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American Railroad*. The Superintendent of the Census, J. C. O. Ken nedy, Eaq., having at the request of the French Department of Public Work*, and at very consid erable labor, prepared the aubjoined able and oom prehenal vo statistical view of the extent of Ameri can railroads, as well those in oonrse of construc tion as those oompleted and in operation, he haa kindly permitted us to take aoopy of it for publioa tion.—S'ational InUUipnctr. Ckumjs Omca, WasHiNotpn, Match 1,1862. In compliance with your reqnest, I proceod to answer your inquiries concerning Railroads in the C. States. The number of miles of railroad in operation in the U. States, January Ist, 1*52, was. as nsarly as can be ascertained, 10,814}*. At the same time there wee tn course of construction an extent of railroad amounting, according to the most reliable estimates, to 10,898)* miles. By far the greater portions of the lines commenced, bnt now Tooom- W| U ha finished within the ensuing five years. Tho length of railroad brought into operation since January 1, I*4B, is 5,224 milss. Within the last 7** r *4*® milea have been finished. Nearly all the line# in progreee have been commenced since 1848. It is supposed hat from one thousand to fifteen hundred miles dditional to the 10,89* now known to be in proaveat will be put under contract during 1852. Tuere never existed greater activity in the ma king of railroads in tb. U. States than at the pre sent time. Many of the lines projected have taken the plane of plana for tha construction of canals turnpike roads. Accordingly, these works of pub lic improvement are not prosecuted with the same ardor and energy ae formerly, although muoh ac tivity exists in the construction of plank roads. The labor and capital which they would require are absorbed in the numerous and almost colossal schemes of railroad building. Since 1848 the ex tent of railroad opened for travel and transportation haa nearly doubled, and there is reason to believe that the increase in the length of road brought into use will not be less rapid during the next period of four years, ily the roar 1840 we may expect that the territory of the U. States will be traversed by at least 80,000 milea of railroad. It is very difficult to form an estimate of the av erage expense per mile of building railroads in the V. States. In fact no average can be assumed as applicable to the whole country. The coat of the roads in New Kngland is about 945,000 per mile; in New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland about $4 f t.ooo. But in the interior of these States the eurfioe of the country is broken, rendering the coat of grading very heavy; and nearer the eea, wide aud deep streams interrupt the line* of travel, and make the expense of bridging a eeriue item. In New Kngland, and the more densely-inhabit ed parts of all the old States upon the Atlantic, as in all European countries, tha extinguiahmant of private title* to the real estate required for rail road* frequently form* a large part of the expenses included iu the item of oonstruotien. In the South ern State* and the v*ll»y of the Mississippi $20,000 per rifile is considered a safe estimate. There, in most oases, ell the lands necessary for the purposes of the ootiipamee are given to them in eoneidera tionofthe advantage# which private proprietors expect from the location of the roads in the vicinity oftheir estates. In many of the Western States the cost of gra ding a long line of road dose not exceed SI,OOO per mile—the oost of timber amounting to nothing more than the expense of clearing it from the track. For those reasons the expense or building railroads in tho Southern and Western States is now much less than it will bo when the country become* a* densely settled a* the older State* of the Union. The Central Railroad of Illinois is an enterprise which furnishes a remarkable example of the en ergy ond spirit of improvement in the new States. Illinois was admitted into the Confederation as a State in 1818, with 80,000 inhabitants. It has 55,445 square miles of territory, and a population, accor ding to tho census of 1854, of 881,470. Tho central railroad is to oitend from its southwestern extremi ty, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, to the north line of the State, with two di verging branchos. The total length of this road, including tho main stein and branches, ia to be six hundred and eighty mile*. The oost is estimated at $2,444 per mile, or $18,804,000 tor the entire work, without equipments for operating it. Thia is the longest continuous line of road now in oon fetnplation in the U. State* of whioh there is any probability ofepeody completion. It has been com menced with such facilities for exeouting the plane of its projectors that there is no reasonable doubt that it will be finished within a few years. Mr. Asa Whitney proposes to oonstruct a rail rood from Bt. Louis, or aomo other place on the Missis sippi river, to the I’eciflo ocean, terminating either at San Kranciaeo, in California, or at the mouth of the Columbia river, in Oregon. lie solicits the patronage of tho National Government for thia prodigioua work, and petitions for t he grant of a tract of laud equal iu extant to sixty rails* in width by two thousand milos in length, ‘ilia plans were first laid before Congress in 1842, and lie has sinco been aoutinually ocmipiod in recommending them to the favorable attention of tho Government and the people with great ability and zeal; but with what suecesa remains yot to be seen. Withoutex pressing any view with reference thereto, it may lie ssid that his project is generally considered im practicable, from the fact that of the two thousand miles of territory which his route aoros* the coun try must trsvarsa, a Urge portion oonsist* of do eert or of sterile and very elevated mountain dis tricts, iu which can be found no materials of con struction, aud whioh would afford uo business for the support of the road, were the difficulties of building it ovoroomo. Many intelligent men, how ever, are oonvinood of its practicability and ex pediency. ThF railroad system of the United States may b* considered to have oommonced in 1880. The first one put ia operation was a short road built lor the transportation of ice from a small lake to the aoa, iu tho State of Massachusetts. Tho length of this work was four milos. It was finished in 1884. In the same year the State of South Carolina caused to be ootnmonood a railroad from Charleaton, iu principal port, to Augusta, in Georgia. The dis tance la 135 miles. The work wsa finished iu 1838, at tho very remarkably amall coat of $1,838,- <ls, which sum includod also tha expense of fur nishing the road with eugines aud passenger and freight oars, and all other necessary equipments. This was the flrat railroad of any considerable length constructed in the United State*, and it is believad to have beeu the cheapest and one of the most successful. Tho longest qontiuous line of railroad in the world, ana that in the construction of whioh the greatest natural obstacles have been overcome, is that which extends from tho Hudson rivar, through the Southern oounties of New York, to Lake Erie. Its length is four hundred and tixty-nino miles, and it has branchos of au aggregate additional length of sixty-eight miles. Nearly its whole oourso is through a region of mountains, Tho bridges by whioh it ia oarried over the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers and other streams, end the viaducU upon whioh it croseee tho valleys that intercept its route, are among tho noblest monu i.touts t>f power and skill to bo found in our coun try. The most of these works are of heavy ma sonry, bnt one of them is a wooden bridge, one hundred aud eighty-four feet in height, and having but one aroh, the span of which is two hundred and seventy-five foot. One of the viaducU ia 1,240 foot long and 110 feet high. Tho aggregate cost * of thia important work was $28,580,000, and the expeuso of construction was $43,838 per mile. The road was originally suggested in 1829; a com pany was organized in 1812; surveys were made In tlia unit year, and oporations were begun by grading a part of the route in 1888. It was finish ed in May, 1851, and opouod with groat ceremony for travel and transportation in that mouth. Tho btate advsnoed six millions of dollars towards the work, slid afterwards released the oompany from the obligation to pay the loan. It will thus be seen that the execution of this great improvement was pursued through nineteen years, and it was n<>.t accomplished without calling into requisition both the rusouroea of the State and the means of her dw'xetia. In the infancy of the Amerloan railroad system, and for ten years thereafter, it was the rule to ex tend to every important enteruriseof that oharaetor the assistance ot the State in which it was to bb built. Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois, Mississippi, and some other States adopted extonsiva systems of improvements, consisting of railroads and oa nais, which they pursued until thoif credit failed ; and exeat which happened in most oases before any of the works baa been completed and brought into proiltabl* use. Kut the general practice was to charter companies, .each of which was charged Villi the execution of some particular work, and to aid them by loans of State stocks. Although this practice has Adieu into so mnoh disfkvor lu some of the States that the okixena hare incorporated in their constitutions articles prohibiting advauoes by their Legislatures for such purposes, it is yet continued by others, and Virginia, Tennessee, and other States'are now prosecuting expensive works, considered esssutisl to their prosperity, by means s>f advances from their respective treasuries. lu the year 1850 Congress passed an act, after a very protracted disou-sion, granting to the State of Illinois about 2,700,000 acres of public lands to aid in the construction of the Central railroad, to which allusion has been before made. This mag niflvtmt donation is reckoned by the company to which Illinois had confided the building of the road to be worth slb,!>od,ooo. This was the first instance in which th* aid of the Natioual Govern ment had been extended to a railroad projeot. But since the above grant innumerable applica tions have beds made from all the MW States for cessions of land for railroad purposaa, Whether such further aid shall be extended ie now a ranch agitated question in American polities, hills arc pending in Congress proposing to cede lor theso purposes about 20,000,000 of acres. The following Table presents in s convenient form some of tbs principal facts connected with Railroads in the United Suttee on the first of January, 185}: . E ji 2 1? H f! fa PUtes with Railroad*! J J £ 3"* r~ a - operation win g „ g 5 a •* 5- procen of construe- | f | fi. 3 | ! irf if ii. ■ y ■ : r : : g Mains,'. 81*1 I*7 18.44 New Hampshire 489 47; *,280, Vermont, *BO 59 10,21*1 814,120; Jo.f» Massachusetts 1,069 67 7,800, 9*4.489127.49 Rhode Island, 50 82 1.504! 147,6441112.97 Connecticut, 647 961 4,674 170.791 T*.tt New York 1.8*6 746 46,000;5,087,884j 67.88 New Jersey 226 111 8.8 f» 489,85 N 86,84 Pennaylvaka 1,146. n4| 44,000.2,811,78*1 60.26 lMswsre 1« 11 *.l*d *1,685,48.17 Msrvlsud, 8761 IS6 Virginia. . 478 618 61,86*. 1,4*1,6*1! 28.17 North Osrettna, 249 886 46,000 848,906; 19,80 South Carolina, *4O *53 24,60 d *68,5071 *7.28 Gsurcia 714, *29 68,000. 906,9*9: 16.6* Alabama * 121 I*o, 60,72* 771,671! 15.21 Missimippi .. »8 *7B! 47.15*j *>6,665 12.86 LouisianaT' . .. 68 48,481 517.738 11.18 Texas” 8*287.821 *12,582 .68 Tenuesueei 11* 748 45,40011,002,626, 21.98 Kentucky;::::::::::: » ** *i,m mm* Ohio ml 1 89* **,**41,980,406 49.55 JGchVgan,.;.;;;::;:: S? .” «U 397.664! 7.07 Indians 600 *ls *#WI« »-2* Ulinuis, 176 1 1,40* 66.J05 J 6.84 Missouri, 61J, 67,580, *B*JMjj U.l* Wisoonsin, SO g2l 53,924| Nearly paralled to the Atlantic ooaat of the Uni ted State*, from Msiue to Alabama, runs the range of mountains known as the Alleghany or Apala cliian chain. The eastern baaes of these mountains ure not distant from the seaboard more than a hun dred milce, and they form a very formidable obsta cle to the construction of railroads between the great aaatern citios and the interior. In nearly all tho great enterprises which have been undertaken with the view to affect such connection, great ad ditions! expense has been incurred to overcome or to penetrate this mountain barrier. In the plan first adopted for the general system of State im provements in Pennsylvania, it waa proposed to effect the crowing of the Alleghanies by means of inclined planes, with powerful stationary engines at their summits. These plana* were built and have been used for several years, until experience proved that their operation was too alow and too expensive to maintain a successful competition with other methods of conveyance, and other im provements have ainoe been Snjajjed designed to supersede them. The railroad from ftjtimore to the Ohio river is carried over a passage 1# these mountains wbare the elevation is upwards of Uigse thousand feet, and a part of that b«lgb‘- i» over come by tunnels, varying in length ttom one-six teenth 'to four-fifths of a mile. The road from New York to Albany, along the banka of til# Hud son, has three tunnels. The greatest work of this kind yet proposed in the United States is the tun nel through the Hoosack mountain, which, if execu ted, will be four miles in length, and fifteen hun dred feet below the summit of the ascent. The coat is estimated at $2,000,000. On the road from Ne*r York to Lake Erie tunnel* have keen avoided bv very expensive works, whioh overcome ascent* of 1,400 feet. No authentic statement has ever been given of the capital invested in the railroads of the United States, but we have the means of forming an esti mate upon which much reliance may be placed. The railroad* in operation at the beginning of the present year may be assumed to have cost $848,- 000,000. The amount inveatad in the lines under construction it is impoeaible ao estimate with even an approximation to correctness. Their oott when completed will be considerably lta* than that ts Mi **, • > equal length of road now iu operation; for tha reason that the greater number or new or unfinish ed lines are in the West or South, where, as be haa been shown, the cost of construction is for below what it ia in the