Newspaper Page Text
THE TIMES.
1 published *very Wednesday morrui r.
;tin 3*<>4i *u<| ul the huti-c. ban- of
he P ft <)<.
J. FOItSVT!!,* jffioil^STOX,
prop he tors.
TERMS— r Ha*.E Dau.tßii per annum. payable
hrirtii'fy (• *i> mrtce for ur* *utjcrii.*wn*
!■ jp r m!t b#- and ‘-'-untintjad • bile onv arreirsige*
i- 4y*, urlw at ii,-.* optmo 1 l-bc propririnr. itrui
fort'll hull >K *rili n di rjuct be exacted where
tv ii -ill i nnt ml- before the expiration of tiie
*uocrit>uon vrur.
Ai>V F.ii fl.-sE “dENIS conpicinuly inserted ht
On* It IM.IR !><*-r tell nd ed words, for the first
j t , -riioa.aad riri y ct.m lor every Mibsequeut
cMatinuau.
At i. tr*Ttsrr , rT*,w:nt to na withoutapeeify
ine no ob-r ufitn*rtMn*desired, will be ron
ti:i~|pi t H*lordered out, tui'lc >ar<rcd accordingly.
Lto\L AtirrtTistektiTS publish ‘d nt the usual
rate*, and with tr*ct attention totlie requisitions
ol llte law.
B>ja*iF’s StMwnnder regular execu!'r>n, muM
u * advertise I for THiarf MAT*; under mortgage
A fas. surf iiiv ; before tlie day of =al.
Buff's “of l. url md Ncsfocs, by Exccuiors, