem me principal; . ro that, in fact, the pub'ie debt of the State would not be increased. ' It it believed, tho facta d eeloeed by the Fi -0 oance Committee and by th. Report of the ’’ Chief Engineer, are quite auflic:ent to demon t urate the propriety of providing aa indepeu dent eq lipment of freightcar.. By reference to the Report of the Chief 8 Engin'er, it will be seen, that $500,000 would 3 c ver the coat of relaving fiity tntlea of the ?. Rotd wi.h heavy T rail iron, and equip it with Locomotives, freight and passenger ear,, aulli -1 ctaut io do the increased business that will ne 0 ceasari'y re-tilt from the completion of th? Railroads now in progrea- in Tennereee, conne ting wi'h ours; to say nothing ot the tn * crer.se from the development* being mad. in our OAn State. I aannot doubt that th. true policy of the State, is fully to eqvip thia Road, pledge it with its income after the discharge of its liabilities, as sacred to the cause nf Edaca ’ lien, perfect i's organization by a Board ot ‘ Directors,'of whom one should b. made the President, vesting in the Board (he ordinary i corporate powers; and thereby, as far as poa sib e, disconnect it and ua government, from ’ a ; l improper influence, or the appearanca of it. To do lhn however, the eiamp’e furn shed in the organization es the Bapreme Court, of selecting gentlemen of quslifleaiton I font both political parties ia worthy of imitation, and it would relieve the Governor, nf re.pen aibilities which certtinly are not desirable, and from the nature of which, hi. other and para mount duiias render it difficult, if nut impoli tic, lor him to perform, satisfactorily to himaelf or lite country. COMMZRCC. It has occurred to me. that this la a propi tious time, to bring to the notice of th. Genera Assembly, a question, intimately connected wi h the prosperity of the State. Ileretilore onr energies have been directed to the con-tmction of Railways; has net the time arr vei when tie Stve shosll extend it. aid to our enterprising eit zsns, in the ea'ab lishmer.tof aline of Steam propeli.rs from Savannah to England, or even the continent of Europe The success of private Companies, in navi gating the ocean by steam, is genera'ly known; and the advantages reaulting t-» such of our Atlantic cities as are directly connected with it, are obvious Why should we expend our millions, in affirding a cheap and expeditions railway transportation for the Agricultural products of the State, to Savannah J Certain ly no: because it is expected tint our cotton, bread s ufls, &e,. are to be consumed a' this point, but on reaching there may ba shipped abroad, and seek morn remunerating markets. Should the foreign market, be reached by di- peine which might be avoided, is the question ? It it was good policy In the State, tv expend f ittr millions in lhe construction of a railway, which by its connection with oth rs, enables the farmer from ourextremo limits, to offer his surplus products, at a remunerating price, in Savannah, whv not, by futthor facilities enable him to offer Ins com iwditics in England, France or Germany, at belter remunerating prices 1 Why should lhe pro-lncers of Georgia b: de pendent on the city of New York, for the articles they consume of foreign production or man i lecture as well as the price they receive for the products of the farm? The answer le, that Ne v York has the capital, by tho skilful man agement of which she commands the whole commerce of the country. By this engine of power, New York fixes the standard of value of our exports, to some extent at least, nndex acts from us tribute in tho way of charges lor receiving and forwarding, storage,wharfsgediay age and commireions,besides rhe profits of the merchant through whose hands they pass, nntil they reach the hands of the consumer. This Is true of our exports ss well as imports. Every Grilling paid for these objects must sf necessity, according to the laws cf trade, diminish the maiket value of the products of lhe Georgia farm in Savannah. But it may bo asked, would aline of Steam Pt ipellers Iron Savannah to England, or the Continent, relieve us ? Perhaps net en'lrcly, but to some cx'ent, 1 have no doubt. Commercial facilities, In tho transportation of produce ir merchan Use with regularity and de spatch, ara in lact a part of the metchaat’s capl- i tai, end to that extent at least, it would be the ( introduction of It into our State, le not much 1 of the business of Ne v Yotk based upon a system of credits, that has grown up in large dimensions tnain'y from the facilities of commercial inter cmi'sewith England ant Europe? This credit is capital, forali practical parno-es, while confidence remains firm and unsnaken and we. of Georgia, are forced 'o yield ap just so much of the value of our products, by the present course of trade, as pays the enormous profit to the city of New Yo’k, by w hich this system of cicd'ta is kept aflrat. Docs it be come us to pay tribute to New York? IVe pro duce the staples unoti which a respectable par ion of the commerce of the country is based; why should we then with this solid capital, be dependent upon other cities, to convert it into cash, or exchange it abroad for each articles as we desire to consume? I am not insensible of the difficulties that lie in thep i'h of S’-ccess, yet I cannot forbear the expression of the opinion, that a great step to bi taken to elevate 'he State and increase the reward of agricultural Industry Is to simulate a direct trade between our own seaport and ports 1 abroad And if to accomplish this end, the credit of the State should be found necessary, to a limited amount, the wisdom of the policy, in my humble judgment, would soon become so apparent, as to command the approbation ol i the country. , These suggestions are respectfully submitted more with the hoae that they w.l ! exci>e a spirit of inquiry and investigation, than with any confident expectati in that they win be at once actei upon. The n< cestltv tt'erelore, of entering fully into the discussion, is net believed to eaiet at this time XDCCATIOM. Under a Joint Resolution of 'he last General Assembly as also the precedingone, it was made my duty to appoint a Committee to inquire into the Stats of Education in Georgia, to report to the next Legislature on the prevent Poor School laws, to recommend any alteration in the same that might to th-m event advisable, or to suggest a plan lor general education, If conceived by them excedier.t, accompanied with a bill lor ear ni igoet lhe same Unlev the fi-«t Resolution, adopted in 1817. the Hon. A. H. Chapp> 11, Bish op Elliott, and Dr. I eonidas B. Mercer, were appointed a Committee. They felted, however, to report to the last Legislature. It is proper I should also state, that a part of the Committee, as esme to my knowledge, be stowed considerable labor la collecting materials preparatory to the report. A regret was felt, and by none more than mystlf, that a report from these gentlemen, so lav irably and general ly known, was not made. The last Legislature subs'antially adopted the resolution ot the pre ceding one, containing the same highly objec ti cable feature, requiring ne to appoint a com mittee to prepare a report upon this subject to the Legi lature, “provided the seme could be done without cost to the State, or cost upon the school surd.” During the early part of the last year, an op portunity was eflered for consultation withan eminent cititen, who from education, pursuits and praetieal expcrence, was well informed of the wants of the country in reference to the subject, and who kindly assured me of hie wil lingness to serve tbe public in 'his respect; if upon reflection he should become satisfied that he c-n Jdo e > with satisfaction to himself or wihbenefit to others. Within the last forty days the Rev. George F. Pierce, the gentlemen referred to, through a iriettd, notified me of bls readiness to engage in this arduous duty. Dr. Tslnnge. President of the Og e'horpe Universi ty, ant Dr. L. B. Mercer of Lee. were associa ted with him, from each of whom ths gratifying assurance has been received of their ready co operation. From the report of tills Committee, i which may be expected at an early day, valuable information and suggestions deserving the con sideration of the Legislatu'e, may be confident ly anticipated. I consider from the high character, literary at tainmin'.s, the ueal an t general know ledge of the wants of the S ate, which these gentlemen will bring to