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BY WILLIAM S. JONES.
CHRONICLE & SENTINEL.
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TIE WEEKLY
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BY AUTHORITY.
TAX LAW.
Ay Act to lery and rolled a Toon for each of the j/oHticnl
yean lsW and 1 bM.an'l thereafter until repealed.
*w*rif is I. Beit enacted by the:Senate and Horn* of Il+-
prcccf4ai.it t-4 oftiic .State of Georgia, in General A mcrnbly
wet, and it is hereby eratcied by the authority <f the mi roe.
Thai from tod after the piUMage of Utf* ael, ail real
ami perfouiil e*Uta within this Hut*, whether owned,
Ly IndjYKlualu or corporftttOM f nwldent or non •resident,
*hali Is* liable to taxation, tmLjoct to the exemptions hordu
afn?rs|«dfled.
tb-c. 2. And be il further enacted. That the term “real
entHte," as iuMrd in this act, •hall be construed to include
iuud itiielC, ail buildings or other article* erected upon,
or affixed to, tbo same ; all minea, minerals, f<»esilr, and
'!** trrlee In an«l under the same, except minm belonging to
the HUIe, and the terra “personal estate,” as used In this
m t, shall Ur construe*i to include all chattel*, raonkw, debts
due from Meant debtors, whether on nota, Mil, draft
Judgment or mortgage, or open accounts, goods, wares
arid merchandise, capital in tested in shipping or tonnage,
or capital oUrerwiae iurested, negro slates, pleasure car
riages, public stocks, and stocks in monied corporations;
also such portion of the capital of incorporated oorapanlce
liable to taxation on their capital as shall not b* ia tested
in real or irersonal estate.
Hkc. H. And be it fu*ihor enacted, That the following
property shall be exempted from taxation, to wit: AH
exempted from taxation, by the Constitution of Ibis
Hut* or mule) the Constitution of the United States, all lamia
belonging to this flint* or the United Mutes, etery building
(treeted for the use of and used by a college, Incorporated
academy or other seminary of learning, etery building
for public worship, every school bouse, coart bouse,
ami jail, ami the several kits whereon such buildings
are situated, and ail the, furniture belonging to each
of them, all book* and philosophical apparatus not held as
merchandise, and for the jnirpose of sale, every poor
house, alms house, house of industry, and any house bo
longing to any charitable Institution, and the real and per
sonal estate belonging to auy charitable institution or con
nected with the same, the real and personal estate of any
public library, and other literary associations, all stocks own
ed by the Htate and by literary and charitable iostituons, alse
ail plantation and mechanical tools, all household uod kitch
en furniture not above the value of three hundred dollars, not
held for purpose of sale, or as merchandise, all libraries- all
poultry and s'2oo value of other pro|>erty belonging to each
lax pityvr, and also the annual crop* and provisions of the
rfticetii of this Plate, and all Are arms ami other Instru
inr-ut i .and all munition* of war uot held ns merchandise, and
all wearing apparel of the tax payer and family, and th#
holder or owner of stock in any incnr|>orated compapy
liable to taxation on Its capital shall not bo taxed as an
individual for such stock.
Ha* . 4. And be it farther enacted, That all land* held
under warrants, and surveyed, but not granted by the
•’*b\ shall be liable to taxutiou lu the saiuo manner as if
•dually granted.
Hxc. ft. And be it further enacted. That all monied or
stock corporations' deriving income or profit from tiioir
capita) or otherwise, except os Ixs/ore excepted, shall bo
liable to taxation.
Hue* fi. And be it further enacted, That each and every
free |ieraon of color in this Plate bctweeeu the ages of
eighteen and fifty shall be tuxud annually the sum of tivo
dollars.
Hkc. 7. And be U farther enarietl, That the sum of live
dollars shall be levied upon all practitioner* of Law or
Physic or Dentistry and Daguerrean Artists.
Hkc\ H. Aiut bo it further enacted, That each and every
mule eitizen between the ages of tweuty-ons and sixty
years, shall be taxed annually hereafter, twenty-Uve oents.
Him'- U. And be it farther unacted , That th* receiver of
tax returns in each county, shall receive all returns to him
on the oaths of the peruon* making them uud at such val
uation as they may alfix, and if any person shall fail to
make ft return, or to ufiix a value, the receiver shall make
sudi \ ablation, and assess the tax thereon from the beet infor
mation in hi* power to obtain, and in case* where no retnru
is made or no valuation made by the |»er*on* returning, he
shall assess n double tax.
Hm\ 10. /!/♦»/ fte it further enacted, That it shall he
the duty of the receiver to assess,ill real and personal es
tate not returned or not assessed by the person retaining
the same at the* full market value.
Sw\ 11 .•Awl he it further enacted* That the reeel ver
of tax returns shall require all persons te give ill
each and every tract or parcel of laud, he or she
may own, specifying its location, quality, ami the num
ber of acres, if known, and the aggre<ate vMue, includ
ing the value of the buildings, machinery, toll bridges or
ferries on the same, a classification of the |»ersnnal estate
subject to taxation, ns defined in the second section of this
act, specifying the number of negro slave* aud their aggre
gate value, and the aggregate of all other chattels,
moneys, debts due or to become due from solvent debtors In
whatsoever form, aud each classification shall be entered in
separntu columns.
flw.\ 12. Aiut he it further enacted, That the TleeH vers
of tax returns throughout the State shall administer to each
ami every person giving in his or her taxable property,
the following oath, to wit: You do solemnly swear (or
aillrm) ns the ca«e may be, that the account which
you now give in is a just and true account of all
the taxable pro|H»rty which you were possessed of,
held or claimed <»u the first day of January Inst, or was in
terested in or entitled unto, either in your own right or in
tiie right of any other person or persons whatsoever, as
Parent, Guardian, Executor, Administrator, Agent, or Trus
tee, or any other manner whatever; and that It is not worth
more than the valuation you have affixed to it, to the best
of your knowledge and belief—so help you God.
Sue. lib And be it further enacted, That it shall be the
duty of the several tax Receivers within this Htnte t*
take in all taxablcs herein before enumerated, and
enter the same in his hook or digest with the ap
praised value thereof, following the classification speci
flod in the second and eleventh section! of this act,
and return u copy of the same made out in lair aud legible
hand writing, to the Comptroller tieucral, and one to the
Clerk of the Inferior Court and one to the tax collector, on or
before the Ist day of July in each, year lu which digest shall
be carefully made out, an abstract, stating each subject of
Taxation, the amount of aggregate value otcach, the num
ber of acres of land, number of slaves, polls, free persons of
color, professions, dentists and deguarreun Artists.
Hoc. 14. .4m/ be it further ena*le*t, That when the
Comptroller General shall have received said digest,
ho Is hereby required to examine the same carefully,
to detect any error or errors therein contained, and
having corrected the same, if any shall he found to
exist, he shall then foot up each column and ascertain
tho aggregate amount of each and all the digests, and report
the same to his Excellency the Governor, who with the as
sistance of the Comptroller shall assess such a rate per cent,
mtt cxccvdiug 1 12th of ono per cent, on the entire ninouut
as will raise an amount of revenue corresponding to the
wants of the State, and notify the several Tax Collectors
throughout the Slate of the rate per cent, so imposed, and
the amount to he colletcd by him in each county.
See. 15. Anti be it further enacted, That the amount so
required to lie assessed and collected, shall not exceed the
sum of three hundred and scvcnty-tlvc thousand dollars
uumuUiv.
flee. 10. And he it further enacte<l, That the amount of
tax to be paltl annually to the State upon the amount of real
aud per;«onul estate taxable under this act, shall bo l 12ih of
one per cent., which shall be levied and collected and
accounted for according to the existing law, together with
the poll tux and tax on practitioner* of law, medicine, free
negroes, dentists, and Daguerreun artists.
flee. I*. .I nd be itfurther mulcted by the authority itfore
eaid, That it shall l*e the duty of the Comptroller Ge
neral, with the assistance of the Treasurer, after the re
turns of tuxes have been made by the tax receivers of the
several comities in this State, to make an estimate of the
Hum total of taxes which will Ins raised under this act ac
cording to the per cent, assessed, and if it should ap|*ear
that the aum total should exceed the amount of taxes re
quired by this act to lie raised; then the Comptroller Ge
ii(M&L*hall issue his circular directing the tax collectors of
this St ate to make such deduction in an equal ratio upou
every thing taxed according to vulue, as will reduce the
sum total of taxes, as nearly to the amount required by this
not to be raised, as is practicable. The Comptroller speci
fy mg the percent, deduction necessary to lie.made.
* flee. I s . An*/ be it further enacted, That the tax re
ceiver* and collectors shall receive the same compensation
now allowed by law.
flee, lib An*/ /m it farther enaried. That to net the
digest* a* provided for in the 7th section of the act of 11145,
for the receivers, the default list shall he deducted, and for
the collectors the insolvent list shall lie deducted from the
total amount of the digests, and that all taxes due aud
payable under any of the provisions of this act, shall he
paid in gold or silver, or iu the bills of specie paying Banks
of this fltate.
fleo, An*l I* it farther enacted. That the fourth
and fifth sections of an act passed the tfM of February,
eighteen hundred ana fifty, to levy and collect a tax for
each of the political years, ISSU and 1851, and thereafter,
be, aud the same ore hereby continued In full force and
effect, saving and excepting so ranch of the fourth section as
in the following words, to wit: not being over sixty year*
of age, or valuele** from decrepitude or disease.
flee. 21. An*t t*eit further enacted, That nothing in this
net shall be so construed ns to relieve Bank*, Railroads, or
Agencies of Foreign Rank* from nny special tax heretofore
u.**CHNtfd on them or any of them.
flee. 2*2. .1 nd be it/briber entided, That all laws and
parts of laws militating against this act, except such part*
of the lav acts now in force in this fltate, a* may be ne
ce«*ry to carry out this act, and which are declared In
full force, be, and the same are hereby repealed,
JAfl. A. MERIWETHER,
Speaker of the House of Representative*.
ANDREW J. MIU.RU,
President of the donate.
Approved, 9lti January, 1852.
HOWKIX conn, Governor.
StPPLKAIKSTAR Y TAX AIT.
AN ACT supplementary to an not, entiled an act to lery
and collect a tax for the political yeaif 185*2 and 1552, ap
proved January 9,1552.
Wiikhkas, by tlie fifteenth section of the above entitled
act to levy and collect a MX for the )>olitiral years 1552 and
InV*. ii m euocted chat the lum of three hundred and sev
enty-five llwm-juid dollars shall be raised for the support of
the Government of this State for each of said years ; and
m hereon, by the fourteenth section of said act, tt ha* beeu
further enacted, that to raise the said *uin, for said political
year*, not more than one-twelfth of eim per cent, shall be
assessed on the actual value of all the property liable to
taxation under the provision* of the above entitled act;
and whereas, his Excellency, the Governor of thi* State, in
a *l»cci*l message made to tl* House of Representatives,
has expressed hi* doulttt whether the said sum of three
hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars, necessary for
the *upi*>rt of th« pn>rument of thut9tate for each of tho
said political year* 1852 amt 190 ft, can he raised by the as
sessment of only one-twclflh of one per cent, on tho estima
te* value of the property sulk'd to taxation under said
act, ami hath recommended to the General Assembly, as a
precautionary measure, in case the said rate per cent, spe
cified in said act shall not be sufficient to raise ihe said sura
for -aid i ohtiaal years 155*2 and ISM, to pass an act supple
pleuient.uy to said act, authorising him and the Comptrol
for General on the return by «!e several tax Receivers of
this Stan of the Digest of property subject to taxation un
der the provisions of saM act, and the value of the same,
and upon the examination and footing up of said Digest, it
shall satisfactorily appear to them that the said sum of
three hundred and seventy five thousand dollars cannot
be raised by an assessment of one-twelfth of one per cent,
on the value returned in said Digest, that thev may be au
thorised aud em|H>trered to increase the said rate per cent,
so much, amt no further, as may be sufficient to raise the
said sum of three hundred ami seventy-five thousand dol
lars as aforesaid: now, therefore, for remedy whereof,
Stocnos Ist. Be i1 emnied 5y the Semite and //<>«*> qf
Jiej>r*9ent<ttire* of the State of Georgia, in General A»-
jnenMjf met, and it is hereby enaete*t by the authority /
the -a me. That if, upon the return by the several Tax'Re
ceivers of thi* State, ©f their respective Digests, contain
ing the proi>erty subject to taxation, and it* value, in pur
suance of the ppovisiyns as are contained in the said act en
titled an a.i to levy and collect a tax for the political years
ISM anil IS\S, it shall appear to his Kxcellency, the Gover
nor, and Comptroller General of thin State, upon the exami
nation amt footing up of the same, that the said sum of
three hundred and seventy-live thousand dollars, necessary
for the support of the Government of this State, for the
sahl political years, cannot be raieed hy an assessment of
one-twelfth of one per cent, on the aggregage value of all
the property as returned by said Digest, anil sulked to tax
ation, then, in such case, it shall and may be lawful for hi*
excellency, the Governor and Comptroller General of this
State, and they are hereby authorited to increase the said
rate |>*r cent. s|teeified in said tax act, so much, and no
more or further, titan will be sufficient to raise the said aunt of
three hundred and seventy-Ore thousand dollars, necessary
for the support of the Government of this State for each of
the political years as aforesaid ; and thereupon forthwith
to issue an order to each of the tax collectors of this Plate,
requiring them, and each of them, to proceed and collect
and receive of and from each tax payer the amount of his
tax at and after the rate per cent, so increaaed, and neces
sary for the purposes aforesaid.
j Sbc. 2. Aud'he it.further enacted by Me authority afitre
o/lhi. That when the tax collector of any county shall
hereafter issue an execution for taxes in arrear, the same
shall be directed to all and singular the Sheriffs and con
stables of this State, and shall be levied by either officer
when the tax due does not exceed thirty dollars; but
where the tax exceeds that sum, the execution shall ho
levied by the Sheriff alone, and said officers shall be liable
to he proceeded against by rule in their respective courts as
is prescribed by law in relation to other executions.
Hue. H. And he it farther enacted hy the uuMoWiy nfi,r«-
eaid, That all laws, or parts of laws, militating against
thi* act be, and the same are hereby repealed.
Apitroved January 21, Iso-.
AN ACT to require all Wills of personal property, to Ife ex
ecuted and proved m the same manner as is now prescrib
ed by law, lor the execution and proof of Devise* of real
Sac. 1. Be U enacted by the Senate aud' IToute of Bepre
qtntatim qf the tXatt qf tfargta, in (itmrai AmmNy
■lie. - i l S ■
Weekly Chronicle & Sentinel.
met, and it l* hereby enacted by the auOvtri'" of 1/a *<: me.
