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PUBLISHED every THU 11 sand a y morning, by JAMES VAN NESS, In the “ Granite Building,” on the corner o* Oglethorpe and Randolph Streets. T E It MS: 6cn tcntPTio:*—three dollars per annum, payable in advance, three dollais and a half at the end of six months, or tour dollars, (in alt cases) where pay* in out is not unde before tne expiration of the year. N o subscription received for less than twelve mouths withu it payment in advance, arid no paper discon tinued, except at the option of the Editor, until all arrearages are paid. ADV£KTi*liMt:<iTsconspicuously inserted at enc dol lar per one hundred words, or less, for ilie first In senior) auJ fifty cents for every subsequent contin uance. Tb J3e sent without a specification nftiie n i mtr ofinsertions, will be published until ordered out and charged accordingly. Yevhlv Advertisements.—For over £4 and not exceeding 3d lines, fifty dollars per annum ; fo over l v i and not exceedinj 24 lines, thirty-five dol lars per annum ; lor less than 12 lnies, twenty dol lars per annum. 2. All rule and figure work double the above prices. Legal Advertisement* published at the usual rates, aal with strict attention to the requisitions cf the law. All Sales regulate 1 by law, must be made before the court house door, between the hours oi 10 in the morning and four in the evening—thope of ‘and in til, county where it is situate; those of personal property, whore the letters testamentary, of admiul (strati>:i or of guirdiampp were ob ained—and are reputed to be previously advertised in some public gazette, as follows : S ieriffs’ Sales under regular executions fir thir ty days; un ter mortgage ii fas sixty days, before the dav of sale. S iles of land and negroes, by Executors, Adminis trators or Guardians, for sixty days before the day of sale. Kales of personal property (except Negroes) forty days. Ct rxTioxt bv Clerks of the Courts ot Ordinary, upon applic it ton for letters of administration, must be pub lished foi thirty days. UlTlTto.ts upon application for dismission, by Exec utors, A l.u.nistra'.ors or Guardians, monthly for si* months. Orders of Con rts of Ordinary, (accompanied with a copy of tlia bond or agreement) to make lilies to land, must b ■ published three months. Nances by Executors, Administrators or Guardians, of aopli tation to the Court of Ordinary for leave to sell the I an t or negroes of an estate, four rnondis. N ITICES by Executors or Administrators. to the debtors and creditors of an estate, for six weeks. Sheriffs’. Clerks of Court &c. will be allowed the usual leduction. ILT Letters on business, must be post paid, to entitle them to attention. GR A! N AN I) CII A FF. From the New Hampshire Patriot. THE LITTLE FACTORY GJIiL. The following sketch is from an English paper. Ji has no original in this count ry, but is doubtless true to the life. as. descriptive cf the suti>iiiigs of seme em {iloved in the mills of Gnat Britain. ‘Tivis on a winter’s mornit g, The weather wet arid wjid, Thiee hours before the daw.ting-, Thu fitther loused tils child ; ller daily morsel bringing, The da: I;some loom lie paced, An 1 cried, ‘‘The bull is ringing, My haplesi darling, baste 1” “Father, f'm up, but weary, 1 sc u ce can reach the door, And ! mg the way and dreary— O carry me once more ! To help us we’ve no mother, And yon have no employ ; ‘J hev killed my little brodu r Like him IM work a:td die 1” Ijer wasted form seemed nothing; The load w is at his heart; The sufferer ho kept sooth,ng, Till at the mill they part. The overlooker met her, As to her frame she crept, And with his ihong h heat Iter, And cursed her as she wept. Alas? what hou-s ct horror Made up her latest dav, lit loti, and pain and sorrow, They slowly pu-sod awav. It seemed as she grew weaker. The loreads they ofdn r broke, The rapid wheels ran quicker, An I heavier fell the stroke. The s in had long descended, But night brought no repose, Her day began an I ended As era and tv.auis chose. At length a little neighbor Her halt penny she paid, To lake hjr las’ hour’s labor. While j.v h- 1 frame she laid. At last, the engine ceasing, The captive homeward rushed ; £?'u tlie igh; her strength incrcaM ij, ’ l'wus hop” her spirits Hushed. She left. hut oft. shi: tarried, She fid!, and rose no more, Till bv her e itilra I• s carried. She readied bet lather’s door. At night with tortured fueling, lie Watched Ids speechless chi and, While, cl e beside tier kneeling Sire knew him not, nor smiled ; Again, the factory's ringing, tier last perce)iiu>ii ti ml, When from her straw lied springing, ••'i’is time!’’ she died. FYv.ii the Knickerbocker* TIIE HOUSE AND IIIS RIDER. BV LOVVRIE TOUl). “The horse knoiveth his owner, and lie knows much more. I verily believe he km \vs more than many of the two legged animals who ride on horseback ; and 1 am quite sure there is more of Christianity in his practice than is to he found in many of the bipeds nlbresaid; for the horse, especially the car man's, rests on the Sabbath, whereas his rider often works harder for the devil, on that day, than he does for food to keep his soul and 1 to dy together on any other day in the week. Resides, the horse will caress the hand that feeds him, but thousands of his riders thank not God, in whom they live, and move, and have their being. To illlustrate my position, let me give you a few anecdotes oi this beau tiful animal. Os a two horse team, belonging to (he Karl of—, near Oxford, one was very vicious, the o’her quite the reverse. In the stall next to the gentle horse, stood one that was blind. In the morning when the horses, abou twenty of them, were turned out to pasture, this good tempered creature constantly took his blind triend under his pro tection. ’When he strayed from his compan ions, his kind friend would run neighing alter and smell a-ound him, and when recognized, tliev would walk side by side, until the blind friend was led to the best grass in the field. The horse was so exceedingly gentle that lie had incurred (lie character of being a cow ard, when only himself was concerned; but if any of them made an attack upon his blind friend, lie would fly to the rescue with such t'urv, that not a horse in the field could stand against him. This singular instance of saga edv, I had almost said of disinterested Im ,-jaHity, may well put the whole fraternity ol horse* jockeys to the blush. They, to he sure, will