the tasked preparing a Report on the sti'-jecte embraced in the resolution, the coun try has a gaar.nty ol its ability and practical utility. I: is contemplated by the terms of the Reso'utioa, that the report will be male directly to lhe LegiMtture, by the Committee. Up n this important subject, vs universal In terest, I huveintne discussion of other ques tions. incidentally refereed to some of the con f ;d. rations that may arise is inis. One or w< 1 additional suggestions only, will be oflered a ' this lime. Judging from the demonstrations made durin i the past summer, in behal: of edsca t tion, it may bu atsunud thatalarge proportion t of iho intelligence of tho State Is in favor of abolishing the present it can so be i regarded,) of educating the swor, and adopting , free schools common to ai, tn its stead. A sys tem ol common schonfs- I not, may be established, adapted to tho • uts of our pe pic ; but to plant and rear so delicate a bud, and at the sa tie time of such incalculable importance to the futnre character of thj; State, requires the fos'ering hand of the Legislature. The argumentsin favor as Common Schools, to my mind aro clear and unanswerable, but obvious propriety will not Allow mo to notice but one or two. ’ ' r . Equality in the distribute a of benefits by the State to its people, is a catdjjjiai principle of jos tle.'. When this princ'ple 'aiiba rvod, you pro duce amity, concord and frhadship; when disre garded, the cons q ience is heart burnings, dis content and opposition, fuicccss in this noble work of educating the youßis of the State, and thereby preparing them, in s»;rie measure at least for future usefulness to tf-ygt'solves, their fami lies, and their country, tha. business of all ' classes and conditions, c ybintly and harmoni ously co-operating to brif g about one general resit 11. There is ia the human Mart, a feeling of ap probation and security in f su>msof education as well as others that r e baaed noon equal rights, while the opposite L e'ing of repugnance and mistrust, springs up t>fr that munificence that degrades the objects! >‘f its care, by odious distinctions. Tho poor-*, item may desire to see his child educated, alls recallable to furnish the means, but he docs wish to be pointed atasan improvident father, who, from folly or crime, is unable to diacharas this defy to his child; and again, the generous, high aouled youth, would sooner his way in ignorance in life, than to enter thcachoa! room to be taunt ed and jeered by his fellows as a charity scholar. False as may be dvr-tfeed this pride, it is a part of the nature of m i* it is thedesigp of your policy trvfca us. yveducation must be general, every Removed for as possible, to the consumriiation of this object. You must invite, encourage and induce parents to discliarg: their duty to their children, in this respect. You cannot, and ought not, to force them. But all disgrace, real or imaginary, all inequality bet ’ --n 'he rich and the poor is swept away th j nent your eys.em of educa tion is common .m .11. A commendable emulation, is excited, a closer communion produce f, ties of friendship created, and a broader field is opened for the full exercise of the manly feelings, which it not planted in youth, never take ro >t. bv the rich and ihe. none ; yuuiu, never use ro u, ny me ricri ana me poor s mingling together, end deriving inetrredon from tho same soti-ce. But conclusive as I be , lieve the arguments to bo, in favor of Common Schools, ov.r the system of educating ihe poor, provided by ths act ol 1543,1 forbear further remarks, and apply myself io the considera tion, briefly, of the capacity of the State to furnish adequate means fur a system of Oom- I mon Schools. I What are tho resources of tha Stato, and by i what means is tho required sum to be rais-d, for i the object under consideration 1 This Is the great question, and upon the correctness ot your decision in this regard, hangs the destiny of this measure. The Bank-Stock, the inc tme from whieh Is, under the law of 1843, applied to educating the poor, ia sn appropriate fund to be app'icd to this object, whenever the State provi ies for the hol ders of bonds of Ihe Central Bank. The next source of pe'manent income for this object, should bs the act income from the Western and Atlantic Railroad, after the present liens, and such aa may be necessary to incur lor its immediate equipment and repairs, have been redeemed; and the defi doney, if any, should be supplied by a par capita tax. From these three sources, It is believed ade quate means for the most enlarged usefulness might be obtained, if not prison ly, at no dis tant day. lnthemeaat.ee, while the Railroad Is engaged in discharging its liabilities, let the income from the Bank Stock, and the poll tax be applied to th. preparation of teachers, selected from among our own young ladies and gentle men, nad educated at our own schools and col leges. The lea ling ChrstUn denominations in our State have, within a few years psst, founded coll-ges, and are annually returning to society highly cultivated an i morel young men, emi nently qualified to take the lead in this great work. Besides these I) nominational Colieges, there is the University of the Stalo : what may it not accomplish in the procuring and qualifying of young men to engage in thtsjimponanf service. Encourage these several Colleges by selec ing in some equitable mode, such youi g men as arc willing, fur a period of years to engage in the duties of teaching, to indemnify for the money expended in educating them, and you have a guaranty of securing a corps of teachers, thug organized, of greater usefulness to th? country, than by any other plan that has sttg jested itself to my mind- But if this plan be not acceptable, let abetter eno be adopted. It has occurred to me, that providing the necessary means and sernting com petent teachers, unexceptionable in all respects, would be the greatest difficulties to overcome. For immedia'e use, no income need be expect ed from the Railroad. The deficiency from that source, if it should be deemed advisable <o com mence the system at once, might be sup"lied by taxation, or by tho State issuing bonds, the interest accruing thereon only, to re paid by tbe State, which should be an ultimate charge upon the receipts of the Western and Atlantic Rail road. This, I should consider, however, obnox ious to some objections, and therefore do not press it; b]»t would with deference, advise Incone frosff lU«k SuC'-W should W s ipj>lied< first, to ths qualilleirioriteachers; But if it is believed a sufficient namber could be engaged qualified, not merely from literary attainments, but from association, principle, and svntpathy with the people of Georgia, the experiment might well be made, and its beneficial results tested, from lhe sources of income alluded to, Should, however, lhe poll tax and Bank stock not furnish a fund, commensurate with the high claims of education upon the Legislature, let the deficiency be supplied by an open and undisguised requisition upon the prope’tyof the Slate. If it is the wish of property holders, to see the blessings ol education sxten>i»d to a 1 clarets and conditions of our people they will yield to the necessity that demands the means; but If they donut, lhe hope es success must be deferred to a mure favorable <OI3OO. But, whatever may be the late ot year rflorts to mature a system of common schooleat this time, I cannot too ear nestly urge upon you the importance of pledg ing the Western <x Atlantic Railroad, with its net income after diseharg'ngi's liabilities, to the great ebj-cts in whish all are interested, of Com mon Schools. Should the system recommended, or any other, receive the favorable consideration of thsLegislaluro st this time, however limited the means may be at your coniiuaad you must havea head—nn able and responsib a Agent or Su perintendent, whose duty it shall be to see to the faithful execution of your own plans; or your brlghest bop.es will end in disappointment. osar as» dump asvu-m. 1 Copies of tho reports of the Commissioners I of the Deafand Dumb Asylorn, and of the Trus tees of the Lunatic Asylum, are herewith trans mitted. These sevsral reporte are commvnfcd to the carefel conaidsration of the Legls'aturc, re containing hiph’y satisfactory evidence of the filelity with which these Institutions have bent managed, and the corresponding improvement and benefit d*rived by those sfflieted a-d un fortunate classes