# Thot from and after tb* first day June next, ’H •• dis and
_ testament- of personal property shall be in writing, and
“ signed by the party »o willing and bc-qaeathlbg the same, or
by some oilier person in his presence, and by hi* <•' prew di
rection », ami shall lie attested and fabserfbori in the pres
ence of the said testa tor by three or f-»ur crerliMe
or doe they •ball In- utterly void and of no effirrt.
flu;. 2. And /te Ufurtherenacted by the author'd>j rf-re
•r/#/, Tliat all laws and |j*rt* *4 law* now of tor* t in this
fltate, and afqdicable to the Revocation of >U:\ i-es of r»-a! *••—
tale, sludl extend to Will* and testament* vt personal pro
perty.
floe. 3. And be it further enacted by the a vfhority as.„ -
enid, Tltat all law* and |*nrts of Ur- now of force In tin
* flute, prescribing the mode <*f y»roof of derlv-4 of- i! «rtate,
are hereby extended to Will* and testament* of j*eraunal
pro f»**rty.
flee. 4. And he itfu ether enacted by the authority afore-
J mid, T*fiat this art nlutil not be conetrued to exUrun to nun
cupative wilis.
Hoc. 5. And be it further enacted fa/ the a u/hor ity afore
eat*/, lltat a? •Out! as this art shall U- d, it ; : ’ • t'. ■
doty of the Governor to cause the *at.:v to lr* pi.i i in
three or more of the public Gazettes of this fltate, at Je: t
once in every week until th*- day of June next, and thr
all law* and {(arts of laws inllftatMigagainst the provLdom*
of ti»i* act, T»e and tla* same are hereby rt;«.-. ! 1.
Approved 22*t January, TsVi. febb,wjl
Ah' ACT V) provide for the Education of tin; P=/,r.
flacnox 1. lb it enact' dby the Genera/ A . •-■'■/;/ o* th.-
Btateof Georgia, That eighte«-n hundred riii i tln.r -•» r-.-
r share* of the capital »tock of the Bank of the State of G
gio, eight hundred and ninety *har<-s of tlie *: -pi: *1 -t >. i; ■f ;
the Bank of Augusta, ami one hundred and » drh.v--:>:
•hares of the capital stock of the Georgia iUtil K «i .i d
» Banking Company, all belon -.ng to tin- . f.-ite, be I* -by \
•et apart as a permanent fuigi f>r the education of the poor,
and the said fund shall b<- increased by so lor.uy hi*.; * > of
the capital stock of either of -aid bank- a.- car* be pur
chased with the unexpended balance, if then- b<* any in
. the Treoenry, of the thirty thomand DoiUr-.■ appropriat* d
P» defray the expciirc* of the Star • Conventimi of 1 ->».
and with all the available a-set* of the < rural Dank, after
' th* payment of its debts, and th * Treasurer of the Stale i
hereby required to make* Much purchase, in whole or in part,
: according to the me ins at any time available therefor, and !
the scrip of the Blocks t*o belonging to the M fc, and is to !
' be purchased, shall bounder the control and nLa::age*tnenl
| of the Treasurer for tl# purpose as *. e-aid.
flac. 2. The income of the pt.-runuient fund as »r*.;.-:i : 1 -hall
l lie divided yearly atnung those which iriayhaveat i
the Treasury of this State by the hi .-i of Bccemi* -r, in **:»ch !
year, lists of tbeir pour cliihircii, in d ~i : Jo iciri .fit r
pointed out. the division t * be in jn*o|Aorti->n to ilj- :.r.,
of names on the resmciive lists and I'm* qtrm:.* «»f < j
county, to be paid to the school commie ; r , order .. ir i
the seal of hi» office,
floe. 3. The Ordinary of each county -h;dl h • «*x j
sclmol commissioner thereof, and *ba»l t.ikean oath and ♦ j
ter into an obligation a* nart of hinofb i.ii iMiud a i .h .iy,
to*di»charge ail the duties of Sclujol l.'ouim;- i-.n. -v u \./•-
scribed by this act, and to faithfully apply all the :
which may emue into b.s haud.sin that' pacify; i • hi!
also be entitled l*> retain as a eoiiqjen.-at .d f>r h ■> rv <
as such coiumissioner, two and one half per ceruum, u
all such monies as he may receive, and the -auie per cen
tum upou all such uioniertus he may pay oul under the ; r -
vision* of thi* act. Provided, That* no provision < ! tl.-
foregoing act shall repeal or uulilute ag .in-» the provi- n*
of uii act assented to the 24th Deeunbe., HIT, j- - m . i
the mode of diMhuruing the Poor School fund, end the .1 e
tkmof District Treasurers, entitled an act to
aetb. provide for the education of the Poor, so fur a the
C4.unties Os Lumpkin and Ksl.un are concerned.
fine. 4. A f**t Ots it fm iher etui (led, That all the duties
InqMised by the provisions of this act upon tin* Ordinaries
of each oounty, shall, iu the county or Chatham, be dis
charged by the Justices of the Inferior Court, and th. said
Justices are hereby authorized to appoint one or ny*- fit
aud projier person, who shall act as School Commi- if.ner
or OommiiMinnerft for •aid county, and who -iu!l <li . h ug.-
the dudes inqiONed by this act, up»>n tin - 1.-ct cuiuiui.-'ioner,
nndsr *uch regulations as the sakl Inferior Court lin y pre
flac. 5. Aud be it further enacted. That the county of
Union Imj exempt from the provision* of this act, and that
the Poor flehool fund of Haiti county, Is- <l uirs. d i nder
the heretofore existing law. Provide.!, ih.it said con :>:y is not
to be excluded IVoni the benefits of any fluid raised under
thi# act.
flw.'. •• Tlie duties of School commissioner in < :u:h comity,
shall bo the following ; he shall levy and au.* to lie col
lee toil by the Tax Collector of the county, Mich tax may
be recommended by the Grand Jury of the first Superior I
Court ia each year, ft# the purpose of educating th. p.,..r,
aud shall take charge of the same when collected. He
shall, each year, between the first of Septciiihi r and the first
of November, make ami keep in a I wok for that purj.oM,
a list of ail such children iu the county, between tin* ages of
eight and sixteen years, a* he may deem unable from the
poverty of themselves or parents, to procure a plain Eng
lish Education, without public assistance; and to .. i>t him
in making such list, he shall appoint two persons in each
Militia District to give him information rc-pr■.•ting th poor
children thereof, which persons, shall lake an oath, in wri
ting, Indore the Ordinary, »o faithfully di-charge th * duties
of their apiNiintuieut, und to return only such chiMivn as
in their opinion are eu til led to the benefits or ties act- he
shall, within the first week of November, each year, forward
one copy of said list for that year to the Tie .Mirer . f this
fltate, aud shall by the first of December, in each year, h >m*
at the State Treasury, his order umh r th* >.*al of hi* ..Hi..,
6»r the quota of ins county, in the State dividend arm .-sain,
—hs shall lay a copy of this list for the ye ir next last, be
fore the Grand Jury of the first court in each year, and -Ini.
ftlso lay before them his written estimate of what cmiim n. *
will bo necessary to secure the tuition «.r all u< It children
a* may he entitled to lie placed on the list for the \ cur then
preseut—he shall pay teacher* of p* o, . hildmi in the f.*l
lowing manuor, that is to say ; he flail keep on file every
such account fur the tuition of children on th<- list lor each
year as shall he rendered to him. mi or before the 25th « I
December, iu that year, proven by the oath of the Teachers,
specifying the number of days each child was taught, n -t
exceeding the usual rates of such teachers, nor exceeding
such maximum as may be established by the Ordinal v in
each county ; and after the 25th <»r December, he shall \ r .
reed to pay all sucli accounts in full, if the funds in hand
be sufficient, or ratoably, if insufficient, and always keeping
as a fund for the next year, any surplus which in. \ be lel'i.
flue. 7. The Judges of the Superior Courts shall give this
act specially in charge to Die grand juries of the first Court-!
in each year, together with suggestions and arguments
upon the duty and policy of educating the poor. Provided,
that the returns of poor children in the counties, embraced
iu the third und fifth sections of this act, shall b»- made un
der the oath ami in the manner prescribed in the sixth sec
tion; and ordinaries in said counties, shall he entitled to re
tain their commissions on the State fund # received, hut not
on its disbursement.
flnr. R. Alt laws and parts of laws at all contlictiug with
thin act are hereby rcpeah*il
JAS. A. MERIWETHER,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
ANDREW J. MILLER,
President of the Senate.
Approved, 22d January, 1852.
HOWELL COBB, Governor.
AN ACT for the relief of limrrioJ women whoso husbands
have deserted them.
Bkc. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and /home of />/>-
■ ret*ent*iHreH of the State of Georgia in Gnorul Axm-nt/dy
contcnetl, atuf it i/i hereby enact. it by the authority of
the Minn*, That in all cases where a married woman lias
l>ccn deserted by her huahand, and has, while so .!. scried,
by her exertions and those of her children, or otherwise in -
quired property of any kind, the same shall he exempt from
the payineut of **id husbands'* debts, und he vested iu said
married woman, for her sole and separate us.-, not subject
to the debts, contracts or control of said husband.
Approved December 80, ISM.
AN ACT to amend the act. of eighteen hundred and thirty
eight, regulating the taking testimony iu certain cases.
Bki\ 1. JJe it enact d by the S.nab aud lion:*, of Hep- ,
t'CtumhUi*** of the State of Georgia in G. neral AUeiubly
met, and it ♦'# hereto/ enacted by the authority of th*
Htitne, Tlmt in a<lditiou t«» the cases already specili* d in tlie
net assented to twenty-eighth Dec-niber, eighteen hundred
and thirty-eight, the |»ai l.v plaiutilf or defendant, where he
ha* but a single witness to prove any particular point or
fact iu his case, may take his testimony by coumd-.-iou ex
actly as In cases provided for by said act of eighteen hun
dred fled thirty-eight, with the restrictions and iimiutUoiu
therein set forth.
Approved, January 5, 1852.
TWENTY DOLLARS REWARD.
HAX AWAY from the Subscriber, on the 2d of
February, Two Negro Lays, ISAAC and AN- '~)
DKKfION. Isaac is about 21 years old, 5 feet 7nr 8 \
inches high, dark complect ion, and has rather a stojv
page in his speech, Anderson is about it> years of :i •;•*, ft
ft-et, 3or four incite* high, and a very bright mulatto. Pro
bably he will undertake to putts h'.iuself «-iJ for u free va gro.
1 think they have gone down about Aiken, a id aie en
deavoring to mske their way t«> Charleston, i l.e above re
ward will Ik* given to any one who will deliver them to me,
or hare them safely lodged iu nnv jail in this State.
BTAXMOKK M. Ht'iLSTON.
Lott's, Edgefield Di«t., fl. C.
FIFTEEN DOLL U.S HEW ARD.
I>AN A WAY from my premise- in Burke county, ,
IV on the26th Jaun tv.v last, my Boy HENRY. It* 7 O
1* alnnit 6 feet 8 inches high,yellow «*»mph \;on, about (s \
20 years of age, ami weighs about 17ft poumis. It is •J.X.
likely h-is lurking about or on the Savannah river, as he
has been a raft hand on said river. I will give Ift for the
boy, delivered t-» ine, or lodged in any safe jail so l can g t
him. Or if *ai*l boy lias a free pass, I will give the above
reward, far sufficient proof to convict the person for giving
snid pass.
Any information of said boy, addressed to Gerard l’ost
Office, will be thaukfullv received.
fefl-wlf J. MOBLEY.
STOI* Till’ \ 11.!,A!,\.
KAW WAY fr.un the subscriber, on the sth *
i inst., (after having knocked his young v. aster 'l
down with an axe, fracturing his skull considerably,
and leaving him, as he suppt»sed, de:nt) a bright n.u
latto (nearly white! Roy, about 21 ye::r* old, named HEN
RY, chunky built, about ft feet s inches high, wi:h li?:ht
saudv ar brown hair, rather coarse aud bushy, and inclined
to curl a little, gray eyes, cheeks frequently flu.-h, and is
much given to smoking; has on his left hand, ju.-t where
the forefinger leave* it, a hivge sear from a knife; his left
!<% also, has a large *car from a burn, the leader «»f the
barn listing been considerably drawn, so that the h ft leg
is a little more crooked than the other. Both 1- g- are in
clined to knock-knee. He is of a lively turn, ami can i<» a
little at dressing plank aud putting up weatherboarding,
and may attempt to pass himself as a carpenter, and w;'.:.
nodoubt, try to pass ns a white or free man, m *l*r the
name of MATHEWS, it is confidently Imped ami bMioved
that the public, amt especially every father, will take some
interest in apprehending and bringing to justice so daring
a Tillian.
A liberal <*om|>ensaUon will be given for his apprehen- •
siou and delivery iu anv jail so that 1 got him.
PITT fl. MILNER. |
Barneflvllle, Feb. 16,1552.
iSTThe Tri-weekly Savannah Republican ami Colum- ;
bus Enquirer will please copy for two months. P. S. M. !
Firry ikillars reward.
RAN A WAY from the Subscriber, tin* 1 5tl» "f
September, ISM, u»y Negro Man, lIEAISCLES. - y j
He is about 6 fret, 10 or 11 inches high, sliin, well
made, and stands very erect. He is about 45 y« a s —. ,
of age, moderately grey, and hi- counplection * xf*: »■ > j
black. Supposed to weigh about 165 pounds, and his lan- i
gtiage much broken. 1 expect lu* is Charleston, S. I' , «'v
Hear by. lie formerly h».l a wife and seven children iu the
neighborhood of Charleston.
1 will give the above reward for tha apprehension aml
confinement of said Boy in s«*nit* safe jail, if out the State,
or Twenty-five Dollars if within the State.
Address, ISAAC l>. SLATON,
fel*-2ra Mill-tone, Georgia.
SEY’IOI K. IYSLEY & CO.,
SUCCESSORS TO ADAMS A FARGO,
OFFER FOR Stl.lv a Urge an* well sollctal >'• * of
GROCERIES, adapted to the wauls of Merchants, Plant
er» and Families, rir :
100 Hint*. l\>rto Rico, New Orleans, St. Croix and Musco- j
▼ado SUGARS; YT |
200 Package leouf, Crashed, Powdered and Refined SI - •
GARS;
75 Hhds. prime Cuba MOLASSES;
Art Rids. New Orleans SYRUP;
150 Rales Gunny RAGGING;
100 Pieces Cotton “ for Negro Blankets;
400 Coils prime half inch KOBE;
1500 Lbs. Bagging TWINE;
100 Bags Rio, Java. Maracaibo and Laguira COFFEE;
60 Bids, new MACKEREL:
40 Tons assorted Bweed and English IRON;
125 Boxes TOBACCO;
400 Kegs NAILS, assorted;
200 Boxes CANDLES and SOAP;
8500 Sacks SALT;
125 M. Spanish SBOARS, some extra brand*; with a
general assortment of other Goods. au29
REHOIAL.