light for a brother jorky. whether he is right or wrong; yet they expect him to fight for them on the first similar occasion: hut this kind hearted animal could anticipate no such reciproc.ty. Siime years ago, the servant of Thomas Walker, *of Manchester, England, going to water the carriage horse at a stone trough, which stood at one end of the Exchange, a dog that was accustomed to lie in the stall with one of them, lb lowed the horses as usu al. On the way he was attacked bv a lirge mastiff, and was in danger of being killed. The dog’s favorite horse, seeing the critical situation of his friend, suddenly broke loose from the servant, ran to the spot where ihe dogs were fighting, and with a violent kick threw the mastiff from the other dog into a cooper s cellar opposite, and having thus res cued his friendly companion, returned quietly with hint to drink at the fountain. God, speaking to Job, asks him, “Hast thou given the horse strength? Hast thou clothed his neck with thunder? He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted ; neither turnetli lie back from the sword.” Shortly after that niiohtv battle which closed the career of 80. naparte and stayed his wholesale murders, and at the disbanding of pirt of the British armv. the remains of* troop of horse belonging THE COLUMBUS TIMES. VOLUME I.] to the Scotch Grays were brought to the ham mer. The captain being rich, and a man of lex-ling, was loth to see these noble fellows turned into butcher, baker or beerhouse drags, alter helping lo drive the Fiench from Is,.am, and to lurn the Hank of the invincibles at Wa terloo. lie thereiure bought ilie whole lot, an i set them loose in one of Ins fine grass parks, to wear away their old age in peace. One warm summer evening, when it was just dark enough to render lightning visible, a vo id Hash was instantly lid lowed by a loud report of thunder. At tnis moment the horses were grazing leisurely, apart Irora one another; but seen g the blaze, and hearing the teport, they thought a battle had begun. In a min ute they were in the center of the field, all drawn up in a line, their beautiful ears quiv ering with anxiety line the leaf of a poplar trembling in the breeze, listening lor the word of the tider to lead them to the cltatge. My informant, who was an eye witness of this wonderful scene, told me he hud often seen these horses. Many of them bore honorable scars on their faces, necks, and shoulders, hut none on the rump. A Scotch Gray never “ turns tail.” Some years ago, a baker in London pur chased an old horse at public sale. He pla ced on his sides a pair of panniers, or large : baskets, suspended by a stiong leathern strap | across his hack, where lie hitnstlf sat. while jins feet tested on a block of wood attached lto the tides. Thus accoutered, lie sallied J forth to supply his customers wiih hot rolls, etc. One day he happened to be passing the gale of Hvde Park, at the moment the tium | pet was sounding lor the regiment of L fe Guards to (all in. No sooner had the sound assailed the animal’s ears, than he dashed like lightning through the pink with the baker on Ins back into the midst of the squadron. The poor man, confounded at being placed in mil - itary line in the front rank of the Life Guards, j began to lock. spur, and to swear, but all to jno purpose. IPs old chaiger was so aroused •it the sound ol the trumpet, that to move him | irom Ids station was impossible. ‘The soldiers I were exceedingly amused at the grotesque appeal a nee of ihe baker, and the deportment oi his steed, and weie expressing their sur p< :se at the apparition, when an old comrade recognized the animal, and informed the corps id at the horse once belong, and to the regiment, hut had been sold on account of some infirm ity, a few years before. Several ol the offi cers kindly greeter* their old companion: and the colonel, delighted at tlie circumstance, gave the signal to advance in line; when the miker, finding all rcsistat.ee useless, calmly re signed himself lo his situation. The trumpet then sounded the charge, and the rider was instantly carried, between his two panniers, with the rapidity of the wind, to a great dis tance. Various evolutions were then perform ed, in which the animal displayed sundry equestrian feats. At length the sound of re treat was proclaimed, when off went the sa gacious creature with his rider. After hnv> mg performed his duty iu the field, he was content to resign himself to the guidance of tlie bridle iu a more humble walk of life. WON’T TAKE TWENTY DOLLARS. Some waggish students at Yale College, a few t ears since, were regaling themselves one evening at the “ Tontine,” when an old far mer from the country entered their room, ta king it for the bar-room, ami inquired if he .’ottid obtain lodging there. The young chaps mmouiately answered him in the affirmative, nvitirrg him to take a glass of punch. The dd fellow, who was a shrewd Yankee, saw at once lie was to he made the hut of their ests, but quietly laying off his hat and telling i worthless little dog lie had with him to lie under ihe chair, lie took a glass of the proffer red beverage, ‘i he students anxiously enquir ed after the health of the old man’s wife and children, and the farmer, with affected sim pliety, gave them the whole pedigree, with numerous anecdotes regarding his farm, stock, &.c. &,c. ‘ Do you belong to the church V asked one of the wags. ‘ Yes, the Lord be praised, and so did my father before tne. 1 ‘ Well. I suppose you would not tell a lie,’ replied the student. ‘ Not for the world,’ added the farmer. ‘ N tw, what will you take for that dog?’ pointing to the farmer’s cur, who was not worth his weight in Jersey mud. ‘ I would not take twenty dollars for that dog:’ ‘ Twenty dollars! why he is not worth twenty cents.’ * Weil 1 assure you I Would not take twen ty dollars for him.’ ‘ Come, my friend,’ said the student, who, with Ins companion, was lent on having some capital fun with the old man. * Now you say you won’t tell a lie for the world, let tne see if you will not do it. for twenty doll ars. I’ll give you twenty dollars lor your dog.’ ‘i’ll not take it,’replied the farmer.’ ‘You will not? Here let us see if this won’t tempt you to tell a lie,’added the stu dent, producing a small bag of half dollars, from which he commenced counting numer ous small piles upon the table. The fanner was sitting by the table with his hat in his hand, apparently unconcerned. ‘There,’ ad ded the student, ‘there are twenty uolla's, ail in silver, 1 will give you that for your dog.’ ‘The old farmer quietly raised his hat to the edge of the table, and then, as quick as thought, scraped all the money into it, except one in!f dollar, at the same time exclaiming ‘I won’t take your twenty dollars ! Nine teen and a half is as much as the dog is worth—he is your property !’ A liemendoils laugh from It is fellow stu dents showed the would-be wag, that he was completely done up, and that lie need not look for help from that quarter: so he good na turedly acknowledged himself heat, insisted on the old farmer’s taking another glass, and they parted in grea’ glee—he student retain ing iiis dog, which he keeps to this day, as a ; lesson’o him never to play tricks on men ol jder than himself, and especially to he careful | how he tries to wheedle a Yankee farmer.— i Uncle Sam. Kovai. Expenditures.— ln looking over the report as to the expenditures of the Lord Steward to tho Royal Household for IS 10, we find that there is a charge of about §11,001) for bread, and about $32,000 for wine—about the same proportion that was prepared as far back as the time of Henry the Fourth, when the distinguished Knight, Sir John Falstaff, took a penVorlh of bread and a shilling's worth of sack. The washing bill was 510,259. perhaps a little augmented by contributions from the nursery. Ihe rest of the items are as follow : Butter, bacon, cheese and eggs, •■527,750; butcher's meat, §50,000, good roast beef, without doubt; poultry,‘2l,3so; fish, $lO,- 940, rather lenten entertainment that; gro ceries, 50,000; oil, 6,750; fruit and confection ary, $9,900; vegetables, 2.600, rather a small amount of vegetables for $71,360 of beef and jjoultry ; ale and beer, $15,000, that is patron izing the brewers very well; wax caudles, 510,795; tallow candles, 3,750; stationery, $4,350 ; lamps, 29,750 ; fuel, 34,900 ; turn mes, 82,000 ; brazing, $4,750 ; china, glass, &.C., s7,tick); linen, $59,975—the Queen must he clothed in fine linen ; plate, $1,275 : making a total of $-• 49,^25. COLUMBUS, GEORGIA, THURSDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER *25, 1841. A NEW PHILOSOPHY. | The most difficult thing in these days of prying curiosity, is to find something new. \Ye think, however, that we have it now, in the following extracts of letters recently pub lished in the Louisville Advertiser. The wri ter is Dr. Buchanan, whose character, says the Advertiser, stands very high for talent and scientific knowledge. Before proceeding to these extracts, it mav he necessary to say that the Doctor proltssis to have made discoveries in “ celeb, al physi* ology, ‘ which have enabled him in “ the comse ol a single month,” toascei tain “more in relerertce to ihe functions of the brain than had been acquired by all the labors of all the physiologists and pathologists vvl.o have ever been engaged in observing aud making ex periments to ascertain the nature and locality of its various functions.” He states that his discoveries ore not matters of theory and in ference; hut are susceptible of instant and irresistible demonstration by experiment which may easily he repeated, and cannot leave a doubt lo suggest any thing for debate. Tnis discovery appears to he substantially as follows:—Ha announces that by means of a galvanic or. galvanoid fluid, he c m excite the different portions of the brain, and call them separately into action, so that there sullarit phenomena may he observed. lie says— “I have discovered the means of exciting at will any portion of the brain—nnv organ or any number of organs, and letaiding or suspending their action. Even the small peieeptive convolutions on the upper oi biter plate have proved to he completely under nw control, ami J have many times excited the ; organ ol form, or calculation, co'or, or order, without allowing the cxcihmcnt to extend beyond the organ i wished to call into plav. In the most susceptible subjects, 1 find that I have been able to assume the entiie control o their character, and operate upon their minds or bodies m the most fantastic manner | that caprice could suggest. “Exciting single organs, I urge their ex citer.) nt to a pitch which might he termed j monomania—a state of excitement entirely j beyond the control of the subject, because it lis a part of his existing character. ‘J ims, I make my subject alternately laugh aud weep, reason proioundly of moia! mobs, and then, without any reason, draw the fist to -trike; express the deepest humihly, or sdf-sufnc en cv and levity; sit lor hours with the greatest patience, or leap up with passionate restless ness; express the finest moral sentiments, or assume the manners and feelings of the miser and thief; indulge in eating or drinking strong liquor, or assume moral dignity, de spise sen-uahty and speak of food with iuatli mg; feel the most exalted moral and religious sentiments,or indulge in levity with an inclin ation to he vulgar; concentrate the thoughts by an irresistible impulse upon some object before them, or scatter them in utter con fit siott and wandering;'extend their reminis-j ceiiee back to their earliest days, reviving the! memory of almost forgot ton circumstances of j infantile life; or recall them to the present j and reach on to the future, without the power i ol looking back to the past; reason, moralize,| enquire, or feel an utter vacuity of intellect, j and show an al no,si idiotic expression ofconn-! Ttiance; rise with a stern, piercing eve, in the attitude of angry defiance, 101 l in the most in dolent good nature, or sink under an oppres sive humility, with eyes continually downcast; obey with reverence every request tliat I may make, or become impatient, contradictory and indignant, without any reason which did not exist during their humility.; display a mono mania of calculation, their whole attention being engrossed in calculating every thing which can he counted the number of their steps, the stripes of the ca pet, the keys of ihe piano, or whatever attracts their attention, and when tlie influence is changed, suddenly suspend their counting, and refuse to proceed, however they may he entreated. The sub j -ct of this experiment, (Mrs. 15.) when exci ted in the musical organs, would feel an irre sistible impulse to sing, with a brilliance of execution which site could not display when left to herself. “They break forth in the most ungovern aide merrment, or sit in tlogged aud ill Matur ed silence ; talk with surprising velocity or struggle with almost ineffectual exertion to command the organs of speech ; fall into a profound slumber in the midst of company, or brighten in countenance and look around deprived of the power of keeping their eves dosed, as before they were deprived of the power of keeping litem open. But why need 1 prolong the catalogue? 