Northern aud Eastern States. The management of the American railroad* is entirely distinct from the ‘administration of Gov ernment. Their concern* are managed by corpora tions, which consist of a President, Secretary, and Director*. Eachfof the directors most own a cer tain amount of stock. They are chosen by the body of stockholders, who have vote* in proportion to tho number of shares they hold. The directors choose one of their body president, snd appoint the secretary. The President and Secretary have generally liberal salaries, but the services of the Directors are gratuitous. The rate of speed on our railroads is not so great j aaon those of England. The ordinary velocity of j a pasaanger train is twenty mdea an Lour, .but on soma route* it is a* high aa twenty-eight and thirty miles. Express trains, on such occasions as the conveyance of the Prasident's message, frequently maintain for long distance* as high a speed an forty-five mile* an hour. And on one road, that between New York and Albany, forty m.les per hour is tb* regular rate for all passenger trains. The fares of rates of passage are not uniform. In New England, tha average price per mile for conveyance of passengers ia under two cents; from New York to Boston it is two and four-tenths; from New York to Philadelphia, three and four-- tenths; from Philadelphia to Baltimore, three and one-tenth. From New York to Cincinnati the dis tance is 857 mile* by the Northern route.of which 148 mile* are travelled by steamboat. The price of passage forth* whole distance is $18.50, being •lightly under two cent* per mile. The lines be tween Baltimore and Cincinnati soon to be opened will be 850 mile* in length, aud the fore wili be $18; that ia, two cents per mile. Believing that the hiatory of the origin, condi tion, and extent of the railroad* in the United States form* one of the most important subject* of statistical investigation, and one not generally un derstood, I have devoted a portion of my time to the preparation of a Complete historv and detailed statement respecting-each of the railroads in the United States, to accompany the other statistics to be embraced within the seventh oensus; but. a.t Congress may exercise their right of abridging the work on this and other subjects, it ia impossible, in advance, to aay what the census of Maryland, prepared in advance, for reasons which will appear in its “prefisce.” I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your moat obedient servant, Jrvo. C. G. Kkxvedv. Julea Carlin, Minister Public Works, Pari*. From De limi t Rnitw. The Cotton Interest. The evils complained of by the cotton planter* are, that the prices of the’ir staple productions are irregular, and too often not remunerative. The first named avil has at timea been disastrously felt by other* than growers of cotton ; and if a reme dy can be devised, the good will not be confined to the cotton planter. These fluctuations sometimes cause a difference of from thirty to aixtv millions of dollars in the sales of two crop*; a difference productive notonly of loa* to the planter, but which sometimes tells with disastrous effect upon foreign exchanges and banking institutions. These fluctuations are al ways in the inverse ratio of tho production. Tims while a crop of only 2,200,004 bales of cotton will vield tothe producers one hundred and ten mil lion* of dollars, a crop of 2,800,000 bales will pav only sixty millions ; and the bounty of Heaven in tile gift of good seasons, proves more productive to the planter than seasons of drought, flood, storms and frost*. Thia loss of fifty millions of dollars folia with its full weight upon the planter, but it is also felt by all engaged in, or dependant upon, ooinmcrce ; and they are equally interested in the discovery of a remedy ; yet it is chiefly by such that Cotton Planter*’ Conventions are jeered at and ridiculed. True it is, that no good resulted from the action of the Convention held in Macon in 1639, and't bat as littlo can be expected from that latelyjheld in the same city ; but it does not follow that an efficient remedy cannot bo found ; at any rate, the importance of the object will justify renewed ef fort. The dogma “that prices must and will be regu lated by tne relations of supply and demand,” is by many deomed conclusive refutation of all hope of success. But the question to be solved i» “whether the supply cannot be regulated ns to se cure regular and remunerating pricos ?” If it can the remedy is found. If the cotton crop of tho United States bolonged to one man, remedy would be obvious. Naming hie price, he would sell only so much as is required For consumption, and leave the residue under his cotton ahed, to supply tho deficiency of the crop of noxtyoar; and if the surplus was large lie would plant leas next year. Such a course would be efficient for the object; and the only obstacle to similar action by the cotton planters {generally, is the difficulty of procuring concert of action. Tho difficulty ia groat, but I think not insupera ble. Bolide* the less attendant upon a largo cron, the planter in often aubjectod to loan upon u small one, hecanso of his ignorance of the extent of the crop of the country. Cotton ia tho agricultural staple of some eight or ton States, covering a vast extent of oountry. Soaaons are often favorable in some districts, and unfavorable in others. Dealers in cotton tako measures to inform themselves, with auffleiont accuracy, of the extent of tho crop, and are prepared to go into tho market with a knowl ■ edge of its value. It is thoir interest, too, to exag gerate its oxtent; and this is annually dono by fmblioation of what purports to be extracts of ettera written in cotton States, but really fabrica ted for that purpose. Tho planter, ignorant of its real amount, und influenced by such statements, disposos of his crop at low prices, before tho false hood is discovered. For low prices, a remedy would be found, in an agreement to plant loss cotton ; but that would not prevent irregularity in price, bocause good and bad seasons would still esuae irregular production; and although remunerative, prices would be irre gular. A bad season might also so reduce the supply, as to throw out of employment a largo portion of capital, and of operatives now en gaged in its manufacture. Such a state of things would be- deplornblo, and in tho end injurious to the grower. Mis interests, and those of tho man ufacturer, are boat subsorvod by regulur and rea sonable pricos. The first thing to bo dono by tbe Convention, should be the adoption of a plan for ascertaining tho oxtent of each year’s crop. This is osscntial to all judicious and efficient action. I propose to effect it by tho agoncy of Planters’! sogiotios, to bo organized in overy county in the Cotton States. Bv districting tho counties, and distributing tho labor among the members, tho crop of each county can be ascertained by tho middlo of January every year. Tho county societies should immediately thereafter report the amount of the crop to a com mittee, or some oflleor residing at tho scat of tho Btato Government, who should report tho aggre gate crop of tho State to a central committee, to be appointed by tho Cotton Planters’ Convention; upon which central committco should also devolve labor of obtaining all attainable information res pecting the probable demand by manufacturers at homo and abroad—tho supplies which may bo ex pected from other countries—and, generally, all the information in its power, connected with the production and consumption of cotton. Tho information referred to, and the reports from the State committees, ffiay be in possession of the oontral committee by tho'lst April in cneh year, and should be published ; and tho planters advised what proportion of their respective crops should bo sold, and what retained. But inasmuch as a considerable portion of tho orop is annually sold bofore the report of tho cen tral oommitteo oould be made, I proposo an agree ment among the planters, “not to sell more than two thirds of their rospoctivc crops beforo receipt of said report, and not to sell any for a price less than agreed upon.” And furthor “ not to sell more of the reserved one third, than shall be ad vised by the central committee.” For illustration of my meaning: Supposing tho crop 2,700,000 bales, the sale' of two thirds would amount to 1.800,000 —leaving 900,000 bales on hand. If ad vised that the consumption of American ootton would bo only 9,200,000 bales, each planter should then sdll only four out of overy nino halos, which had been reserved, and retain the remaining five balos undor his cotton shed, to await future de mand, or supply deficiencies in future crops. Experience has shown that a crop of 2,700,000 bains, thrown upon the market, will redueo the price. °f ootton to about five cents; whereas, a crop of only 2,200,000 bales will raise it to thirteen eantt, or more. These are extreme prices; the first not remunerative to the planter, tho Inst tending too much to stimulate production elsewhere. The interests of all parties, producers, manufacturers and eor.sumera, will be best served by moderate and regular prices—say, about ten cents por pound. At that prioo, two-thirds of his crop will put more money into ths planter’s pooket than would the whole crop sold at six cents. 1 have said that the difficulty of obtaining con oert of action among planters, so widely separated from each other, is great; but my confidence in its practicability is based upon their obvious interest, and their good common senso. Although less ex port at figures then the speculators in their staple, the least informed among them can seo that ten bales of cotton, sold at ton cents, will yield more lnouey titan fifteen bales, sold at six cents. And, aided by past experience of the evils resulting from want of organisation, it demands no extraordinary faith in their good sense, to believe that concert may be obtained. TJIC only objection ever made to this plan is, ‘that the planters will not act in good faith, but will se cretly sell mors than their portion of their crops.” Sow, without claiming for option planters a higher oharnaMr for honor and integrity, l may say that they possess as much of those qualities us any' other class of our population. And although some may, and will act Dasoly, tlui number will be small, ami their unfaithfulness will butliftls affect the result. I may say tho same of another small class (bund in tverv community—Solomons, in their own conceit, who'maks it s point of honor never to think, or act like their neighbors; and will, perhaps, refuse to outer into the agreement. But if the plou suggest ed be tried, breaohes of faith will be fewer and (few er every year; and whore a sense of honor will not restrain, (fear of exposure and ehnme will. With out some genoral concert of action, no plan can succeed ; and that now proposed presents os few objections as any other, it proposes no advance of money-—IU) risk of loss—and no change in the pur suits of fhs planter. If adopted, it must do good. It can do no harm- Toil have, in the preceding, my plan for regulating the price of cotton. There is another »uqjeoi ponneotod with the cot ton interest which l have much at heart; and which, in tbs shape of a resolution, 1 submitted to tiie Convention. 1 know not whether it was adopted ' having left the meeting upon discovery pf the de termination of the smell number present to toroe j tbe question upon the sdoptlou of the substitute. My resolution recommended th« erectiou of cotton manufactories in everv county in the cotton States. These fsetoriesto commence with spinning rand afterwards connecting the business of weaving into Spinning requires little skill in the operatives; and yams sell tor double tbe price of raw material! The "facility of obtaining yarn from neighboring ' factories, would enable our"planters to clothe their 1 faufuU* and servants better and cheaper than now. ; There »ra, upon every plantation, servants who, at limes, would be inefficient in the field, while per- ! fectlr Able to work the uasqj- This, however, is the ’.east of the benefits which would result from the ! svatem of manufacturing. Milhous of pounds of ] ebtton yarn are annually exported from Great Bri tain to tha continent of Europe, and to other por tions of ths would; and the business of spinning is said to ba mors profitable than that of weaving. Our Southern factories would obtain the raw me tonal at, at least twenty per cent cheaper than those . of England; and Southern yarn ana cloth would monopolise both the fbreign and tha home market, Let each oountv oommeuco with a factory of one thousand spindle*; and let the planters agree to in vest, annually, ten per cent, of their crops in the txtlnftion of such »ctorie§; and in a few years they would manufacture the whole crop of the country, ; and export it i a the shape of yam and cloth. Such j a course would double the value of our export, and ; would add to the prosperity of the oountrr more j than the gold mines of California, twice told. Its ■ effect upen the banking institutions and cotnmer- i eial interests of the country oaunot be sufficiently , estimsted. But for the gold of Calitbrni#, these 1 interests would, ere now, nave been prostrate, and tbe country experiencing a recurrence of the scenes i ofifig year 1887. The mines of California may , cease «d t. productive; but not so the proceeds of l tbe cotton ffefUs. The manufactufeteßus oHtpp crop would employ as many or>erativefl(Ere engaged ip i lB produc tion ; and th# food amt sustaiuance of this body of operatives would enable our planters so to di versify Agricultural operation*,‘as to transfer sne_-half ofthstr labor from cotton to tha production of But this scheme at manufacturing the cotton crop has another aspect,, which amu mends itself *o the frvor of tha patriot, phiianthrophist and Chris tian. In Urn cotton Sate, there » « numerous whiU population scattered over the pine barren., and subsisting by bunting end .raising stocks From their dispersed condition they cannot have either schools or churches; and their" children must grow up without religion or even the alphabet. What greater cures can be inflicted upon a repub! lie, than an ignorant and irreligious population! Such, however, must bo the fete of Urge portions of the Southern States, unless a remedy can be found. That remedy will be furnished by the ereo tioa of cotton factories, around which will be col lected our pincy-wood population; and schools and churches will l>e supplied. A volume might be written npon thia bead; but I will desist. JAVizs G. fimsia. Union Convention. Several counties have already appointed delegates to the Convention of the Union Party, to be held in Milled gevilie on the 22nd day of April. From the resolutions which have been adopted by the pri mair meetings of these counties, we entertain the com,dent hope, that the Convention will be har monious and by its action will secure the unity of the Party in the approaching Presidential canvass. I rorn r.o county have we beard a response to the recommendation of the Legislative caucus—from no county have we heard an endorsement of the idea, that the Union Party of Georgia must ne cessarily go to Baltimore to maintain'd* principle or it* power. Resolution* have been adopted by the majority of the primary meetings wbicu have' been held, declaring their determination to maintain the principles of the Union organization; and dele gab* have been appointed mitfcr these resolutions, and instructed upon nothing, except to carry out the objects of that organization. The necessity which called the Union party into existence, is a* urgent to-day as it was eighteen mouths ago. To abandon tliat organization now, is to abandon the fruits of ail our labor and toil, and to leave incom plete the work which wc have undertaken. The mission of the Constitutional Union Party has not yet been fulfilled. The next Presidential eleo tion must determine whether thef principles of that Party shall triumph, or whether the formation of that party ha- had any influence in checking ultrasm and sectionalism at the North and at the South.