TI\BIEYAI\GR \M hare removed to the Mck store
recently occupied by John J. Byrd, opposite N. K. But
ler 4 Co.’s store, and offer tor sale —
fort 1!1,]. choice Family FLOCR l
10011 tiushcb CORN;
*** “ COW PEA?;
I*o Bundles lIAT ;
*OO Pair heavy Negro SHOES;
rt** Lbs. new Country HAMS :
» swirral assortment of COFFEE, SUGAR,
TEA, CHEESE, BUTTER and MOLASSES.
A Kefinrd Sugar CANDY, which we manufacture ot
the best material, and offer for sale at the lowest market
P rtce - jaSh
REUBEN RICH'S PATENT CENTRE VENT WA
CK CTIOXHaving been informed that a certain per
son named ltan, b vending a Water Who! ttpcf
winch the water is conducted by means of a spinal sera 1 : . s
upon Reuben ltK-h a “Patent Centre Vent -we herein- noi .
and caution tlte public, that we will prosecute in '~U in
stancy, for any evasion or tafrtngement upon said patent,
both the maker and |wrty usinjr, and will he thankful for
»ny lnfonnatiou referring us to parties thus trespassing
.... OINDIUT A CO.
Montgomery, Ala., June 11, l«sn, jeil-tf
rn BBLS. IRls.ll salelie
vjO wharf, to arrive. So bids. line planting POTATOES
feto JOHN S. HUTCHINSON, Auctioneer.
IIUTG THINK. UII.I.IAU T»\ IM:.—lu-r r r.
ceived a largfc supply of Willing Twine.
FORCE, CONLEY A CO.,
•KO Sign Mammoth Root.
CARRIAGE MANUFACTORY.
JA M!■>. HI I.IIKKT «V CO., Comer of Ellis and
Mackintosh Streets Manufacture ana keep oenstanliv
l on hand, all descriptions of VEHICLES of their own mahi.
CARRIAGES of all descriptions built to order and war
rantod. RRPAiKING done at short notice. mlrl-tOl
HAY’.— 10M bundles HAT, for sale by ~
“h* HAND, W ILLIAMS A CO.
T»K XBW (WjH:uivWlß-Tll«#:icH.
A ABUS A SON are prepared to turuish Record Iksta
t rtttaUe for the above. feiti
s’ 1 '• a •
1852. PROSPECTUS 1852.
OF THE
SOUTHERN CUITIVATOR
VOLUME X, FOR 1852.
i Or. Dllltl LEE. TD. ULDVOAD,
L;>itor. AsmsTixi Editob.
TERMS.—ONE DOLLAR A YEAR IK ADVANCE.
The S.-:tiipsx Orwirin-m i- i.«ned every month
; - i- ••; O'Vi/..-, I. AtfrU-ultnf.-. Iloni
<- ' ;rc. i* -* ’-c. tttrm Et-oiiomv.
1 T: ■ nnil Ilii.'lißi'i.rt. tin)
oi’ ii- ..e-tic An'mml.l. l’onhrv ami Bees, am! the
j/en .! routine <4 Southern ih:mtin(rftiiil Fannin?.
Ti.e : ■' vf’j.nr.c tor will he hatred on ft rova]
o<jta-.“ - .M-t*.f i r«'ics. -it!; NEW TYPE, Flit
I‘APKi:, NT) jiEAUTIFUI. ILLUSTRATIONS I
it will . i' i a much tweeter amount of matte
t':au heretofore—will dincu-s a (.Tester varictv of
‘v, and wiil he in every resect the p.eit Agp.i-
CfU KAL I'Al-KS IS THE SkitTU! lUlll ei£Uill to «!iy in
I t.ic Union!
Frigiili of Southern A^ritalture!!
I Am tiic CtrLTOTAToi! CT‘ the Fuwt journal cstabiUhed
: in tic; < "iton (irov.'iirr S’.itc.-. cxeluHivcly devoted
Ijo the interests of 5 ; .c Planter; and ar it lian ever
‘ !k. i; an earnest and consistent advocate of those
1 s. ••■ft ss. we eoufideiitlv hope tliat. Imvinir fostered
a: I .-taim-d it thus !ar, your cordial andgencrona
ea»j»ort will still be continued.
I’u .tti.-, Fauxeiu, (lAunEjiEßs. Fbut Oeowers,
Sro* k Rai i.is, NirnsKnvMK:.', and ail connected iu
| : y way with the cnltivat.- oof the soil, will find the
.-o': .i!. .* 'i i.Trvoioit rejih ;e with new and vulr.a
information: and richly worth ten times the
j ritiino .-mri al which it is ail'orded.
TERMS OF THE CULTIVATOR :
! ONE imov, one year, ::::::: i 1.00
I SIX con'. 5.00
: TWELVE copies. :::::::: 10.00
i Tvt If..TY-FlVEcopies, I2u.(xj
; o.\E L i>»N i'!'! ;')co|,i L '!. : : : • • • 7s!oo
ALWAYS IN ADVANCE
! J l .';flout! ceeii who obtain -uhscriptions, will
jd -a-r forward them as early as possible.
1 CV All hills ofsi-Ei’iu pavino Hanks received at
j ir—and all money sent by mail will be at our
W. S. JONES, Publisher.
Awrusta, Ou., •luii\iary 1. 1-H52.
THE REMEDY FOUND AT LAST.
'PRII >3l*ll A ST «’« !•>!■* has attended the use of
1 that wonderful Ointment MARSHALL’S MAGICAL
PAIN Lit A DILATOR. Kvery hotly that has uswl it, speak*
well of it, and what “every body guy* must he true.”
Since the first of January last, upwards of 700 Certifi
. lies have been ree' ived, testifying to the good effect* and
“iiiuTiority of Marsh d!N Magical Pain Kradieator.
In .-some very f-u instances this ]>re]>:;ration has not given
< ntirehi*.tisfaetion,hutjuslkxik,fora moment, at the number
who have been benelitted. Seven hundred voluntary tes
til. iiiial- have been given, and certainly not five
•.m this number have experienced the good effects of thi*
Ointment, in the sme space of time.
The public will pie sc bear in mind that this is a purely
Southern preparation, and is entitled to the patronage of
.Southern people. As no charge is made, sliauld no he-"
i - iit be receivtnl, give it a fair trial, and in ninety cakes
out of a hundred the greatest success will be sure to follow.
For further particulars, and a number of certificates, you
are referred to the pamphlets, to be had at any of the
Agencies.
The diseases which Marshall’s Kradieator will cure, are
Rheumatism, Acute and Chronic, Lumbago, Painful Nerves,
N-niliil:i, Spinal Affections, Dislocations, Sprains, (Edematous
Swellings, Tuners. Ganglion?, Nodes. Wens, Bruises, Strains
Weak Joint*.Contracted Tendons, Head-Ache, Gout, Pulsv,
! Tooth-Ach, Ac. For sale by
JIAVILAM), IHSLEY .t Co., Augusta, Ga.
D. IL PLI MB h Co., do. do.
D’ANTIGNAO &. BARRY, do. do.
BARRK'IT k GARTER, do. do.
AYM. K. KITCHEN, do. do.
AV. 11. TI’TT, do. do.
P. A. MOlflK, do. do.
And by AY. 11. A: J. TCRPIN Proprietors, do. do.
Hi- also for sale throughout the State, by the principal
Druggists.
\. It. -Be careful to look for the written signature of J
K. Marshall on the wrapper of each box. None is genuine
026
'UVNHIii t \8! GUNS!. ,%
On Mel.doxh street, tiro doo/ n from Georgia Railroad
Rank.
|l ST iu:n:i\!:i», per Steamer Africa, the largest
ft and best a L-ortninit of ENGLISH GUNS ever offer
ed in this city, comprising every variety, from London and
Birmingham makers, at the lowest, rates for cash.
Double and Single Barrelled GINS, all uize* and price*.
A line assortment of Single and Double Barrelled GUNS
RIFLES and Double GUNS, of my own make, one barrel
Ritle and the oilier Shot, a line article for hunting deer and
Tm kies.
Colts’, Allen’s, and other REVOLVERS; also Single bar
relled, Self Cocking and Riile PISTOLS, cast steel barrets.
Common Pistols, all kinds ; Pcrms.-ion CAPS, of Wester
ly Richard’s, Cox’s water pn.br, Walker’* andG. D. French,
and Military Caps.
A great variety of Powder FLASKS, Shot BELTS, and
Game RAGS, of the finest Patterns.
\lso, Wash Rods, Drinking Flasks and Cups, Nipple
Wreml.es, Pocket Compasses, Screw Drivers, fine large
hunting Horns, and everything iu the Sporting line.
Being a practical Gun Maker myself, and having these
guns made to my order, expressly for this market, person*
buying will get a much better articles than is sold at the Hard
ware Store**, and at equally, low prices, and all warrant
ed to shoot well.
Powder and Shot, AA’holcsale and Retail, all varieties.
N. R. -IMFLKS made to order, and all kinds of Repair
ing and re- locking GUNS, done iu the best numper aud
warranted. 010-ly E. 11. ROGERS.
REUBEN ETCH’S PATENT CENTRE VTRONENT
WATER WHEEL.
Manufactured at the Montgomery Manufacturing Com
panyh Iron Work/*.
MONTGOMERY, - ' ALABAMA.
\\’l. m:rilM:nri IJ.A call the attention of Manu
factuiers and Mill owners to the followingres|ionse
from Afr. Rich, the Patentee of the above celebrated Water
Wheel.
Vendors of Patent* frequently attempt to introduce their
article* to the public with high sounding promises and loud
praise.-, which mean nothing. Mr. Rich, on the contrary,
lias always been ready and frequently offered to test the ca
pabilities at’ Iti - Wheel against all others, under any named
to, feiture. II is challenges have never been accepted, lie
now accept s the challenge of others, and presents even more
tempting oilers. We are prepared t o enter into the test for
him, and will at any time, advance the required amounts’
If gentlemen intend to “show their faith by their works’
let them come forward.
Montgomery, April 2,1851. GINDItAT & CO.
BEWARE OF HUMBUGS.
My attention having been called to an advertisement in
your paper, over tho.signal a.' c. of J agger, Treadwell & Ferry,
ehail-. all other wheels, I now declare myself prepared
to accept the challenge upon all tlie ground* specified, nam
ing .*5 ns tlu; - :tii upon each point.
Ist. I will bet tfoiiO tlmt no other wheel, patented or not
will giv out as large a per centage of power under a like
head and volume »l water.
2d. That no wheel can be more durable.
3d. That no wheel can be more simple.
4 Mi. That none is cheaper.
sth. That no wheel is more steady,
fith. That the Rich Wheel is wholly superior to the A’ande
v.v.te;' AVheel.
Aiu! again. There being those who are disposed to question
the fact that the Rica Wheel discharges hut half its meas
urement of ape no i 1 will bet sjH,tM)O that the discharge
d« e* not exceed one half the aperture* on :i well constructed
aud adjusted Rich Wheel, actual experiment having de
monstrated that it discharges iu reality but 2-ftths of the aper
tures, so that a wheel measuring **-t«Li inches in its discharge
a perm i>' really vents less than 2co ! The depth of the
water in the tail race, is no criterion for estimating the
qu .ntity discharged, unless reference is had to the speed
with which it runs off. i*\.r example; from the ordinary
(latter wheel under 10 feet head, the water runs otf at the
rate of l > to go t\ , * per second, l- roiu my wheel, under same
head it runs oil* at less than J-2 of this speed, and from this
euasequent slowness of motion, a thousand gallons per min.
from my wheel, would create as much depth in the tail race
as four thousand from the flutter wheel from which the
wuter runs with quadruple rapidity.
Bear in mind, the adore, tliut unless speed is regarded, the
depth iu the tail race!» no criterion whatever of quantity*
and that the only true estimate is to ascertain what aperture,
alongside or under-the same head and pressure with the
wheel, will exhaust a given number of gallons of water in
the same space of time. REUBEN RICH.
P. 8. —Having just learned that the A gen tthe A’ande
wnter AVheel represent that my W heel diselia tfe* even more
than its aperture ; now to test their sincerity, 1 will bet them
or any o!lu r person who may question that the discharge o
my wlii -1 is more than half its apertures, as follow* :
Ist. sft,i hfi to 2,dtfo that it does not (as the Vandcwater
Agents cl li.u) vent more than its apertures.
2d. $2,* KM*, that it doe* /oi.-charge equal to it* aper
tures.
fid. to $1,500, that it don't discharge two-thirds it s
apertures.
-tth. that the discharge is not one half tlie apor
tures.
ftth. SI,OOO, that the discharge is but four-tenths the ap
ertures.
And then T will present the acceptor of the above bets,
$5 m on bis depositing the money to cover them, with SI,OOO
to cov, r expenses of trial, wldcli the winner will be entitled
to, in one of the Augusta thinks, where l will as promptly
make a com*:qKUi»ling«i<‘|K>sße, and,again, I will bet any sum
that the Van. low:-(e.Wheel, witli same apertures as mine,
discharges one third more water. Now, where is t heir 1 was
ted faith? ap2o REUBEN RICH.
" - - - —m
\ r\<H(S<tT OF Fi»:\(H STIC KB, or Paris in
. V IsM : by Sir Frances Head; cheap edition,
j The Golden (’huistma* : a Chronicle of Si.*John’s Berkelv,
j compiled from tin* potes of a Briefless Barrister: by the
j author of the ‘* Tin* Vein'as-c •,’* “Guy Rivers,”4c. Being
No. 1 of Walk- r. Richards & Co., series of Popular Southern
I' Books. Price 37.b* cents per volume.
A a_'; lummy, or the Attach in Spain ; bv John E. Warren.
The - A rning Book, or Fireside Talk on Moral* and Man
iors. with skciohe* us Western life; by Mrs. Kirkland,
with Engravings.
1 K\:o :pl.*s of Life and Iteath; by Mrs. L. 11. Sigourney,
i Th- Isl.iud Home, or the Young Cast Away*; edited by
j Christopher Uomaunt, Esq.
j i:'s.-n Intero-i, Exchange, Coins, Paper Money and
! Banks : b\ J. McCuUts'b, Esq.
The M> dmiits and B.snkeus’ Almanac for ls*>2. And
j another »up| i> of llarpcra Magazine for W*ruarv. For
fe29 THUS, RI( H YRDfI Je .-gn.
} i\i.\(;.-tu\ s i.vw iu:t;:.vrKii ix)K i^:>2,
Ciuitutiiing the Post Office address of every Lawyer iu
the rfiled States. .\lso, a l;-: *>f all tiie counties, with their
sliire town, the local rates or interest, with the penalties fur
usury in every State; the legal form for the acknowledge
ment of deeds in each ; a portrait of lion. John Worth Kd
w; nls; together with a list of newspapers In the United
States, showing how often each is published, and the local
ity, character and circulation of each. Compiled from the
United States Census Returns for WW, expressly for the
work, by John Livingston. Price $1.25. For sale at
GEO. A. OATES & CO.’S
!v . •
fpUOS. It it'll V IliL-k A sU\ !ii\e r-t-vivt-.! .
