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J!r Dun Sm— KiwiviM < h ' ,t >'°
i wi«li
IO horses* my viC'vsoj Ihu jw<-*.-nI sinto M'df-
l oil down to their exptrttinu, with ,t '"''"" v '
lion, trial whe.he t&y
rf»i(lani:e tvit'i vow own or lioS thc} H4U ic
r.'iv« ii kind noil Ifttojiilnblfl treatment, more
Ihn.i propotiotitai <0 llteir deserts: ami it val-
lieleHl bo flioinissod with tin; generosity niul
mbmiiiy ho db»gonial to yo«r nature( ollior-
nim, it may bo a Utile legacy to your son,
mv tmmesffllo, who, if ho inherit the palron-
iern ofihe father, mid virtue* of the mother,
iiinv tinil ihoni useful to liitn, in sustaining in
nmuv mi hour of ttffttj a? we have done, the
itiiliof the State*, against a very strong
SO venmient created by tile State*, no* threat-,
rnin-, by a most nnnalural action,-to cripple,
to linmble, and finally to destroy its creator,
■ which in the nnmrnl and healthful netion or
the system, would be also us preserver,
Tam not'Curtain that you are aware ofmy
arly and uniform disrelish of the doctrine of
nullification, as maintained by thernling parly
in a jriifcf State. JWy. objections to hint doc-
trine were unconnected withpariyof any kind
and v.-crc founded on the iliilieultv of recon-
l iliiig iho' peacefulness and eoiwlitiHiamuity
' which it asserted with tl;at powerful r'emedia
process, by which tho wheels of the Fcdera
Government ri-ould be stopped, un well as that
re.-rfiri to construction (the old Federal sin,)
• liv which alone i!u> doctrinecould be maiii-
taiiivd,. wliivh bus involved ns in nil Quy
.trouble*, auil which is equally, gooiLnt tiny
lime* to establish a vdo against the CJeneral
. Government, a power to protect manufactures'
nr n power to do any tiling n majority, ip Can
ted Staton t The same powei' winch crtmled..
ttl#» onr, luw created the other—sixKl m;iy ^it
not, for eaitscK, which shall seem gootl to it
self, change or destroy the one,-as well a* the
oilier? flic answer is, No. Because other
States eipinlly sovereign as itself, aril equal
parties, to’it. flm nhhqngh a State may not
jbr tliis reason niter of destroy life constitution,
it-may throw it dfFl ft may release itself; K
may byft* <jwh volition, for justifinblccnuscs,
cease to be n part v to it. Are there no such
iiiHtifiabJo causes'? .Yes—there are each a*
vviU justify the hreaeh of n compact between
sovereigns, hy.'tme of the parlies to tlint com-
inel • many of wiiich causes arc' to ho found
in t1)«t.tmbiia law which is iiio Divine law,
w-hie.h isihelavf- pTrightoudjusticc, and which
being tilt, paramount law, is as controlling
over compacts nntf Constitution*, as the sove
reign itself. Let it not he said that tho gov-
ernmeitt of the Failed States, thrilled by tho
compact, is paramount, because it U a com-,
pound of all the sovereignties of all die'Stntcs.
Sovereignly, it is repeated, admits no degrees.
Iris the samo ip a email Stain as in n, great
one; diesainein the State of Delaware or
Rhode Island, ns in,the greatest cniinnimity.
jt,is said,-that the Stale,! have", parted with
many of their sovereign powers, as the power
jo make WAT, the.power to multi! treaties, the
itower to regulate foreign commerce,' flee. &c.
hit this is a’mistake; they liav-o. nol parted
with them; tlicy have merely aolliorized the
common agent to exercise them, under pre-
if.ii-SIi/,.1 Ctrl,, i 'iti-l llllttfflf l!)P HO Will'S
scribed rules and limitations; the towers tbem-
salves residing in the States, and inseparable
from them, ns indcpenrteiu -coinmuuUies. It
is trim, the .Constitution speaks of Txnfen
granted anil powers reserved; but pit*, only
means powers oMie States to be exercised by
tho Government of tho -United States; and
powers of the State* to lie exercised by Iho
Stales. And with regard to llio powers pro
gress pleases. It wu* easy to perceive, that idhited totlie Gnnqrnl Government and to the
siich a remedy might, by possibility, be peace- ; t Ufofly n ileelarnlkm '.by each to the
fill, tlint depending on tho other party; but ot i, cr gtaies, that itSyiU not exercise ieic]f,\ior
not certainly peaceful.. It was more dtHimlt. j,,raise by the. cnininnu ngent, of
to see how it could be constitutional, liccauSe
ns no power was given by. the Constitution to
tim fcltatcs, (o resist dm laws-i>f the United
Jstptes, none such could be derived. by impli-
. ration or conHtrnclinn.*---tlio dimvatiou .of-
. femcilicf) or.jyiwers liy constrnctiqu beitigirc.
rorditig to tho roimlilieim doctrines, inadmia
' sible. Indeed, nocoiistitutiun would author
' izo rivistmicc to the laws, without defining
explicitly how, in whtitmtmnef, nudhyVvhflnt
'sneh-resuttmeo could be lawfully' mndq. • ll
- is nssumedi'thcrefore, ilmt tlie laws mast he
r xeculetl; end tit all ttvents, nccording to tll6
’ aUpulations of the Federal Compact, lint
.who, in the ltvst resort, nro the judges of. these
• ■»'ip„i ! ,,t ? ^» ] .None nrc' created by tho com-
pact, othorlhon the Courtsol tnoxjplteit Hi.nco
The jurisdictibn of tlie Courts of tho Unilod
States muHt bo confined to.judleidl cases, to
tho exclusion of political .rtucstions between
sovereigns-, und bo far the Courts fif, the : Uni-
. ted. States liuvc paramount jurisdiction: The
“controversion between two ormore States,
'•.mcnti only such judicial tpiestlons os ore pre-
sciitcd by.“cuscs in law or equity,to which
. their jurisdictipn -is limited by the Constitu
tion.; 'Political controversies op questions bo-
tweeu governments, rould not lmvo bdon in-
. tended, tboy nia admitting tho interpretation
oft' eases in.In* or'(ti)uitv :"anuch less,could
politibhl- eoulroyersies .uclwcdu tlie .Stales
• .anil Federal government have been intonjed,
-they nof being recognized by the Constitution
n . n* panies in uay cases. If.lherelbro, in.con-
troversies b/itweon tiiose parlies no iqllepond-
ant tribmiui lias been cstnbllBbt'd for .tlicir
- adjustment, wotemfhave lie rtltenmtivo but
-j-—r—-iQ^n jinfo-—if t(l
-6)lo, whicnpno I—if to both, why? • /f the
..parties were etiiiul ill nil rOBpects, reason would
prescribe email participation jti tho ndjiistmcM
which would he an adjustment by negotiation!
• If tlioy were not equal, but llio oite was in
power mill'niitliority superiru-. to the other, the
same reiisonmlglUelnirnforUio superior parly
n participation in tho adjustment, proportion
ed to tlint superiority. Hctwaoil the Govern-
tuent “fa Hi mo niultlie (loveiiimeut of the
United Gitates, tUin equality, ns they liotli
represent sovereigns, must be 'admitted. No
puperinrify can be claimed for thcGuvcriitncnt
• of the, Cniled State*, beenuso of its represen-
' union gf nioro sovereigns tlinn one, ns nil their
powers In mns*, amount only- to tho powers
• ofoncBovoreign. Regarding tho Government
: ofihe United Himes, titcrcliive, npnrtfVom tltQ
CoflBtitqtftm, in tim light of any other intle-
pendant Government,' tlie equality helwcon
it nnd .u State Qovermiiiutt', establishes the
right of equal paruojp$oa hi tlie tiiljusunem
*. .- of uny jjoilltetil controversy wbicli may arise,
between tlictp. • Rut,"-ns between-the govern
ment Of tlie United Slides mid the sovereignty
of A State, there can lit! no such oqnulity, tho
-main Xivnwisf'HiUiluniV'm n'lltu’ll^fiYeaeir
■ other,of.creaUir luidcmiCure. lleneb tho right
' .ofn sovereign SmtdId liecido for itself, syitlt-
‘ .dut appeal. Still U i* among tliu most sticrcd
"' Ofju duties, tofnllil strictlyjdl itsoiigngeutenlii
' S® being of. tlie highest .and most solemn,
import, jug engagements to the guvcfuiucnt of
tin; Unitetl Holies, but to the other sovereign
. .Stale*. Tliiie'Ssjiq sovereignty in what fs
etdled the United hhitj.*, 1'fie. United States
• is nqthtdg Inn a gdvehiiMcnt drn confederacy;
thu style of which is, “rtni United States
■ anti govcrnmtM according duetfUib. is
uo. smioveign, hut is „gom er pf ,l, c
hiiveieigu, 1 lie soveiyigu. must be fcnmt in
tllhV ie ' ..***1.- • * -
such nowcrrt-^lho Fovcroi^tHy BfUI 'rQfa‘ming^
thoivnUy nnil'in4iyisihUUy vvuich -tirto csscfl-
Unl*tp it/aiidwliicli nrc indestructible*. Thff
Aiiidumcnlal ertnr lins b«*crt, Jo consider the*
United BtfttcftiwscJr-cxutpnt bwl independent,
t)ndioyoVp»gn» as n ^arty ti) ncompau between,
sovcroiflnvuud nstnpnblo brinti)iutiu^QsWelL
os receiving sovctci/»ij poAVcrs iiiidprstipuintcd
engnpfements; bnUlila error is diaeipotpd-Bjm-
ply .by. nukingcwhut ia tho -Umtcd Sjutesj
Territorially nponking, tiicro is np suen sepa-
rafo nud idci#cal thing ns tho United StO^es—
“Vnitod Sfatoa,” in the Preamble jo-lho Con^
Bjitijtiojj, means the tbirteoij. sciyereign aud
iiidopoufjont States, uaitfed Ibrcertaiu defined
and limited jHirposeatiiefcin-cxprcMed; .The
fliirnb words \<vtc nsciHjt'ilio orticI^At or. con*
the viiiho uovercignty tlinttiio United States
government is^ formed. This smereWy,
W'.",-'Vi'*' it exists, is omnipotent; it **; the
snme'm.mie iml>-|.,cud-o( eomiminity us nn-
ullri r, uwd-i.rrii^isceptilileuf divisiuu, bl’in-
crffl'^iorib'miimtion; ityunoulybedestmyed
,.'-hy do*trnyii»s the coinmunity in whieli it
Crtystiiuiiimsmid governments nrpeih-'
'I OnaQnn* liym it, „.19 ligin from the inn. which
_ jt.wts with it constantly, without itself being
impaired,'orwasted, er.weiiketicd. Hence ji
■' tlint it. makes and unmakes at pleasure,
.federation, ono' of which asserted -oxprtissly
.the absolute sovereignty dfencli State—in tins,
sense it was universally understood- by tlie
Suites iinmcdintcly tiftcx* tlie ralificaliuu of
tho Cnhstituiion—ifcrwhonit was attempted
to bring ono. of these .,soy'crcign«..'boft»r£ tfic
Couru of tlto United S tates; it was indignantly.
resented by nil of. them ns.- an insult: und tho
Co.Bklittition wus so amended, (and I think by
unanimous consent;) as. to prcVcnt-the' posse-
bilityof its. rocurrenco. .“We, llio people,”
meaus the people of tiro several States, who
nlone'xvero competent to prdqin .pnd establish
•Constitutions ol gtrvcrmnont, whether for tho
mnmtgcmentof liircign or domestic concerts.
If New Hampshire and Georgia had notriiti-
■llod thc.eoustitittinn, tlicy-migiit hnvo corifed-
craied und adopted the huiuc Constitution, in
precisely tho .a'nmo svords: AVo tho people of
the TTnitod States. AVluit Btatos? . Tito sev-
ornl Stales nCiy*'w_Itmiiiisbirc-Uuil. Gcorgi.i^
'.united lor certain defined ..purposes, do ordain
and csfayish- this Constitution, &e.—uuited,
having referorrec to tho people, and not to tho
States. Nay, further, Georgia or New Hamp
shire'might, cnclt of them; linvo formed two
governments nnd two Constitutions, the tetio
for tho conduct of its foreign relations, die oth
er for the conduct of its' dqmestio, oiW,he. 'same,
principles, and with tho sume-powors ns'ilroit
present Stale nnd Feiieral Governments'; /cl
no oue would behove, that ill tlia- lirst - caso,
tiio people of Georgia and- the people of New
Ilmnpshiro Were 'ono people, or that in-the
last, either State bail piulctl wjtlr its sovoroign-
ty to one or both governments ; It would still
possess'thp same right to alter, now model or
uosl'roy botli. Tho nature nudextentbof the
powers delegated,, could not impair .tlie sove
reignty of die Shit'es—if tho Convention had
delegated nil. powers, lixeculivr,. Legislative
aud Judicial, to Gen..Washington tuid hissho-
(icsBOrs fox over, tliasovcrcigmy of.tho States
lained'Ontire. .WJieii tlio'lifou-
Htotes. Here is atmtlier fundamental error.—
Instead of ascribing wisdom, prudence, mod
eration, nnd discretion to n sovereign State,
it is taken for granted that sncli State will not
understand her true inters!; Will hot pursue it,
will act from tlie wliim.orcaprice or pasmon qf-
tli’c moment. Hut this t3 not the history of
States-,on die contrary, ax)>erionce has proven
that nil well, regulated cominiiqitic* are most
generally goVetncd by a whin, judicious, anti
temperate regard to tliciy own true 'interests.
Now, what is the strongest ligament, which
hinds tliis Union together?. .Ilfs interest. Re-
mov.e this hiotivo of intevett, and liow long
would the Union last! .Just as long as it would
take the States, ceasing toltave iuteresl.iii the
Union; to withdraw from it. It is the hcauty
of the system, whilqit is. the rarest foundation
for its perpetuity, that each ijluteis Ml fo-pnr*
suejts own iifteriist, iu.its own wav,'Only
asking die government of the United ^States
which it lias itself, constituted, to protectit from
Foreign Powers stnmger than HseV, nhd to
let it idou.em nil m ille/s which, it no* not
specially coiifidcdto it* care! ■ How dliferent
is tliis from the hleu.nf keeping tlie States tet-
gntltcr by. force—bio keep together by force,
those who were.Vroeglit together .by consent j
tokcepUidon by force, to keep amity by force;
to keop brndierlv love by force, to keep peaec
by three! It i* absurd, niul fortiuiateiy it is (H
impossible, as it is ab.snrd; If a rtigiq’Stnte,
standing upon her sovereignty,resist the inva
sion of Iter righto,, this is nbttq lio endured qc-
causo it endangers,tile Union.'.-If some, ltnlf
dozen Slates unite and" secede, "this, though
it so for dissolves the Unloti, njust lie submitted
to, because it cannot 1/q resisted, So tlint the.
righlfuliics* dffiiicc.tlepeiiiltf^riot o'nUie'riglit'
fulness-of the ctltiso, -btlt btr,. ; tlic_ relative
strength and ■ weakness of the parties. "Bur.
lct'us s,T! wiiaUstho llaturi il'.ld extent of did
risk, and danger to die Union, of ildinittiug die
right ofa State,tqrcpbsd itaelfupdn its sove
reignly,"in resist ati aggression' Ti V the govern-
in'eiif.’ofdie.Ututcd Slates.' Tlic daugor nnd
risk must tie measured, by the prfibablo fro-
qucnoV qfltirccurrencc:—iiriwoften hns it oo,
currcaginco tho date .of the Union, and now
often is it likely to occur ?; Surclyftis notin'
tended, to deny, to a State the ngiit ’Which
is given to tho worm; tho right'to defend ttselt, •
and to. preserve itself;, tliis indeed consists
with Iho.denial Of nil sovereignly; but. I trust
tlint in our do wn ward course to tlie grave,- wo
hnvonot reached n point soucarits brink. A
State has engaged.xt;hh. other Sfntesj that it
will do cortutn things,.and ofoit certain other
tilings; and that- their common agent shall be
authorized to do ia their name and in .virtue of
their nudiority,. certain other, things. Hero
titen is n cimtraEt involving rights and ohliga-
;iohs'onithe' foeq of H;'ft purpinp te„be iicrbet-
uainnd irrovocnWc; hntjisitsoin' foct? .Can
it be so" between- independent communities,
who tiro bound by tho laws of.God and nature-
to protect and defend themselves (. to takb enre
of thoir own - happiness,, and, interests.—Are
tltqsc communiucs to ho .bound from ganorh-
•libh io 'generation, wi.tlioltt tiio. -possibility of
linding: ubsoUitioti ? '.fe'ft permitted ; to us of
tlie present degenerate day, to disinheiit.pqs-
They are botli alike lii' cfeiltiiafi ofliiatsovls- | ly ngaitist
u n, who could mould .-ladfashion -them at
its will, without limitatioa ■ or restraint, other
than by the laws of God' and nature. T.he,
Government of the United States passes a
law, iti* in confdrmity with tlie Constitution,
it is arrested'in its execution by tlie sovereign
power of a State, which decides that the Taw
is inconsistent, with its safety. Has a State
the right to tako care of itself! It decides n
law to be Hull arid void. May not tlie power
of which the constitution is biitniijiivenalion,
so decidc it? AVliy not ns rightfully' qs. the
Supreme Court, wjiich is lint the creature of a
creature, ni)d whieli stands in relation .to.'the
-quvrrtfgti, lint .as n scrvttnl' or ’ agent; J(bro
liicitisah^cxprcisc of soycVcign power, iu a
ctisq whore tlib. legislation of the yi)itciVStatos
Govertmetit is ailmiilcd to he constitutional.
,4f for its safety ."ox proservatioir,jhc sovereign
can so rietinsiteho case, - d/ortion,iican to act
when tlie law is m-foct imconstitritibnaT, or of
doubtful nonjtitiuioiralily. You would clicer-
ftiily irast.thodecisiim to tiie stipremc Coftrt,
the mcmhfKfjjf whicliare appointed liy dip a-
'ge'ut,"cj-cated by the instrument, which instru-
mentis ilstlf «-itdaiaeiMiy thfo soverigti power,
iind'.you would nqt'tru$t it tq.Iho\lraine sove*
'reign power.’ "After all, it ia Seeii'tiiat every
things.turns ontlio existence of the. sovereign
ty mid jndcpcndoucc nf' tlio States, if tlicy
ato-Wt sovoreign-aritl indepCndentf, w*h‘cr6' is
sovereignty to. be fiwmdt In the Umtcil
•Stales Govcrnmeul?/.Tlfoi doctrine 1ms.long
since been exploded. Sovereignly, was ciaim-
Cd. for tfie-gbYcrnmbnti cif Europe, foundedqh
fraud , and usurpatibn ot 1 conquest; _ hitt. our
tiiiisd V.ifo uniawfiilly resist I t.oit shbaitftid f.-ormitted (6 binJ itself, fcuf that
t those who resist by commission die idea of die power or competency of ouo
... ... . - - .. . i:..i ..11 - .....i.'r.i 1 mi!...
tticrn; ngainst ___
and authority from a Suite, I would not.—
You shed blood without executing the law*,
because you force, the Stnlc but of the Union,
and plaoe her out of flic rcacli of the. liiws.—.
Let ttloso who please to indulge in life reverie
of keeping this union by force, go on in their
mail career. Deity cau do any tiling. It can-
arrest flic motion of tho planets and turn, the
sun into’ blood; it can extinguish flic fixed
stars, and make darkness cover tliefacc of tlie
Hqavciis; but it is infmitely more easy for
Deity to accoriipiislrtliis, than for the govern*
merit oftho United Stalcs'to keep in its orbits
ngainst its wilt, ono pftbo States of this Union.