— If wc abandon in advance our position of isolated independence of any National Party—if the lures of office aud of party patronage arc stronge r than our j devotion to principle—the strength of the Union j Party together with its identity Is gone. The Union I Party is formidable whilst it maritains its separate ' organization, aud holds its strength and it* influ j elite in reserve for the National Party which shall ! in its candidate aud its platform, acknowledge its i principles. In that position, it may be a bal ! ante of power iwirty, —it may exert a strong | und c.mtroirmginfluence upon the Conventions of i the Whig and Democratic Parties, and cause them to bid for its support by a recognition of the final ity of the Compromise. In no other position has the Union Party formidablencss or strength; and we are glad to see that this is the prevailing senti tim, nt of the masses of the Party. We were told some time since, by a portion of the Party Press, that certain developements might soon be expected from Washington which would materially change the aspect of things, and make itt'io duty and the interest of the Constitutional Union Party of Georgia to unite with the Demo cratic Party, in its Convention at Baltimore. Those dovelopoineiits have been made und the Athene Banner congratulates the Union party of Georgia up>on the fact that the national Democracy is sound □pon tlie question of the finality of the Compromise and raises the cry of Baltimore 1 to Baltimore 1 — arel upon wh ,t docs the Bannerrcly for the truth ot thin assertion i Upon the vote in the House of Representatives, taken upon the motion to sus pend the rules for the introduction ofthe finality resolutions of Mr. Fitch, which was no test vote at all as every body knows, and in which the names of Whigs and Democrats, Abolitionists and Seces sionists, Compromise men and auti-Compromise men, Finality men, and Agitators, arc recorded to getherinthe affirmative. This is the grand event which has purged the Democracy of Frec-Soil and Slavery agitation, and demonstrated that at Balti more and at Baltimore alone, the finalty ofthe Com promise will be recognised. Anyone who can thus reason has little occasion to reason at all. Thefor multy of arguing » question may be dispensed with when the conclusion is foregone. We have noticed for some time, the nervous anxiety of our contemporary of the Banner to commit the Union Party of Georgia to the support of the nominee of the Baltimore Convention ; whilst he is struggling to establish his own orthodoxy, and to ostraciso Free Seilers ami Fire-Katersfrom that Convention; and whilst the Washington Union, the central or gan of tlie Party, is conciliating Free-Soilers, Fire Eaters und Union Democrats, and attempting to unite those incongruous elements in that Conven tion. We nuticedthc Editorial ofthe Union of tlie sth inst., to which the Editor ot the Banner refers in his last issue, aud we hailed it as the beginning ol'u strong and decided expression by the Demo cratic organ of acquiescence in the finality ofthe Compromise, ami of a prompt repudiation of fac tions, North and South. But, in its next issue, it has a long, leading editorial, in which it labors to conciliate tlie Southern Rights Democracy of Mis sissippi, and invites them to participate in the Baltimore Convention. The Southern Rights Dem ocracy is denounced by Gov. Cobb, by Mr. Chas tain, by Mr. Hillycr, and bv tho Athens Banner. Why quote the Union,then us committed tothe re cognition ofthe finality of the Compromise? Tlie truth is, there is no unity of action in the conduct ofthe Washington, Union. It presents a differ ent phase of position in ever)’ issue. More than one Pulinurus must preside at its helm, or if only one, his hand must be tremulous and unsteady, and his head confused by tlie ruging tumult around him. We desire to contrast tho position of our contcm poraryof the Banner, with that oftlie Whig Union Press throughout the State. They have not de manded that the Union Party should go to Phila delphia. They have not made a single effort to subsidize the Union Party to the support ofa Whig candidate. They have had no party, hut tlie Con stitutional Union Party of Georgia.' They have not urged the claims of the Whig Party tothe support of the Constitutional Union Party. They have not mooted the question oftlie relative soundness ofthe Whig and Democratic parties upon the slavery is sues. They have asserted that each, in the present position of affairs, are equally unsound and untrust worthy and have urged upon the Party not to pre judge l his question not to commit itself to the support of either party, until it is ascertained that thiscan he done without the sacrifice of a single prin ciple, or the retraction ofa single step. We ask our contemporary ofthe Banner, if this position is not sound und impregnable? if it ia not the position of policy and of principle ''.—Journal d Messenger. This Profligate Administration. Such is the style in which the Petersburg Demo crat characterizes Mr. Fillmore’s Administration. In what its profligacy consists, tho world is not given to understand. So act of profligacy has been proved upon it—not one distinct and tangible ono has been preferred against it. Uis friends havo again and again challenged their political adversa ries to arraign a single measure of policy pursued by the Administration. The opposition has large majorities in both branches of Congress, but it has not ventured to take up the challenge. If there exists might of a profligate character in the conduct ofthc Administration, the dominant party in Con gress by failing to arraign it at tho bar "of public reprobation, makes itself a party to it, and is equally guilty with those who committed the of fence. For there is nothing to prevent the ma jority from exploring every department; their com mittees have access to every branch of the public service. If, then, there he anything wrong, why have they not exposed it ! The presumption is irresistible, that there exists nothing on which a charge of malfeasance can be based. Can there be a stronger, amore triumphant vindication of the administration, than is implied in the fact, that its bitterest, enemies, with full power to overhaul its whole conduct, are unnblo to detect nn act of remissnesa or criminality! Cer tainly, until tho majority in Congress shall have given some evidence of official impropriety, com mon decency would scorn to dictato silenco to tho provincials. But they are not only unable to cite an improper act; they cannot complain of nnv system of policy which lias been adopted hy the "Administration with respect to our domestic or foreign affairs. The great central organ of the opposition, and the bulk of the party in Congress, ko far from arraigning Mr. Fillmore’s domestic policy, arc bending all their exertions to push him from his stool, ana claim to themselves the honor of that policy.—All thoir pro minent aspirants for the Presidency arc engaged in the same game. “The Compromise is the test of Democracy,” says the Union. Mr. Buchanan takes up the note and harps upon tho “finality of tho Compromise.” Messrs. Cass. Dcyiglas, Butler and all the rest follow in the wake; or if they do not, their friends arc afraid to let the public know of any deflection on their part. Ench and all, while they withhold the praises due Mr. Fillmore, strive to win popularity by professing adhesion to the very measures, which Have more than any others, characterised his administration. And then his non-intervention polioy; all the popular clamour, which the Fillibusters created, has long since passed awav, and his wisdom, and firm ness, and patriotism, are confessed of all men. The Accomae Resolutions pay tho intensest praise to that policy, for which Air. Fillmore had been most loudly and vehemently denounced. Mr. Buchan an, the ft vorite candidate 'of the opposition in Virginia avows himself the unwavering advocate of the same doctrine. Gen. Wood, another dis tinguished aspirant for the Presidency, has written a letter to bear his behalf of the samo line of conduct. Messrs. Cass and Douglas, after fussing nnd fidgeting, and making a great noise about intervention, give us to understand thatthey were misunderstood, nnd that all the inclinations of their tender hearts are to peace and good will with nil mankind. There is not a point at home or abroad on which the Administration can be assailed. Tho only de finite charge wo have over heard, is, tltat it has managed public afiairs too quietly—has perpetra ted no astounding coup cTctnt, and has not grati fied the tastes of those who deiight in blood nnd carnage by involving his country in war. These complainants remind us of tho Roman monster, who “deplored the tameness and insipidity of his own times and reign, as likely to bo marked by no wide-spreading calamity. “Augustus (lie said) was happy ; tor in his reign occurred tho slaughter of Varus and his legions. Tiberius was happv; for in his occurred that glorious fall of the great amphitheatre at Fideme. But fir me—alas ! alas!” Perhaps if Mr. Fillmore would, by wav of relish for his breakfast, have a dozen or "two "Congress men thrown from the top of the Tarneian rock j every morning, or have a score or so of Frecsoilers : served up every day for desert to his dinner, he ! might succeed in ingratiating himself with these | bloodthirsty patriots, and come by degrees to re move the last symptom of discontent with his Administration. —Richmond Whig. 1,850 Balks Cotton Brr.NT.— On Thursday night last, 18th iost., a fire broke out in one of tlie large Warehouses of M. ssrs. J. R. love i Co., at Whites burg. Ala., winch soon communicated to their Warehouses, a:.d also to those of Messrs. Torbet ifc Cloyd, destroying their contents. It is estimated that about 1,350 bales of Cotton were consumed— { about 700 barrels of Salt—a quantity of Groceries, Bacon, Arc., Ac. About 50 bales of Cotton were saved, with a small portion of other articles. The tire spread with such rapidity as to put it beyond the power of man to save the property consumed. The loss is a heavy one—sßo,ooo will, we sup pose, about cover it. It falls mostly npon tho far mers—many losing their entire crop—others a por tion of their crop. Tho loss is very generally dif j fused, anil while it will not break any one, yet will operate very prejudicial U]>on the community—for j the burning of so much cotton is like consuming j that much of the circulating medium of the oountrv. * The value of tho cotton is about 40,000, which, i when sold, would have brought that much money 1 into tec country, and into genera! circulation, j It W not known, we believe, how the fire origina ted.— I/uiUtciUc AJcocdc, iUk uut. ■ Ansjwnro.—A man named Mor ! ’’ “bams was oonunitted to jail in this place on ! Friday last, charged with passing counterfeit ino | ney. lie was arrested in the neighborhood of Pin hook. on Scared Corn Creek, in Gordon countv, bv 11. M. Morgan at:d Dr. M. J. Mnrphey, aceompa nied by zither gentlemen andan officer, lie passed a fitly dollar bill ou the Bank of Kentucky to Mr. Morgan, at Cartersville, about 12 months ago, and l although Mr. M. has been on the lookout for him i over since, be only succeeded, on Tuesday last, in i coming up with linn. We learn that Williams has been often charged with the same offence, and that be is supposed to be t’ae general travelling agent of a baud of counterfeiters. —CosinUt Stan dorJ. Railroad Connection. —It affords ns sincere plea sure to anucunce that a connection has been form ed between the East Tennessee and Georgia and the East Tennessee and Virginia railoads at this place. Tiie depots of the two roads will be loca ted about half a mile north of the Court-house, om tho property of tiie late Calvin Mofrin, ly ing between "the Jacksboro’ and Tazewell roads. Wp are assured by the Chief Engineers, Messrs. Prichard and Tilgblßtm, that a better junction can not he foiled on any line of road in the United States. Tbe definite location of the East Tennessee and Georgia road will be fixed in the course of a few days, if it is not already done, and wo hope that all of our citizens, who design bidding tor con tracts, will be prepared to do’ so at an early day. Every thing looks so fevorable now for a rigorous prosecution of the work.— Knoxriiie RtgitUr. * The PennsyUania Senate have passed a bill to repeal the law forbidding the use of the Jails in tiie Commonwealth for the detention of fugitive Slaves. WEEKLY dermatic £ BY WILLIAM S. JONES, DULY, TRI-WEEKLY HD WEEKLY. TEEMS: DAILY PAPER, to City Subscribers, per annum, In adranre $6 00 DAILY PAPER, mailed to the coantry 7 00 TRI WEEKLY PAPER, mailed to the country ... 400 WEEKLY, (a mammoth sheet) ** ... iOO CASH SYSTEM.