4 Fancy the human brain a harp, and eve ry string responding to the tone!) singly or iu combination, as we please, and you have be fore you a perfect picture of my experiments, a portion of which i have recorded for pub lication.” Dr. Buchanan then proceeds to state, that he lias applied this discovery to test the truth of Phrenology, which it sustains mainly, though lie si ill further subdivides the organs, tin I mentions ninety distinct functions of the brain. Os its influence in a medical way. he sa vs: “It became my duty when 1 found the Drain under my control, to proceed directly to testing its infl tenccs upon the body, and its power of modifying the phenomena of disease in a curative or ati injurious manner. In this mv eructations have been fully and exactly realized. “ I have found it perfectly practicable to operate upon the various portions ol’ the body, and stimulate or modify their functions by the approp-iate action upon the cerebral sources of their innervation. For instance, it: many persons I am able it) fifteen minutes to excite ttie castric actions so as to produce an un comfortable degree of hunger. When on the other hand, hunger is gnawing, in the same length of time it may he effectually removed. Mr. 4, came ir.t > my room the other evening, under a strong feeling of thirst, In see if 1 could remove it. In about t it or twelve min utes, it was so completely removed, that he even felt averse to drinking. Having dime t is, I proceeded to restore his thirst, and in about five minuses he rose to drink.” The Doctor also furnishes the following catalogue of “effects produced by direct ac tion on the brain.” 1. Increase and abridgement of the range of distinct vision as much as one or two feet. Increase of vigor in either eye,with dimiution in the other. luvigoration in either eye, to j enable it to open freely and bear a strong light. Increase of the power of perceiving by a dint light: increase of the power of bear- j ing a strong light and seeing in the sunshine. Relief of tenderness and infi imma.jon in the eyes. Restoration of a moderate degree of; vision to a case of s.x tears total blindness,; accompanied by cuaract. Restoration ol j the [>ower of reading short sentences, to a woman who had been for several years una ble to read : accomplished in twenty minutes. Revoval of the stiffness of the eyelids. Wake fulness, openness of the lids, with difficulty of closing them. Heaviness of the lids, drowsi ness, profound sleep •2. The relief of p:rtial deafness. Increase or din: notion of the (acuity of hearing at plea sure in either ear, or in both. -3 Increase cf the sense of louch in either “ THE union of the states, and the sovereignty of the states.” hand singly or in both, and diminution in either or both.—This is very sniking: to one hand all objects are made to feel smooth: to the other the finest textures appear coaise and rough. The human hand feels as coarse as a piece of hogskin. 4. Increase and diminution of general sen sib.hly ol the body, causing one side to be comparatively insensible to touch and pres sure, while the oilier recoils fiotn tire lightest touch: one side being very ticklish and the other side insensible to tickling. (The dis tinction of sensibility may be accurately tra. ced along the median line.) Increase of the senibdity to heat and cold in either hand.— Numbness ai.d weakness in either or in both. j. lacrjase of the electricity of the system causing (he li.igers and toes lo stand apart like the filaments of a leather or the halls on an electrometer—touch being painful to them in this condition. Increase of the electric sense until t!i ** galvanism of the human sys tem can be distinctly appreciated. G. Extreme exeilahdiiy and nervousness (produced in a few minutes.) The dissipa tion of this condition— soothing and compo sing to sleep. 7. Increase of the sense of smell in either nostril singly, and'increase of the power of taste in either half of the tongue. 8. A free flow of saliva—propensity to chew and a strong propensity to swallow. 9. The cfllctual removal of an ague in 15 minutes—the icmovai of a fever in three fourths of an hour. 10. ‘The cure of all cases of toothache that 1 i iave met with, in a period varying from ten minutes to three-fourths of an hour. The cure of all c tses of headache, iu which lids method lias been fairly tried, generally accomplished in 3,5, 19 or 15 minutes. The removal of all local pains, that S have treated not dependent upon disorganization of structure or a sympathy with sjc!i disorgani z i lion. (Th e treatment of these cases, although upon the same principles, was not exclusively confined to cerebral operations.) 11. Increase o) muscular strength: great debility and even clumsiness. Increase of the sfiength of the left half of the body and dim inution of the right half. Restoration of the balance : strengthening the right and weak ening the left, (Slo. 1-2. Great increase of heat: especially in the lower extremities: becoming disagreea ble in 15 minutes: reduction of temperature below the pleasant standard. . 13. Modification of the circulation. Raising or depressing the pulse as much as 15 to 29 beats a minute, in a vigorous, healthy con stitution. Producing a small, wiry, or a small solt pulse, and producing a full and soft or a fu l and bouncing pulse iu a short time. Ac celerating the general circulation and direct ing it to the head, chest, abdomen, heart, up per and lower extremities, frontal or posterior portion of the botfy—producing and relieving the congestion ol any particular part. (Dr. L. has successively applied this discovery to regulating the pulse of his patients.) 14. Relief of dyspeptic pains and symp toms in 20 minutes—such as fullness, oppres sion and activity of stomach. Invigorqtion of the appeiile and sudden removal of nausea. 15. Various affections of th?4u.ig->. A con gested suffocating condition, produced in G or 8 minutes, and relieved in a shorter time. A hurried breathing and asthmatic symptoms, produced in about 15 minutes. Free and pleasant respiration with a relief ol these mor bid symptoms. 