Lcttlib Suite therefore,, lio ever so vicious'or
wicked Sft'lla designs', I wduld forlicar the rc-
eovt to blujy.lv measures', leaving her peacably
todepart tiie Uiiion, as n nusjance io be got-
trti rldoft ofaSa prailiff/ij, the repentant re
turn of which to tuq fold,"might, one-day be
hilpctl fori HutliowdifterentU thc'actilal
of tilings ?\ Fptir tnUltorisbfpEopfo bompln in
oftho iiljnslicqimtVpneOristiUitiontiUly of. tno,
laws, amf.wq, axe, read/.tp shed Wqbtnq. their
defence. . t^bese latv-s arbibiindcdqririn assbrt-
cd poWc'f toxegniato th'o imlustrypf flip .conn*
try.-' Now if littcU’a, p'owcr is sustained - lor
tlie General fJoVerntaptit, nothing can render
flint gevcraiTicnt’iripfo.woilWes* and. iit3Up-
portabloiu the contnWildntionofn'U'jlieAincr-
ican people',' opposedXo restrtupts, monopolies
.litUxicgcspnndit may expect; of course,
terity+hy. seriditig- doiyn to it a worn,'de-'
based - and abraded. • shilling,, whielr mey
cannot refuse but at the .peril of their lives?
No.' Every generation must take care of
tsolft ■ arid by - all tho moral, political, 'and
physical-force it' can, always bound.by the
great law of otornnl justiqe whiolfit .is not
permitted to individual 'or.communities to
vipinte^rbut contracts .rind origagemorits pan
be violated by communities nndfcr the sanc-
tlon .of fltat supremo, law, This happens
when tho sovereign judges that tho safety.
:wtm*iibiwoXnX-nuv<'Utioii i<i go to praying,-
nnd llitfiuvmbevs were retur'tiiliR iiuuio iiidcs-
pair of any thing living accomplished but'mis-
ciiief, Giiniiingilodtiird, .-t noblo nafolot oftlio
now inis-reprrsentcd or.apostate . Brntiiol-'Dcl-
mvarc, turned thefortunv of tiio day,- by. warn
ing tliem, Iftlioy dared Vo touch thesovereign'-
ty of liia State, Aiai State would.coil.in, tlie
tuil of-fnreign jmwers io protect licr so\!ejf]gn-.
ftM 'fltvl lift <llh rt/snpl Stiiltnn
mix ll^Ul will 1US*
SP* . Accordi'ig io our theory arid
tiio mode of action of this sovereign, is to futm
Constitution*,, whivh preseribp Uie rules for
the Conduct of the agciit or .ncxva'nt called tlie
, giiVi-nunriu. lf-t|fe cuven-isu is dissatisfied
‘ .Vltiier'.with tliq rule or with tlie comluctofflic
■. agent. It can ribolith or clumgelt tit- pleasure.
• Ifit ton abolish of cbaligeilto.riilc, it c.mdc-
. stray flic .agent, lux-miss- the .rule is rif higher
^.power mid authority. Admitiiug flicmibni,
. dipt a-Stan- nicy, ax-nriy time destroy its own
State Constitution, cun. a Sime, of itg own
. pleasure, destroy life Constitution oftho Unft
r U|<> W'Tvrd richt* or powers in
WfgoanUtoir.a. sre Sjg, m g |wo „^ y aooijod to. bo
LwriTS?., 1 ! 5 '”'' 1h -'> ™ldi«o».r.ni ho,,,,, Iv
''l^gjWiWWW powers wbu-hareVsnsllv rxekisoil
ernoumu .s eii|ouoi.,*\ M pe,.
wboni inwi, k, t> i-V,|jnO «;
r c«nst' , atf<l hi im-.tH
;- ‘jkftlk
-*■ • Jbu of iu wMlie' Gcf\
} Uo\CUUUCHt. IC
iW J)pwcr,llic'i),ij»
p»r*
sr O Ji wooUbo umiov W UbVcra^B ,S .Insult 1 it not Lfte answer is, it
Si'S; 1.1! "W’^-rts'ii. .HipNgaty preirei, Isoi, ''iHild-bo lqo|iublc to.nintse;flto Union would
feseneJ iww.-i*. buri* uritlK-nswnor j be danger. oljigitatiqn;nji1,lismemU.-rmc(tt hv
■ raprieioiiH. arid irrcgtilal- nmvetnenn of tU'c
impairing it by tiio rcprcMoitai ion of flto people
qfc.-udiSlutcin Iliciiou.'vdfRepresentatives.
.Politiciilly speaking, there is no' such being as
the J/nitcd Stntrs,''distinct from tiio Gttitcs.'tio
such comniunijy. or people. Th'eXc is stteh.u
ih'mg ns flic govcrataaiil of.tliq Uuilcd' Statc*,
•n artificial cnmtnrc, tut iticnrpiirtmllicfmUia-
mcir__but a rovcrumoiil is lint n nation, or u
peoplc,‘jJ^«.£»i; > l. w ;ii,;. tm-yruoiif XHrtttr H irtr
sovereign. ' Tlie Gopstittnion, to liq sure',
sjfeaksol'.“wo flic ygo|rici” biiLil onlv Wans
the people of the Slutos who formed iiie Con-
stitutiott, mul vriio were fob ftriljt rigjltftfl R u -
nicre tifConktiiiilions. AV(.uo.i)'eojilo or cobi-
luuiiity, Amy hnyrinever iHs-'limrird a single
act, cithcr.lobrightdfb thqgovcrn'meiVt, todSir-
ry it on, nor jvill .they, or.can tliey,.|icrtiivin
tmy tn end n. • Nustufo pivpieor, ebmintttutv
eonlil liavejicen fonned, Iiqt liy breaKhig tin
all tlto comniiiiiiiics rtllcd the States, niul
courfditlatijig ihcui iitto Vmc nitiss, ..vrliinh mi-'
vex couM bo (lone but by fotve oi'eoiiseiit. \\’c
speakof buundurius bctwccn.lhe Uti'uwl Htqiee
and foreign Ht'atcs:—but (Ficv ui'e ,iniy. B u ( : li r
because tlicy are flic hbupdafies betiveeri the
States niul stirji foivigu po’woit.. ' Tiiu Gov-*
ermnent of tiie UuitcdJSUites, if'.flio liouiuiu--
ries were theirs,.coribl iiltt-r thcttfiit pk-asiitv,
Which h cannot dq. It caiihot acquire territo-
ry witliiu n State for. flm.efuclio'njif- uccdfn).
quudmgs, xyitliout thcconsgiu of that Sttito,
aud then may have no jurisdiction within - tiie
Same, if withheld hv. that- authority." Tho
govern irirut ofihe Uilitid Stans is, la, foot, n
corporate body, with a cmnniou seal and cqin-
mon Hag, rojircscnting the States, uceurdi'tig
to adc.fiucd mul Uinitcd eliartcr,- which cqu-
not bu violated but^at tltC risk of forfsitUM? ofj
wbiclv tho sovereign crciulng ; it it u „t j m ln C .
Rutls it cqmpotciit to one State to iudge or
Iho violation -of tho charter? Ycs—biit it
juitges for itself alone—every bflier State,, in
generation to bind all successive generations,
is unnatural aud preposterous. '
. !)th. That it is more rcasofiable and just, to
confide tho ultimate decisioii on the rights nnd
obligation of tlie compact to the State sover
eign, tlum to tlie Supreme Court or ;my other
tribunal, the first heing.indced supreme,-nnd ,.
flic last only the creature of a creature, whoso
decision must finally, ftromtlibnaturc of tilings,
he'subjected to the revision of the creator of
dlU '
10th. That the government of the Um j
ted States is authorized to make war only on
Foreign powers, .and not upon the States—
Tliat'if so, the-government of-the U. States,
the comriion a£ent of all might be forind on the-
side oft twelve-Stntcs', making war against th6
other twatve—liras illustrating^ its paternal
ctixe over union, justice, domestic tranquility, v
gt-iieral wclfnro, iis eimmerated in tlie pream-
Me to this coilsUtution, and all in the name of
tho people of the Unitrid Stales. ■ _
. llfli.'That the allegiance oftho citizen, pri
mary nnd paramount, is (lac, to the State ox
sovereign—tljqt'obedianco is duo to thegov-
ernmentas it represents -the sovereign, and as
iria ordained by the sovereign; anti of course
!uo' obedience can ha eiaimed.byjrihc govern-
inpnt, ineonsistont with tlie uHegiarice duo the
ra^ercign.' _
• l§th. That admitting the above proposition's
tobetT.iie,"thegoycrinnentofxhe U. States is *
a—even the mod
ern public law rejgards'dio people, of commu
nity,-qr StW,-as-the-palysovereign. Spite
xeignty cannot bo parcelled-out aud- diyaied
nliiong dHrererit communities, oriy more thato
lliaijiriinary'nndpnf aihonntnllegiimcetvhieii.
is due to it! 'File 'sovereign presejibes obejli-
erice,' decrees to wltqra it jshini .be owing, ttnd.
irieasures tho extent of it in the- Cqnstlluftqiri
Thepower.tp punish tfettSoriis given td the
'oyernrapnt ofttibiUrilled States; arid' treii-sori
s defiapd.to he •* the. levying of.war 'against
the UnU'cd.Stntes, or .adheriffg lo'tteir^nc-
eriimtneaf, hiit rigainst .flte .fftlifed States,'
the Suites of. the Umoiit-ntit ngjiitisf.th6.gov-
ernmentofthb States, but against tho peoplo
oftho Shafost in short against-the sovereign.'
Lot ft be rcmcmberiid'tliat thb, arUclos of. pori<
.federation: expressly declared- that each
State retained its sovereignty and indepen-
dence’’ iyirtioiit any qaaUticalicm; K and yet alr
most all tlto powers; now gr7lpted,',wj!ro then
granted', unifftiany of-tjicm-iri-tlni very saraq
terms: the'words United Statosboingusodin
liotU, instruments in the samo '-maqner and
conveying tile same meaiiiug..' ;
Now it is cx-ident, t jiat if the States .were
sovereign aud nideperidcnl then, -theymust be
go now,'trnles»tm express arid formal snrrens
der by theso-rtroign power be shown, it bcirig
uniyer6ally eonceded that Bovercigaty riftrinot
bo lost by implicali'onW coristrpcti6n!. If is e-
qaally evident that if any of tho sovereign
Smtcshad fitilefl to become'.parties fo the pres-
ront constitution, such States jnight havo .rc-
maloed to this day, as spy orqtgn- and indepen
dent os any States or potentates of flip, world,
On these priii'ciplcs, and- xvitii'th'cso limita-
ti'ops, the government of- jhe United Statriq is
still the strangest in the world -for ail the ob-'
jecls oftho ConStitutibrir^ertqirily-.foX' exter-
nalxclationsit is.one; and it is'so because it is-
i;.v .»a -f'fo. S tafes . • jt
only becomes xveak ana sometimes degraded;
-rind, contemptible,, when forgetting its obliga*
.... - pretensions totlto autliority. ordignity of tho
sovereign. If allegiance had bqcnduc to the
United States, in virtuo. of its-sovereignty,,
there would, havo.beeri no necessity for defin
ing treason against the .• United States. - Petr,
haps tlie rippj-ehensiori xvas.-entertained, that
as no nllcglftnbe'Was duo tb.theTFniled States;
inconsistent with tliat, which is duo. to' the
States, tlie United States Government would
not lifivehnd authority to punish treason, un
it' foe gOvcfnmeiitri^m'6d^iriWithout:d6firii-
tioti, it would be exercised as arbitrarily/and
cripricionslyasby the govormnenw ofEuropb.--
If,(tUogiance is..(Uie tn. thoispvoroigii, and -not
to tii’e.goycrnjftont j-liow Cari'dle oitizenamb.ey
the goyerntnont an^. disobey the'sovereign?
If it bcdUio tq the Gdverntrieiit, and hot fo the
.sovereign, the peoplo pfall tltq Stritea -knibw
rio Olher (dleginnce than ihatxyhich is-duo.to
tlto GovCnunentjof tho'JJnjitcd. States (arid, of
com'sd tlmtgovernti^'epr is ri emiiiittii. 1
required of It nlicrwards. but to repair what
ever injury or damngo it may linve. done to
tho parties interested, of which, ofcourse! they
are the judges in equal degree, - , "in'virtue of
flip sturio equal fight? rind prerogatives. The
dectaratibri by tlto contract, that the Union'
sliail be.pcrpDtunI,-oniy-menns that'it shall
boso-mider the higher and supreme law,
Which permit’s the parties to consult theix
safety, happiness nnd-interest'. But With re
gard to. die riglUs oft foe other parties—wliat
can they do T .. As sovereign they. can. fle-;
mnnds ntlsfoctlori": they can-go to. war ;'-they
cah .jinniliilnta llio. -.party, resisting—they
may' eatisfy; vengeauce, but they .may mot
compel'ihntqimty-to nend-Senators nnd'Rlq)-
rcspntalives jo. dongrasa, or electors of Presi-
jdeht to an Electoral College. - Tf the- .party
make all the aroneriieuf n»d-rcpiinilion .rn its
power, this it all that tan bo lawfully deman
ded—and wliOre flic .public - law. is '.saiisfied,
the party wrmrged can riinko il.s hjipcnlxmder
that snitiojjjiy u.Mlir"n'rliitrr,i
Ji.etwoori the jrarty doing wrong anil the party
Brtftermg ivrong. I havc said they.'inay go to
‘ ily not hy any power of tho-.
wrir,;ihe * , ,
Constitution; The Criustitutionuothorizcsthe
Federnl-.G'ovcrbmciit tn declare war—Jiut.nnt
ngalnst'foe Siato. . The articles of thc. chn-
•foilertiilon .expressly xecqgiifcEed flip absolute
•Hivennabtylani.l inilqiiqi'idenco'.of tlie States,
& tlfe. Congress lik.o the present Corigrcssluid
flio' power to declare war. It wqs not . be
lieved to-be n.]H>wpf to declare"xvnv ngainst n'
Stafe;.. Tiio'cqiifedi'ralton was tlissolycd- to
muk.e \yuy fob the neiv^ovcrameht,' not lhrit
the new government shuuld bhvo. flic power
tt> eoefoe a. Stall', but because as no jgovcrn-
mcrit could posses* xbot power, if-should .pos
ses? tho.power wjiich file confisierntion lmil
not,, to eocree.individuals. •Tliis-iiower it,
amply.jxissesses,.’for nliriulliprixed purposes
and inure than this it cnimot claim. In flic '
exirnisenf this power ( if etui., proceed to tiny
rSIVi'iuuytvinphrtie^taiistiuKjou auilafrfeese—
Hnl triir pfoccctliiig totllut extremity -it cn-
cmintprs-tliQ- sovereign power of a.State, if
Ila^^^^i^pWiomeoplqipx pom-
.mumty, aud not pm tiie existence of so many
sovereign nndinUopehdetU States, Tbe-obe,
(fiance owingto tlie Govcrnnqerit of die United
Stated by citizens of ihqTStales, is that hvliieh
is t-equired by the rict-Ofthe sovereigriiri^the
Constitution offlic United States, rinuofcourse
TmTJnot bo incorisistent xrifo.foat which.is duo'
.10. flieS trite?, iOtherwiseif-wouldho a Govern-.
, merit of- the 'most odious character, by. which
a eorr.iipGviLioii'3,im(;rested majority miglitdis-
poso oftbre'lives,'liberties, and fortunes'oftho
slniiUctL'mimhor Avijhout oltp.cl; or control—
.than .wiiiotiit.is': hnphsBthlc to conceive a ty-
rnnny more imtcfiil; or n-despotlsni more" rib,
Sohtle. The actual state'of things' proves if.
Uhion
eoimter action, proceed-from tliotwo govera-
nfonts merely,- rmrt iiot from tho sovereign
power, tlTe Fcdf-Jiil GoVernmcriLlias the ad-
vmttujjo, restfltfngfronj tlie stIpnlations.6f fli(>
eiHupaef, wliicli ns town -Courts in nil- ease's
hHWy .judicial- may..'enforce s but«the State
uetutgwby Oonvcntitm of flip whole people,
shiill throw itself upon, its -.sovercigntjv Ate
other part/, may-not ]«oe(:ed wltlniut pu act of.
war." ItIs hni mlujittwl tliut .fop Congress
lot* power -to ile.’cbiro .Ayar, against a Stato,
Other •.laaites. may .eriuibiria .-to. depinre.'it,
“Ut. flwy ^Vn-.so «s -6t>vcp.S?ns,'. to • enforce!
-stipulations'of the coutxact, if .they-pleascj
Dr-for-nay puxposes-they pjease..- If they
declare -nqtt quiV stflriugat<j'n ■ State, tlicy
niity divide, it and-mpko-it ports of-two oil-
jaecnt.-'SiatniS, with' tlje cousont of. those.'
States-; but fltdsc arc the riglits of, war and"
of conquest.. They imye ho right to'-deal'
with, individuals captorcd or'Vanquished,—
otherwise than asprisoners of war, Jlut it Is-
said flint the (lowers coriforcd by liie. C'onsti-
tiiiion sli.nllbo the sifprcmclaw, any tiling in
the laws or.Constitution ofa State tti flto oon-
tvarv. notwitlistnridirtg—thus' making the nu-
thoilK' of the coustittition.oftlia United -States
superior to that of the fowl* ■ fold thisis-all
iroi'i tun who onlaioeit that Miperiuriiv?—
IVliy the sovereign which onlniucd Itofo Cou-
stitutipus,. • Might, not-tlie same soYeroigii-
Iraye sivenflna;sojKitipritj-to tlie gtatfi.iivet-
For ye.-ips;-Bum/ oftho States of
ligVobcpri.iriost earnestly Xempristrauug- ar
gainst certain proceedings of Congrcss, avow
ing acthe same t irao their unalterable resoltt-
lion not td fiubniit to-fliepi. Rogartlfqss ofcon-
seqilence.B, this .Govcrriihcnt lipsinjpyicd -on
willi -a fixedness of pmpoke, wWch alino.st-eX-
tUigoishril nil Jippo.ofrefirin .or-anteltoration,
until ono of llte complaining Staieshns re-
solVcd to sutniiit no lobg6r, : Itt^lhis-cxtrcuib.
^r.wo tm,rotirselVcs ; and instend of ealmiy
ami ddilierotely reviewing thQ’xvhplp groimtf,
for the puxjinsc.ofdeeidntg'wjipfocr wo- aro.in
all lliiags mi the side ofxjgbt, justice, arid tho
Constitution, before tho sword is drawn, we
begin by deny ingtri that,State, mid of course to
jdlodicrStnt«s,'foWrigliU whatsoever; thit are
IiUhoir estimate, offltejflpstynluc: nndnhovri
nil, flieit. right -ofsovexeigiiriv without which-
tlicy^consJdtfr-illiernKelVes,- Us aH:. th'o world
.edriViralfou's, ihe iiKarilfora'qf wliie?i'axQ,bot'tti?
fe the GoV.cnimeirt ot'lho' Unitcd States,- hy a -
pfo-amOum, util insoluble allegiance,' in virtue
of which, thfiy arc (mentbere, qflieers nad all)
tnrientiblo to it on charges'of lifgh treason ,-na(l
preaoryo .foe Unioit d This -.-wotild indeed
present our pinsari.t Government inrilight. of
no'ehvloble mtge/ty-_apd supreriiacy, 'and-is
only nn irisfrince airiohg very many of analo-;
gous eharaoter,.toshew’now aiucirthib
.and mntuaf canccssion. power- foU;
sorted to protoot United States oificerS -in-all
cUse.s.xyhiclt'may orise under tho lnwst of thp
United btatos, by tissertirig for the Upitei,
Strifes Courts :exclns,iya. criminal jurisdiction
even whtjro tho partiijsilroriitizdris Of 'the some
State.' Now no8u'gh power dan bo 'arii-ed in
criminal coses but By construction; rind fous it
is in.ncrisis.like flio prcsoiik.the criminal ju-
rkdictiohof.st State, always .contemplated as
a" paramount interest,'ia attempted to.be wres
ted.frrim it, arid transfcfTcd-totheparty whose
long and coptimied infxactioria of the Consti-
tijtibtt in. other xespeots;
tfeio ig isi. inm oy-Tonstn
tfml entire portiofi of-thcm lobo embodied at still die strongest goVcrmenl m tho world for
gainst it. Tlicy would as sbooXliitik ofmak- alt the purposes for which it was constituted--
Ang a Turkish lSushaw' tlie: regulator of their that being- a government founded on consent,
industry-, as the Congress orflie. United States: "supported by opinion, .ft must, tohe sustained
and for tlie simple rcasinfliat for flagrant'a- by thaf'cousent.qndoid.niori, he just nnd right-
buses, ono cottld- bo mado responsible; whero- const' thatit can never faUtobe just and rigllt-
•as, flio Corigtcss-by its mdltU'qifo bns^rea-' cons so long as ita.aclion conforms to the strict-
poniBllilo as.the most ; .inultita,diou8':nsscmbly,;. -letter-of tho Constftution—that die slightest
where the innocent cannot lie. .s.eparated frrtm
the' guilty-, "nnd die ’public vengeance,-if* foil
at all, must fair nUkh .jinoji.'.foe jpist and the.
unjust. AVhv is it, thereliire,. fliut'On.a'.dis-
-puted qilcstion of doubtful right",• or"3nsticc';.or
concflauionalityiCobgress will rrintbc hazard
ofn civil wat,.wKenhy an easy opemtfori'not
'costing them fou/idays, they can' adjust the
controversy!.' Tile Union .i* to be -lostby ;t»
■squeamish delitacy, or a.recklccsi bpstinaey.'
Tho Lilliputiau \vfll notyfold'tothe Brbbili-
nag,.aiid the Brobdinqg wil.l hot make a eria-
■'ce8sion of justice to. the,' Lilliputian. • The'
twcnty-thrceSintes-'Bay tofhc twentyrfourth,
if wo do. not-talie VouXblood tis.afi atonemont
auil propitiation for flio rashness- and iriteni-
perarice of your Conduct, wo' vvlil bo '6Ct-dowji.
.in History as cowards. • Shwnp! Shame !J Is
it-uot onough foXflio .sfability of thc Unipn,
that tlie lo,w» wiflih brdina^- pa^es be peace
fully excciit’cd by tbeco)irtB'pfjustice, tmdthat
in extraordinary' cases,'.thoy-wilj -b& : ojifarccd,
by. all means, afeiinst urriawfql: obstructionsi
riltd assemblages.'.'-., To , attempt their excou-
!tion, By milittuy'pojvc'ri.ggtdust a gfoffo ispl.-
rpostlhe only mono By wnicli a State crib Be
driven from th&JJnion..' A singio State will
not Withdraw until-rendcred <lespcrato by the :
madness oj tyranijyof-the .Gcncral.'Govem-
mfch’t.'--’ A single State earinbt'mamttun her
independence, and therefore could -not hope
long to maintain her liberty.- Her rights and
obligations, as an-isolated sovereign; would
devolve'on hbr-Veiy expense; & expose
her to difficulties and'troubles, from which
thegreatest wisdom could riot'cxempt Kcr.—
Tiie' .Union is. much more exposed to danger,
by a combi’nation-bf States, who. could moin-
Jn that letter,' is'an abuse, Avheth.
_.. turrourils to usurpation, or the exercise of
doubtful powers, and may rind will give risd to
cinnpiaiut, to discontent, arid‘with a peoplo so -
onliglilcnbilanil freeas t oOrs, evenluafly, resis-
lanec, ....
■ iafli. • That nutate,.for the violation of tho
articles of compact, is responsible under the
•public law tii/lio other State's, and may as he>
tirtpU. sovereigns, be compelled to makerepa*
tntioi-' for arty injury’or.-damngd which may
ensue.to them in cunsequence of-such viola
tion;;;. tmd..that this is rone of tho great sccuri-,
tics against hasty, and precipitate action on the.
partof.thq.States. . ,V x ■ •
‘ 14th,- That-Jtho!.wqrds. “ we the peoplo,” in
tlie .Constitution, ore to -bo! constrncd.as mean
ing tho people of. several States, who alone in
virturi of-their ('sovereignly, wero capable of
forming governments,- and that all flio powers
copferreu by all of tliem on. the Federal Gov
ernment, ns.'well as all the powers retained'
to beoscrcised by themselves, are' only such
powers as each State- -wonltHiaVc possessed
arid exercised, if there had been no Constitri-
tioo or-Union; • arid therefore; that the Federal
'Government-.lias no more authority-than it
.would htivc hnd, if the same powers had been
conterred-by n siriglo'stote. -
Your alfoctionato friend,
G. M. TROUP..
i
(XltOH .TltV. GEORGIA JOUItNAt.
Wo prcsent-ibtday n paper that everybody
will read; at feast;every one who feels an in
terest (and who is there that does not) in tho
great principles that this nation is elaborating
| , fay-the benefit Of .herselfwdof mankind.We
tainvindependence and'libcrtyi at' a cheaper., think no person canfeadwithouteonstructiorr.
rate, and.with bet tor security against- vexations Even those to whom such subjects arc "most
and humiliating annoyances,ffomqbrbad, and familiar, will seci old truths stated with new
whorisuch combinations happertj wvhat Svill 'force, and old distinctions rendered more dis-
their denial oftho right to secede avail. .Would tfrict by a pcrspecuity of stylo and felicftjr of
they take side With thirteen weak .States! : a-- illustratio'n -perhaps peculiar to. -thc writer
gainst eleven.-strong ones, and make writ fo' The view-taken by Gov. Troup, is so fundi
... ... viiy coiuitruiogxhd' words “'nil
casesm law and equity!* tormaan criminil. as
well aS civil oasc'sj the power may be "claimed
tpaudiorize the coriimission.by'fltb citizon of
*■ ofmn'hct of treason figmnt tho j State;
and who vyonid btfsuro to find his justification
^^M^Mttai-before fob teibmnils.of foe U.
fi-IWr,
bo the snpronm law, (&o.Nci:&C.;.Nmv-wh'at
is foe nmourit of nU'foisf-. Iti^. • ■
T -. dt - fl\o.«tcrelso Vf cortaht 'priwexs
XvUi.oh.WBuId, olhepvisp have' been gxcreised
by tho Stales,' .haS.liccn'g-rantcd to the Gov
ernment of the United States. .—.