—In no case wffl an order for the paper be attended to, unleas accompanied with tub monet. and in every instance when the time for which the subscription may bs paid, expires before the receipt of funds to renew the same, the paper will be discon tinued. AUGUSTAjGEORGII WEDNESDAY MORNING, .. MARCH 31, 1852. The Clemen. Controversy. The warfare between thoso who charge Senator € likens, in Alabama, with having obtained his election to the Senate by a bargain with the Whigs, and those who deny the charge and vindicate the Senator, has grown very warm of late, and much ascerbity of feeling is manifested on both sides. During the late oanvass, this charge of bargain, by which it was said Mr. Clemens gavo a pledge to support Gen. Taylor's administration, provided tho Whigs supported him for Senator, was only insinuated, and many grave innendoes hinted at, provided certain gentlemen who were in the Whig caucus could be relieved from the obligations of secrecy. To all these insinuations the Senator gave a flat denial and ohallcngcd the proof. For a time after the election the whole matter slumber ed and seemod to be forgotten, hut has been re cently revived by two members of the Whig cau cus, Messrs. Bctobd and McCall, who assert, in letters which have been published, that Mr. L. R. Davis, a prominent Whig of North Alabama, the personal friend of Mr. Clemens, and also a member of the caucus, suhinited to that body, a note signed by and in the hand writing of Mr. Clemens, of which the following is the substance if not the exact language: “ If elected to the U. S. Senate, I promise to support the administration of Gen. Tavlor. Signed : Jeke. .Clemens." This specifio charge has called out Mr. Davis, who replied to it in a speech recently at Athens, Alabama, in which he flatly contradicted the charge of Messrs. Buford and MoCall and stated: “ That tho only note read in the Whig caucus that he knew anything about, from Mr. Clemens, eras, and still is, in his possession,” and is in the following words: Dear Hip —You have full authority to say from me to your party friends, that I am bound by any statement you may make in my name, and that I will execute whatever you may say for me. Y'our friend, Jeke. Clemens.” Under the authority of this note, Mr. Davis said ho did, as Clemens’ friend, “make certain state ments” in regard to the position taken hv Col. Clemens in his canvass for Congress against Mr. Cobh, in tfti Madison District, but that he necer pledged, him to tl support Gen. Taylor's administra tion," as he had no authority to do any such thing. The nearest approach to any such declaration was, “that Col. C. would otfer no factious opposition” to said administration. Mr. Davis is sustained in his assertions by Col. Pickett, of Lawrence, Wm. M. Murphy and Giyj. P. Blevins, gentlemen of established character, and well known in political circles in Alabama. “The Cotton Interest.” Under this head wo copied, yesterday, an article prepared for Deßow's Review by Jas. G. Gamble, in which ho suggests his remedy for regulating the price of Cotton. It was our purpose to have ac companied the article with a brief notice, express ing our dissent from tho writer’s views on that subject, hut, in tho pressure of our engagements, it was omitted. W’c have so often proclaimed onr want of confidence in the utopian theorios of vi sionary minds, which seek a remedy for the fluc tuations in the price of Cotton, that we need scarce ly repeat it on this occasion. If the Gotten in terest embraced only a few persons, or a small dis trict of country, and all were in a condition to hold up their crops without detriment to their private interests, then, something might he accomplished in the way of regulating prices by concert of ac tion, and a reasonable hope of securing that con cert might be But, unfortunately for the speculative theorists, who are so earnestly engaged in an effort to regulato the value of ootton, it em braces hundreds of thousands of persons, extend ing over ten States—whoso interests and necessi ties are as varied and numerous as their own num bers are large. The idea of securing concert among a class of monos such diversity of inter ests and opinions is, therefore, about as utopian as that of collecting the sands of the sea-shore. It may, therefore, be considered an impossibility, and men of nil classes will, ero long, learn that Cotton, like every other article of Commerce, must submit to the immutablo laws of trade, supply and demand, “dogma,” as Mr. Gamble regards it. The concluding portion of his article differs so widely in sound, practical, eominon sense views, from that upon which we have commented, as to leave us almost to doubt whether they were the cre ations of tho same mind. Be that as it may, we, howevor, frilly commend his suggestions ns to the spinning of Cotton and making cloth, both for home consumption and export, as worthy the calm and dispassionate reflection of every Cotton plant er and Southern man. If the South will only go to work to spin up her Cotton for export, rather than send it abroad in the raw State, and otherwise diversify her labor, she will apply a regulator to the value of Cotton which all the Conventions that can possibly assomble in the next century cannot establish by any system of affording cash ad vances, holding up, &c., and such other wild con ceptions of visionary, speculative minds. And the sooner sha embarks in the work and learns to discountonanco their suggestions the better. Brown ino her own Children. —The correspon dent of the Macon Telegraph furnishes that journal with the following melancholy account of a mother drowning her own children in a fit of insanity We concur with the writer that it is a very forcible illustration of tho necessity of well regulated Lunatio Asylums, but it is a reflection upon th» community in which this unfortunate lady resided, that they were so tardy in availing themselves of tho benefits of tho State institution. Now, that two of her innocent children have paid the penalty of their remissness, the unfortunate author of their destruction will be properly cared for: Thomaston, Ga., March 12, 1852.—0 n Saturday last the citizens of Upson county had a forcible il lustration of the indispensible necessity of well endowed Lunatic Asylums. A respectable ladv, by the name of Magnan, about two months a .re attempted to commit suicide, in a fit of insanity bv cutting hsr throat; but recovering from the effects. °f wound, she remained in a mental condition, sometimes better, and sometimes worse, until Saturday last, when aho was supposed to be better than usual. On that day, taking her four little children, the eldest being about five or six years of age, she went to Potter’s Mill-pond, about three miles distant, and plunged them all in, in tending to drown herself. Fortunately, a young man by the name of Alfred Wilson, (who deserves a great deal of credit,) was fishing, at a consider able distance, and was attracted by the cries of the children. lie hastened to their assistance, and heroically plunged into the water, which was very deep, and succeeded in saving the lives of two of the children, recovering the dead body of the third, and rescuing the unhappy woman. All attempts to find the body of the smallest child were truitless. K. “ Let the Convention Determine !’* Some of the advocates for sending Delegates to the Baltimore Convention by the Union party, are urging upon the people the propriety of letting the Convention decide this grave qnestion for them; and then, if it should not be satisfactory, they may dissent. Such a proposition to an American free man is as novel as it is monstrous. Os what avail would be the dissent of the people after the action of the Convention ? They can then have no con trolling power. 'We have often heard of looking the stable door after the horse was gone; but this is the first time wo have ever heard the policy re commended to let the horse go, and then lock the door. Such a suggestion is rather too absurd to meet the approbation of any intelligent citizen who value* his liberty. In this country, the People are the source of power; and they not only have the privilege, but it is their duty, to diseuss freely all questions pertaining to their private or public rights—and especially is it their duty to discuss grave questions involving their political rights, and to see that they are properly represented in all constitutional assemblings, either partizan or gov ernmental. No people can be guilty of a greater folly than to permit themselves to be represented in any de liberative assembly, having the power to commit them on questions of grave importance, by persons who do not reflect their opinions and principles.— The very object of the Convention is to ascertain the public will; and if the people—the greater por tion of whom are as capable of forming correct opinions upon the propriety and expediency of sending delegates to Baltimore as the Convention refuse, or omit, to express their wishes upon the subject, it would have been as well to have permit ted the unauthorized action of the Miiledgeville meeting to have beeu final and conclusive, and thus have saved all the expense and trouble of the Con vention. The people, we imagine, will be guiltv of no such fblly as that recommended fur their adoption. On the contrary, they will take care to see that they are not only properly represented in the Convention, but also to make their delegates familiar with their wishes in the premise*. This they owe to themselves, their country, and their principles. The Washington Monument. We take great pleasure, although we feel morti fied and humbled to think there is a necessity for it, in calling the public attention to the article from the National Intelligencer, making another appeal to the American people, tor aid to continue the Monument to the “Father of his Country.” There are thousands of our fellow citizens who might deny themselves some momentary pleasures or enjoyments, and contribute the sums necessary for their procurement to the aid of this truly National Work, which, to every truly patriotic heart would be a source of permanent satisfaction. Every American can contribute something and all should cheerfully do so. The Quickest Tun-.—The Steamship Union arriv ed in Charleston, from New York Monday night, having made the run from Wharf to Bar in forty nine hourt and thirty minuter, and from Sandy Hook to the Bar in forty- tern hourt and thirty eninvtet, being the shortest trip ever made by any steamer. New Theory of the Deluge. A clergyman of Cincinnati, the Rev. Mr. Stuart, ! has preached a somewhat singular sermon, in which I he put* forth > novel hypothesis respecting the j Deluge as described in the Scriptures. lie insists that it is an allegory; and assumes that the Ark is intended to represent the Chureh estab lished by Noah and his posterity—into which was incorporated every principle of doctrine and duty neoesaary for the salvation of man at that day.— To enter the ark was to be confirmed in the life of religion which it represented. The flood of waters he considers the emblem of an inundation of evil and impiety, and refers to various passages in Dan iel, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Now Testament, for the purpose of Showing that the oncroachment of fallacious reasoning and false principle are not on ly compared in the Scriptures to floods oCwater, but are actually caS.J floods and the overflowing 1 of rivers. This, he argues, is the real import of the | flood in the time of Noah. The perishing of tho j millions by the deluge is to be understood, he says, in a spiritual sense, as the perishing of souls by the 1 overwhelming influence of sin. In a lecture upon the subject, delivered by Mr. ! Stuart, he advanoes many plausible arguments in support of his theory. A literal flood, liko that described by Moses, tho reverend gentleman says, could not have taken place. Men of science reject as an absurdity the idea of a universal delnge hav ing occurred since the creation of man. Geology S utterly confutes this supposition. Tho learned Dr Buckland, the orthodox Dr. llitchcoci, and many others equally worthy, have abandoned it, and none stand out for a literal flood except a stubborn few who make the omnipotence of God the scape- . goat of physical impossibilities. These are Mr. Stuart's views, as wo find them reported in a Cincinnati paper, and wc give them as somewhat startling innovations upon the gener- , al belief, without expressing any opinion os totheir j soundness. Railroad Accident. Tns following account of the accident on the : Charleston Road on Tuesday, we find in tho Courier '• of yesterday: Merchants Hotel, March 28.— T0 the Editors of the Courier .-—Gentlemen, to prevent an incorrect or unkind opinion being formed of the accident that occurred to-day at Woodstock Swamp on the Railroad, I have tliouglit proper to furnish you with the finding of the Coroner’s Jury upon the body of Geo. Erhart, a passonger who was killed at the time, and of the circumstances attending it. The accident was one that, I presume, could not have been foreseen or prevented. It occurred from the breaking of an axle of the | Baggage Car, whilst descending the grade at ! Woodstock Swamp. The Car, from the testimony of Messrs. I’etsch and Meredith, mas going at the rate of 25 to 30 miles per hour, the usual spood of the mail train. The train was only a few minutes, from sto 10, behind time. The finding of the jury was “that the deceased came to his death by jumpking from the car at the time of an accident .on the road.” At the time ot the accident the de ceased was in the baggage car. He was a German ; and a resident of Midwuy, on tho railroad, and was engaged in buying and selling Poultry. A child of Mr. Meredith, received a very severe con tusion upon the face, and there was also a negro boy injured in the legs. Many doubtless were slightly injured, though it is a fortunate and hap py circumstance that the calamity was not greater. Very respectfully, yours, J. J. Browning, Magistrate. Franklin College. We are indebted to some one connected with this institution for tlio Catalogue for 1851-2, of its Officers and Students, from which we rejoice to perceive that there are now a greater number of students in attendance than at any former period in the history of the University. This augurs well- 1 for the cause of education in Georgia and for the successful management of the College. The Catalogue numbers 175 students, viz: In tho Senior Class 82 ; Junior 5S ; Sophomore 63 ; and Freshman 22 ; of whom there are in regular attendance 151. Wc chronicle this evidence of the prosperity of the State University with sincere pleasure, and feel assured it will be a source of gratification to every true Georgian. The subjoined ostimate of the expenses of a student, shows tliat the charges are very moderate, and tlyft a Collegiate education is within the rosch of a very largo class of the youth of the oountry: Board for nino months and a half $95 to 114 Tuition, servants’ hire, library-fee, &e.. 50 Washing 9 to 11 Fuel 5 to 10 Total $159 to 185 The following gentlemen compose the faculty and officers of the college : Alonzo Church, D. D., President, and Professor 1 of Political Economy, Moral and Mental Philoso phy. . James P. tVnddol, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages. Charles F. McCay, A. M., Professor of Mathe matics, Astronomy and Civil Engineering. John LeContc, M. D., Professor of Natural Phi losophy and Chemistry. Rev. William T. Brantly, A. M., Professor of Belles Lettres, Oratory and History. William Li Jones, M. D., Professor ts Natural Soience. Hon. Joseph 11. Lumpkin, Professor of Law. Thomas G. Pond, A. M., Tutor in Mathematics. William G. Delony, A. 8., Tutor in Ancient Languages and Instructor in French. w illiam L. Jones, M. D., Corresponding Secre tary and Librarian. John LeConte, M. D., Recording Secretary. New Books. Richardson's Arctic Expedition. — Tlic whole civilized world has been so intensely interested in tho fate of Sir John Franklin, that any work, 'from an Arctic Navigator, who had been in search of him, we should think would be seized unon with avidity by tho reading public. Hence, wo in fer that the volume of Sir John Richardson will be generally read, as it is “a journal of a voyage through Ruperts Land and the Arctic Sea in sosrch” of tho lost Navigator, with an appendix of the physical geography of North Amerioa. It is a neat volume of 500 pages, from tho press of Harper & Brother*. It may be had of J. A. Carrie & Co. “ Darien ; or the Merchant Prince,” forms No. 168 of Harper’s Library of Scleot Novels, a fact that is no small eommendatioa of its merits. It is from the pen of Eliot Warburton, author of the “Crescent and the Cross, Reginald Hastings” &c. For sale by J. A. Carrie & Co. Harper’s Maoazine.— This prince of Monthlies for April, has been laid on our table by J. A. Carrie & Co., and Thos. Richards & Son, of whom it may be had. The Swamp Steed ; or the Dats of Marion and his Mbrrt Men, is thetitlo of a Tale of the American Revolution. From the slight scanning that we have been able to give it, it is worthy of a perusal. For sale by Geo. A. Oaths & Co. Appletons’ Popular Library.— The first num ber of this series contains twelve Essays from the Loudon Times, on various subjects. These papers are written with great ability, and the volume will be found well calculated to interest tho student of history and the general reader. The paper and ty pography of the work is excellent, and it is afforded at the very low price of 50 cents. For sale by Jos. A. Carrie & Co., Broad street, Augusta. Graham’s Magazine, for April.— ln a former number we had a bca»tiful picture of “ Sweet Six teen,” and hero we have the same face, with the added experience of another year, archly smiling from the page, as “Coquettish Seventeen.” We have also one of Martin’s sombre and impressive pictures, representing the “Destruction of Sodom” —a series of engravings to illustrate “ Optical Phe nomena”—a sweet little picture of tho “ Forest Fountain,” &c., —with 112 pages of choice literary matter, all for 25 cents, or $3 per year. Address Geo. R. Graham, 134 Chesnut st., Philadelphia. Naval. —A Naval friend informs us, says the National Intelligencer, that a very important step has been taken in the British Navy to secure a sup ply of fresh water at sea. A compact distilling ap paratus has been adjusted to the cambooses, whereby with the usual, or little more than the usual, expenditure of fuel, a full, daily supply of sweet, wholesome water is procured for the ship’s company. So long ago as December 29, 1849, (see “Nautical Standard” of that date,) the following notice of the above fact appearod: “The Plumper’s (screw sloop) distilling apparatus continued to give general satisfaction, yielding sufficient water for the daily consumption of the crew.” Experience of several years has confirmed and justified the propriety of a more general adoption of the distilling apparatus in connection with the cooking galley of the ship. The British steam crew sloop Niger, which sailed from England in September last, gave striking evidence of the value and of the deserved confidence reposed in this nov el arrangement. The Niger carried but a single water-tank, of a few hundred gallons capacity, which was replenished daily from the surplus dis tillation, after meeting all the wants of the entire crew. The plan of this cambosse, which coots wa ter as well as provisions for a cruising ship, has been adopted and applied by a talented engineer, (Copeland) to a passenger Bteamer of the Philadel phia crew ship line, and I understand that the in formation of its use and application is known to the proper naval bureau. Kossrra —Mr. Clay.— Tho Louisville Journal positively denies that Kossrrn assailed Mr. Clay in his speeches in that city, as alleged in a tele graphic despatch to the New Orleans press. The Journal add*: “Kossuth treated Mr. Clay with j the profoundest respect while dissenting from his | opinions. If to differ with Mr. Clay is to “*!an- 1 der ” him, then Mr. Clay was slandered—other wise he was not. Had Kossuth pursued such a course, he would have excited irrepressible indig nation in the bosoms of hundreds of the staunch friends of Mr. Clay, who were present and listened with attention and pleasure to the speech. It would be unsafe for anyone to treat Mr. Clay with sneers and ridicule in this city.” That Cabinet Difficulty. —The National Intel ligencer of the 26th inst., puts a quietus to the story of a difficulty in the Cabinet thus: Some Telegraphist in this city, on Wednesday night last, probablv for want of" substantial mate rial for a news despatch, has given circulation through distant newspapers to a story of a misun derstanding having occurred in the Cabinet, fol lowed by a request from the President to one of its members to resign his office. It is scarcely neces sary for us to say, to prevent well-informed per sons from being imposed upon, that the whole story Is a sheer fabrication. There is not a particle of troth in it Early Strawberries. —The Editor 9t the Al bany. Geo. Patriot , on the 26th inst., acknowledged his indebtedness to Mrs. Uenby Hora for a very fine specimen of strawberries. The size was large and the flavor delicious. The New Orleans Election, the first under the new organization has resulted in favor of the Whigs, who carried their Mayor and all the salaried officers. Oregon. The National Intelligencer of r. late date contains a very interesting letter from a “reliable source,” from Portland, Oregon, giving some facts in refer ence to the geographical features, climate, natu ral products, progress of settlement and state of society in that Territory, from which we cull the following extract: “In looking at Northern Oregon, one is struck with the grand expanse of waters of the Inlet and Sound, constituting wiiat are indeed inlaud seas, in wlneh the united navies of the world could float with safety, connected with the ocean by a wide deep strait, where vessels of anv draught, in all weathers, night or day, can secure!v rider The country surrounding these waters has all the ele ments for strong, wealthy, and independent com munities. Rich soil, geuial climate, deep water, water power, exemption from storms, inexhausti ble forests of the best ship timbers; are the lead ing characteristics. There is here at Steilacom a military post, on the eastern main shore. There are several new settlements, the principal one Olympia, at the South extremity of tho bound. Some flue saw mills have been in "operation on the Sound for a year or two. The Hudson Bay Com pany's post, at Nisquallv, is also here. 1 have be fore me at the wharf'a fine little schooner, tho Mary Taylor, taking in a party of emigrants from this place for tho Seuud. Many of these families have been in Oregon a year or two, and done well, but having become somewhat “crowded” here are scekingnew homes in that promising region. The commercial advantages there nro superior to those of this portionof the Territory in the facili ty and cheapness of the navigation. It costs a : vessel in and out of the Columbia to this or anv ! port, above from S3OO to SBOO, in pilotage, towage i and other charges, exclusive of the detention. In | and out of the Sound will cost in the same descrip | tion of expenses nothing. A road from Olympia ! to the Columbia would enable all Northern Oregon ! and a large portion of tho Columbia and Wallu , met* valleys to receive supplies cheaper than by j the rivers. Such a road is already surveyed, Bud ! will probably be pushed through ibo ensuing year, j Another road in the direction east towards tile i Dalles, for the accommodation of the emigrants to 1 the Sound, is also in contemplation. | The next extraordinary physical feature is the I extreme fertility of the soil of this whole country, j It is true, in some localities continued cultivation may diminish tiie present yield by exhaustion, but no such places are as yet known or admitted. I | halt suspect there has not yet been that persever | ing and thorough rest applied to many portions, ! inasmuch as the slightest labor is sufficient for an ! abundant crop anywhere. This exuberanco will | undoubtedly retard thorough cultivation to a re mote period, and may induce tliriftlcss husbandry and make indifferent farmers. * The Southern portions of the territory, the Up per Wallamet, Umpqua and Rogue river regions, arc not excelled as grazing districts by any portion of the earth. Heuco nine-tenths of the’property and exchangeable commodities there will be cattle, horses, mules, sheep and flogs. There lias been bo few mills that little encouragement existed heretofore for the raising of wheat ; recently sev eral huvo been built, and many projected for the ensuing year, so that flour is "likely to become a leading export. Tho expenses of transportation owing to'the high rates of wages, will he a groat impediment to business of every kind. Notwith standing this obstacle, the extension of steam op erations has been remarkable within the year. In August, ISSO, tho Columbia, a small steamer built at Astoria, started on the Columbia, to the aston ishment of the natives of all the races, billed, quadruped, finny and hairy. The “Lot Whit comb," an elegant boat was launched at Milwau kie the succeeding Christmas. Shortly alter the steamship Columbia entered for her trips from San Francisco to Astoria. During tho sum mer a fleet of steam craft succeeded of all sizes and kinds, including some half dozen little propellers called the ‘ ‘Musquito fleet.” Two lino Doats are running above tno Wallamet Fulls, the Multono mah, built at Newcastle, Delaware, for which we are indebted to the enterprise and public spirit of a few naval officers who uro serving their country quite efficiently in fresh water; and tho Canemah, built at the incipient city of the same mime as the Falls. These boats ascend theriver to points with in a hundred miles above the fulls ; thus bringing out the vast productions of the older settled parts of the valley. The “Flint” is another good boat, built above the Cascades, now running bolow. Freights here will surprise some of our fresh water sailors ot home. From Portland to interior points goods cost from fifty to eighty dollars a ton freight, wagonage, &c. l’aek trains to the mines are fitted out here with provisions, goods, &e. The trade increases in this direction, owing to tho prevalence of deep snows between Sacramento and Cliarta. That (Iregon is no longer a manifest destiny, but a living fact and present reality of the largest pro mise, all must admit. The world tends hither ward by sea and land. The “blossoming” of the wilderness is not as yet exactly roselike, for fir trees are the forest and tall grass the prairies. But, after this gloomy world of fir shall fall beneath the fire and axe, there is little doubt that roses odorous as ever grazed Cashmere will bloom all over Oregon. Then there are foreshadowings of moral and religious blessings most cheering in promise. Some four or five respectable schools for boys and girls, some with college charters, are in operation and doing well. These schools arc under the patronage of churches and missionary societies at home. There is a liberal spirit in favor of education. A good beginning lias been made in favor of common schools, but teachers do not command :as yet the superior remuneration to* which their services nro entitled ; a state of things not peculiar to new countries. The building of ehurohes in number exceeds school houses, court houses aud jails. There are several in this pluco and ntOregon City of creditable appearance. It is pleasant to reflect that those who octne out from home, where they enjoy the high privileges of social uud religious intercourse, will not be alto gether deprived of him here. The press constitutes an important feature of every country. Here the number of journals seems to supply tho wants of the population, in fullness and variety equal to any country. Four weekly newspapers and ouo monthly magazine is pretty well fora new country with less than 20,090 inhab itants. In political cast they stand one whig, two locofoco, one central. Os tho magaziuo but ouo' number lias appeared.” * I preferthls spelling. It distinctly expresses the name of the river and valley as prononneed by that venerable gentleman whose vocation is to christen all places, besides remembering no higher Hoods, no severer winters, and no more dreadful accidents than have recently occurred —“the oldest inhabitant.” Mr. Wilkes erroneously adopts the Freneh WUbimette ; Lieut. Col. Fremont is nearer the true sound, Wahlamette. Premature Burials. We notice in several papers a paragraph from the New Haven Journal, which under tho title of “Singular Circumstance,” describes some strange appearances on tho face of a corpse during tho fu neral ceremonies. It states that a crimson flush overspread the pale and deathlike features, while the