13. Vigorom action of the’liver resulting in copious bilious discharges. Prompt and effectual relief of pains and soreness in ihe region of the liver. 17. Urination, produced sometimes in S, and somelim s in !;5 minutes. 18. Vigorous action of the lower bowels, in one case resulting in alvine evacuations alier ten minutes operation upon the brain. 19. Relief of m utai dullness and lowness of spirits. 23. General invigoratiun and reanimalion of the constitution. To this correspondence is appended a let ter from a respectable and experienced phy sician, upon whom Dr. Buchanan performed some t X|>eriments, which were entirely sitis factory of the truth of this new philosophy ill the case ol the cure of the blind person above mentioned, lie slates that he has the evidence of ten respectable gentlemen who witnessed it. In conclusion he says, it shill be his pur post'— “To demonstrate practically thn immense power which has been acquired for hygienic and medicinal purpose—for the treatment of insanity—for the purpose of education—for promoting ti e general social happiness by a due regulation of the passions—lor the refor mation of criminals, and for tiie philosophical reorganization of the science of medicine.” RHILOSIPmOAL FACTS. Sound travels at the rate of 1111 feet per second in the air, 4,939 in water, 11,090 in cast iron, 17,030 in steel, 18,990 in glass, and from 4,639 to 17,000 in woo l. Mercury freezes at 38 degress Fahrenheit, and becomes a solid mass, malleable under the hammer. The greatest bight at which the visible clouds ever exist does not exceed ten miles. Air is ahout'Bl6 ‘imes lighter titan water. The pressure of the atmosphere upon every square loot of the earth amounts to 2,133 lbs. An ordinary sized man, supposing his surface to he 11 square feet, sustains the enormous pressure of 30,249 pounds Heat larifies air to such an extent that it may be made to occupy 5 or 009 times the space it did before. The violence of the expansion of wa'er when freezing is sufficient to cleave a globe of copper of such thickness as to require a force of 28,000 lbs. to produce the same ef fect. During the convert ion of he into water,l4o degrees of heat are absorbed. Water when converted in steam, increases in bulk 1,800 times. One hundred pounds of water of the Dea l S-ea contain 45 pounds of salt. The mean an ruai depth oi Rain that fails at the Equator is 95 inches. Assuming the temperature of ihe interior ; of the earth to increase umfurmiiy as we de scend, at the rate of one degree in 43 fee% at the depth of 60 miles it will amount to 480,000 degree Fahrenheit—a degree ot heat sufficient to fuse ah known substances. The explosive force ot ciosely connned Gun-powder is six aqd a halt toils to too square inch. Hailstones sometimes fall with the velocity of 113 teet in a second — Rain 3 i leet in a second, l’he greatest artificial C old ever produced is 01 degrees Fahrenheit. ELectricily moves with a greater velocity than light, which traverses 2*00,000 miles ot s[ace in a second ol tin.a. Thunder can be heard at a distance of 30 miles. Lightning can be seen by reflection, at the disiauce of 200 miles. “Sir Robert Peel thinks a great deal of him self,” says a London paper. A cotempornry replies that ‘die is just the man to trouble himself about frifhi ’ Am Springs. —Where will be the end of mechanical inventions and improvements? — VV ho will believe that a railroad car is already constructed and proved, which rests upon ait springs ? Mr. Ellsworth informs us, that just before leaving Washington, he signed a pat ent for a man who proposed to construct springs for cars so that passengers should be able to read and write without any inconven ience. “Os what do you make your springs iron ?” e No.” Os wood ?” “ No.” “What then?” “Air.” “How?” “Take a strong metallic cylinder, 12 inches long; set it perpendicular, force into this 13 atmos phres—(that is, by use of the f orcingair pump make the air in the cylinder 13 times as dense or as heavy as common air,) on the top of this put oil, and then insert a piston which shall fill the cylinder, and this makes the sprint.’!” Mr. Ellsworth rode in a car carry ingSO passengers, which is thus constructed, and it answered fully the expectations aud promises of the patentee.—N. E. Farmer. PEorxiAni n r.s or the Press. —The stereo typed phraseology of the press is a standing joke—a never-to-be-exhausted spring of “ ra tional amusement,” Is there an imusua* shower of rain in a villlage ? Os course, its like uas not known in the memory of the “ oldest inhabitants.” Dues it take place in town instead of the country ! Os course, “the city Mas visited with the most awful,” &o. Is there a chimney on fire ? Os course, “ the devouring element” blazes through a long paragraph. Is a straw bonnet maker’s apprentice robbed of her reticule, or exposed to the indignity of having her \cil gently thrown back, and iter beauties exposed to the gaze of the vulgar ? Os course, the deed is “perpetrated” either by “a wretch,” or a “ monster in human shape.” Is someb xly ac quitted by a magistrate on a. charge of swin dling ] Os course, lie was a person 4 of ve ry interesting appearance. ” Is somebody convicted on a similar charge ? Os couiv.e, he is a “suspicious character.” Does a gentleman fail to recover at the hands of a magistrate, a wife who has run away several time-s ? Os course, “ his feelings may he better conceived than described.” l)o five fools, aged fifty one years each, happen to meet together at any time ? Os course, it is “ discovered that their united ages amount to two hundred and fifty five years.” Are peo ple married uovv-a.-days ? No ! They are “ led to the liymetiial altar.” Ai-e they Itanged ! By no means ; they are “launched into eternity.”—Northern paper. We have often been amused iu observing the vast difference between writing and prin ting. A miserable scrawling hand, never to he deciphered hut by the study pf the con text —filled with interlineations and bl6ts, and the nice adjustment of Capitals totally neg lected—is metamorphosed by that magical machine, the Press, into the perfection of beauty, regularity arid accuracy. It is like the proportions of a beautiful building rising, at the waving of an omnific wand, from a chaotic heap of timber, mortar and brick-bats And the contents of a score of huge, mis shapen pages, are reduced to the limits of a few columns, as Milton’s infernal giants were reduced into pigmies.