2(f;. That it has • fo j the. riitfhns ahrinSsIble to
anyGovernmem, to cany tfioSo powprs folto
Afe sovereigifty (if-the States^ and rycnj dcriv-
ablo from .lio oilier sou'tjte; that .such' so\e-
reigitty. Is . notwifljs'tnridhig 'ufompalmd arid
untlimmiBhcd—tlie gqvcrimront' aetiuri
^
4th.. Tjiat being sa..dcrfved, thc Govxm-
mciu ol the Upitetl.Slom^lariugnhmgcilwith'
thoir .exfi^ntum,,is. of inferior antlioritv to tlie
ConsutiitHiti Which cmifcts. thc.m:; wificli. is
itsrffmfonm-, and «ulgl«linatotq'thq.sove«si'm
.which created it-. ■. — ■ »
mmitol; und so clear, that the reader, almos-
wlthput an' effort sees before liim our .entire*
political edifice, (xom the base to the pirina-i 1
cm.:.-He secs the whole plan of .State Rights,!
and federal action, from their deep foundationB ’
in ctemril'trnth and jnsticc, to their ultimate
operation on the peace and happiness of in
dividuals.' . Sovereignty:—Constitutions :■—
"Govcrrimeri t :—Who "does not sec in. tlie calm
fuinightlie throws upon them, the basis and
-attributes of.the first, arid tho' derivative au
thority .and natural limitations of the other
UWo.; ' .
j' biastoxly exposition must ho eminent*
ly.welcome to foe disciples of sound princir
; pies every whoxe.-Many no .doubt have beer* r
Unable to seo through tho laba.rynths of polit- '
teal, logic spread out on .every side; but feel- f
mgfluit. union and peace and tho blessings of I
regujatetbfreedom could bo secure' no where i'
else hut .with- fop vindicated .rights of . the I
States, and foe liberty of tlto citizen, they l
have clang, atrit were, instinctively jto these. ?
determined to Xiold fast to them, let the armt- t
Ih this great ; conflict I
ofsystems and theories, it Ls not Irani to dis- "
cover this important distinction. One nropo-
scs.todefend and uphold the goverrimrinr, m
order that thgovernmat may talce eare.ofthe
people; while.flie other pfofonitodefend arid
.sustain the nghte of flic. Statesaridthepcople,
am! let them take care of the government.—
Many lioncst and devoted lovers of the coun
try piny, at such times-Bp filled Witltspiicitude ■«
oven at die Bare possibility -Of boint. wrong. J
They-feel, infloetf. that they are 'right; but
would be better satisfied in befog ablfe to cx- ?
plam xvhcmfbre. ■ «.ucli persons peruse
attonuyely and repeatedly the letter 0 f Gov.
Tfotra.tmd 'W-s.ni ii gajhhgi, compose*
«Wfl iftSittrea, and rible to trace, step iiv 'cr'*"-
wftifS^ have so long felt
puiushablc-ricconliiigly. I foildtri'ccordiug to'
Hie /Iootrlncs orilta flay, the most-important
right ctmceoilcd to.thcui'fa the right to pctitinn
ami reihonsmita'. Havinglluis.degrntiecl flic
•States,', they resolve to draw the'stvord: ii^tirio
lernmdt go witli' theni; I cairiiot gri with
them, until I satidy myseliTtliat.in ull fo'mris
they-urosttictly righlf asJoiig nstltere is fi-
shadow or suspicion of wrung, I will npi-gri
'with them to slied blood. If Utov were ri*ht
beyond doubt, l-would defeat to the last mo-
ta° a U and then I-would execute the laws, Dn-
ifll ' i Vi w , ro . rt'ikk'riy iHiistrauW tlwn' tiio
u. cot thu word rdicir,’. widen csniut bo icUiivo. to o
but. aiiut 1--c reladve to tho word
• !«%. WBiurt wluehalono unset of««a*«i eputd•
be cmouiiUcili. It wtmljl not be Kn-M,, in 8a>-ih tiio
(timrtituuon ol t-rsisco, TrcitronyhoU o,uv>i»t iu levy-
• Iho Constttjiliori rif foo Uriited
States bemg Koarnpact, tonffaci or ngrttVrim
between pnuaTjgnji, nmial iriajl’.rcspect* flio
parties tqit.are bound iif^iodfiiljl, each to-flux
fithers, aim aceonling xo Uqr terms and irtfor rif
tlje liistrnntcnt io'nlilde;by. it, xinn' m l'uim iij
pbligaumis without.ariy.quairticmiori, stive
v , . iRat wlqeli results from n still Mrfior
mtfoonly, the la\yb..of God and-Nntuifo by
wdiielt iaxy the sovereign poxyer is bound to
twntoh over mjfi. take cure oR to defend and pre-
st'jvc tUc. fatale or .c,immunity from which it
as riiscp'ariiblc,
. Till.. That when by foe- action of the'ebm-
mon agent 6r Government, the safety, lumnr-
hess nndtinterests of n-Statanxe' cntlangered,
it is foo.nglit, nnd becomes tiio duty of. t
frOmohe t
cofoes
constitutional; fothhihore justifiable when the
action'shall lihvo-bcen iiucdristitutional riud
Void, « v *
8di,_TliaX the States conriot' even by .their.
so\ crc/giHy bind themselves /cirevor by en-
gagomenU t stipulations or contracts oKanv
bittUi bitt : jWdi;die quaJUicationa nnilfow^n-
4m»r Kivt-ifiuhil tfuin.:»iuQuyiKi uiu -OtaUH mer inihilherihf tmbeir <no- naii-iuiiu-
the United States Consiitutiorir'CeTOiuly. Mwbe,4 ' ?,,v,,0,rf ! of “>«>'' sriferiuiicom"-
: ' • pacts. I hat it IS enough that eveiy genera-
13 [
b; V
-p Ay ^hulp.body of .Strite Rights pe 0 nT 0 of
Georgia, may now understamfono^ tomWr
•TItore,can. bo. no iras*ibto mistake Th .,V
assobraliim has already deejnred,-“'Tliat the
.dm nnes -offlio Virghlia and Kentucky
Jfe^ :n ^m r | S, - rne,1 ^ nd u >3erstood L Mr.
qguq m V, "fteri ririon in *
4,1lwl . 7 : m flfe Statenf Georgia Con-
^dtaMdie creed ofAe Sfote Rights
. The Virginia|nnd Kentucky resolution*™*
already sprepd wide before foe people llv
tins letter wo seo how tlitv wore nmlo«,"^
‘'“l’! 1 triumphantly act on in is”s
%. State of Georgia"-' ByTw’ro^ •
rionsrtus eonstened, tlittsnndSmorby^f:
fcrson, and flius carned-out and acted out bv -
bis Jegmmate disciple, Troup, we rirri w fiZ
forever to abide, and willing' tlrat tbo Stnm
Rights party ol Georgia, sliould stand or ihll-
Black-book, was a book kept by the Etm
ots ^IW VIIL
Apuij qnd- lihstcn tiieir dissoiudou * Tf pnr , f
• .A. . • *