forehead became moist with what seemed to be perspiration, and other singular phenomena presented themselves. Tho funeral was suspend ed and an examination held by two physicians, who reported, however, that life had departed, and the body was finally interred. Many similar instances arc on record, a few of which we givo below: “The Courrier d’Athones relates that just as the body of the wife of agypsey, named Piassan, was being interred in the cemetry in that city, a noise was heard to proceed from the coffin, which was immediately opened. After some restoratives had been administered to the supposed dead woman, she soon recovered sullicieuiiy to return to her home.” Few, indeed, out of the palo of the medical pro fession, know anything of the state of “trance” except its name; and an intimate acquaintance with its phenomena and predisposing causes is by no means, if we may credit an eminent medical authority, common in the profession itself. When, therefore, instances like the above quoted one, are narrated, it seldom occurs to any one to consider the possibility that ho or Ins friends may in their own persons furnish materials for a new tale of wonder. Dr. Herbert Mayo, an eminent English phy sician, in a work “Or the Truths contained in Pop ular Superstitions,” gives a very clear account of the various known forms of trance, mid of tho causes which produce them. Os that form which chiefly concerns the purpose of this letter, he says: “Death-trance is the image of death—the heart docs not beat; the breathing is suspended; the body is motionless; not the slightest outward sign of sensibility or consciousness can be detected; the temperature of the body falls, the entranced person has the appearance of a corpse, from which life has recently departed. The joints are com monly relaxed, and the whole frame pliable; but it is also like that spasmodic rigidity will form an occasional adjunct of this strange condition, so that thß only means of knowing whether life be still present, is to wait the event.” Instances of premature burial are given in ano ther part of Dr. Mayo’s book, where he discusses the superstition called “Vumpypsin,” once preva lent throughout Europe, and still surviving in the Eastern parts of that continent. Tho “Vampyre” was a corpse, which retaining an unnatural vitality, preserved itself from decomposition by sucking the blood of the living; for which purpose it nightly forsook its grave. The fears engendered by this horrible belief led, during tho seventeenth and early in the eighteenth centuries, to frequent examinations of burial grounds by the local authorities; and the records of these investigations, which were once thought to confirm the prevailing superstition beyond doubt, liave now a melancholy significance for the more enlightened inquirer; who in the bodies found in tho “vampyre state,” after being under ground for periods varying from several days to several weeks, or months, recognizes but a few of an untold number of victims of ignorance who have beon hurried alive. In some instances the corpse has been found to have changed its position ; in others, a singular absence of signs of decomposi tion has been observed, in connection with a ffush ■ing of the cheeks; in others, again, motion has been clear v perceived. But the popular feeling at the period referred to regarded such signs with abhorrence, and means were promptly used (such as decapitation) to render the “vampyre” harm less before restoring him to the earth. Dr. Mayo ob serves that the danger of being buried alive is com parative less in England, where the mode of pro ceeding is more deliberate than on the Continent, where but a short interval is allowed between death and burial. “Soil,” be Bays, “society is not sufficiently on its guard against a contingency so dreadful,” And again: “When the nurse or the doctor has an nounced that all is over or the valued friend or re lative has breathed his last, no doubt crosses any one’s mind of the reality of tho sad event.” * * “The laity, if not the doctors, too, constantly lose sight of the fact that there exists an alternative to the fiital event of ordinary disease ; that a patient is liable at any period of illness to deviate, or, as it were, slide into another and deceptive route — in stead of death to encounter apparent death.” When the possibility is tairly considered few will feel inclined to question the soundness of Dr. Mavo’s advice. “The body,” be observes, “should be kept in a warm room, lor the double purpose of promoting decomposition, if dead, and of preserv ing in it the vital spark if it stiff linger; and it should be constantly watched. There are of course,” be adds, “many cases in which such care Is positively unnecessary. Such for instance, as death following great lesions of vita! organs, and in the great majority of cases of seeming death, the bare possibility of the persistence of life hardly re mains. Still it is better to err on the right side.” Many years ago, the father of the writer, oil re covering" from an attack of yellow fever at Surinam fell into a trance, such as Dr. Mayo lias described, and lay for ten days without any "external sign of life, but not without consciousness. Ho wa- laid out for burial soon after tMs state supervened, and was only saved from a most horrible fate by the cantiou or ass ection of an attendant, who pleaded for delay until decomposition should set in. lie himself overheard part of the conversation which was to determine his fate, while wholly incapa ble of manilesting any sign of vitality: and in af ter years could never allude to the subject with out emotion. The celebrated violinist Ole Bull, has been in vited by sundry members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, and of the Executivo Department at Washington, to gh e a musical Concert in that city, to which he consent ed, and the Concert was to have taken place yester day evening. General Canales.— The story that Canales had declared against the Government of Mexico, is con tradicted by a late arrival from the Brazos, at New Orleans. A Heavy day’s Wore. —One million and a quarter of gold, from California, was melted on the rtth inst., between the hours of 7 and 3 o’clock in the melting department of the Mint, in Philadel phia. This is the largest amount ever melted in «n« day since the establishment of the Mint, The Extinguishment of Fbune. »Vie arc indebted, says the N. Y. Express, to Mr. Phillips for the following letter, explanatory of the discovery of his meaus for tho extinguishment of flame, or tho suppression of fire. Tho letter em bodies an exceedingly interesting account of one of the most remarkable occurrences in the natural world, and will recall tho reader’s attention to scones which were so minutely described at the time of their occurrence. It waa this remarkable event in the natural world, which lod Mr. Phillips to the study of the effect of vapor or steam. He saw its operation in the strange development which he so graphically describes, and experiments huvo proved the ability of the disooveror. We have been slow to believe in tho virtues of the Annihilator, and we do not, as our readers will bear witness, bolong to that class who ore ready, upon any body’s ipse dixit, to take a thing for granted, but wo think that tho Fire Annihilator is capable of suppressing flame, and that as flame is but another name for firo—and of firo in its most mischievous properties—we believe that it may bo made, at a very small cost, instrumental in saving millions of property, aud an untold amount of misery. That it will do away .with water, with fire engines, or with an efficient Fire Department, we do not beliexe, nor js it so claimed, but it will prove a Taluablo co-laborer with al! thoso in mak ing harmless, or nearly so, what is now one of tho most dangerous and destructive of all the dements. Wc predict for the Annihilator, not that it will do away with Fire Engines and water, a Fire De partment, or any of tho proper appliances for guarding against Are, but that it will prove on land tho most valuable auxiliary with those for the extinguishment of fires, ever known or likely to be discovered. At sea its value is likely also to prove very great: To the Editors of the Express; —ln the year 1534, the English squadron, while escorting Sirl'ultnoy Malcolm from his command in tho Mediterranean, passed over a spot, where for a few months, the \ oleunic Island, sometimes called Faniagosta, ap peared aud aroso high above the level of the sea. The Admiral signalized that his ship, the St. Vin cent ot 120 guns, was agitated by a tremendous motion, which agitation tho different ships also experienced as they passed over tho same spot. Sir l’ultncy Malcolm proceeded to England, uud the squadron returned to Malta, whore rumor soon after came that a great earthquake was expected somewhere in the South of Europe, and that shocks had been felt at Gibraltar, Corsieu, Etna, Vesuvius and Stromboli. The rockv Island of Malta itself was also shaken by the subterraneous commotion. , I he barometer fell as before the great carthquako ot Lisbon, and a fearful thunder storm announced coining events. Soon aftorwurds sorao fishermefi reported that there was a sea of firo to tho S. W. The storm had passed away and the quaking of the earth had ceased, and tho fishermen’s storv found i»> believers ; but superstition had seized the Maltese, and reports wore circulated that the island ot Mslta was sinking ; floating cinders were piexed up tin tho shore, but these were proiiounc od to be artificial. A glare on tho horizon was often seen at midnight, hut still none would bo licve that tire could issue from the soa. Several of the English, French and Russian men of.war at Malta liad sustained somo damage by the storm. Tho Melville 74, bearing the flag of Rear Admiral Schombcrg, lmd lost her main mast, which being repluccd, she put to sea, and as she left tlie port they said : “ She moves the waters like a thing of life, And seems to dare the elements to strife.” The second day we sighted the new Island, which answered the last reports of the fishermen, except ing that its aspeet was more beautiful than ter rible. The Island had risen from a depth of eighty fathoms, forming a high conical crescent above the sea, having a crater extending into the subter ranean regions, whence a tremendous eruption took place every day for several weeks. Davlight was obscured by the clouds of gaseous vapor that shot up and darkened the sea for many miles around ; torrents ot lava and incandescent cinders were east into the air, increasing the magnitude of the Island as they foil—which measured 60 miles diameter at the base. Such was tho hoat of the Island that tho sea on its South const was boiling in large fountains, whilo torrents of water rushed in through the horns of tho crescent during the cessation of tho eruption; lurid flames accom panied by volumes of smoko rose from different parts of the Island, threatening to burn on for centuries, a noise like distant thunder announced the approaeli of each eruption, which heralded by a terrific peal burst into extreme grandeur on the instant, as if the pent up wave of molten rooks had reuched the earth’s safety valve. Tho water of the sea that had been hours accumulating in the crater was cast up perpendicularly to a great height in the form of a cylinder, through which the lava aud fiery masaes were ejected. Presuming in our disbelief we had approached within half a mile of t|ic Volcano during its re pose, when the wind fell calm and a sultry change in the air warned ns of our temerity; there was no anchorage: nor hope of stemming the current which was drifting us quickly toward the Cataract that fell into tho crater. All hands, seven hundred men, were powerless ; loud prayers aroso from all, and then we felt that, “ They that go down to the sea in ships and oc cupy their business in great waters. These men see the works of tho Lord and his wonders in the deep.” Suddenly tho fearful eruption bursts high aloft, shrouding us beneath its awful canopy, when a strong wind released ns from our fears, and allow ed us to slide away safely with recollections never to bo forgotten, having escaped a danger past human efforts to avert. We avoided tiie close vicinity of the Island afterwards, but remained in sight of it for several days, witnessing the diur nal eruptions with attentive admiration and aston ishment. In common with all hands, it wa» my custom to watch the first and the last of each eruption, and to collect the floating cinders which oiten darkened the scu around, and here it was that my attention was attracted to the respective properties of vapor, fire and water. I saw the huge fountain of water shower down upon the flames that issued from the shore without producing any change ; and I saw tho 'clouds of gaseous vapor from the crater borne away leeward, where all flames were suddenly annihilated. This phenomenon wrought in nature’s laboratory, was surely worthy to bo noted as a principle , a princi ple that may be doubted and may be forgotten ; but as a natural principle, a truth that will exist for all time. Being satisfied that tho gnseous vapor possessed the property of suddenly extinguishing flames of any degree of intensity, I devoted my time exclu sively to the study of tho principles of combus tion, with a view to devise an engine in which the required vapor could bo evolved. In the course of my travels I had tho opportu nity of seeing many extensive fires. On one oc casion, the whole town'of Zara, in Abyssinia, was consumed in ono night; on another, an extensive brushwood fire in Greece, some of the phenomena presented by the Volcano were repeated. The rapid evaporation of all moisture, the production of wind and the instantaneous extinction of all fire by the products of combustion, confirmed my conviction, and encouraged mb to persevere. The necessity for seeking additional means of defending ourselves against tho ravages of fire, I consider to bo undoubted, having myself witness ed the destruction of many dwellings and stores in tho midst of London. The burning of the Houses of Parliament, tho Itoyal Exchange, tho Tower of London, where tho fire was too rapid to be controlled by water, and a knowledge of the annual description of ten millions of dollars in England, and nearly as much in America and other countries, was my argument for the necessity of additional pootcctivo powers. Tho loss of human life by fire is another