of our people. These benevo lent institutions were founded In the warm sym pathy all should feel for the affliction* and suf ferings of oihers, and the necessity of protect ing the communi'y from the possible violence and annoyance of unfortunate b-.ings, deprived ts reason. Esch of these Institutions should receive the fostering care of the Logfelsttne t and I would londlv hope that no'hing will be lo t undone to extend the sphere of thefr usefulness, that all necessity rr ears will b* provi ed, for en arging lhe comfort ol the Lunatics, and increasing the probabilities of their reitoia'ion, and for glad dening the beans of the Deaf and Dumb by unvet'ing to their understandings the treasures of knowledge and pointing out to them the path of a virtuous industrious and useful life. These are solemn trusts confided to your eare, and cannot fell to command your attention and cor dial support. The probable amounts required for lhe support of each Asylum, will be found ip the respective reports. tovspAav qvesTiox. All efforts to atjust tbe question it boundary be tween this State and Ftoridi, by reference or negotiation, have failed. At the instance of tho latter S ate, a bill has been fi ed. and 'he question is now pending before the Supremo Court of the United States lor its decision Theci rrcspond encs not heretofore communicated to former Leg islatutcs and printed is transmitted. Believing it to be my dntv to have the interest of tho State protected, the Hon J M. Berrien was engaged, as the Attorney of the State, for that purpose. arireoesiATioss. The last Lsgislature'appropriated $1909 to erect monument ever the remains of the Hon. John Forsyth, which are interred in the Con gressional burying ground at Washington City, and directed me to cause ’he same to be pul up with suitable inscriptions, Ac. Upon consultatioa with a merrber of Mr. Forsyth s family It was deemed advisable to suspend action under the Resolution, and refer the subject again to the Legislature. It would certainly be more congenial to the feelings of Mr. Forsyth’s family and lhe people ot lhe State, that this testimonial of regard should be erected on some conspicuous site in cur State. Tne illustrious Dead was endeared to ths peo; le of Georgia by a life devoted to their interest; and it appeared to me that there was a peculiar ■jroptiety ia conforming my action to what I am sure must be the general wish of all, that tbe monument contemplated should be erected on the public grounds near the State House, or at some more eligible place, and that such ad dition ba made to the appropriation, as would ac complish the object in s style worthy the charac terof a State and its distinguished son. At the same seesioa. two hundred dollars was ap propriated to erect a Tombstone over the rema ns of Genetal Jared Irwin, former Govorn.-r of this Stare, Fpcn advising with the surviving dsugnter of Gov. Irvin, I was inferred that a lotnbetoee bad been •reeled, by the family o*er bis remain*, equal, if ’ not saperior, to one that conld be obtained lor tbe sum appropriated ; end open her Indicating a deei- I did preterrnee that tbe losnbstone erected should ‘ remain unless replaced by cue o greater value, 1 was Ind nee :o suspend tbe exeeotien of the law di recting it to be done, and refer tbe matter t? tbe ' Legislature for each ae'.ioa as it might deem worthy ’ and proper to parperoate lhe m’mery o! one who has rendered rateable mili'ary aad civil servieee to ’ ibe S ate, SCBLIC tAVCS. Under the authority of an ael of the last General Assembly, the unsnrvejed lands in rhe eountv ot Ware, wrre directed to lie surveyed and sold. One e hundred *nd eereaty lot* have been surveyed, and II advertised ter ss e, on lhe fret Tuesday of this e moa.h, at tbe Court House of Wore county. A * large portion of the Okefenckee Swamp remains an il sur»e-ed. and from tbo report of tbe Surveyor en e gaged io the service, it wocld be attended with vast y espeose to push tbe surrey further thsn bae been dene, w torn’, tuueh probability of the State ever I- O::ng tei-nborsea <m such expenditure. Whatdis s- pn non should be ntxde of the unsnrreyed lands in 3- .1 are, ecnsieting mo lly, if noteniirel , oftbeOke ro feaokee Swamp, is respectfaily submits Ito the Le- It I gistetare. By a recent decisioe es the Supreme Court, a ■ le Jig ] of certain fractional lets of tends, authorised under a- lhe act of 1647, lyiag in the rerri-ocy disposed 01 I I under the Lott< ry act of 1825, ha» been declared f j void, upon the ground, ft is understood, (bar *h® . contract between the Stat* and origical purchase , of these fractions (at least in the case that was de elded,) was impaired by the subsequent sale under the act of 1817 This decision has not, I believe, been published, an 1 I I are had no opportunity of seeing it, but if correctly stated above, provision should be nude by law, authorising the Treasurer to pay beck to the purchasers, the purchase money and grant fee.», rece ved under the set of 1917. Other lands, declared forfeited by (be act of 1819. in the coun’y of Ware, if not granted by tbe first of October, 1850, would have been offered for aalc, at the same time and place tbe rewly surveyed lands were, but for the apprehension that the princi ple settled by the Supreme Court, in the decision i referred to, would apply to them alsx I found that many errors had taken place in is suing grants for fractions, and chit fly because no numerical book bad been provided so that an vntry co ild be made in this Depertmei t when the grant passed; bene - , I thought a necessity exis'ed for having prepared a book containing the fractional lots l of land throughout the S ate, arranged alphabetical ly 68 to counties, and similarly to the land lottery l bcoks in number. Such a book has neen prepared ; with great care and labor, and supplies a vacuum that has heretofore existed in our land books. This | labor has been performed by John T Smith and Julius M. Pat’on, for which c fair compensation should be al'owed them. REIPITEf. Brink ley Bishop, convicted of murder in tl e coun ty of Bibb, James Norris in Butts, James Joi.noon in Baldwin, and Garland D Cornett In Mor an, have been respited to December next; Bishop to the 12(h) Norris to the sth, Johnson to the 26th, and Cornett to the 19th. Copt's of the evidence upon which the several ecnviciiona were founded, with the pet tions in ca r h c ee, are respectfully transmit ted to the Legislature. MIBCKLI.AXE9UJ. 1 felt it my duty to withhold my approval of t*vo Aetscf the last General Assembly, anl two resold tions, which ire transmitted to the respective Houses of the ’.eciv’a’ur*, in which they originated, with my objections to eac •. I herewith transmi; the Rerolu’ions of different States, received since tbe ad ourment of the last General Assembly, for the consideration of the Le gislature By a Joint revolution rs th? ’«wt General Assem bly. 1 was authorized to have the digest p«cptred by Thoe. R R. Cobb, Esq ,of tbe Statute Laws of tbe State, wiih a notice of the decision of the Supreme Court on each, as far as practicable, thoroughly ex amine I by a competent Committee, and if fraud correct end faithful, to subscribe fora number of eo niCfiL tint PlCPPrtl r>er f hr.. fk.na.K4 ** * picp, not exceeding three tbcutand, at a price not to i exceed $4 per volume. Under the au hcrity of (hie rea lution, Francis H. Cone, Junius Hilh er, and i Edward 11. Wo rell, Eeqrs., were appelated the Committee, who, after discharging the duties as r signed them, reported mo?t favorably of the work, recommending the “plan as simple, plain and intel* > ligible, presenting all the laws under nprropiiate beads, so as (o make them readily accessible, almoet without the aid of an Index, and that 'he who e exe cution of the work bears abundant testimony to the accuracy, ability and carefulness of the Compiler/’ a cop ' of w'.ich repirt is ransmitted. Havinp entire confidence in the fidelity of the re port, and being fully sensible of the necessity rs saeh a work, I did not hesitate to subscribe for the fall number of copies authorized under the resolution. A copy of this work bas been sent me in two volumes, neatly bound, printed with new type on goo I pap r; and I clcerfully add my testimony, as fir ae lam able to judge, to but of the Committee, of the fidelity witn which it bas been gotten up, and its utility with everychss of ourcitizcns. It should be borne in mind that this work w? B prnted in Athens, Ga., and to this