—[Raleigh Register. Another “ Taubola.” —Mississippi C3n boast of her Tsltbolas U Iron Fighters,” as translated into plain English) hut she cannot hold a candle to some of the old Western Siates in the production of such formidable charrici *■■■?. A iate number of the Crescent City narrates the adventures of one Laac ltiwipin, a member of Congress Irom some part in the “far vvesl,” who goes by Ihe name of “ iron Head.” It is stated as a rea son for this, that having had a quarrel with his wife, before he left home, she seized the skillet bv the handle and struck at him ; the op it part of the skillet received Ins hear), where it remained like a cap with a long tail behind, every exertion to get it off having proved abortive. Mr. Rnwdon came near patting out the eye of a member who sat be hind Dim by suddenly jerking his head hack, the end of the skillet striking the honorable gen tlemen on the eyebrow. —Natchez Free Tra der. A Great Undertaking. —Among the stu pendous and almost miraculous undertakings of the present age is the attempt to build a light house on the well known Godwin Sands. About a mile westward of Deal is the village of Upper Deal, opposite which lies that chan nel of the sea called ‘A he Downs.” It is a safe and commodious roadstead of eight miles in length and six in width, except, when a VV. S. \V. wind blows. On the opposite side of this channel,on a parallel line with Deal, are the Godwin Sands. The length of these Sands is nearly ten miles and the breadth about two. The material of which they are composed is soft, porous, and tenacious ; and should a ship of the largest size strike on the Godwin Sands, it would be wholly swallowed up by the quicksands in a short time. Here, mil lions of property and thousands of lives have been lost. A civil eng.neer, by the name of Bash, has for a long time endeavored to ma ture some plan for fixing a light house upon these dangerous Sands, and he has at length caused to he made portions of the work which is to form the structure. An immense base or shaft is being made which Mr. Bush propo ses to sink thirty feet below the sands on a chalky substratum. It is formed of cast iron and is hollow within. This base, or under shaft, on which the column is to be raised, is sixty four feet in height, and thirty feet in di ameter, and above one hundred test in cir cumfereivce. The base is sixty-four feet long the column eighty-six, aid the summit is for iy feet in length, ihe total altitude will be one hundred and ninety lee*. The weight ol the lower shaft is one’ hundred and twenty tons! In this shift there is a cell large enough to hold one hundred men, with pro visions, storehouse, magazine, &e., and in the upper portion there is room for twenty men, whoso constant attendance will he necessary it is said, to manage the light. Should the undertaking prove successful, it will be one one of the grandest projects of the age, and Mr. Bush, will deserve all the laurels that can be placed upon b,is brovy. Indeed, he will be imm irtafr/ed. The Thames tunnel almost sinks with insignificance at the side ot it, when the great benefit to be derived from it by every nation is taken into consideration. It is to be hoped that the most sanguine ex pectations oi Mr. Bush may be realized - English paper. Georgia Female College- —\\ e have gre it pleasure in being informed that the num ber of pupils attending the present session is considerably augmented, and the prospects for the future of that valuable institution greatly improved. Convinced as we are of the inestimable benefit dependent on wisely planned and conducted seminaries for the cultivation of the female mind and formation of female character, we ardently wish the ■Seorg.a female College the amplest success Macon Telegraph, 9-h ins:. Ambiguity—The correspondent of a Lon don piper, writing respecting the report that Lord Howick had been fired at by some ruffian, says, with great navieie, “a gun was certainly pointed at fiis lordship’s bead, but it is _geaei cii; believed there was nothing fit it.” [NUMBER 42. POLITICAL ECONOMY. From the Charleston Mercury, TiiKGOLD BILL. One us our correspondents stated in a com munication lact week, that the passage cl'the Gold 11.11 in 1*534, by placing our currency on the same basis with that of England, created “a galvanic sympathy,” subjecting us to feel the shock of every revulsion in the British market. This matter lias, we are glad to find, been taken in hand by our leading merchants, and will bo made the subject of a memorial to Congress. The following views were handed us by a friend, nut for publication, but to call our attention to the subject. Believing, how ever, that their publication will do good, we take the liberty of presenting them in the shape in which they were received, and invite for them the attention'of our readers. Ist. That tlie operation of the law altering the value of gold, is precisely the same as ii Congress were to give a house 2 1-2 Der cent (when the coin had to be exported) to those who exported silver instead oi gold, and a similar bonus to those who imported gold instead of silver, when the balance of trade brought the precious metals to this country. 2J. Mat the p‘-flection of the policy of the bill would be the exportation of ail the silver in the counts-',*, and the importation of gold iu lieu of it. 3d. That tne success then of the bill must be, and to the extent tlat u has operated, has been prejudicial to i.,0 bast interest of the country, because, Ist. It has caused the exportation of a large portion ot silver that, im'-iiod ilia oasis ot cup circulation. 2.1. That this operation, wherever a sound currency has been maintained, has contracted the circulation, $3 lor every £i imported, to the manifest derangement of trade bv the great alteration thus produced in the value of property, and cf the products of labor—and* where a sound currency has not been main tained, all the evils ot an irredeemable cur rency. 3d. That the re.tnody fpr these evils is the supposed adequate importation of gold—but gold, being tbe only legal tender in Great Brit a:n, and she being the chief customer for our cotton staple,, the remedy of drawing from her colters the gold that farms the basis of her currency, and thus contracting that currency •S3 for every $1 drawn from it, must produce there a ruinous depreciation in the value of our staple. 