argument for some more ready means of rescue. Here, among other cases, the destruction of tho Richmond Theatre, and the steamer Erie, must be ever remembered. At sea, the burning of the Ocean Monarch, the Caleb Grimshaw and tho Amazon, can never bo forgot ten. In a subsequent letter I may trouble you with a few more observations. I am, sir, your obedient servant, W. 11. PniLLirs. Interesting Medical Experiment. Our readers have, says the Picayune, doubtless, heard of the tondness of the people of the East for opium, betal nut and other narcotics, which are used in various forms, by chewing, smoking, &c. One of these substances is the Indian hemp, or canabris indica, of which tho inhabitants of India and Upper Egypt are extravagantly fond. The preparation made froip it is that the effects of which Alexander Dumas describes, in his novel of “Monto Christo,” under the name of “hatehish.” It developed nervous sensibility in an extraordina ry degree and manner, creating sensations altogeth er novel, exciting the montal faculties to the most vivid and singular action. Very little of the effects of this strange substanco arc known otherwise than from the talcs of travellers in the East. An expe riment was made with it, a few days since, by Mr. B. Laplace, druggist, at the corner of Victory and Champs Elysees streets, Third Municipality, the result of which he has been kind Enough to com municate to us. Physicians, and scientific men generally, will read of this experiment with plea sure. Tho following is Mr. Laplace’s account of it, written by himself: I long had the design to seriously occupy myself with researches into the qualities of a substance, which is os strango in its effects as it is little known to men of science. I speak of the ‘ Indian hemp,” or canabri» indica, which is of general use in Up per Egypt. The better to judge of the possibility of its application to medicinal purposes,! resolved to make an essay with it on my own system and person. On Saturday, the 12th inst., Mr. C and my self determined to moke a scientific experiment with this hatch ish, as the Arabs terra it, with a view to ascertain how much of it could be taken with impunity, and what were its immediate rcsnlts. We each took six grains of the preparation, though we thought that must be rather too largo a dose; but we were resolved to draw from the experiment everything that might benefit science, since scien tific men have given so little attention to the sub ject. Being of a sanguine terapermcnt,l was the first to feel the effects of the hatehish. There was great weight about the head; then followed irresistible bursts of laughter, during which, however I was perfectly conscious of all that I was doing, or felt and thought. I was astonished by the crowd of brilliant and novel ideas and fancies that rushed through my bruin, returning over and over again. Imagination and perception wero developed to their greatest extent. All the principal incidents of my life passed before me like a flash. This condition of mind lasted two hours. Dreams ■and reveries of the most pleasing nature followed this extraordinary tension of the intellectual facul ties. Then came a deep, calm sleep, which termi nated this singular fit or mental hallucination. In truth, it is impossible for me to describe all the sensations which I experienced during the experi ment. They were, however, of the most delicious nature. Mv companion, Mr. C , was dot effected by the dose he took until three hours afterwards. He first felt tho most extreme terror, undefinable and without an object, which followed by immediate laughter. • Since the first experiment we have made others, with the same results. lam inclined to think that this hatehish, w th its extraordinary effects on the human system, will, when its peculiar qualities hnvo been more carefully ascertaind, become a no ted remedial agent in the practice of medicine and surgery. Bank Note Pestilence.— Tho Cincinnati Equir tc, in noticing the statement of Dr. Buckler, of this city, that small-pox is often communicated by means of small note, says: ‘•The teller of one of the banks of Columbus, an estimable young man, contracted the disease by handling a batch of bills which had been transmit ted from this city. where the small-pox was then quite prevalent and in malignant form. The young man died—and, by such a seemingly harmless channel of communication, was that loathsome pestilence the cause of a family losing their main stay in life.” IxtmtovExtENT iv Beal Estate. —No higher evi dence of the groat increase In the value of proper ty iu New York, can be furnished than the follow ing fact mentioned in a letter to the Philadelphia American : “The 1,000 and odd lots of land which have been sold within the lust three days at auction, and which ■rill realize at least SBOO,OOO, cost, SO years since, IlcniH. Recipe job Night Mart.—ls you 'wish to see the “nocturnal homo of the feminine gender,” all you have to do is, about fifteen minutes before bod time,.cut up ouc dozen of cold boiled potatoes ; add a few slices of cold boiled cabbage, with five or six pickled cucumbers. Eat heartily, and wash down with a pint of Brown Stout. Undress and jump into bed. hie flat on your back, and in about half an hour, or thereabouts, you will dream that the devil is sitting on your chest with the Bunker Hill Monument in his lap. Question.— l am courting a girl I havo but little acquaintance with ; how sliull I come to a know ledge of her faults i Answer.— Commond her among hor female ac quaintance. Marrird Lambs. —Tho last word is the most dangerous of infernal machines. Better throw a brick at your husband, than tho last word. The brick may miss, but the lust word will certainly hit. “ Mr. Speaker,” said a Western orator, “my dcestrict beats all creation ! Last year wo mndo fifty thousand bnrrels of whiskey, besides wanting thoueande of buekeln of corn for bread /” The Indiana House of Representatives havo re fused to abolish capital punishment. Ayes 86; noes 88. “ Query” wants to know what Mrs. Jonny Goldschmidt has bought a farm for. The answer is plain enough—having got a “husband-man,” she wanted something for him to do, and so bought a form of course. Jenny is an economist. “Hands Off,” —The New York common ooun cilmen are allowed $241 worth of kid gloves a year. Professor Hannibal, in his last leoture published in the N. Y. Picayune, in discoursing on tho cat fish, says: “ I don’t noc why he am eallod de cat fish, unless it am bekase he am such a pussylana mus feller, and jPMMylanomous am cufamount to bein’ called a ramtomas. One rceson dey call him so may be kase ho am so sportivo an’ kitten like when he am out ob de water.” Tho Plough, tho Loom, and the Anvil, says that South Carolina abounds in lime and iron ore, and North Carolina in fuel to smelt tho ore, and in the labor that would, if so npplied, enable them to ex port instead of importing iron. Death ok the Oldest Hotel Keeper in irk State.— Peter M. Syndcr, who has kept tho “Bull's Head” hotel, in Schoharie, for more than fifty years, died on the loth, in tho ,74th year.of his age.— Albany Journal. A Cottaci Eli’s Lament.— An English laborer, whoso child was suddenly killed by the falling of a beam, wroto the following linos, suggested by tho ineluncholy event. They are touohingly beautiful : Sweet, laughing child I —the cottage doer Stands free and open now, But oh ! its sunshine glides no more The gladness of thy brow 1 Thy merry step hath passed away ; Thy laughing sport is hushed for aye. . Thy mother by the fireside sits, And listens for thy call; Ami slowly—slowly, as she knits, tier quiet tears downfall; Iter Uttlr hindering thing is gone; And undisturbed she may work on ! French Scientific News.— The Monitour offers a reward of 50,000 francs for any discovery that shall render the Voltaic pile applicable, with econo my, to industry as a source of heat, to lighting, chemistry, mechanics, or medical praetiee. All nations are admitted to compete during five years. An amateur chemist lias discovered that oat straw and the other common straws of the country can be converted into cotton by M. Clausen’s process, in the same way as flak straw. Railroad Fences.— The Scnsto of Pennsylvania has passed a bill requiring of tho New York and Erie Railroad Company to build fences along the track of their road, in Pike county. It is also pro posed that the committee on internal improvement enquire into tho , expediency of inserting in all railroud bills that may hereafter bo reported, a pro vision requiring the companies to icnco in their roads, in as safe a manner as possible for tho pro tection of life and property. A French 'Woman of most extraordinary focun dity, thirty-three years ofage, has just given birth to her twenty-second, twenty-third and twenty-fourth children. She has produced the whole twenty-four in nine years. They come tlireo at a time, are all doing remarkably woll. What is singular, and at tho samo time provoking to the husband, who de sires to transmit his name and title, thoy are every ono of them girls.” Travelling and Cacatlties or Railroads. —lt is computed that there were 7,984,957 persons carried on railroads in tho United States last year, and about 86 killed, and 47 injured. Most of tho killed wero employees of the companies. There were 11,95 f persons carried for every mile of road Another Fire.— The ruins of Gen. Haralson’s residence were still smouldering when the alarm of firo proceeded from the same quarter of our town. This time the sufferer was Mr Hansel Join er, a worthy and industrious citizen, whose dwell ing was reduced to ashes in a short time. Wo sin cerely deplore his loss. —Lagrange Reporter. A correspondent writing us from New Orlcnns under date of the 20th inst., says that tho rapid in crease in the receipts of Cotton has quite excited tho Long-Crop” men and they arc more sanguine than ever in their estimates of tho yield being at least two millions eight hundred thousand bales. Letters from Havanua state that tho pardon of Lopez by Gov. limit, of N. Y., had removed all bitter feeling towards tho United States as it show ed that tho authorities here wero anxious to culti vate friendly feelings with Cuba and Spain. There are but very few persons now in Cuba, we are as sured, who feel disaffoeted towards the Spanish Government or local rule in Huvana. Immigrants.— Tho following vessels arrived at New York, Sunday lost, with immigrants: J. A. Westcrvelt, Liverpool 080 Conqueror, “ 896 Niagara, “ B^4 American Engle, London 273 Marthn’B Vlnoyard, Gluscow 160 Tho Pennsylvania Senate has adopted tho first section of the Maine Liquor Law, by a vote of 18 yeas to 14 nays. Boston East India Trade. —Forty one ships, says the Traveller, “aro now on their passage to this port from various ports in the East Indies and Pacific, viz: 28 from Calcutta, 7 from Manilla, 4 from Batavia, and 4 from Valparaiso. Most of these vessels are now nearly due.” • The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin.—Re ports have been presented in both branches of the Wisconsin Legislature, instructing Congressmen from that State to vote for a repeul of the fugitive slave law. Quick Work. —The Pacific made her voyage out in clevon and a half days, and home in cloven days. She was absent just four weeks and a day, and was six days and a half in port. Thcso are wintor performances well calculated to mako our country men proud of the steamers. Quick Passage. —The steam-ship Florida, hence, arrived at New York before 8 P. M. on Monday— thus making tho passage from wharf to wharf in less than 55 hours, the shortest passage ever made. A Passenger on board arrived at New Haven be fore sun-set on Mondaj. The Kossuth Entertainment, at Southampton. In tho U. S. Senate on Monday, Mr. Gwin, from tho Committee on Naval Affairs, to whom was re ferred the memorial of Joseph Rodney Croskcy. American Consul at Cowes and Southampton, praying to be allowed expenses for entertaining Kossuth, asked to be discharged from the further consideration of tho same, which was agreed to. The usury laws have been abolished, in Loui siana. A law has also been passed, exempting homasteads to tho value of SIOOO, besides $260 worth of furniture, the library, &c., from seizure for debt. Clear the Track.'—A few days since a train of cars, without passengers, made the run from Poughkeepsie to Peckskill N. Y. distance thirty two miles, in thirty minutes. This, we believe, is the greatest speed ever attained on any road in this country. Snake in a Horse’s Eve. —A correspondent of the New York Post vouches as a fact, that a living horse, which is now on exhibition in that city, con tains in his eyo a living animal, soino three inches long, which moves wi th as rapid and tortuous a motion os an eel ora water-snake. Tho last question discussed before the Shakerag Debating Society was: “Where does a candle go to when it goes out?” The question, after much discussion, was unanimously decided in the affir mative. The mysterious tracks in Coventry, R. 1., which some folks pretend to think were made by Satan himself, have been explained. It seems they wore by the snowy owl. The following little anecdote, related by one of the Abbots, is too good not to repeated. Pass it round. “Mother,” said a little boy, “I do not wish to go to heaven.” “And why not, my son?” “Why grandfather will be there, will he not V’ “Yes, my son, I hope he will." “Well, as soon us he sees us, ho will come scol ding along, and say, whew, whew, whew, what are these boys here for? lam sure I don’t waat to go to he aven, if grandfather is to bo there.” A letter to tho Danville (Ky.) Tribune,- states that Mr. J. C. Short, recently fell from th# top of a cliff’on Dix river, in Lincoln county, a distanoe of ninety feet, perpendicular, and to the astonishment of his companions, instead of being dashed to pieces, he sustained but little injury. It is sup posed that he fell upon his head l Shoe pegeare manufactured by machinery, in Cin einnati, and sold by the barrel! The whole west is supplied by Cincinnati. The first duel in New England was fought by two servants with a sword and dagger. Neither of them was killed, but both were wounded. For their offence they were formally tried before the wholo company of settlers, and sentenced to have their “heads and feet tied together, and so to bo twenty-four hours without drink.” Mr. Weed of the Albany Journal, in one of his late letters from Europe mentions having paid a visit to Mr. Powers, the celebrated sculptor. Mr. Weed says that Mr. Powers never touched a chisel to the “Greek Slave” or any other of his wonder ful productions. 