! 1. supply »>f the following Books, Ac. : Women of Chris
! tianity, l»y Julia Kavanagh ; Wide, Wide World ; Squier’s
v Nicaragua; Women of Israel; Womans Friendship; Yale
I of Cellars ; Strickland’* Queens of England ; Campbell’s
| Livesol ti c Lord Chancellors of England.; 500 Sketches
i and Skeletons of Sermons; Ch.is. Lamb’s Literary Sketches
‘ r.nd Letters, by Trlfourd ; Falkners’ Fanners Treasure;
, American Fruit Culturist ; Gilbert on Banking; and
i Templetons Mechanic’s Companion.
—ALSO—
! Rod Stamping irk for Banks, Ac., am! Indelible Ink,
j with and. without the preparation. fe'26
! rpiioM vs 6iTsclxm T ti writings —c«n-
--1 of an Opmcn-lw;ter, being an extract from the
Life of a Scholar, and Suspiria de Prufundis ; being a se
i quel to the above, 1 vol.;
life and Manners; from the Autobiography of an Eng
' lish Opium Eater;
M iscvlla neous Essays;
! Biographical Essays;
i Literary Reminiscences; 2 vol*.; and
IThe Caesars.
Mr. IhrQuincey was, for a long time, one of the contribu
tors to the North British Review, author of the elegant Bi
cifgra|»hic«U Essay on Pope, which first appeared in tint:
| Journal.
All of the above for sale by
j fcis THOMAS RICHARDS A SON.
Nrw HOOKS, XEW BOOKS.—Ravenscliff, by the
HB author -*f Time the Avenger, Augila. Ac.
, Quint »e Matsy ;or the Blacksmith of Antwerp, by
« Pierce Egan, author of Robin Hood.
, Home and its Influence ; a Domestic Story,
j Count Monte Leone; or The Spy in Society, from the
French of 11. l)e St. George, with elegant illustrations,
i Amy Lawrence ;or The Freemason’* Daughter.
Jenny Diver, the Female Highwayman.
No. 4M«i of Utteßtf Living Age.
; Just published and for sale at
1 GEO. A. OATES k CO.’S
fv27 Piano. Music and Book Depot, Broad direct.
MAGA \l> I ’Oil >1 Alt i'll.—The subacribeis
have just received the following popular periodicals
j fer the above month, via • » Lady s Book; Graham a
; Magaainc and ladies’ National Magazine. Subscribers will
; c o ,s
; L>2« % -*>oo.l Street.
"V E\\ thkm t* it)u Tin: ritWHiTAXT
('I.UIUhV : Creeds without Charity, ThtyflfcyT with
out iluinauity. nnd lTvteiUntisin
Fur sale by fe2t> TKQ6. R*CHA,U>B MjON.
THE MONTGOMERY MANUFACTURING CQ!£-
!• ANT'S IRON WORKS. \
MONTGOMERY, ------- „ Al A r ‘>¥“ .
M\ M FO 'LI RK. in superior style, Horli>at«l Wna
UorlidU STEAM ENGINES, of all riiu'*: steam
Itoll.KKS ■ LOCOMOTIVES ; Cast Iron WATER WHEELS;
Sue .r MILLS ; Saw an.! Grist Mill IKONS, of evely varie
ty. liucluJitut Movie s continuous feet for Saw MiUFO “-
k : i»eanil Hand LATHES; Iron ami Brass CASTINGS, of all
kinds, Ac., Ac. /
All orders idled with despatch.
npsa GIAORAI JtCO,
1
AUGUSTA, GA.. WEDNESDAY, MARCH HI, 1852.
I WEEKLY
Cljtoniclc. &
MISCELLANY.
Commerce if Great Britain and liie United states.
I’rofensor MansTicld, in a eommnnictaion to the
Cincinnati Gazette, states tlie tonnage of the Dritinh
Commercial Steam Marine as much li-*a in proj .r
--tion than our own. According to the late rar
liamentary return, there were 1185 steamers.
This inelndeadlio whole British Empire, audit is
not probable that any considerable number of
steamers have been omitted in the I’ariiament
returns. Our Commercial Steam Navy, ineiudimr
the ocean steamers ami interior marine, amounts
to ISSn) vessels. On the Atlantic coast and Gulf of
Mexico, and the Pacific, there are 625 steamers of
all sorts, and the interior steam navigation em
ploys 765. In all, as we have stated above, 1880
vessels, the tonnage of which is 420,0 hi tons.
The tonnage of the British Steam Marine only
reaches 168,000 tons. The length and capacity of
our rivers, and the extent of onr lake navigation,
require larger vessels than can be employed in
England; eousequently. the English vesselsave
ruf;c a lower tonnage than our.-. In tlie ocean
steamers, we likewise exceed them, as will be seen
by the following:
1. Os Ueenn-Stfanitr*. —The fifteen largest ster.m
ers of Great Britain arc as follows :
At Bristol—the “Great Britain' 1 2,286 tons.
At Glasgow—2 Steamers 4,500 do.
At London—ll do 20,980 <1 >.
At London— 1 do 2.200 do.
15 Ocean Steamers .30,5.16 do.
Tlie fifteen hirirest American Steamers are as
follows —(Custom-house loeaewc) —
Atlantic tons.
Arctic V. 2.500 do!
Baltic 2,500 do.
Pacific 2,800 do.
Georgia 2,727 do.
Ohio 2.4:12 do.
Hermann 2,800 do.
Washington 2,2'X) do.
Huiubolt 2,197 do.
Franklin 2.180 do.
Winfield Seott 2,100 do.
Illinois 2,100 do.
Golden Gate 2,100 do.
Pioneer t 2.000 do.
City Os Pittsburgh 2,000 do.
15 Ocean Steamers 85,536 do.
Os the 1,185 steam vessels of Great Britain, there
arc at least 841 under 100 tons Burthen ! There is
in the United States, no class of steamers, which
correspond to these. They are probably Steam
Tugs, of which there are a few in New York and
Boston, engaged in towing vessels. We have
litre and there, on the Western Waters, a boat of
lesH than 100 tons, but there are few of them.
As an offset to the above, the British War Steam
Marine is as superior to that of tho United States,
as tlie Commercial Stcum Marine of Great Britain
is inferior to ours.—Arte Yorh Etpre*#.
Effect ok Monotonous Emfi.ovjifnts on Health.
In Dr. Draper's address to the New Medical Col
lege on the death of l)r. Pattison, we find the
following truthful remarks:
“No man for any length of time can pursue
one vocation or one train of thought without men
tal injur^—nay, 1 will go farther,Without insanity.
Tue constitution of the brain is such that it must
have its time of repose. Periodicity is stamped
upon it. Nor is it enough that it is awoke and in
action by duvx and in the silence of tlie night ob
tains rest and repose. Tlmt same periodicity which
belongs to it as a whole, belongs, too, to ah its con
stituent parts. One portion of it cannot be called
into incessant activity without a permanent inju
ry ensuing. Its different regions devoted to dif
ferent functions, must have their separate time of
rest. Tlie excitement of one part must be coinci
dent with a pause iu the action of another, fdo
not think it possible for mental equilibrium to be
maintained with one idea or one monotonous
mode of life. There is a necessity for men of
great intellectual endowments, whose minds are
often strained to the utmost, to fall back on other
pursuits, and thus it will always be that ouc seeks
refuge iu the pleasures of quiet country life, anoth
er in the chase, another in foreign travel, another
in social amusements. Nay, with all men, even
those whose lot lias been east in a more lowly con
dition, whose hard destiny it. is to spend tl cir
whole lives in pursuit of their daily bread, with
one train of thought, and one unvarying course
of events, what would become of Uicni, if it were
not for shell a principle as this f Men often say
that the pleasuses of religion, and ot a I'hristfiiu
faith, are wholly prospective, aud but to be real
ized only in another world. in this they make a
mistake ; for those consolations commence even
here and temper the bitterness of fate. The virtu
ous lrborer though he may be ground down with
the oppressions of Jus social condition, is not
without his relief; at the anvil, the loom, or even
the bottom of the mine, he is leading a double
existence —the miseries of the body find a contrast
in the calm of the soul—the warfare without is
eomjiensatcd by the peace within—the dark night
of life here serves only to brighten the glories of
the prospect beyond. Hope is the daughter of
despair. And tints a kind Providence so overrules
events, that it matters not in what station wo may
bo.—wealthy nr poor, intellectual or lowly—a re
fuge is always at hand, aud tlie mind worn out
with one thing turns to another, and its physical
excitement Is followed by physical repose.”
Unrolling a Mummy.—Mr. Gliddon astqpislicd
the good people of New Orleans on Friday even
ing last by unrolling a veritable, bona fide Mum
my, a female Mummy at that, undoubtedly one of
the distinguished belles of Egypt when in her
glory. The Picayune thinks it is “the veritable
Mrs. Potiphar who so sorely tried the continence
of Joseph.” Tlie following account we copy from
tlie Picayune:
“ Anil tliuu luist walked about—how strange a story!
Jn Thebe's streets, three thousand years ago I
Wlieii tlie Meuinoniuin was in all its glory,
And thue had not heg'un to overthrow
Those temples, palaces and piles stupendous,
Os which tite very ruins are tremendous! ’
Tlie great event of tlie Gliddon lectures took
place last night in the presence of a very large
audience, at the Lyceum Hull. Tho mummy was
unrolled. Alter some explanatory remarks by the
lecturer, in which he stated to hisauditors that the
mummy before them had never been unrolled,
and that he knew nothing of its history, age or
sex, more than did the audience, it having been
received by him precisely in the state in which
they then saw it, the mummy was placed iu an el
evated position, sons to be clearly visible to tlie
audience,, and the process of unswathing com
menced, under the immediate supervision of tho
medical Means of New Orleans, the faculty of the
Medical Department of tlie University ot Louisi
ana.
The unswathing was performed principally by
Drs. Jones, VVeddcrburn and Chilton, and occu
pied some half or three quarters of an hour. As
swathing alter swathing was removed, and the
roll which at first appeared to be of so respectable
tv size, began to grow smaller and smaller and
beautifully less, tlie audience evidently began to
get apprehensive lest, the mummy was about to be
dissipated into consecutive layers of cloth. At
length, however, utter removing linen enough to
have served the whole household of an ancient
Egyptian datnS during a life-time, the savnns came
to the body of a female, ill what was pronounced a
“beautiful” state of preservation. The hair, nails,
ito., werfi ns distinct and well preserved as though
tbo spirit liad left its earthly tenement but > ester
day. From tiie symmetrical proportions of her
well turned limbs,* we did not hesitate to conclude
that the body lying before us, when animated by
its spiritual habitant, had been a distinguished
belle of ancient Egypt—lit d one day moved about
among her peers in the full pride and satisfaction
of conscious beauty—had been the object of many
an envious glance from tier own sex, and of ador
atory looks, ill-suppressed sighs, and badly copi
posed sonnets innumerable, of a countless throng
of admirers from the opposite sex. Perhaps she
may have intrigued with Pharaoh himself, or she
may have been the veritable Mrs. Potiphar who
so sorely tried the continence of Joseph.
Those who arc curious about her history must
attend tlie next lecture, when Mr. Gliddon has
promised to divulge all the secrets which an exam
ination of tiie various swathing, and of any in
scription to be found thereon, may disclose. In
the meantime we are to rest contented with the
filet, that tlie method of embalming used in her
ease fixes the period in which she flourished
somewhere between 1500 B. C. and the second or
third century after Christ.
Posts ox on Newsvaters.—Me are surprised to
see objections urged in papers at the East to tlie
proposed change ill the post office laws, regulating
the postage on nowspnners. The present rates are
extremely vexatious and oppressive; and are, with
out any redeeming virtue, either in improving the
public revenue or facilitating the circulation of in
telligence.
The charges on transient papers sent from tiie
city ottiees, usually in the largest numbers, w hen
the liens is important and should be circulated
most freely, arc absurdly unreasonable. In large
cities, papers of reputation have heretofore had a
good demand for occasional copies, sold at the
counter, to be transmitted to friends at a distance
whenever there is any thing which may be sup
posed to interest. This could not interfere with
the regular circulation of any local papers, even if
the suppression of intelligence, by prohibitory tax
ation. in the form of postage, were a legitimate ob
ject tor Government, in order to foster a country
paper. The present law cuts off this legitimate
source of city revenues) without doing any good
to another. Xo paper can be now purcha-ed at a
counter in Xew Orleans and sent to New York, for
example, or any place at that distance, without the
payment of six cents postage. This postage, too,
must lie paid in advance, or the persons to whom it
•is sent will be charged with double that amount, or
he must refuse to receive it. It is obvious that
very few papers will ever be sent on sneli condi
tions. The. law o]>erutes. therefore, as a restraint
upon tliy circulation of intelligence. The onlypos
sible convenience we can discover is, that it relieves
the mail contractors, by reducing the weight of
mail matter; but it, at the same time, reduces ti e
general revenue, and particularly affects the small
country post offices, to which, iu general, most of
the transient papers are sent; but an advantage,
which is gained dy suppressing the facilities oi the
people for getting' news, is not one likely to lie ap
proved.
We trust the attention of Congress, will be be
stowed upon this subject this session, and that
they will heed the general wish of the public, be
altering this very vexatious enactment.
The W ukelbarbow California Fsigrant.—
The man who, some two years ago, crossed the
plains “on foot and alone,’’ with a wheelbarrow,
bound for California, was named Brookmire. an
Irishman, from Warren, Pa., where he lefr a wife
and fiimilv of children in very indigent eirenm
stauecs. *Bruokuiire, it is said, has lately returned
from California, with about $15,000 of the “dust,
ail of which lie dug and washed with his own
hands. And his wife received It games daring his
absence to the amount of SIO,OOO, falling to her
upon the death of some relations in Scotland.
The Last os Washixoton’s Pall-Bearetis. —On
Tuesday last the Masonic fraternity of Alexandria,
attired iu their regalia, paid the last tribute of re
si>ect to the memory of the late Samuel Hilton, who
1 'departed this life on the 22d instant. Mr. 11. was
the last of the survivors of the pall-bcarers of
Washington. ,
' It is said that the trench Minister of Foreign
• Affairs has intimated to the Swiss minister, resi
• 1 dent iu Paris, tliat great as is the interest which
the President feels in the Helvetic Kepnblie. he
. | cannot avoid, if his counsels should not be followed,
coming to an arrangement with Austria and Prus
sia with a view to their coming to an understanding
1 | with respect to the adoption of joint coercive mCas
ii urea for the purpose of keeping down the demo-
I cratic spirit in Switzerland.