extent should be favorably regarded, a* the money paid for the labor, at least, will remain in the country. To afford bee fining encouragement to this enterprise two thousand dot lars of the State’s subec*ipiicn was advanced ou’. rs the Contingent fund, to thio object. In the month of April last, a vacaaey occurred, by ’he resignation of W’m, R. Tinsley, in the office oi Treasurercf the State. Julius M Patton, £/q , a fe'iner Secretary of th* Execut.re Department, hav ing resigned thatcffice, was appointed by the Execu tive Order, Treasurer of the State, who, apon giv ing bond and taking the oath of office, entered apon the discharge rs his duly; and Logan E. Bleckley was appeimed Secretary of the Exec ’ttve Depart ment. T wo vacancies in the office of Solicitor Genera’, one in ihe Flirt, and the other in the - ou'hern Circuit, have also occurred by rcsigmtion; and boih have been fi led by Executive appointment; R. Ranson Stell, Esq., wee appointed for the former Circuit, and George W. Jordan* Eaq.. for the latter. FKAITENTIARY. The Report of the Principe' Keeper of the Peniten tiary, will be printed end laid bef.re the General Aseemb.v at an early day, with a detailed statement o the business of the flame, for the last two years to which I res. ectfully refer you. I felt it my dntv to recommend to the last General Assembly, the propriety of elas ifying and separating the convicts within the walls, according re the moral turpitude of the offence committed. Satisfied of its importance in br nging about reformitivn, the recom mendation is renewed. For the last two years, the expense of subsisting the convicts his been largely Pork and Corn were scarce, and commanded nearly, er quite 100 per cent on the prices paid the preced ng two years. Independent of this consideration, the short supply of tan-bark that could be obtained, as er the moat diligent efforts, has reduced the income from i-nning of leather, and n anufactoring shoes. Other supplies of material, suitable to the wood-shops, were foued scarce and high. While the effects of these causes were sensibly fe’t, the d fficulty of fin fag nle for the manufactured articles at remunerating prices, ibn two..lasiy ears, oTprifE. than the two tr ceding The v ui- iu*u tisv.wv f ■ uruin|( iue it wet*' reported in ihs Do k Kerper’* Department, show the ability of the Institution, if a fair proper tian is collected, to sustain itself for the next two yoara, without Legislative aid. For the last tour venr*, no aid whatsoever h a been received from the Ftate Treasury; in view cf which, a claim of the Penitentiary against th? State, amounting to $ 1.753,' 03, I would recommend to be paid# By reference to the items of this account the j-is»ice of the claim cannot be reawmably denied as a legitimate charge ap n the Treasury. At the last session, an unßu-cenfal effort was made io apply a part of the convict labor to the man ufieture of Freight and other Cars, for the use of the State Road. The facilities aff< rded by tbe co uple lion of the Milledgeville and Gor son Rathoad, to transport Car* from the PenitenOery to the State Hoad, renders this subject worthy of your considera tion. Thedcmard for Ratlrord Cars will exist as long as the different Railroads of the State are work* ed, and the probability of aa over supply is not ae great ns to dircourawe the undertaking. So ftr as the Sta e Road is concerned, it may i e well cons d cred as a proper application of convict hbur. THK KILITIA. In reference to the several acts of the General As- Fernb’y, for the organisation and discipline of the miliia of the State, so much has been comtnunica’ed by my several predecessors sr.d and so iittl* done, that 1 reluctantly bring the subject to your no lice. Our present militia system is one of the few in which any change might be regarded on improve ment, and cone teems more demanded (han a total repeal of all lews on the sut ject, that the Legislature may be disencumbered es t: e rubbirh, crowded into (he Dig efts, by success!'e Legislatures amend ing, repealing and reviving Acts and parts of Act* on this aulfeet. It is believed, if yo~r legis’ation was directed to the organ*?.'Ji-q cf volunteer companies and ’he adop'ion of a plan for ascertaining, with aceursey, the effective force cf the Mate, each year, above the age cf 18, and under 45 years, math more would be accomplish* 1 titan is done under the (resent ys fetn. • The inducement to organise volun’eer companies, may be made sufficiently great to afford a reasonable BAsnrsnce, that onr-tbird of the *tat®, capable cf bearing arose, would, at all times, be foun ’ at ached to vdnnteer asaoeiation*. Tne effect of this p/icy wou'd be, to have always rendy, an effect! e force, somewhat trained, at least, in the use ci arms, for rnv emergency. Under the present plan, the only reliable force o meet any crisis, however great, ore the vo un’eer con panics now o ganixed. A commendable spirit to form volunteer as delation*, ba* manieird itself in many sec tn ns of the State, with! ■ the last four years, but their ardor has been checked, from my inability to furnish aims and equipments. This I regard as a great ui'sforune To 'he strong arm and stout heart of the citizen soldier, must wc look for protection in peace and in war; and in view of a possible disturb ance however remote it may appear to many, es the amicable relations existing with the State* of the Confederacy, or a disturbance nisre Wric ly heal and domestic in its character, does it not devolve upon the Legislature to proviJe arms and munitions to cqnpat lew one-third cf tbe militia f rce of the Sate? Th s s jhjeet addresses itself with peculiar force to the Legislature at this time, from toe stti ;ude assumed by the peep 1 * in C< nvention last De cember that “Georgii would and ought to resist, (even as a lart re ort ) to a disruption of eve y tie which binds her to the Un : on any act on es Con gress upon ths subject of slavery in the District of Columbia or in place* subject to the jurisdiction of Congress, incompa’ibe with the eafety, the right* and tbe hrnor cf (he slaveho ding State*” Will Geo'gia *• take no step backward ? 1 Will the tri umphant majority tbit have ratified this f»cntia:ent, consent (hat they shculd not be provided with aims —. 1 —n r r 4" * m a f . —.—. _—-L. I al _ . and munitions of war, if need be, to enable (hem to maintain ’b s patriotic sentiment? or will this wi-e and precautionary measure be postponed, ander the persuasion that the necessity centemriated hy the resolo’icns • f the Ccnventioo, will never arise, if even this was certain, or the probabilities far grea»er (tan the b st>ry cf passing events would justify qs in believing, I sntmit it to the sound judgment cf the Legiala ure. if the adoption cf the measure here recommended, cf arming the people, weald not do more to present e?u*pj’ion of pawer by C regress, in thia reepe t, than the adop ion of the resolutions them selves. The State (bat arms its ciiisens, and gives warning to the argrerror to beware of the next blow, will be res'eced; bat an enunciation to the world, unaccompanied with any preparation to sustain it, would rather accelerate, than arrest the apprehended aggression, which I am sure it most be the wish of ail to prevent, however W;dely we may differ as to the means best calculated C-. effect that object. Tice reflections are submitted witn no par ism sririt, wi h no design to irritate, er to recall (be past That is the appropriate duly of the hworian; my duty is to deal with things ss they exist, to eat neatly urge apon your consider. Hoc whatever in my judg m nt. will conduce to the safety, honor and happi cesscftht State, irrespective of every consideration but the public weal. Having brought to the mention of the Legislature, such measures, as in ay judgment should engage its treat io a, my duty is well nigh ended. Ever u>i erant sod respec ful of the opinions of others, I have never failed on suitable occasions to avow my own, cn all quemi u«, State or Federal, cf public concern □cent, k has been my cenn nt ob ject so to exercise my official duties as to maintain, perpetuate and sd vt'c e the hoeor, the rights, liberty end pro parity o( the people of Georgia *, to impress upon the publie mind the noiean oblige tio« of observing good faith in all things; to diffuse among all ci saves the blessing’ o! education ; to stimulate the people to increased n durtry by develo; ing the vast resources of the State; to inspire all w th