110 says that those statues whioh we have so much admired, are chislcd entirely by assistants. All the genius and labor of our groat sculptor are expended on tho model*, after which the marble statues are executed by assis tants. Husbanding.— The Green county advocato is re sponsible for the following: “The newspapers say that the school funds have been husbanded sowell that every child in the Territory will bo provided for. This is notn ing to take credit for :-thoy have husbanded every school mistress sent up their yet, and it Is no more than fair that they should begin to provide for tho children. Controversial Journalism. We copy tho paragraph -which follows from the Monteomery Advertiser and Gazctto of March 9, not for tho sake of entering into a discussion as to tho correctness of the position of that paper in re - gard to recreancy of the South, or of the “federal party” of tho South, or of any body at all ill the South, to Southern interests ; but for another pnrpose, whioh we shall presently- state : “ As to our association with the abolitionists and fVcesoilcrs in the Baltimore Convention, and being controlled by them, and all that sort of slang it is • much more befitting the mouth of one or those consolidation federal whig sheets, which regards but little either deceiioy, truth or country, than one, like the Dallas Gazette, which we feel satisfied lias a rospoct. devotion and veneration for oneh. We know full well, that upon the slavery question neither party at the North can be rolicd'upon ; but in view of the past we put it to the Dallas Gazette In the South, kernel/, reliable upon that qveetion t Has she provod herself so I Has not her own rc oroancy—the recreancy of the federal party mainly of tho South, been the chiof oause or this desertion of the Northern democracy upon this anestion f Had the South manfully stood up to the Northern democracy in times past, and not sutferod them to bo overwhelmed by such aboli tionists aud freesoilora as Fillmore,’Soivard and Corwin, and by their miserable and supple tool, old Zuch. Taylor, we should havo been spared tho oontosts of tho last eighteen months.” 1 Tho Tuscaloossa Monitor comments upon the abovo article in the following vory just strain: Now what wo want to know is, what advantago can be gained in any political coreinonv, by con tinually repeating, us some of our contemporaries do —fur tho Montgomery paper is not alone—that one s opponents in sentiment are deficient in every thing wluoh constitutes, not a gentleman only, but an honest mnu? that they are rcgurdlcss of decen cy, truth or country ; or, in other words, that they are blackguards, liars and traitors ? Wo will nut tho case that it is alt true—which nobody ever bo lioves, however, or is expeoted to believe—wlnit we ask, is gained by it 1 Hard words prove no thing. It wo are right, wo shall make our reason ing no clearer, by oalling onr adversary a knave or a villain, ovon if he is so twenty times' over. And ifwo are wrong, the case is apparently agreat deal worse. It is not truo, whatever sonic folks may think, that an intelligent people mistuko übusivo languago for argument; or that they are slower in polities than m other matters to discovor that opprobrious epithets are not seldom used, la cover up the wonknoss of a oause. In any point of viow tho party who employs thorn injures himself tlio most. • Now if nothing can be gained by resorting to an oxpediont whioh ovinoes neither ability or culture in those whose proficiency in its use is most emi nent, ought not Bomo weight to bo allowed to tho consideration that all this is m very bad tasto ? Wo know that it offends the reading publio. We never saw the man yet, whoso opinion wo respected, who did not feci annoyed whenever he onconntored such violations of tho cOnrtosy of speoch even though they occurred in articles' and journals de voted to tho support of his own most favorite po litical views. Havo not those exceptionable modos of speaking became of late years more and more frequent ( Is there not a growing proclivity in tlip political press toward rudeness of language and bitterness of tone? Do not its conductors when they descend into tho arena *f controversev manifest more and more propensity to iuv aside tho polished armor of ohiv*irio warfare, lin'd adopt the bludgoou of tho bully, or the tomahawk of the savago I But habits grow by indulgence, until their pos sessors are swayed by them unconsciously. Many political writers have become, perhaps, so uceus tomod to the use of the harshest epithets, tliut sen tences appear to thorn wouk, which uro not woll spiced witli tlieso. They do not, certainly they cannot, understand or intend by them what the lexicon says they mean. They dosign thorn, pro bably to bo taken ns powerful hyperboles, ex ; prossive only of the violent disliko with whioh , thoy regard the principles or the opinions of their adversaries. But surely tho English language is ' copious enough to furnish expressions sufficiently 1 energetio for evory important purposo, without , rendering it necessary to resort to thoso which , minute toothers the absence afovery moral prin -1 In conclusion we will just allude to another par , tloular, ni which the extract qoutod above exhibits an exceptionable spirit. To call Mr. Fillmore an abolitionist, and to asßooiate his nnmo with Hint of i Mr. Sownrd, when no name is more hateful than [ his to tho whole tribe of abolitionists, and when , Mr. Seward’s party in New York are, to a man, fitted against him, is unworthy of a journalist who • lays claim to a character for fairness. And to , speak of a distinguished soldier, whose memory 1 will ever bo dear to the hearts of his conntrymen, coutemptously, as “old Zaoh Taylor, ” aud to ohar -aotcrize him us a “miserable and supple tool," is • not only in the worst possible tasto, but is a vio-* louce offered to tho foelings of the American peo ple. Such language recoils upon its author. It may not be a crime to use it, but, in tho words of tho unscrupulous Fronoh diplomatist, “It is worse , than a crime—it is a blunder.” A lTalrs on tlie Rla Grande.—The Arrest «t Carvajal. Tho Rio Bravo, of the 10th Inst., gives somo par ticulars of tho arrest of Carvajal. It says thut, having business in Brownsville, Cnrvnjal came down on the Comanche the day bofore. On his way down, ho was arrested by a company, of United States troops under Lieut. Gibbons. Im mediately on his arrival, bail was offored and in stantly entered, when the prisoner was discharg ed. Tho same paper lias the following: Crops hnvo never looked more promising on tho Rio Grando than this season, nor has there been so much planting done sineo the war. Experiments prove that January is tho propor month to plant in this country. An old residout informs us that ho has nover tailed to make a crop when planted in that month. Tho February orops also look well ut this tiino. Now that tho land titles are quieted on this riv er, bv tho late action of the Legislature, confirm ing tlio old grants, wo expeot to see tho country rapidly settlo up. The want of rain line hereto fore been the. great drawback and curse of this, country. But tho seasons seom to be changing. A few years ago the oountry about Sun Antonia was as dry os tho Rio Grando valley : but sineo its settlement by Americans there has been plenty of ruin. Tho cause of this is, probably, the greater amount of tillage done, which causes evaporation and hence follows ruin. With a moderate quantity of thiß good gift, this valloy presents advantages possessed bv no other portion of Texas, or per haps of thiß Union. In point of soil it is equal to any. Two orops a year muy bo calculated upon, with the best market in the U nion; added to this labor is cheaper than in any other country wo are acquainted with. All kindßof crops that aro grown in the South do well here—cotton, sugar, corn, tobacco, hemp and vege tublcs of all kinds. If our premises are correct, that rain follows cultivation, we may. from present appearances, soon expect to see tho Rio Grande Valley one of the best firming countries in the Stato. Its com morciul advantages are already appreciated. Phosphate or Lime for Consumption.— Not long since tho Now Orleans Medical Journal contained an article, from Dr. Stone, of that oity, on the use of tho Phosphate of Lime ns a remedy for con sumption, in whioh he commended its use to tho Medical profession. Since then tho Boston Medioal Journal hasth# following notice of Its use in a css# which resulted most fortnuatcly: A gontloman of the neighboring city of Charles town, whoso soil was considered in a hopeless state from tho diseased condition of the respiratory ap paratus, was induced to administer Dr. Stone's modicino. All the phosphate of lime prooured at tho shops appeared to him to bo iinporfectly prepa red, being coarse and otherwise exceptionable. A purer article was prepared especially for tho occa sion, reduood to an impalpable powder, and ten grains were administered three timos a dar, fol lowed by a swallow of cod liver oil. No material ehango was disoovorablo in tho patient for two weeks. Suddenly, as it were, a fixod pain of long standing in the ohestthen abated; sleep became refreshing, the appetite improved, strength return ed, and from being moved about tho apartment re clining on an invalid ohair, he is now daily riding, on an average, ten miles on horsebaok, facing the wind and breathing tho cold with impunity. This is the synopsis of a oase related by a grateful pa rent. who would be glad to havo others, under similar oiromnstaiioes, mako an effort with the phosphate, combined with oold liver oil. Mormon Immigration.—A correspondent of tho Memphis Enquirer, writing from St. Louis, re marks : “ I learn, from tho best authority, that there aro at this moment over two thousand Mormons in this city, nearly all of whom ore from England. They landed hero some months ago, destitute of money, on their way to the Salt Lake City, and were compelled to stop until thov could earn the means to carry them on to thoir destination. It is suid that all of them aro opposed to declaring their intention (according to the statute) to be come citizens of the United States. This tallies with the reports we have heard of the plan the Mormon leaders have formod of erecting Utah into an independent Republic. I very much fear wo Bhnll have serious difficulties with these Turks —Mormons yet. lam credibly informed that all of tho citizens of California, who emigrated to that State by the Sait Lake route, are very much in censed against the Utahians on account of the vil lainous treatment they received from them on their way to California, and that an army or extermina tion could be raisod in tho Gold State, at a mo ment’s warning.” A Distressing Scene.— On Saturday.evening last, Claiborne W. Ulm, a carpenter, died in the vicinity of Oglethorpe from a fracture of the soull received a few days previously at Cox’s Steam Mill. The Coroner summoned an Inquest, to view the body. A witness who was present when the blow was giv en, related the particulars. A poet mortem exami nation was mude by Drs. Pitta and J. 11. Oliver, who testified that death was caused by the wound. After weighing the evidence, the Jury found tho killing to be “involuntary manslaughter,” by Thomas Cox. ’ 3 This tragedy hes a strong moral bearing. The deceased, when sober, was quiet and harmloss; but when intoxicated, he lost cemmand of himself. Such was his condition when he provoked the dif ficulty which terminated his life. Let us view the melancholy scene. At ten o’clock at night, the Coroner takes charge of the corpse, in u lonely cabin in the woods. It lies just as when tho last breath departed, on an humble bod, sur rounded by four sleeping children.—ln one corner of the room sat tho mother, and, near by, tho wife of the deceased. As the charge to the Jury was read, and as tho witnesses proceeded to give tho facts, those weeping females filled tho room with distress. Why all this suffering,—why this group ofjnrors and spectators,—why this sudden cutting oil a fellow being into etormty ? Reader, a hdtf pint of Whiekp did the work 1 Had poor Ulm kept clear of intoxicating drinks, he would have been still alive to provide for hiß family, and to act his proper part Now, he is in eternity, and his wife ana children are penniless in the world. Topers, take warning; moderate drinkers, dash the cup from you before habit becomes invincible. Let all classes wake up and crush the fiery mon ster. Could they Bee as that Jury saw, and feel as that Jury felt on this awful occasion, sobriety would cover the land with blessing, uiid tho an guish of tho demestio circle would no more be * witnessed at u Coroner’s Inquest, resulting from so contomptiblo a thing us liquor.— Oglethorpe De mocrat, ‘Pith met. Mississippi. —The Legislature of Mississippi ad journed on Tuesday last, without districting th# State for Congressional representation, and without electing aU. S. Senator for tho longterm. The Vicksburg Whig understands that Gov. Foote will call a special session of the Legislature. The bill to establish and encourage manufactories in the State was passed* No provision for raising addi tional revenue was maao, and, in consequence, tho State Treasury, it is said, will be bankrupt a year hence. The Senate re-considered the bill to sub mit to tho people the question of the payment of the Planters’ Bank Bonds. The bill was amended so as to submit to the people at the Presidential election, the question, “will you submit to a direct tax for tho payment of the Planters’ Bank Bonds ?” and in this shupe the bill was passed. Gov. Foote bus signed the bills granting the right of way to the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad Company, and to the Memphis and Charleston Railroad Company. Horrible Murder.— Tho Fairmont Va., Banner announces the murder of six men and one woman, who were emigrating westward, at a house where they had stopped to spend the night, in Doddridge county, Va., on Weduesday night last. The hor rible miscreants who committed this • wholesale murder or# supposed to have stolen $22,000 from the party murdered. The same party, it is believ ed, rescued John Owens from tho jail at Clarksburg on the Sunday night preceding, who was charged with having sot fire to several buildings in that town in November lash