A gentlemen who has occasion to walk with two
“ ladles under one umbrella, should always go in the
middle. That secures a dry coat to him elf, and is
showing: no partiality to either of the lauiea. *
Fire-Eaters 1 Convention.
j The 31st day of March inst. lias been designated
as the day for the meeting of the Convention of tlie
Georgia secessionists, styling themselves “the de
mocratic party.” for the pnrpe.se of amvoihting de-.
legates to the Baltimore Convention. They address
uaniY honeyed words to the Union democrats to
; join "them on tlmt ■ •evasion. \Ye trust that none
will be either so blind or weak as to listen to such
aproposal. These men. after n compromise
even to a dissolution of the Union—after denounc
ing the National democracy a* tins<.itnd and cor
rupt upon the slavery question, and actually dis
solving their connection with it by a sectional or
ganization—have forfeited the confidence of the
C'aiuu ikmoiraU of Georgia. AVc have rented them
disastrously in two trials before the people, and,
contrary to*every law of reason or propriety, they
now summon us to act in council with them. "When
. did the eoc/yi.i n/rs ever endure such a tiling from'
the conquered ? Are they to assemble at the call
oftlio.-e whom they have taken as captives in open
rebellion against the National Democratic party ?
Much more appropriate vvouldit have been in them
to have sought an ml mission, in a proper spirit, into
the council* of their conquerors, (hi the 25th day
of November last they did, by a solemn act at
Milledgeville, bow to the will of the people of Geor
gia. and took gtound in favor of the “efficacy, and
finality'' of the Gem promise. Yea! more than this,
they iusisted that tlie National Democrats should
assume this ground, opfnly, und uH.tm.to
call-i IN CONVENTION.” But their politicians
aud presses have since justified tlie defeat of Polk’e
Compromise resolution, expressing no other prin
ciples tluin the efficacy and finality of the Compro
mise, by the Democratic caucus at 'Washington,
and now insist that the Baltimore Convent ion should
avoid the expression of any opinion upon the sub
ject ! What confidence can Union democrats have
in such men ! AY hat confidence can the sober and
reflecting people of Georgia have in men, who, to
avoid the sentence of condemnation which their
late disunion movements merit at the hands of the
National Democracy, are willing to lie down in
political communion with frtt'xoilrr*,
and rcsisters of the fugitive law, who mur
der fie citizens of the South iu attempting legally
to reclaim their property ? Are the* the men in
whom the people of Georgia can confide, to take
the lead in the present moment of peril to all they
h fid dear and sacred ! For one, we wash our hand*
clean of them, until they submit, in good faith, to
tlie will of the people of Georgia in solemn Con
vention assembled, and are willing to go to Balti
more with pi determination to insist upon having
the Compromise, as a “yierr/mnni? atljiisi.ittnf 1 of
the slavery question, engrafted upou the National
Democratic platform.— Athtn* Banner.
Madame Kossuth on Woman’s Rights.—Tlie
London AVcekly Times says an address was recent
ly presented to Madame kossuth by a deputation
from the “Society for the Emancipation of Wo
men.” In addition to an expression of sympathy,
this address contained the wish that tlie wife "of
the honored hero of the day would communicate to
these ladies her sentiments" respecting their efforts
to achieve the freedom of her sex. Madame, Kos
suth replied that site thanked them heartily for
this proof of their sympathy towards herself, "and,
through her,' more particularly towards her coun
try ; that, with respect to her own views on the
emancipation of woman, she had in earlier years
confined herself to the circle of her domestic du
ties, and had never been tempted to look beyond
it, and that latterly the overwhelming course of
events had left her, as might well he supposed, still
le.-s leisure for any speculations of this kind. It
would, moreover, (such was the conclusion of her
little speech,) he readily forgiven in her, the wife
of Kossuth—o man whom the general voice, not
more than her own heart, pronounced distinguish
ed- if she submitted herself entirely to liis guid
ance. and never thought of emancipation ! The
admirable pertinence of this reply' will be doubly
appreciated, when it is mentioned that Madame
Kossuth was altogether unprepared for the address
ol'tliese ladies.
tb rrrx/jviiin >uv rs li.e Baltimore Sun.
The Fete on Board the Baltic.—AVasiiing
tox, March I.—-The brilliant novelty, the Baltic, is
to day the object of universal attraction here.
Every kind of vehicle was in motion to the steam
boat wharves. A fleet of steamer*, life-like, now
grace the bosom of our I’otomac. The Baltimore,
('apt. Darracott, Oswola, Captain Mitchell, Thomas
('Oliver, Captain Gednep, George Washington,
Captain Corson, and the William Sclden, Captain
I’age, with Hags ami banners floating in the breeze,
surround the noble “Baltic.”
These beautiful steamers conveyed the Presi
dent of the United States, Cabinet Ministers, Sen
ators, members of the House of Representatives,
distinguished visitors front Baltimore and Annap
olis, George Washington Parke Cttstis, Esq-
Mayor, Board of Aldermen and Councils of
Washington, Judges and other officers of our
Courts, the Grand and Petit Jurors, reverend
Clergy, and many citizens of Washington Alex
andria, Georgetown and Baltimore. No wonder
every mechanic desired to survey that magnificent
ship—the pride of America! No wonder that
every one of the host that visited her, that beheld
her vast proportions—her brilliant machinery'—the
superiority and skill, in every arrangement, the
exquisite, faultless finish of every part of the Baltic,
did so with mingled feelings of pride and joy.
There she rides at anchor—the admiration of tlie ■
world.
The attentions mid courtesies of E. K. Collins,
Esq., and. indeed, every officer of the ship, entitle
them to the highest consideration. I only regret that
my ability mid the early departure of flic ears for
Baltimore, preclude* the possibility of adding
more on this unequalled specimen of American
naval architecture. Mercury.
The Jat'An Ext'i Dmox. Alneh activity now prer
vails in some of the departments of the If.
Yard, at this place, in preparing the brig Perry
and storesliip Supply for this expedition. Work
men are employed until near midnight upon botli
of these vessels, as also upon the outfits of the
steam frigate Mississippi. This last named vessel
is now at Philadelphia, having her machinery
thoroughly overhauled aud repaired ; all her other
work is to he done here. She is intended tor the
flag ship of Commodore Perry. In addition to the
usual complement of small arms, she will be pro
vided xvitli 120 stands of muskets, and the same
number each, of pistols, cutlasses, Ac.; she will
take an equal number extra for the steam frigate
Susquehanna, now in those seas and tvhicli is to
form one of the squadron. The Mississippi will
also take with her a park of twelve 24 lb. howitzers.
Asall despatch is ordered to lie used in making
these preparations, it is expected that the expedi
tion wii! soon be ready for sailing.
It is said that Lieut ArthnrSinclmrlias been or
dered to the command of the Supply.
The frigate Macedonia, which has been razeed
and almost rebuilt has just been removed from the
dry dock. Her battery will consist of two 10 inch
and twenty 8 inch gnus. Her destination is at
present unknown. —A'. U. Journal of Commerce.
Church Difficulty.— Trial of another Bishop. —
A correspondence lias passed between Bishop
Doane, ot New Jersey, and Bishops Meade, Bur
gess and Mcllvuine, of the diocese of Virginia,
Maine and Ohio, respectively, regarding sundry
charges against the good fame of the Bishop of tlie
diocese of New Jew Jersey. Those charges—which
are not made public, except in a pamphlet issued
by Bishop Doane, where they are said to be review
ed—are preferred by four citizens of New Jersey.
The three bishops demand a special diocesan con-
Aention, in accordance xvitli the usages of tlie
Protestant Episcopal Church, to investigate the
charges. Bishop Doane declines to call the con
vention, denies the validity of the charges, and in
reply to the communication of the bishops, de
nounces their interference in the matter as uneon
onicf.l, unchristian and inhuman procedure. Tlie
New A ork Express, however, says—
“ Since the ‘Protest, Appeal and Reply’ (ns tiie
pamphlet of the Bishop of New Jersey is called)
was written and published, ire learn that he has
Consented to call, and has actually called a conven
tion of his diocese, to take into consideration the
subject matter of these charges. Ac. The conven
tion will sit at Burlington, tiie Episcopal residence,
on the 17th of March, (St. Patricks day.”)
Cure for Headaches.—A work has been pub
lished in Paris, by an eminent physician, in which
is described a new remedy for the headache. He
uses a mixture of ice and salt, in proportion of one
to half as a cold mixture, and tliislic applies by
means ofa little purse of silk gauze, xvitli a rim of
gutta percha, to limited spots on the forehead m*
other parts of the scalp, where rheumatic head
ache is felt it gives instantaneous relief. The skin
is subjected to the process from half a inintite to one
and a half minutes, and it is rendered hard and
white. It is sai.l to he good in erysipelas and dis
ease* of the skin.
A Sign of Prosperity. —Five years ago there
was, we believe, but two orthreeboats on our river,
and these at the time were found ample for tlie
trade. Now we cannot take time to enumerate tlie
' steamer* that are daily plowing our lieautitul stream
: between this and the head of the Shoals. And in
’ addition to those already on our river, we undcr
: stand there are some sixteen or seventeen other
- steamers now building at Pittsburg and Cincinnati,
i designed for this trade. Os these txvo are for tlie
Messrs. AViiliams it Co., xvho already have six or
seven steamers on the river. This is one of tlie
i “slights of hand" of the magic Locomotive.—
i Knt-xaUU PUteian.
77. Wool,. Treule i-„ Mr V,,Ut.l- Slat**.—! The 1
woolen manufacturers of Ktiglond-ure fast losing
their trade with the United States. The German,
French and Belgium manufacturers taking the lead
in fine cloths and kerseymeres, and those of this
country, superseding them in course and middling
qualities of cloths and kerseymeres, and iu muslin
dc luines, flannels, blankets, carpet,-. Arc. Indi
viduals and corporations who have so far confined
themselves to the production of cotton goods, now
that they have monopolized the home market for
sheetings, shirtings, domestics, printing cloths,
bed ticks, sail cloths, Ac., are beginning to make
finer cotton fabrics, and to push various depart
ments of woolen manufacture. The following sta
tistics are front the recent census returns of the
United States. The whole capita! invested in the
woolen manufacturing is estimated at §38,000,000;
this employs 50,153 bands. Xearly 71,400,000 lbs.
of wool are’ annually consumed; and the value of
the entire product is $43,20",!>0". The capital in
vested is only gibont one-third of the amount em
ployed in the manufacture of cotton in the United
States, while the value of the product is over two
thirds that of the cotton manufactures. The woolen
manufacture therefore claims, and is receiving at
the present time, more attention than formerly,
and wool-growing is, in consequence, on the in
crease. The supply of wool in llic United State*
lias been so much smaller than the demand for the
hist seven or eight years, that the imp ortation of
the article, which in 1844 was 3,500,000 the., reach
ed in 1851. 13,609,000 lbs., valued at $1,681,000.
At Y. Ecvn lu'j Post.
Mr. Been as an. —The Laneusterian, a Pennsyl
vania Democratic paper, is very severe in its com
ments on the jsiiitieal character of Mr. Buchanan,
and tiie proceedings of his zealous friends. It de
nied his right to be considered tiie choice of the
State IX-ruocracy, and charges that the show of
strength put forward in his bcigdf is the result of
crafty scheming, and not the reflex of the party
will. It reviews the efforts made on past occasion's
to elevate him to the Presidency, and cites facts to
prove that then, as now, the meetings held in liis
favor were one sided, and were neither more nor
less than the contrivances of tricksters, in whom
the majority of the party repose no confidence.
-If he is strong,’’the writer pertinently asks, “whv
is it that now the party is dirifled on "his account’?
If the i eople were for him, is it not reasonable to
suppose that uuanimi*y would be seen in his own
, county, and throughout his own readopted State i”
The quarrel is worth watching, as a pretty i -
lustration of the harmony which we are told' per
i cades the Democratic ranks.— Washington Rt-pub- \
■ He- m ’
! TmtocGH from Sanann ah to Chattanooga. —Last
Monday morning an entire freight train, locomo
-1 tivc anil all, from Savannah, left this city for Chat
, tanooga, where it arrived on Tuesday, lmving«one
L the whole distance from the Atlantic seabord, to
_ the Tennessee Kiver, without change ot engines,
or transhipment of any kind on tiie route. This
is the first time an entire train, fully equipped, lias
o gone over the whole line. The distance between
e the two points. Savannah and Chattanooga, in four
* hundred and thirty-two miles.— Atlanta InUMgen
. atr .
a vumhrt , .. Jw\ 4 iftfeiia
ITEMS.
Some of the Massachusetts papers liax-e adopted
the custom of publishing births as-well as niarria
w ges. It lias now become a mooted question with
them whether the notices of birth should precede
the marriages, or vice versa. The advocates
of one side urge that births very naturally fol
low marriages; while their opponents triumphant
ly ask, “xvho ever knew of a man’s being married
before he was born.”
Tlie old geutleman w ho realized a “splendid for
tune,” by endorsing other men’s notes is now in
town, and lias accepted the generous hospitality of
the distinguished chemist who has been so success
ful in extracting, moon beams from cucumbers.
llow pleasant is a lovciy thing a little out of sea
son ; a rose bad in winter, for iitstanee, or a kiss in
ehnrch, when the deacon’s eyes are “closed in
prayer. Stolen apples don’t begin with it.J
Thte but Bather Strong.— The Albany Knick
erbocker says:
“The meanest thing a man can do is to get into
your confidence and then go and betray Jour se
crets. Such a fellow would dig up the coffin of his
mother and sell the shroud for paper rags.”
A poor loafer, on hearing that they charged five
dollars a day for hoard iu California, saW ho should
go there and live as lie wished to get in some
place where tie oould get liis board charged to him.
He is not particular about the price.
Blackwood thinks that if it had not been for tho
vast quantities of gold which California lias pro
duced during the last two years, there would have
been universal bankruptcy in England.
A Free Banking Bill has passed the Tennessee
Senate, IS to 4. Jt allows the establishment of
banks of $50,000 capital and upwards, to issue
bills of $1 and upwards.
Libraries. —Begin in lifo early to collect libraries
of your own. Begin with a single book; and when
yon find, or hear of any other first rate book, obtain
it if you can. After awhile get another, as you are
able, and he sure to read it. Take the best care of
your books, aud in this way when you urc men,
you will have good libraries in your heads, as well
as on your shelves.
After years of mathematical labor, and mechani
cal efforts, Trof. AV'illis of Rochester, lias complet
ed, and lias now in constant operation, a self-wind
ing clock, which determines the seconds, minutes,
hours, days, xvoeks, months, and years of time with
unfailing accuracy, continuing in constant motion,
by itself, never requiring to ho wound up, never
running down, but moving perpetually so long as
its components exist. It might easily be called a
perpetual motion, and it is so in one sense, hut tho
inventor very properly makes no sueli claim. The
scientific will at once understand this upon inspec
tion.