a fresh lx>ve of Country, Liberty and Equality Three have been objects of my unremitting solid I tode. Atd if on this occasion, I abstain from advert ing to tom 3 measures connected w ; th these o jeets, which bare so widely and deeply agitated (be pub lic mind, growing out of the late action of Congress, . it i 3 not betas e the opinions I have so often expres i sed, have undergone a change, or of a desire to i conceal them, but in defence to the popular will, r and my reluc ance to throw anv possible obstacle or attempt to do so, ia the way of a full and entire res a torat oq of fraternal feelings and harmonious act cn - among the pe pie of the State. i. Whtiever destiny may await ns, whether of pros rerfcy or adversitv. we cannot too ofte i invoke toe e guidance of that It fl rite Being, wboee favor is pow >r er, whose displeasure if weakness. jg ’ GEO. W. TOWNS, Jl I GOMSIIKOti COBB'S 11AIOCKAL ADDRESS. Senator! and Representatives: r In obedience to the popular voice of the , State, I appear before job to day, to assume , the duties of the Execut-ve Chair. We have been called, gentlemen, to our respective sta tions. at an interesting period in the history of our State. In all the departments of life which stamp the impress of progress and greatness upon a people, Georgia occupies an eminent position among her sister States of the Repub lie In Agriculture, th.it noblest pnrsuf of civilized man, she yields the.palm of superior ity to none Endowed by Providence with a salubrious climate and fertile soil, under the culture of her enterprising citizens, ehe stands forth the generous rival of the foremost amongst her successful and flourishing sisters. In manufactures anti the mechanical arts, our State presents a pic'nre which her proudest sons may contemplate with pleasure and grat ification. Th a youngest amoag us may re membet the time, when the walls of the first factory were raised in our Sta'e, and now, ii every section of ir, may be seen the daily in creasing evidences of the success which has attended the efforts of our energetic citizens ir the manufacture of the great American staple The progress we have made for the last few years, in this and other br-aches of manufac tare, clearlv foreshadow the period a< not fa distant in the future, when ehe wi’l rank among the most successful of the manufac uring States of the Union. Nor has Providence been less generous to ns in tho bestowal of those natural advantage, wh-ch constitute the baris of commercial great ness. Amidst al' Iho evidence, that mark ihr progressive spirit of our people, to none should Georgians look with more gratification than to those which characterise the energy an efforts of her principal seaport. Linked and bound together. a° are the different sections of our State, by her system of internal im provemnnt, we begin to feel more truly and justlv the identity of interests and feeling which shou'd exist between onr mountains aud sea board, it has made os neighbors in distance, it shool 1 make us neighbors in interest and 0 o..vuu u» neignuurs in interest ana g feeling In contemplating these results from j our railroad enterprises, oir pleasure should e b < enbanovd by the reflection, that it is the a! most exclusive work of individual effort and , privaie capita!. The State Read constitutes the only exception to this genera;’ remark - e This work, in i s origin, gave promise of great t advantages to the State, in developing the re sources of that vast and interes’ing section of J country through which it pa c ses, and in form ing the most important link connecting the wes ern waters with the Atlantic coast. I n the j realiza ion of these anticipations, we find am- I pie contemplation for the labor and capital which have been invested in tbi« impoitant en > terprise. It now depends, in a great measure, i upou the fosieriDj* care, enlightened judgment, » and unbending firmness of th«* repre.se ta'ives i of the people, to render it a p rm went mon ument of the wisdom and forecast of its pa.tr i ’ otic projectors. ' Whilst the attention of our people has thus e*°n directed with Characteristic energy, o , sources of nvionii wealth, they have not been unmindful of that important ard para r mount duty, the education of her sons and daughters, ft is, indeed, a grateful spectacle, to witness throughout the Sue the increasirg i interest manifested on this interesting and irn 1 portant subject. In a free government like ours, where al! power emanates from the peo ple we cannot too highly est-ma e the impor tance of preserving, throughout the hud, pure hearts ard enlightened minds Those who rhsll place it within lie power of every eon and (faugh er of Georgia to recoiv'’ the benefit i of a plain aud practical education, w;ll be just ly regarded srnong the noblect benefactors of the State let our nni’ed efforts b directed, under the blessing of Provide* ce, to the con summation of this great object, the eluca ion of the hearts and minds of the people To <>ur hinds, gentlemen, for the time being, has a confiding people committed hese various and impo'iant interests of the State. We should enter upon oar duties wi h a con scioucness of the responsib lity we have as snmed, and u deteimnaiou so to discharge them that there miy exist in the public mind, no just cause to regret the trust that has been reposed in in. Nor, gentlemen, is the present a less inter eating period, when considered in reference to our Federal relations. Our Federal Go vernment is now pas ing throogh an ordeal, which may jus ly be regarded as the severest test to which it ever been subjected. In (he issue is involved ; not only our own peace and happiness, but the rotation of that g’eat problem wh ch has engaged so much of the time of the abl< st and pur st men who have ever lived—ihe capacity of man for self go vernment. At the commencement of the last Congress, the country was convulsed with p < >»»» a, - institution of slavery, a* it exists in tho Son h ern State*. The ablest heads were appalled with the magoirnde of the danger that threat ened the integrity of the republic, and the stoutest hearts faltered under the we-ght of responsibility ft would bo inappropriate to this occasion, to review the history of that an gry and threatening controversy Nor would 1 unnecessarily, refresh your memories with many of its pai iful reflections. But there are iosaons and admonitions to te drawn from i’s consideration, which cannot ba too d> eply and forcibly impressed opon tbe public mind of the •ountry. This threatening issue was ultimately ornught to a close, in our national Legislature, by the adop ion es a aeries of measures farm iarly known as the Compromise. That Compromise was ba-ed npon two important principles the first recognised the great American doc trine, of Ihe righ ol every people, in the or ganizstion of their Sta'o governments, to de (ermine for themselves, whether or not they would have (he institu'ion of slavery, ns a part of their social system—a principle dear to every republican heart, and one npon which rests the whole fibnc es American institutions; thus repudiating that ether doctrine, sojwslly odious to the people of the South, of the right an 1 duty •1 Congress to rriect a State applying for ad misrion into tbe Union, because her Con*.itu lion tolerated the institution o* slavery. The o her cardinal principle of t’ie Compromise recognj*** thecoustititiooal obligation to deliver up oar fugitive slaves, when they may escape into ti e non Blaveho'ding States; a duty *x;rese;y imposed by lbs letter of the Uonaiitatiun. and ths tnforce ment of which i* essential to the permaner.ee of the rtpub'ic. After the adoption of this adj i&tinent by Congress, circumstances imposed upon the people of Georgia the important duty of pronouncing the first authoritative judgment upon it. To our action, the eyes es the whole c- un’ry were directed, and our fellow citren<*, every where, lo>kel to our mive raear* with auxiou« solicitude. It was under there circumstance* that Georgia was ca led uoon t speak, •'he spoke; and h*r voice breathed a ruing led spirit o’ ardent devotion to tbe Union, and cf ;at nolle warning to i’a Northern friend* Looking loi’e past, and cons’dering the rights and interests that had been invo vel in the contest: 'he dau-ers ai d diihculties which had rurrounded the country, and the important princip’e* upon which the fint.l c’i. n of (he government was base J, she solemnly declar ed her determination to stutid to, and abide by the Co npremise a* a permanent and filial settlement of thia dangerous and vita! hsue It* finality and fiithfui ei.forcemeat in all it* pvt*, constituting es sential elemen's, ’.o commend it to the favor ai d sup port nf herself and her sister States of the boath Looking to (he fature, wi'h rc erenceto tbe menaces of threatened avgreTions which hid been so ircely indulged in by a portion of (ho people of tbe North, and regarding the » »op i >n of those measures against which she raised her warning voice, in (be fourth resoiatioß e< her Q nvention, ns inv dnasbiows «im •d at her most vital interait, she ha« calmly »ut firmly said to this tnaddeted spirit of fanaticism, M thus far rlnlt thou go a<»d no far hf r.” He- posi tion was fa»en with calmness in 1850; it bse been re affirmed with deliberation in 1 51. And I now renew the p!e< gent my hearty cr-operar'on in win taining it wi hfi mcesa and decision Georgia hai thus placed henelf upon a f road na ionaf and patri otic piatfoim. and invites her sister Stales of ihs Union to stand by her in the (freser* »t on of the hap pi-srt and freest government on earth upon these great princi; les of right end justice. Her policy and principles look totne pre.