4th. That the silver we import in exchange for the gold, affords no relief to the currency of Great Britain, because it is a mere mer chandise in the market, and neither currency, nor a basis for currency. sth. That another effect of the bill is to keep constantly in transitu a large amount of both gold and silver, that is thus j ro lanio en tirely lost, or three times the sum, temporarily withdrawn from the currency if one of the two countries, to the manifest injury of the trade of both. 6th. That the gold that is brought to this country, comes first to New York as the most proximate point to Great Britain ; that before it can travel South, the vacuum created by its withdrawal from the vaults of the Bank of England, produces a contraction there that for cibly draws it back again—that the silver, on its way out of the country* is concentrated in like manner at New York—that New York thus becomes a depot for all the coin of tbe country that has gradually left the Banks of the South and South West, in obedience to the law that demands its exportation, as well as for all the gold that is imported. 7lh. That ’P'few York Is then built up at the expense of the South, though the loss caused by the reduced value of our products exported toJGreat Britain is a detriment to the interests of New Y ork and of the while coun try. Bth. That the law is in effect equal to a re-- I juction of silver by this country also, and a ! struggle with Great, Britain to make the same i quantity of gold that served as the basis of the i circulation of Great Britain alone, the basis of I the circulation of the two countries, the con traction that hasensued, has been fatal to the interests of both, and the Banks of this coun try or the Bank of England were obliged to suspend and wind up. The first were obliged to succumb as the deotor party. Oth. That France and other continental countries, have been and continue in a high state of prosperity in the midst of all the troub les and difficulties in this country and Great Britain, which canon'y be accounted for from the fact of their not being parties to the strug gle. 10. ii. That an expanded currency in Great Britain under the influence of w hicii the price of Cotton would be liberal and steady, an! a contracted currency at home by which the planters of the Mouth would buy tlie'r supplies at moderate price.-, is the true interest ol the South—whereas the effect of this measure is to contract the currency of Great Britain, and thus reduce the value of Cotton, and at the same time the currency of New York, Boston, &c. is expanded and the price ot home pro ductions elevated. That the remedy for these Gvils would seem to bo that tills country should adopt silver as the only legal tender, or restore its value, so as to draw our supplies of coin from those countries in Europe whose currencies being almost exclusively metalie, and of silver,would contract only the extent of the actual with drawal of money, while on the other hand we would release to Great Britain ibe gold that would restore to her a. new expanded curren cy, and to the South a better market for lier staple. From the New Yoili Evening Post. ‘•ln travelling last summer upon one of the vast uninhabited prairies of Illinois, we came to where the ground h;.d been broken and raised in a long, narrow stripe, about a rod ip width, and planted w.th rows of beans. We looked about for the habitation of the cultiva tor, and far over the grassy waste, in the edge of a distant grove, we descried a single log cabin, with a smoke rising from it. When we inquired what hid induced him to come into the middle of the prairie, and till the ground after that strange fashion, we were told that this was one of the numerous railroads which had been begun in the State of Illinois', and abandoned. Ihe ancient turf had been broken, and -adjusted to the proper level lor a railroad ; and the settler, finding the long causey well adapted to the purpose of a beau garden, and having no fear of being disturbed for the next fifty years at least, had entered upon it and turned it to its best account. — Scattered by the side of this narrow bean rieid, we saw heaps of the tall straight timber of the Illinois wood?, collected at great expense, for the purpose of forming a frame on which the iron rails were to he laid. Tne huge trunks will lie there until they moulder, or are ear ned ofi’ by the settiers. Millions of dollars have been expended in this manner by the State of lilino.s, n corn mencing railroads that are not to be finished in our generation, leading over uninhabited prairies, to connect; small and distant vij ages. An enormous score has been run up, which the people of Illinois are now debating whether they vviii pay. The great error consisted in assuming that it was proper for a slate gov ernment to make railroads. As soon as this updj iiis cv.aok.h.’d 4<)ctr;r;o, fha door was ojetied to all th# abuses whVh lt*lwcil. The most prom sing routes were first selected —those on which the greatest amount of goods, and the greatest number of passengers, were likely to be carried. ‘The representatives of such parts of Illinois as were at a distance from these routes, clamored at this—objected to laying out tbe money of the State in build ing railroads for the benefit of particular dis tricts—and demanded that railroads should (>e made through their own neighborhoods also. To satisfy them, and to obtain their vote for the roads first proposed, their demand was granted, and thus was planned that great net work ot internal improvements, the attempt to execute which has plunged Illinois sodeepiy in debt, and placed such a barrier in the way of her natural prosperity. If this view of what has followed from the adoption of a general scheme of internal im provement by a State needed any filling up, we found abundance of materials in the Slate of Pennsylvania. Every body knows that the great system of canals or railroads, with which that State is crossed in various directions-, is a constant loss to the treasury ; and her finan ciers are at their wits’ ends to sustain the public credit by temporary expedients, until, the people shall bo in a humor to submit to a direct tax for the payment of the interest debt, llat he who travels in Pennsylvania, along the lines of internal communication, will hear complaints of improvident management* of lucrative jobs, of vast suras charged for re pairs, of men who in a few years made their fort une from the roads and retired ; in short, us a prodigious watte of money, which, in the end, must be the loss either of tbe citizens of Pennsylvania, or of the public creditor. In fact, there is nothing in which a Skate government may be so easily overreached and plundered as in the management of a great Systran ot railroads, it j s so complicated a .it, rCCJIIirOS SO llmny £0 many engineers, so much machine) j, 0 ex tens vs an apparatus for transportation, and such frequent repairs, that if the public treas ury escapes being robbed, its escape is scarce ly Jess than a miracle. In such a labyrinth of transactions, a little negligence, a little want of firmness, a little ignorance of business, a little collusion on the part of the State author ities, puts the public funds at the mercy of a thousand blunderers; and how rare it is that the affairs of a State are in the hands of men of a sagacity that cannot be misled, a perfect knowledge of business, unpersuadable fi ill ness, and an honesty that never wavers ! \Y e see, in the example of these two States, how certain it is, if we once allow railroads to tie made by the government, that they will bo made where they are tiol required by the state of trade and other intercourses; we see, in the second place, how certain the public treasury is to ba defrauded in their manage ment. The people are first robbed to make railroads where they are not wanted, and then, cheated daily by tbe horde of agents auJ con tractu is whom the railroads make necessary., The introduction and extension of Me chanics’ Insti.'utio .s in England and America within tiie las, 15 years aro astonishing. It snows that the laboring classes, “The toLLng millions,” as Carlyle calls them, are becom ing objects of regard, and subjects of the el evating inllueuces of education and science. This is the true democracy of learning—to. bring it to the humblest, and offer it if possi ble, like the gospel, without money and with out price. Tins is the only true basis of a virtuous people ; the only lasting corner-stone of popular government, the only effectual way to raise man from the lowest forms and con ditions of humanity. There are over two hundred mechanics’ institutions in England, where 15 years ago there was not one. These 216 enroll nearly twenty-six thousand members, one half of whom are the real working men of the land. The object of these associations is three-fold ; to form clas ses for day and night, instruction for children and adults ; to sustain annual courses of lec tures on popular and interesting subjects ; and the gathering of libraries for the use of members and subscribers. The number of lectures alone delivered before these institu tions last year, was about 2,000. The noblest of these Institutes is one in Liverpool, founded by Jas. Muspratt, Esq.— The building alone cost nearly seventy thou sand dollars. It numbers 3,300 members, 1350 pupils in three day schools—6oo pupils in 15 or 16 eve,:ing classes ;it has fifty teachers regularly employed, whose salaries amount to £SOOO per annum—a library of 7000 volumes —and public, lectures twice a week attended by audiences varying from 700 to 13(H). In this country also they have been of great service to tbe young, and have been the means not only of preventing the premature ruin of hundreds, but also of trail i ig up many who even are now, the praise and ornaments of their fellows. The first Lyceum estate I fished in the United States was by a few in- I div'duals in Massachusetts in 1820. We agree with the subjoined paragraph of the Pennsylvanian, that Mr. Clay’s retiring will be perhaps gain to nobody, but cert a nly a loss to the Demociacy. “ We cu'ild have belter spar’ and a betlci n an.” Some of the federal whig papers are very melancholy about tiie report that Mr. Clay has an intention oi resigning his seat in the Sen ate, and hope and pray that lie will not even think of such a tiring. They need uot bo alarmed ; there is very little likelihood that Mr. Clay will leave public life while he can con tinue to remain in it. This is by no means the first time-that the public have heard of ihe necessity for devoting more time to the “repairing of fences and Ashland,” but the orator, though he often “takes leave,” yet is “loth to depart!” Mr. Clay is perhaps some thing of the “worn war horse.” Gen. Mc- Duffie hm'edto the Whigs of this city as far back as 1534, that their favorite was a broken down nag, hut the “trumpet’s sound” isessen tii Ito his existence. He could not endure “a s'.afe ol retiracy,” and should he venture to try it for a time as a piece of melo-dramatic effect, he will seen be once more amid the tuimcis intrigue and excitement of the life he loves. Politically, we perhaps would have more cause than the federal organs to regret a retirement on the part of Mr. Clay ; when he marks out the campaign and directs the movements of our opponents, democracy is sure to trUuaph. Asa leader, Mr. Clay is utterly devoid of judg ment and discretion ; he is a sort of Pfnetojj, and never lakes the reigns without lashing his horses into f. enz ed plunges and upsett.ng the chariot. Before the bargain which gave him the Secretary of State:hip, and jliced h in in the line of “safe precedents,” no man stfii and fairer with the American, people ; but simp that fatal blunder, now nearly twenty years, his course has been downward. Every eff >it to gain tire darling object of his ambi tion, lias only tended to decrease his remain ing p< puiar.ty and weaken public confidence nh mi If ii be true, as asserted, that his was he mastermind which directed the movement of federalism proper, in the recent extra ses s on, he np;v bus an additional claim upon thes suffrages of Ins old supporters, that of having in the course of a few months reduced an overwhelming party majority, which recently swept the Union, into such a weak, spiritless ragment that it is scarcely heard at the polls. By all means do not suffer Air. Clay to retire’ Irom practice. Sangrado himself was never more successful in depletion. of-'f Jersey Banks. —A bi ] has been in troduced iuto the Legislature of New Jersey,’ and ordered to a second reading, requiring that all the brinks, and companies exercising hanking privileges in New Jersey shall, on or before the fourth day of July next, resume the redemption of their notes and the payment of their debts in specie, under forfeiture of their charie c.