The great secret of lifo is to be happy ourselves,
and to learn to confer happiness on others. All
the pursuits of wealth and fume ara but “vanity
and vexation of spirit.”
American Eagles. —Baring’s circular of the Gth
inst. says, tliatthe purchasing rate of the Bank of
England for American Eagles will for the future be
£S 16s. per ounce, being a reduction of Id.
per ounce.
Tlie ship fever is increasing every day, in Ncxv
York, and is in some measure beginning to alarm
the community. There are about 700 cases of this
plague in the Quarantine Hospital. At present,
emigrants afflicted with this disease are picked up
daily from the streets of that city, and conveyed to
the Houses of Emigration, from whence the conta
gion is spreading rapidly through tlie city.
If an American backwoodsman can hit a five
franc piece at a hundred yards with a rifle, why
cannot a Freuchman hit a Napoleon at half the dis
tance? is the query of the Cincinnati Inquirer.
It is estimated, says tlie Louisville Democrat,
that 1,200 new buildings will be erected in Louis
ville the presonAenson.
Sale of a Relic. — The “old arm chair” of the
patriot John Hancock, was sold at auction in Bos
ton, the other day, for $lO.
A writer in tlie London Daily News shows liis
intimate acquaintance with the United States by
calling “Philadelphia the copitol of a slave stato,”
holds the inhabitants as “southerners,” and says
• that “to argue with them on tlie subject of slavery
is impossible.”
Mr. Booth, a son of tho celebrated tragedian of
that name, is performing with markod success »t
tho Jenny Lind Theatre, Kan Francisco.
Plenty of Land Yet.— According to tlio report
of the Commissioners of tho (icnerul Land Office,
there will he 42,000,000 acres of land for sale tho
present year. The minimum price per acre is $1,25,
which places it in tlio power of every mail who
xvills it to own a farm.
Our devil received a severe trouncing the other
day, for endeavoring to “ east reflections ” upon a
respectable class of people by the following wicked
conundrum :
Why is a storekeeper who does not advertiso
likely to do a heavy business ?
Because all the people go by there !
Ax Irishman’s Indifference. —l’atldy was ar
raigned before a court for horse stealing. After
having pleaded not guilty, the judge asked by
whom he would be tried ? “By the twelve apos
t.es,” answered the prisoner. The told him
that would not do, for if he wore tried by them,
he could not have liis trial until the day of judg
ment. “Faith, and I have no objection to that
neither, for 1 am it; no hurry about it at alt, at all.”
Roman Catholics. —From a general summary,
compiled mostly from official sources, it nppoars
that there are, in tho whole U. States: Churches,
1,411; Archbishops, 6; Bishops, 26; Priests, 1,385.
Catholic population, 1,980,080; —which includes
115.000 in Oregon, California, New Mexico, and
the Indian Territory. .
In England and Scotland there ure 694 churches
and 972 priests; in Ireland, 2,205 churcbus and
2,252 priests.
Ons. of tut; Wintbrs.— As we have it, says the
Worcester (Mass.) .Egis, we have had sixt v suc
cessive days of sleighing in this vicinity during the
present season. Nothing further, but “six weeks
sledding in March,” is required to make this an
old fashioned winter, such as we read of.
Resignation and Appointment. —lt is stated that
Com. Skinner, Chief of the Bureau of Construction
and supplies in the Navy Department, resigned on
Saturday and the President lias appointed Cuan
modore Klmbrick as bis successor.
Tiie very rare signature of William Ilarvcy, tlie
discoverer of the circulation of the blood, xvas latoly
sold for £4. The name was attached to a bill
of medicines for the household of Churlcs tlie
Fitst.
It is estimated that 1500 persons, mostly clerks,
and mcichants, will leaxe St Louis tliis Spring, for
California.
From late English journals we learn that tlie sub
ject of the transit routes to unite the Pacific
with the Atlantic, was attracting greater attention,
and it was expected that ere loriga line of powerful
steamers would be put on the Pacific to ply be
tween Australia and Panama, to run in conjunc
tion with the present line established between
Southampton and Chugrcs. This will form the
speediest, safest and quickest communication be
tween England and New South Wales.
Ntw York Carpet Salk.— The N. Y. Tribune
says; “The first carpet sale of the season took
place on Friday. Mr. David Austen offered und
sold at auction three hundred pieces of velvet ta
pestry carpeting, to a large company of buyers,
from nearly all parts of the Union. The velvet tu
pcstry brought a 1.35: the power-loom,
ditto, $1.12)4’ a 1.25; tapestry Brussels, $1.02)4 a
1.10; power-loom, medium tapestry, 70 a
Bright’s printed Brussels, SO a 82)^; English Brus
sels, 7" a 75; English double ingrain, 60 a 63;
three-ply carpeting, 80 a 86. Tlie duplicates were
all readily sold. The prices shoxv lower figures
than at the last auction sales. This sale has taken
place at an earlier period than the first sale of last
spring, which was in March.
The Augusta, Atlanta and Nashville Magnetic |
Telegraph Line is now, we understand, in operation |
from Atlanta to Chattanooga. It is expected tliat ]
the line from the former place to Augusta will Boon ,
lie completed. The public and Stockholders may re- i
ly w ith confidence upon the energetic disposition of
the President to carry out effectually the trust r<f- j
posed in him. — Marietta Union.. ‘ ,
'Cotton Factory Bcrnt —The Carolinian of Tburs
day says: The Laurel Falls Cotton Factory
svt’nate in Lexington District, was consumed by
fire yesterday morning, about 8 o’clock. The totid
loss is supposed to be slo.ooo—with insurance
amounting to $7,000. The fire is supposed to have
been the work of an incendiary.
Boston. March I. —lV e have accounts from the
Cape de Verde Islands to the 31st of January, sta
ting that there had been much sickness among the
■ Islands, especially at St. Andrew's and St. Vin
cent's—at the latter place nearly three fourths of
the tiopulation hud died. At St. Andrew’s the
number of deaths had been very great, and at last
accounts the mortality was increasing. The Islands
had al-o suffered greatly from gales and severe rain
storms. Many houses liad been prostrated and the
crops destroyed to such an extent as to leave scarce
ly enough for the inhabitants to subsist on. They
were living in mud hovels, which was one cause of
the great mortality among them.— Baltimore Sun.
Boston. March I.—Letters received from Mcs
sine, dated Feb. 22d, state that for several days
previously several severe and distinct shocks of
earthquake* had been experienced in that city.
The houses hiul, thus fur, withstood the shocks,
but the inhabitants were iu a constant state of
terror.— Baltimore Sun.
The census of 1849 makes the resident popula
tion of Paris within the Avails, 545,721. The for
eigners and floating population would keep the
number continually above a million. Out of this
million, 160,000 earn more than they want, or can
well u-e, and 840,000 earn lean than they need.
Tiie average length of life among the latter is 85
years. 150,000 are in the hospitals or receive aid
.from the city and benevolent societies at home.
In the third ward, there is one indigent person oat
of every 27, and in the twclvth, (Latin quarter
&c.,) there is one to every s}£. The average indi
gent population in the whole city is one to ev
ery 13. There arc 320.000 workmen and 80,000
servants in Paris. Half of the latter lay aside
something each year for deposit in the Saving’s
Bank.
A IVondekii l Discovery.— The Boston Post
! affirms that the man who discovered the chair
j which “ cerium sat ” in, has been arrested by the
I police of the city. The Boston officers must be
I very sharp.
| More High Prices. —At the sale of the jiropcrty
ot'.lno, Yv* Summers, deceased, says the Newberry
I' Sentinel, on -the 25tli and 26th ult., a gang of
ninety-six negroes, comprising men, women and
children of various ages, was sold at the average
price of $512 a head. I*llloo mules brought Ml
high as $196 a piece.
jl —.a-rf." a fc: ■
From ihr KalUnml Intellmmcer.
tnUKHSS OF HO A. II WIKI, WKIISTER,
BEFORE THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
Nildo’s Garden, which is said to ho capable of
containing three thousand five hundred persons,
was densely thronged on Monday evening last,
from the tsirquet to the uppermost gallery, by
ladies and gentlemen, assembled to hear the ad
dress of the Hon. Daniel Webster, before the New
York Historical Society, whose forty-eighth anni
versary was thus brilliantly celebrated.
The officers of the Society, with the Orator of
the evening, and invited gnesta ot distinction, oc
cupied seats upon tlie sta>tf. Among those thus
conspicuously placed, were Washington Irving and
George Bancroft, Esqrs., and the Rev. Drs. Spring,
Wninwriglit, and De Witt, by the Just named of
wflom the exercises were opened xvffli I’rayer.
Luther Bradish, Esq., President of the Society,
then introduced Mr. Webster to the audience, and
when the great Statesman advanced, he was greet
ed by such enthusiastic cheers as (remarks the
Commercial Advertiser) must have demonstrated
to him the earnest admiration and regard which
arc entertained for him by New Yorkers. Ac
knowledging this applause with dignity—
Mr. Webster proceeded to read the subjoined
Address, which fastened the unwearied and de
lighted attention of the audience for nearly two
hours, interrupted only by occasional bursts of uu
restrainuble upplausc:
“The object ofyour association, gentlemen, like
that of others ot similar character, is highly im
portant. Historical societies are auxiliary to histo
rical compositions. They collect the " materials
from which the great narrative of events is. in due
time, to be framed; the transaction*of public bo
dies, local histories, memoirs of all kinds, statistics,
laws, ordinances, public debates and discussions,
works of periodical literature and the public jour
nals, whether of political events, of commerce, lit
eratitre, or the arts, all find their places in the col
lections of historical societies. But these collections
are not history ; they are only elements for history.
History is a higher name, and imports literary pro
ductions of the first order.
It is presumptuous in me, whose labors and
studies have been so long devoted to other objects,
to speak, in the presence of those whom I see be
fore me, of the aigniti/ ami importance if history.
in itsjustsqp.se; und yet 1 find pleusure iti break
ing in upon the course of daily pursuits, aud in
dulging for a time in reflections upon topics of lit
erature, and in tlKx rcniembrimoe of the great ex
amples of historic art. Well written history must
always he the result of genius and taste, as well ;m
of attainment. It stands next to epic poetry in the
productions of the human mind. If it requires
less of invention than that, it is not behind it in
dignity and importance. The power of tho Epic
consists in the narrative of real or supposed events,
and the representation of real, or at least natural,
characters; and history, in its noblest examples, is
an account of occurrences in which great events are
commemorated, and distinguished men appear as
agents and actors. Epic poetry and the drama are
but narratives, the former partly and the latter
wholly in the form of dialogue; but their characters
and personages ure usually tlie creations of the
imagination.
Severe history sometimes assumes the dialogue
or dramatic form, and, without departing from
truth, is embellished by supposed colloquies or
speeches, as ill the production of that great master,
Titus Livius, or that greater mastor still, Thucy
dides.
The drawing of characters, consistent with gen
eral truth and fidelity, is no violation of historical
accuracy: it is only an illustration of au ornament.
When Livy ascribes an appropriate speech tonne
of his historical porsonnges, it is only as if ho had
portrayed tlie same character in language profess
edly his own. Lord Clarendon’s presentation, in
his own words, of the character of Lord Falkland,
one of the highest and most successful efforts of
personal description, is hardly ditibrent from what
it would have been if he had put into the mouth of
Lord Falkland a speech exhibiting the same quali
ties of the iniud and tho heart, the same opinions,
and the same attachments. Horner describes tlie
actions of personages, which, If not real, are so im
agined as to he conformable to the general cliaaro
teristics of men in the heroic ages. If liis relation
be not historically true, it is such nevertheless, as,
making due allowance for poetical embellishment,
might have been true. And in Milton’s great epic,
which is so almost entirely made up of narratives
and speeches, there is nothing repugnant to the
general conception which we form of the characters
of those whose sentiments and conduct lie portrays.
But history, while it illustrates and adorns, con -
fines itself to facts, und to the narrative of actual
events. It is not far from truth to sttv that well
written and classic history is the epic oi'rcal life.
It places the actions of men in an att ruetivo and in
teresting light; rejecting what is improper and su
perfluous, it fills its picture with real, just und
well-drawn images.
And tlie dignity of history consists in reciting
events witlitruth and accuracy, and iu presenting
human agents and their actions in a clear and im
partial fight. The first element in history, there
fore, is truthfulness; and this truthfulness must be
presented in u concrete form. Classical history is
not a memoir. It is not a rude collection of acts,
occurrences and dates. It adopts nothing that is
not true, hut then it does not embrace all minor
truths and all minor transactions. It is a composi
tion,* production, which has unity of design, like
a work of statuary or of painting, and keeps con
stantly in view one great end or result. Its parts,
therefore, are to bo properly adjusted and well
proportioned.
The historian is an artist as true to fact as other
artists aro to nature; and, though he may some
times embellish, he never misrepresents; lie may
occasionally, perhaps, color too highly, but the
truth is still visiblo through the lights and shades.
This unity of design seems essential to all great
productions. With all the variety of the Iliad,
Homer kept the wrath of Achilles, and its conse
quences, always in view; when lie sang of tile ex
ploits of other heroes, they were silently subordi
nated to the son of Felons. Still more remarkable
is the unity, in variety, of the Odyssey, the charac
ter of which is mueh’inore complicat ed, but all the
fiarts are artfully adapted to each other, and they
tavc a common centre of interest and action—the
great end being the restoration of Ulysses to his
native Ithaca. Virgil, in the /Kneid, sang of no
thing but tho man and his acts who brought the
Trojan Gods to Italv, and laid the foundation of
the "imperial walls of Koine; and Milton of nothing
but
“ Man's first Oisobeillcnce, anil the fruit
Os that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into tlie world.”
And the best historical productions of ancient
and of modern times, have been written with equal
fidelity to one loading thought or purpose.
It has been said by Lord Bolingbrokc tliut “ his
tory is philosophy teaching By example;” uud be
fore Bolingbrokc, Slmkspcare lias said:
“ There is a history in all men’s lives
Figuring tlie nature of the times deceased ;
The which observed, a man may prophesy,
With a near aim, of tlie main'chance of tilings,
As yet not come to life; which in their
Feeds, and weak beginnings, lie eutreasured.
Buck things become the hatch and brood of time;
And, by the necessary form of this.
King Richard might create a perfect guess
That great Northumberland, tlien raise to
Him, would of that seed grow to a greater falseness :
Wilieh should not find a ground to rest upon,
Unless on you.”
“ Are these things, then, necessities ?
Then let us meet them like necessities.'’
And a xviser man than either Bolingbrokc or
Shakspearc lias declared:
“ The tiling that hath been, it is that which sluil
lie ; anil that which is done, is tliut which slnfll be
done ; anil there is no nexv thing under tlie sun.”
These sayings are all just, aud they proceed upon
tlie idea that the essential characteristics of human
nature arc the same every where, und iu all ages.
This doubtless is true; aud, so fur as history
presents the qualities and propensities of human
nature, it does teach by example. Bolingbrokc
adds, with ronmrkuhlc power of expression, “that
tlie school of example is tlie world, and its great
masters or teachers ure history and experience."
But tlie character of man so much varies, from
age to ugc, both iu his individual and collective
capacity ; there comes such a change of circum
stances, so many new objects of desire and aver
sion, and so many new and powerful motives
spring up in liis mind, that the conduct of men
in one age, or under one stato of circumstances, is
no sure and precise indication fit' what will bo their
conduct when times and circumstances alter; so
that tlie example of the past, before it can become
a useful instructor to the present, must be reduced
to elementary principles in human nature, freed
from the influence or conditions which were tem
porary, and have changed, and applied to tlie same
Srinetplcs under new relations, with a different
egree of knowledge, and tho impulses arising
from tho all ered state of things.
A savage has tho passions of ambition, revenge,
love, and glory ; and ambition and love, revenge,
and the hope of renown are also elements in the
character of civilized life; but the develop
ment of these passions in a state of barbarism
hardly instructs us as to the manner in xvliiclt tliex
will exhibit themselves in a cultivated period oi
society. . ,
And so it is of religious sentiment and feeling. ,
I believe man is every where, more or less, a re- <
ligious being ; that is to soy, in all countries and ,
at all times lie feels the tie which connects him ,
with an invisible power.
It is true, indeed, audit is a remarkable fact in
tlie history of mankind, that in the very lowest j
stage of human existence, and in the opposite ex- ,
treme of high civilization, surrounded with every j
thing luxurious in life, and with nil the means of
human knowledge, the idea of an unseen and
superior Governor of the Universe is most likely ;
to De equally doubted or disregarded.
The lowest of human, savage existence, and the
intellectual and refined atheism, such as we have ]
seen exhibited in our day, seem to lie strangely ]
coincident in this respect, though it is from oppo- \
site causes and influences that these classes are led ,
to doubt or deny the existence of a Supreme X’ow- ,
er. But both these are exceptions to th general
current of human thought and the general eonvic- j
tion of our nature. , , i
Man is naturally religions; hut then his religion
takes its character from his condition, his degree ,
of knowledge, and his associations ; and therefore
it is true that the religious feeling which operates
in one state of society, and under one degree of
light and knowledge, is not a safe example to
prove its probable influence and operations under
circumstances essentially different. So that, when
we regard history as our instructor in the develop
ment of the perceptions and character of men, uud
in the motives which actuate them, there comes a
concomitant rush of altered circumstances, which
are ull to be considered and regarded.
History, therefore, is an example which may
teach us’thc general principles of human nature,
hut does npt instruct us greatly in its various pos
sible developments.
What hr. Johnson said, in his comparison of
Dryden and Pope, is not inapplicable to this topic.
“IJryden,’’ said he, "knew more of man in his
general nature, and Pope in his local manners.”
lfryden’s sentiments, therefore, are the exemplar
of human nature In general: Pope’s of human
nature as modified in particular relations and cir
cumstances ; and what Is true of individual man
is true also of society and government.
The love of liberty, for instance, is a passion and
sentiment which existed in intense force in the
Grecian republics, and in the early history of
Kome. It exists now, chiefly and first of all, on
that portion of the western continent in which wo
live. Here it burns with heat and with aplcndor
beyond all Grecian and all Roman example, it
is not a light in the temple of Minerva; it is not a
vestal flame in Rome : it is the light of the sun ; it
is the illumination of ull the constellations. Barth,
air, and ocean, and all the heavens above us, lilli
filled with itsglorious illumination ; andtber aret
though the passion and the sentiment core,fef
same, yet he who would reason from Gr ecian the
ty, or from Roman freedom, to our entr-eiuga
American liberty, would be holding gbeiuartah
candle to the orb" of day.
The magnificent funeral oration of Pericles over
those who fell in the Peloponnesian war is one of
the grandest oratorical productions ot antiquity.
It contains sentiments and excites emotions con
genial to the minds of all lovers of liberty, in all
1 regions snd at all times. It exhibits a strong and
ardent uttachmcntto country, which true patriots
always feel ; an undaunted courage in its defence,
■ and a resolution and a willingness to pledge and
r hazard all for the maintenance of liberty. 1 cannot
I' deny myself the pleasure of quoting u few passages
l from that celebrated address :
■ “ I shall therefore first," said Pericles,
> “with our forefathers, since both justice and de
cency require we should on this occasion bestow
VOL. LXVI.—NEW SERIES VOL. XVI.-NO. 10.
on them an honorable remembrance. In this onr
country they kept themselves always firmly settled,
and throngh their valor handed "it down iron to
every succeeding generation. Worthy indeed of
1 praise are they,- and yet more worthy are our im
i mediate fathers ; since, enlarging their own inheri
• tailed into tiie extensive empire which wo now
poeness, they beqin-athod that, their work of toil,
- IO us their sons. let, even these successes, we
ourselves here present, we who are yet in tlio
strength and vigor ot our days, have "nobly im
proved, and have made such provision for this our
I Athens that now il is nil-sufflcitnt in itself to
answer every exigence ot war and of peace.
‘ “ But by what methods wo have risen to this
‘ height of glory and power, hv what polity and by
• what Conduct wo aro thus aggrandized, 1 shall first
1 endeavor to show ; and then proceed to tlie praise
of tho deceased. These, in my opinion, can bo
■ no impertinent topics on tliis occasion; the dis
-1 enssion of them must be bcneficiul to tliis nume
rous company of Athenians and of strangers.
“ M e are happy in a form of government which
cannot envy the iaws of our neighbors, for it has
served ns a model to others, but is original at
Athens. And this our form, as committed not to
the few, bnt to tlie whole body of tlie people, is
called a democracy, llow difl'erent soever in a
private capacity, we all enjoy the same general
equality which • nr laws are fitted to preserve, and
superior honors just as wo excel. The public ad
ministration is not coufinedtou particular family,
hut is attainable only by merit. Poverty is not'a
hindrance, since whoever is able to serve his coun
try meets with no obstacles to preferment from liis
first obscurity.
“ Tlio offices of the State we go through without
obstructions from ono another, and live together
in the mutual endearments of private life without
suspicion*; not angry with a neighbor for follow
ing the bent of his own humor, nor putting on that
countenance of discontent which pains though it
cannot punish; so that in private life we converse
without diffidence or damage, whilst we dare not
on any account offend against-the public, throngh
tho reverence wo bear to the magistrates and the
lapis ; chiefly to those enacted for tlie redress of
the injured, and to tlmne unwritten laws a breach
of which is regarded as disgrace.
“ M e want no Homer to he the herald of our
praise; no poet to deck Otf a history with the
t charms of verse, where tlie opinion of exploits
must suffer by a strict relation. Every sea lias
been opened by onr fleets, mid every laud liuth
been penetrated by ournrmica, widen have every
where left behind them eternal monuments both
of our enmity and our friendship.
“As for you who now survive them, you may
well pray for a better fortune, but. you must never
theless consider it vour duty to preserve tlie samo
spirit and warmth of courage against your enemies;
not judging of the expediency of this from tt more
harangue whore any man, indulging in a flow of
words, may tell you, what you yourselves know
us well ns lie, how many advantages there are iu
fighting valiantly against your enemies; bnt rather
making the daily increasing grandeur of tins com
munity tlie object of your thoughts, and growing
quite enamored of it. And when it really appears
great in your apprehensions, think again," that tliis
grandeur was acquired by brave and valiant men ;
by men who knew their duty, and in the moments
of action were sensible of shame and feared re
proach ; who, whenever thciruttnmpts were unsuc
cessful, thought it dishonor that their country should
stand in need of anything their valor could do for
it, and so made it tlie most glorious present,
“Bestowing their lives on tlio public, they hove
every one received a praise that will never decay,
a sepulchre that will always be most Illustrious; not
that in which their bones lie mouldering, blit that
in which their fame is preserved, to bo on every
occasion, when honor is the theme of either word
or net, eternally remembered. This whole eartli is
the srpuluhrc of illustrious men ; nor is it the in
scriptions on the columns of their native soil nlono
that show their merit, but the memorial of them,
better than all inscriptions, in every foreign na
tion, repositod more durably in universal remem
brance than ou their own tomb. From this very
moment, emulating these noble patterns, placing
your happiness in liberty, and liberty in valor,
In* prepared to encounter all the dangers of war.”
Gentlemen, does not every page, paragraph, and
sentence of wlmt ] have react go home to all onr
hearts, carrying it most gratified consciousness of
its resemblance to what, is near and dear to us in
onr native land? Is it Athens, or America? Is
Athens or America tlio theme of these immortal
strains ? Was Pericles speaking of liis own coun
try, as tie saw it or knew it; or was he gazing upon
a bright vision then two thousand years before him,
which we see in reality, and as lie saw in pros
peet?
But tho contests of Sparta and Athens, what were
they in lasting importance, and their bearing on
Hie destinies of the world, in comparison with that
ever-mcmorable struggle which separated tlie colo
nies from the dominion of Europe?
How different tho result which botided Athens
from that which crowned the glorious efforts of
onr ancestors; and, therefore, tliis renowned ora
tion of Pericles, wlmt is it in comparison with an
effort of historical eloquence which should justly
sot forth the merits of the heroes and the martyrs
of tlie American Revolution ? And the liberty of
Athens ami of tlio other Grecian republics, being
founded in pure democracies, without any princi
nlo of representation, was fitted only for small
States. The exercise of popirtar power in a
purely democratic form cannot he. extended
over countries of largo extent, boeunso in
such countries all cannot assemble in the same
place to vote directly upon laws and ordinances,
and other public questions. But tlie principle of
representation is expansive; it maybe enlarged,
if not inflfiitely, yet indefinitely, to" meet new oc
casions, and cmbraiieonow regions. While, there
fore, tho love of liberty was tlie same, and its gen
eral principle the samo, in tlie Grecian republics as
with us, yet not only were forms essentially differ
ent, but that also was wanting which we have been
taught to consider as indispensable to its security;
tlmt is, a fixed, settled, definite, fundamental law.
or constitution, imposing limitations and restraints
equally on governors and governed. We may
therefore inhale all the fulness and greatness of the
Grecian spirit, but we necessarily givo its develop
ment a different form, awl subject it to new modifi
oations.
But history is not only philosophy teaching by
example; its true purpose is also to illustrate tlie
general progresn of society in knowledge and tlie
arts, and the changes of manners and pursuits of
men.
There is an imperfection, both in ancient and
modern histories, and those of tlie best masters,
in this respect. While they recite public transac
tions, they omit, iu a great degree, what belong to
the civil, social, and domestic progress of men and
nations. There is not, so far as I know, a good
civil history of Rome, nor is there an account of
the manners and ha its iu social and domestic life,
such as may inform us of the progress of her citi
zens from the foundation of tlie city to tlie time of
Livy and Sallust, iu individual exhibitions ofehur
aeteir.
We know, indeed, something of tho private
pursuits and private vices of the Roman people at
the commencement of the Empire, but we obtain
oik knowledge of these chiefly from the severe and
indignant rebukes of Sallust and tiie inimitable
satires of Juvenal. Wars, foreign und domestic,
tlie achievements of arms, and national alliances,
fill up the recorded greatness of the Roman Em
pire.
It is very remarkable tlmt, in this respect, Roman
literal ure is far more deficient than that of Grecco.
Aristophanes, and other Grecian contie writers,
have scenes richly tilled with the delineation of the
lives and manners of their own people. But tho
. Roman imitators of tlie Grecian stage gave them
> selves up to the reproduction of foreign characters
on their own stage, and presented in their dramas
1 Grecian manners also, instead of Roman maimers,
i How much wiser wits Shakspearc, who enchained
• tlie attention of his audiences, nud still enchains
’ the attention of the whole Teutonic race, by the
J presentation of English manners and English his
• tory ? Falktaff, Justice Shallow, and Dogberry are
t not shrubs of foreign growth transplanted into the
t pages of Shakspearc, but genuine productions
of tlie soil, tho creations of liis own homebred fun
-1 cy.
i Mr. Banks lias written a civil history of Rome,
- but it seems not to have answered tlie great end
which it proposed.
s Tho labors of Niebuhr, Arnold, and Merivale
i have accomplished much towards furnishing tlio
• materials of such history, and Becker, in liis Gal
r lus, lias drawn a picture not uninteresting of tlie
> private lifo of tlie Romans at tlie commencement of
? tlie empire.
I know nothing of tli*: fact, but I once had un
1 intimation, that one of the most distinguished
writers of our time and of our country bus had his
e thoughts turned to this subject for several years.
I if this be so, and the work, said to be in content
s' illation, lie perfected, it will he trne, ns 1 liuve no
doubt, that the civil history of the great republic
, of antiquity will have been written, not only with
thorough research, but also with elegance or style l
e ami chaste, classical illustration, by u citizen of tlie
'■ great' republic of modern times. 1 trust, that
u vvjien this work shall appear, if it shall appear, we
) shall not only see the Roman consul and the Roman
>f general, the couiitiu and tlie forum, but that we
shall also see Roman hearths and altars, tlie Roman
?• matron ut the head of Her household, Roman chil
dren in their schools of instruction, and tlie whole
d 0 f Roman lifo fully presented to our view, so far
u as the materials, now existing in sepurato and
special works, afford tlie means,
n it is in our day only tlmt that the history and
-t progress of the civil and .social institutions and
manners of England have become tho subjects of
y particular attention.
Miarou Turner, Lingard, and, more then all,
Mr. Jlallam, liuve laid tlii» litre, and all following i
ages, under the heaviest obligations by their tu
tors in tins field of literary composition; nor
wCmld I separate from them the writings of a most
learned and eloquent person whose work on Eng
lish history is now in progress, nor the author of
the Pictorial History of England, lint there is
still wanting u full, thorough, and domestic social
account of our English ancestors ; that is. a history
which shall trace the progress of soeiul life in the
intercourse of man with man ; the advance of
arts; the various changes in the habits and occupa
tions of individuals ; and those improvements ill
domestic life which have attended the condition and
meliorated the circumstances of men in the lapse
of ages. We still have not the moans of learning,
to any great extent, how our English ancestors,
at their homes, and in their booses, were fed, and
lodged, and clothed, and what were their daily
employments. We want u history of firesides ;we
want to know when kings and queens exchanged
beds of straw for beds of down, and ceased to
breakfast on beef and beer. We wish to see more,
and know more, of the changes which took place,
from age to age, in the homes of England, from the
castle and the palace down to the humblest cottage.