-eivation of ti e t nicn and the maintenaccc of the Constitution, a? one and in separable. Ambition can seek no higher and nobler ebject, than the trensmi»snn »o prsterity o' this in estimable legacy ; AUnKKOF SCVCBEIGN STATES, CIMtNTED BF A CONSTITUTION DISPNS.'RG EQUALITF ABB JCfiTlCl TO ALL ITS NesIMIS; a Cc Get i Cut ion corisecmted by the wirdem of the great and & cod in a ol revolutionary memory; a Union, whose flip fl >ats u on every Lretze; is horored in every land, and regarded through ut the world as the emblem of cooslirut onal freedom. The main tensnee of such a onstHutim, and the [reservation of such < Union, is worthy of the united and un’.ir iog efforts of patriotic men, north and south, east and west; worthy cf their btfet en-rgies an I purest de votioa. Arcemtle 1 here, in the Capita! of Georgia, around her time-honored and comecrated altars, let as unite in one cotrtron prayer to the Great Ruler of the Uo.ver-e, that this Constitution and tbi > Union may be perpetuated to our latest pcsteri y. Califcrvia Gold.—The amount of gold exported from California to the 15 h Septem ber of the present year, was S6O 010 220; and the steamer Oregon, wh’Ch left Sin Fran cine** on he Ist October, ha 1 on board about f 2 200 000—rad Ring t;e total export to that date about $62,230 000. The advices brought by the steamer Cherokee hold out the prom sc of steady and increasing supohes of geld. Labor and Machinery were becoming better o gantzsd and d rec.ed. and more thorough examine ions were constancy bnnginz to light new discoveries of thepr ! ciousme al. S Iver has also been found under circumstances which seem to warrant the belief of its existence in qaantd es to justify the labor applied to its acquisition. Tewnesiee Boris —We un eratand that V- K- Stevenson, Esq. President of the Nash ville and Chattanooga Rulroad Company, ne gotiated in tiie • ty last week $250 00 ’ of the Bonds of the Company, guaranteed by the State ol Tennessee, bearing 6 per cent, preen interest, at par: $l5O 000 are sa d to have been taken by an eminent Banking House » in Washington and SIOO 000 by a firm in thu i city. ’ The Sta’e of Tennessee has dw ys showed the most sc:npuloua got d faith with her credj tors, arid her present fi'anc.al condition it very pr sparoas—ch : j will account for the „ read neas with which bese Bonds were sot and the fair pr;oe obtained for them in th< present condition of the money trarkeu— CK CWF. VOL.LXV—NEW SERIES VOL. XV- NO. 46 Trie Adtl.ess. 1 he Hon. Jamis A. iUerbiwethir, on taking tho chair as speaker of the House of Represcn e tatives, delivered the following admirable ad e dress : e Gentleman of the House es Representatives: I Accept my thanks lor the honor you have j done me. Unmerited as it was by me, yet so f I generously tendered as it has been by you, the I, circumstances could not fail to excite my liveli i est gratitude for this kind expression of your 9 confidence. t I brinsr to the discharge of my duties but a limited share of sxperience. end doubtless 1 shall oftentimes have t- throw myself upon yourchar f ity for support. Bat be mv errors ever eo often - repeated, t rest assured, they will at all times times owe their existence to the defects of judg- * mint, and never to an evil intention. i Gentlemen, our State has just passed the or s deal of a seve-c and bitter contest. New Issues, involving the Integrity of the government itselt 1 have altogether supplanted the accidental caus , es which have hitherto marked the boundaries <>f political parties. This disruption of past as sociations, this severance of political ties, has I most unhappily given rise to much of personal vituperation. Diffem-ces of opinion, originating in motives, cq-iai'y patiiotic, have failed to command that toleration which the fearless nurault of truth should at all timesc-immaiid. But the occasion which gave rise to th s bitter strife is gone—the sovereign people have proclaimed their h'sh be hests- thea let as generously give to the past all the acrimonious feeling which it has engen dered. and forgetting all but our common coun try, let us unite with heart and hand to upho'd our constitutional Union. Gentlemen of the House—important dudes wlll devolve ui on you during the present session. Our rapidly increasing population—the extension of our system of intercommunication—the de velopeme't of our resources—the diversity of , our parsuits, and the new relations which nil these are farmin--among us, will call for new and the change of many old laws. Let vs give to these subjects thedareful thought and pat ent investigation which become the representatives of a great and truly growing people. Punctuality to duty, and adherence to our 1 rules in its discharge, will greatly aid us in the i attainment of the purposes desired, ss well as bring our session to a successful and seasonable t close. ( It is a pleasing theme to contemplate thefu- , tme destiny of our State. To one who has wit nessed her rapid transition within a few years, ihp rnolirtj mnr. iilncinn nf thx* mwrvs 1 the reality seems more the illusion of the magi man’s art, than the result of actual develop ment. What was Georgia twenty years ago, and what Is she to day 7 Thon, stripped of commerce—manufactories scarcely known - <he mechanical arts porish’nr—not a foot of rail road within her limits—cities decaying—agri cu'ture langd-blnx, and labor stifled because of the isolation of its employment— aa ill organ ized jndiciary denied protection to right, be cause of the uncertainty of Its continuance A f«w county academies and a State college of fit!ul existence, marked the era of education, while our State, closing the first century of its existence, numbered but half a million of souls withinlts limits. Now, what has twenty years done for Geor gia 7 Her commerce boldly striding on—msn ufactories in every variety rising up everywhere the mechanical arts challenging the rivalry of oiler States—labor diversified and rewarded— agriculture improved and yet improving—a well organized judiciary, giving stability to laws— one thousand miles of railroad, completed and completing, tapping the tributaries of the Mis 'issipyi, and running in near approach to those of the Gulf—cities flburishi.e, and some boast ing their thousands of inhabitants, whose rites twentyyears since were th- pasture of he bound ing d< er—education spreading all over the State, while nine col.egiate institutions dispense their blessings to mote than twelve hundred scholars annually 1 This is the bright page of my country’s histo ry, on which I delight to look. Twenty years ago. I was first honored wiih a eeat on this floor; I have witnessed the day of her gloom, anil beheld now the bright sun shine of her prosperity. When I look upon all this, it Is with a vanity that I erre not to conceal—with a spirit of exul tation for the pas’ and of toyous hope for the future, 1 can exclaim, “this is my own, my native land.” And to what do we owe all this evidence of prosperity and happiness 7 It's tho full fruition ol our own flee and happy government. But stall Geotgia stop in her onwir! march 7 Shall she play the laggard in the future because of her successes In'he past 7 No, let her tri umphs strengthen her energies. Go on. She holds the key to the commerce of the great West. Open new channels of internal commu nication—cheapen trans, 0.-tation - invite com merce—foster manufactories in all their varie ties—encourage especially, the mechanical arts, those great agems of individual wealth and na tional strength. And last, though never least, by a well directed system of public education, let it be the boast of every Georg an, that not a son or daughter lives upon her soil, who cannot speak and write thi ir native tongue. Georgia has a great des'iny to fulfil. Great in her physical resources—great in moral action with s climate surp'ss'ngiu ealubr tv and health the most favored of the Atlantic States, her rapid advancement is but the prestige of her fu tur ■ gloty. She now hears meekly the sectional dlstmc ton of the Empire State of the couth. Iler energies have won her this proud nuaitiomand a -j-sr.—punches a,x-orded her her due. 1? eve loph,r- . mighty resources—stimulate her mighty ener gies—-speed her on In her cour**», and ihe day I* not distant when she will claim, and deserve to receive the more honored and more national distinction of the Ernp re State of thieglon ui Union. F om the •¥. O. P ea rtne. 5 h inst. LATER FROM MATAMOROS. The Fighting Still Continue I. By the arrival sir c j our last of the steamship Fanny. Capt. Auld.we have di ba from Mata moras and (he seat of war op to the 30:h uh. Thp Fanny brought twenty six passengers, and $34,481 in specie. the fighting with»n the city of Matamoros s'ill continued when (he Fannv tailed, the ad verne forces having been engaged, with little intermis-ion, lor iore than a week Carvejal wes advancing upon the west side of the town, andon th® 30th October wa* within four f(pares of the Phza where Gen. Avalos htd h a head quarter*. Here tbe latter win posted with eight or hire pieces of arid ery so dis posed as to cover each other. The revolu tionary leader had but a single piece, and wa* doubtless fighting his way from bouse o house. A* near as we cars recollect, the buiidmjs on the western side o! the city, until a post ion within two or three squares of the Plaza could be gained, are principally I<w and built ol adobe* or sundried bricks. There may, however, boa few commanding brick or stoiiO touses on that aide, and if there are Carvsjil doubtless has possesion ofth?tn. The following, which wa copy from the R o Bravo <f the 29:h ult., gives as ful par ticular* » f the figh’mg up to that date as we have eeen. Wo find it under the head of ‘S ege of Matamoras and Skirmishes in the St eets We gave our readers a hasty sketch, of the first battle at Maiacnoro*. in our h.*t paper, and now proceed to furnish a brief sum mary of the subsequent occurrence.*, up*o the moment of gnii gto press. Gen. Avatoa ha« kent etric'ly within his fortified position, in the centre of the city, v.hich is defended with a good deal cf ski Iby nine gun* Gen. Carvajd has removed bis head q’ar era from Fort Paredes, into the ma.’ket plac*, and within (t o rear portion u! the town He ba< only oae six pounder; and wi h this inadf q mto rntery ha* been forced to fuht under tvory dhadvan’age, aramEt Avaios’ force* and heavy gun*. Duty wkirmishes have taken place, and oq sone and nights, t‘ ree or four hap- S nud of a fierce and de ermined ct.ancter etudes innumerable shot* of rifles, and pistol*. Avsl"S has fired between four bn ! five hundred cannon shot* of canister, grape and ball—Carv jil about one hundred The < >act numb-r of killed and wound d on ihe M -xican side, is not known to u*, ( ut two days ago, there were 104 wounde-t men in their hos. ital a number have been wounded and ki led since bud it i* fair to presume, that nearly half as many have been killed as ere wounded. This Aould make tbe k: led and wo tnded on the side t f Aralo*. about 170 or > 130 wen. Carvajal ha* had three or four killed and about a dozen wuijndtd L'eut. s Cu ver and Surgeon F.nley a’e two o' lb -1 killed, and Col Ford, Capt. Norton and F. R 1 Gracirqui the latter ly an accidental dis char? ol a gun— wound* d Wnen the circums ances are considered, this di«parity oi 10-m i- almost miraculous. J The fighting has de*»n <f en hand to baud, J both sides firinz through the same hole in i brick »• slit ai each other. The siege has lasted , six or seven dajs. and with cans ant hostile i acion t..e men are worn down but do not f complain. They are resolved to taka the • p’ace, and (his resolution they wi I, probably, 1 make good quickly. If Carvajal bad a twelve . or eighteen pounder he wou'd '.ap’ure Ava’os’s whole force in two hours As wo aro writing, the fire is tremendous, and we have reason to • think a decided movement if a* hand. We r have unable tu procure a list cf th 1 ? olfi i cera in Carvajal’s r.rmy aid .he services cf each company ar d detachment, es soon as we can du so we wii', pub i«h them—and we are happy in the meantime to state that all who 4 had an opportunity o participate in ihe con ’ flict have behaved with ’he most cotnnaenda bl gallant y and finortss '1 he contest has - been ha r .tving and exhausting beyond des t crrpti n. «ni it h to the highest ho, or of all ’• jed, from the general down to th* h’ltn t blest private, to s ate that they have f.itbfully » discharged :heir duty We learn that eotne • pillaging ts r ouses has been commit ed, but r by whom is unknown. /\ considerable band cf marauding scouiid els hang about all such 1 belesgured places a- Matamoras, ready to rob 5 or murder ah wh.> fa«i in their way. Wo'-re glad to learn that Carvajal has resolved to ■* punish, wi hme utmost rigor, every disrepu • tab:c offender tba. he can delect. The saoie paper has the follow ng in eddi ion u the ab »v* : it Yesterday Major Gorzile’. of Gen. C«nra i- ja! s Buff, whise ♦ nicrii g Matamoros with a • - flag us truce, was fired on and ahot through the e hat by one of Avalos’Na iooU Guards. The e po iroon was • rdered under arrest by Col. Purtil'a, whu was in command. There are 104 e wounded men in Gen. Ava os’ hoapt al From e this fact, the ki led may be inferred They is cannot f&L short of half of that number. Gen Csrjtval ordered two cf his eoUiers d who ha. commi ted thef’s to be severely whip i ped ves’erday, and issued the most <ringent is orders lor lha punubmen: of those who stiou.d le offend in the like manner tiuch are the ru.es d of d .cip me and h mesty “» ,h « a ,o > eol pirate-and outlaw. 1 Wui Avalos follow A I the exampie ? ... . I We karn vertaMy that Mr. Langstfoth, one -hot d-adwhie sanding onthi roof of hie store o house. wa chiog t e operations. Tbe American Con.n Mr. Waddell had also beou -bgmly wounded m the head and other no J cotnbatan s had b-e-i i„j rl , ed by Ihe fire f . rrvelutioniets, which w« close and communis from tho first. At the oue-et nf hostilities G en . Avalos had called upon the National Guard and all ifis citi zens to turn out for the common defence. Th ; s order was refused. He next is>ued a de cree or proc'sma ion red aei ng the dates ca mantas three cents per yard, which ao aroused the patriotism of those who bad previously held back that they turned out in great num bers. Ha lit not been so -his adroit ment, it is said that scarcely a man would bare joined him. We have before us a letter from a merchant in Brown.vtlle, to a gentleman in t"is city, which describes the excitement in the former ulace as being intense. Business was com plotely suspended, and everything was in con fusion. The letter is dated Oct 2)th. accord ing to the writer, the tenth of the siege of Mat amoros. On that day the assxnlt was renewed With redoubled vig r, and, says the writer, “I have on V to raise my eyes from this sheet, Io see the flush of ..very Wirch rge." The sama tetter assert! that tbe .fFur is entirely a specu lation , that the people of Ta i aulipas were at fir-t i-.po.ed to engage in it; but as soon as Carvajal commenced to enlist Americans, the Nano al Guard joined Avalos, and 'has ena bled him to make a stout res stance. The let ter also ulhrmi that most of the persons who go over from this side of the Ri<> Grande Io take part in the movement, are aetuav d solely by a desire for plunder The writer advises persons here to be cautious before giving countenance to the movement, aud then con cludes as fol'ows: I have just been to the door to examine tho position if tbe contending parties From the rapidity of the discharges, and their apparent proximity. I think they are having hot work. Carvajal has but on- G plunder against nine 12 pounders, but