Mr. Henry's hook, so far us it goes, is not without
its utility ; bnt it stops too soon ; and, even in re
gard to the period which it embraces, it is not
sufficiently full and satisfactory in its particulars.
The feudal a._es were military arid agricultural,
but the splendor of arms in the history of the times
monopolized the genius of writer*; and perhaps
materials are not now abundant for formu)g a
knowledge of the essential industry ot the country.
He would be a public benefactor who should in
struct us in the modes of cultivation and tillage
prevailing in England from the conquest down,
and in the advancement of manufactures from
their inception in the time of Henry IV’th to the
period of tßcir considerable development two cen
turies afterward.
There are two sources of information on theßC
subjects which have never yet been fully explored,
and which, nevertheless, are-overflowing fountains
ofknowledgc. I mean the statutes and the pro
ceedings of the courts of law. At an early period
of life I recurred, with some degree of attention,
to both these sources of information ; not so much
for professional purposes as for the elucidation of
the progress of society. I acquainted myself with
the object, and purposes, and substance of every
published statute in British legislation. These
showed me what the Legislature of the country
was concerned in from time to time and from year
to year, ft nd 1 learned from the reports of con
troversies in the courts ■ f law u hat were the pur
su ts and occupations of individuals, and what the
objects which most earnestly engaged attention.
I hur< 11 v know any thing which more repay* re-
Heuruh than etudie* of this kind. We learn from
them wur»t|»ursuitH occupied men during the f'eud
h ages. VV t see the efforts of society to throw off
t lie eiihins of this feudal dominion. We see, too,
ill a most interesting manner, tlie ingenious devices
resorted to to break the thraldom of personal
slavery. We see the beginning of ipamituei uring
interests, and at length bursts upon us the full
splendor of the commercial age.
Littleton,.Coke, Elowdcn, what arc then / How
>
r their learning fadeH away and beoonios obsolete
, when Holt, und Somers, and Mimsliold arise, catch
i ing themselves, and infusing all around them, tho
I' influences and the knowledge which commoroo
had shed upon tho world I
Uurgreut teachers and examples in the histori
cal art are, doubtless, the eminent historians of
, the Greek and Homan ages. In their several ways
■ they arc tho masters to whom all sucooeding times
s have looked Ibr instruction und improvement.
They are the models which havo stood the tost of
■ time, and, like the glorious creetions in marble.of
i Grecian geiuus, have been always admired and
never surpassed.
i Wo have our favorites in literature as well as
other things, and I confess that, among the Grecian
writers, my estimato of Horodotus is. great. Ilis
evident truthfulness, his singular simplicity of
style, and his constant respect and veneration for
sacred nnd divine thhigs, win my rogurd. It is
true that lie somotimes appears credulous, whieh
caused Aristotle to say of him that ho was a story
teller. But, in respect to this, two things aro to be
remarked—tho one is that he never avers ns a fact
that whieh rests on tho accounts of others; tho
other is, that ull subsequent travels and discov
eries have tended to confirm his fidelity. From
his great qualities ns a writer, as well as from the
age in which ho lived, he is justly denominated
the “Father of History.” Herodotus was a con
scientious narrator of what ho suw nnd heard. In
his manner there is much of the old epic style ; in
deed his work miiy bo considered as the connect
ing link between the epic legend und jioUtioi 1 his
tory ; truthful, oil the one hand, since it was a
genuine history ; but. on the other, coneoivod and
executed in the spirit of poetry, and not tho pro
founder spirit of political philosophy. It breathes
a reverential submission to the Divlno will, and
recognises distinctly tho governing hand of Provi
dence in tho uffairs of men. But, upon tho whole,
1 am compelled to regard Thucydides as the great
er writer. Thucydides was equally truthful, but
more conversant’witli the motives and character of
men in their political relations. Ho took infinite
pains to make himsolfthoronghly acquainted with
transactions that occurred in his own day, and
which became the subject of Ids wn narrative.
It is said even that persons were employed bv him
to obtain informatiod from both tho bllligerent
Powers for his use while writing the history of the
Peloponnesian war.
lie was one of the eminent citizens of tho Ath
enian Kepublic, educated under tho institutions of
Solon, und trained in all the political wisdom those
institutions hud devoloped, ill tho two centuries
since their establishment. A more profound in
tellect never applied itself to historical investiga
tion ; a more clear-sighted and impartial judge of
human conduct never dealt with the fortunes and
acts of political communities.
The work of Herodotus is grapliio, fluent, dra
matic, and ethical in the highest, degree ; but it is
not the work of a tVoe citizen of a froe Hcpublic,
personally experienced in the conduct of its utfairs.
Tho History of the Peloponnesiun War, on the
other hand, could only have been produced bv a
man who added to vast'genius deep personal insight
into tho workings of various public institutions.
As Thucydides himselfsays, his history was writ
ten not for tlie entertainment of the moment, but
to bo “a possession forever."
“There can, it seems to me, ho no reasonable
doubt that the first workß by which man expressed
Iris thoughts and feelings in on orderly composi
tion, were essentially poet ical. In the earliest wri
tings of whieh we know any thing with distinct
ness, we linvo an union or mingling of poetry and
fact, embodying tho traditions and history of tho
people among which thoy aroso.
Like other intellectual oultnre, this form of his
tory appeared first in tho East, and, from tho days
of Moses and Joshun down to our own times, it has
there retained substantially tho same character. I
moan it has been a remarkable mixture of tho spirit
of history und of epic poetry. In Greece we may •
obsorvo origiually the sumo state of things; but
the two forms of composition soon became separa
ted, though the Greek historical art, when highest,
never loses all its relations to tho opio.
Tlie earliest Greek poets were religious nnd his
torical poets, dculing in the traditions and mytho
logy of their country, nnd so oontinuod down
through Homer. Herodotus was by birth an Asiat
ic Greek, nnd wits quite imbued with the Oriental
spirit. In liis time, of public records there were
none, or, at the most, there were only local regis
ters of public events and their datos, such, for in
stance, as those kept by the priesthood in the tem
ples at Delphi and Argos, or tho registers of par
ticular families. Ho travelled, therefore, to collect
tho materials for his history. But hotnndo ofthem
one whole, and laid ono idea at tho bottom, with as
much epic simplicity us Homer did in the Iliad.
I lls subject wus tlie contest of Greoee with the
Persians and the triumph of Grooian liberty; or,
more strictly, the great Grecian viotory over the
barbarians who had conquered the world as then
known. The relations between Herodotus and
Homer uro not to he mistaken; ho not only haa
episodes, like the long one about Egypt, and formal
speeches, which were common in historical works
till tho sixteenth contury of our ora, and havo
not been unknown since ; but ho has dialogues.
One of his series of speeches, whifh pnrtukos of
the character of a dialogue, snows a remarkable
advancement in political knowlodgo for the ago of
Pericles. I mean that in which the oonspirators
against the Magi of Persia, previously to the elo
vation of Darius, discuss the different forms of
government, much in tho spirit of Montesquieu.
But all theso things are kept in their proper places
by Herodotus, lie feels tho connection of his sub
ject all tho way through; how ono event proceeds
from anothor, nnd how all tends to the princi
pal result or contributes to it directly. *
In Thucydides the art of history is Anther ad
vanced, though ho lived very little later than Hero
dotus, and probably had read or heard his history,
though that is doubted.
Thucydides did not, indeed, make one whole of
his work, for ho did not survive the war whose
history lie undertook to relate ; hut he is loss ored
iilons than Herodotus; ho has no proper dialoguo ;
ho is more compact; he indulgos very littlo in epi
sodes; lie draws characters, and his speoehesare
more like formal, stately discussions. And he
says of them, they are snob as ho either heard him
self, or received from those who did hear them;
nnd lie states that ho givos thorn in their true sub
stance.
There is nothing to create n doubt that personal
ly lie heard the oration of Pericles; and it is re
murknble that, throughout tlie most flourishing pe
riod of Greek literature, both poetical and histori
cal, productions wore composed to bo hoard, rather
lliun to be read; and the practice of listening to
their rehearsals lod the Greek people to attain
great accuracy as well ns retcntiveneßs of memory.
In short, Herodotus’s work seems a natural, fresh
production of the soil; that of Thucydides belongs
to a more advanced state of culture. Quintilian
suys of the former, In Ilcrodoto omnia Imiterfimntf
of the latter, Jkimt/a et brevis el semper inslant sibi.
Xenophon, in his llcllcnicn, continues Thucy
dides. He was a military leader, and familiar with
tlie affairs of State ; and, though not so deop a
thinker, was a more graceful and easy writor.
Polybius, living in u much later period, is defective
in style, but 1h a wiso and sensible adthor. His
object is not merely to shew what has been, hut to
attempt tho instruction of tho future— making his
work what lio calls a ilemonstrative hißtory, fitted
for the use of statesmen. He is tho last of the
really good Greek historians.
The Komanns had the great Greek masters in
prose and poetry nil before them, and imitated them
m every thing, but approuchcd their models near
ly only in eloquence nnd history, lake the Greeks,
too, they had early poetical histories, historical le
i gends, songs, &u. Ennius wrote a sort of eplo
history of Borne. Caesar, ono of tlie most distin
i guished es all groat men, wrote accounts of what ho
hud done, or what roluted directly to himself. The
clearness, purity, nnd precision of his style are as
I characteristic or him as any of his great aohieve
i incuts. A
s Sallust went more ttpon Greek models. Eaoh of
his two remaining histories is an epic whole; short
> indeed, but complete; fashioned with the greatest
j exactness; and inspired with a dignity and stateli
i ness of stylo which Cicsar did not seek, and whioh
- would not liuvo been fitting for his personal me
moirs.
, l.ivy had nnothcr purpose; there is an cpio oora-
I pleteness in his greut work, though that work has
come down to us in u mutilated state. Alajeslas
; pojrnli Romani was his subject, and he sacrifices
J much to it; even, not unfrequently, the rigor ot
- truth. His style is rich und flowing; some one
) speaks if Livii lac ea uhurtas. His dcscriptioi.a
f are excellent; indeed, there is a nobleness anil
grandeur about his whole work well fitted to his
i magnificent purpose in writing it.
1 Tacitus comes later, when he could no longer feel
i so proud of his couhlry as I.ivy had done. He bad
. nil the spirit and tlie power of Thucydides. Both
- were great, upright men, dissatisfied with their
a times ; the one, because erf the ascendency of der
e mngogties among tlie people; the othor with tho
i imperial vices and tho growing demoralization of
b* his age. Tacitus is, however, free from passion,
a and is a wise, statesmanlike, und profound writer
t throughout. Os both his history and annuls large
e portions are lost. We cannot, therefore, tell how
i much of completeness and proportion thore may
e have been in either. But the nature of the poriod
i he discusses in each—a period, as he says “opinium
- casibus, atrox pncliuq discern, seditionibus, ipsa
a etism pace sievurn"—forbade poetical ornament, not
r lcs< than the severity of his own nature. Incharaoter
1 drawing he is hardly excelled by any one. Byasingle
dash of liis pencil lie sometimes throws out a like
-1 ness which all feel and acknowledge, and yet it lias
1 been thought that some degreo of falling off in tho
f purity and elegance of the luitin historical stylo is
discernible in his puges.
Os the old Roman writers, my preference i»
strongly for Sallust. I admire his reach of thought,
his clearness of style, as well as his accuracy of
narration. He is sufficiently concise: he is senten
tious without being meager or obscure, and bis
power 1 of personal and individual description in
remarkable. There are, indeed, in bis style some
roughnesses belonging to the Homan tongue at an
earlier age, but they seem to strengthen the struc
ture of his sentences without especially injuring
their beauty. No character-drawing can well ex
ceed bis delineation of Catiline, his account of
J ugurtha, or his parallel between Ciesar and Cato.
1 have thought, sometimes, that I saw resemblances
between his terse and powerful periods and the
remarks and sayings of Hr. .lolinson, as they ap
pcar, not in his stately pcrfoi mances, but iu the
record ot’ liis conversations by Boswell.
ill turning to peruse once more the pages of
Sullust, to refresh myself for the preparation of
this address, I was struck by the coincidence of a
transaction narrated by him with one which we
have seen very recently in our own country.
* When ./ugurtha had put to doath Hiempsal and
expelled Acfhcrb 1 from his rightlhl throne, the
latter, who was born in Numidia, and not in Jlun
ffuri/, came to Rome to invoke wlint we should call
the intervention of the Roman people. Ilis speech
delivered on that occasion in the Senate, as Sallust
has given it, is one ot the most touching ever made
by a man io misfortune and suffering from injury,
to those having the power of granting relief or re
dress. His supplication to tl.e Senate is founded on
the broad and genera) idea thrft the Roman people
were just themselves, and, us they had the power,
so it was their, duty, to prevent or punish high
handed injustice threatened or inflicted by others.
“Scd (juoniau parum tnta per se ipsa probitaa,
neque milii in manu suit, Jugurtha quads foret; ad
vos eonfugi, put res eonscripti, qnibus, quod mis-
Berriinum, eogor prills onen, quam us'ii esse, rieteri
reges aut hello victi in amicitiam a vobis reeepti,
ant in suis dubns rebus societatem vestram appe
tiverunt; familia nostra cum popuia Botnano bello
Catbaginiensi umieitiam instituit; quo temporo
inagis tides ejus, quam fortuna petenda erat. Quo
rum progeniein vos, patres eonscripti, nofite pati
frustrua vobisauxilium petere. 8i ad inipctrundum
nihil, eausm hubeiem, printer niisorandam £ortu
nam ; quod paulo ante rex, genere, lama atque
eopiis iioteus nunc deformatus aeruinnis, iaops,
alienus, opes cxpecto ; tamen erat majeetatie So
moni populi prohibere injuriam neque pati cujut
quam retjnntn per eceiue erteeere.
“Quid ugam t quo potissimum infelix aceedam f
Generis pnrsidia omnia exatincta sunt: pater, uti
neeesse erat, uataru: conceaait; fratri, quern mini
ma decuit, propinquus per scelus vitum oripuit;
ufflnes, amnios, prppinauos eeteros, aliuin alin
elades oppressit: capti ub .1 ugurtha, pars iu cru
eem actl; para hestiis objecti; pauct qnibus relic
ts auhna, eiausi in tenebris, cum niasrore et luetu,
morto. praviarem, vitam exigunt. Sie omnia, qu
ant amisi, aux ex ncuessariis adversa facta ant t,
incolumiii manerent; tamen, bi qnid ex improvi
se aeeidisset, vos implorarem, patres eonscripti,
qnibus, prt> magnitudine imperii, jus et injurias
omnes curie esse decet. Nunc voro exsul patria
domo. solos ot omnium bonestarum rerum egeus,
quo aceedam, a«t quos apiiellam ? natiquos ue, an
reges, qui omnes tsmiliai nostrai ob vestram ami
...