be plies his peace well. To day, we are told, a greater effort will be made, and appearances indicate the fact. God grant that this day may decide the contest one way or the other Below we give another latter, which gives some particulars not contained in nnr <><h» paruuu.ars not contained tn our other . accounts: '• ~ BnoWSvittr, Oct. 29,1851. f Up to this date neither of the contending e patties has obtained any d cided advsntvge. There is, apparently, s determination oa - the part of the forces under command of Gen. ‘ Avalos to defend the town to the last extremity, ’ and. as far rs lam ab eto le-ro, the enthusi asm which prevailed at one time among Car t vsjal’s troops, bas very much subsided. There ( appe irs to be a great reluctance on the part of , Carvajal’s forces to attempt to carry the town i by storm; they evidently have a great horror of Ava'os’s big guns Carvajal now has hie head quavers in :ha market plaza, whence ho s?nd out his skirmishing parties, who exchange 1 a few shots with the National Guard and at night return to the plaza. Matamoros has been twice on fire, and two of the finest buildings in the place, besides about $lO 000 worth of merchandise, were destroyed. The first fire commenced in the building known a- the Divine building, consuming that, and ihe edj .icing building known as die Resa ca house. The conflagration commenced , about 10 o'c ock on Saturday n'ght. It is pos itively known that the Devine building was fired by order of Carvajal, who has very pecu liar notions as to the means to be employed for the liberation of his countrymen. During tho confiagra'ion, Mr Waddell, ’he A > eiieau Consul and some American gentle men who were in his bouse, went out to en deavor to eave the noods— S2O 001 worth which were in 'he Re.-aca hituae In this la tor ike- were assisted by a number of the National Guard, who bad thrown as do their arms in order more eflectual'y to aid in remov ing tits good.. Mr Waddell had his flsg with him, while en gaged in thi ■ bnaineas. and he is certain that be must bave been reC 'gntzed by his countrymen who were ith Carmjal. No withstanding this, and while engaged in rescuing the pro perty f»n American citizen from d- struclion, Mt. Waddell and his friends were fired upon by Carvajal’s men, and Mr W. was wounded by a musket ball in the cheek. Whatever pa'rio i. m mav h ve at first char acterized Carvajal’s movement, has now en tirely vanished. T: e movement is amply an armed invasion from the United States, and the persons engaged in it are employed in rob bing thote portions of the town ; n their pos session, and committing other excesses. '1 lie plunder taken from the peaceful inhab itants is deposited within the territory of the Cnited Stat's. The presence of the maisbal and United States attorney is very much need ed here. The most extreme dis ress exists among the poor people who have been driven om es Mat amoros. Ftom 1,200 to 1500 women sod have beep compelled iwaOwisdori their, x,j hon.e*, and rnany of them are' Utterly deslt : tute. . 1 cannot form any definite opinion of th. I result of the contest. Corninu.MMttton with > the part of the town occupied by iheMexi au forces is entirely cut eff though it is .aid .hat Avalos still has an open way to the river .on the southeast ide of ths city. Dutios the hsideat of the fighting, Gen. Avalos ordered every Amsr can tn Blatamorae , io confine h.nise fto his store or dwelling, at f e same ua>e remmending bia troop, to ahoot down any one who muht be teen io the rnets. The cause for this was his belief that all the Americans wereavmpithismg with Car i vsjal. and ready to afford him reliel should an opp >r unity occur. We learn thia verbally. It is cerl’inly singular hai ao far nothing has I been heard of Canales or JesusCardenes, who , at one time were ceitainly in favor cf the de r nrun'-iralioo. Perhaps they are only awaiting I the result of the a tack npon Matamoros, and I wII be foremost in their patriotic bluster should Carvsjal succeed in capturing the town From our verbal ace unis, we should gather the the lut er could at first have carried the Plana and optu ed ihe guns, by a vigorous assault, but i ts at bis desire to save life prevented him from resoiting to thia measure. I - .. Right of Search —lt seems to bo pretty well asceria ned that tome correspondence bt>* taken place between our Government and those of England and France in reference to order* given to ritiah and French *hips of w»r to prevent the landing es any m litary force upon the caasts of Cub*. To what ex , (ent tne aasumpiiozia of <he (wo fore gn Gov r ernmenu wen we are not informed The posi ion of thi« Government in relation to the r gh*. of search wa* ao clearly and defi i nitely established in (he negoiiaii.in* and cor reapondtinco whch resulted in the Treaty of Washington, in lfc42, that no one need to in dulge in the slighter doubt as to (he course i which the Administration will pursue if (he question should arise lor consideration again, idr. Webr.er, as Secretary of in 1851, will be found no doubt to bo the same Mr. Webster who as Secretary of 8 ate in 1842, lai i down ‘he principle never to be shaken he princip e of the freedom of tbe American fla? and i»* virtue to protect all over whom it righ fully float* A correspondent of the New York Courier writing from Washington in a’lufion to thi* subjeot, *ay*: “I happen* d to be in the North, where Mr. Webster was Inet aummer. when the new* ar rived, lhai Ei gland and France intended to or der, or had ordered, American veasel* to be searched, a* in former times, and I heard Mr. Wfcbater, then confined to hi* house by his an nual a tack of catarrh, declaie, that the fi-*! m- Mtanco us any such proceeding ought to be, i and would be, ioHow&d by war! And I know, I also, that thia de laration was made by him in i tbe presence and hearing of several person* I in habits of dai v correspondence witn Engii-h friend*, and that in lers than twelve dev* fr m the time it wa* made,it wa* heard of and known in high quarter* in London.” The condition of this country, with its grew ing e.vnglh and r« sources, is such at this day that nei i er England nor France, nor both to gether. would be we should thick, to conest an aba'rsct question nr to s item pt the finlorcemeut cf a disputed privilege, in view of i e c< as above anr.ounod that might be expected to f 4iow such an attempt.— f!a't A mtr. PhOGKESf OF THE RLV .LVT IOW IV CHILI.— By thu Go den Gatv, wi h dates to Oct. 6. we have a fu’.l confirmat’on of the rumor given by us a few day-si ce, respecting a revolution in this rapidly growing b ale Don Manuel Montt, whom we have heretofore stated to have been pfobiMy elected to the Presidential office, wa' duly inaugurated on the 18th of Sept But, after the election and prior o the tutuzurat on, viz; err partisan fmr.ds cl Gen Crex, the opponent of M jntt iu the election, produced an outb eak at Coquin.: o >-nd tci k into their hands lh« goverumeri' of lhe province, eeizsd the gov ernment fundi and foiced heavy loans, took the a’eamer Firefly, the pre petty of Mr. Lam bert, an Engli n resident, and sent her to Conception to apprise their frieuds of their mov- men’s, end io< re them to nciion. Gen. Cn.z ibe r favorite, at leng h joined them, proclaim.ng himself their leader, and mir •haled his for. es. ______ Departure of Emigrants for Africa.— Toe barque Morgan Dtx sailed from Balti more cd Saturday last for Africa, with 153 colored emigrants, who aie sent out by Um • American Colou znion tociety.” The en.- igrants are from lhe States cf Virginia an i Nur th Carolina, a large portion of them umititd slaves, i heir destination is Basta Cove, and ail it is stated, are ill provided with means necesaa.y togi'e item a start m life ia i their new home. The «me Society, in connec ion with Ito aoxiUnes in Alabimaand Louisiana, propost a to fit out eo eipedi’ion in December irota Mobile and N Orleans of over 300 emigian s. Gallashrv of an American Captaiw.—A London paper Bientiuus with ap| roval, an»i no an illus ration of “Amtiican gallantry,' that 1 Capt. Nye, ot the United btaus mail ateamar ip Pacific, the first to commence firing a roiai c salute ol twenty-one guns on the instant of ■ Qtxn Victoria’s embarkation at Liverpool. » Catch en American Captain, ind at ore &.1, f cauh Capta n Nye, wanting in gallantry when a pure h arted lady is in the care. In oeeaa steam.ng and gallantry no one finds the CapUm 9 of the Pacific lingering in the rear.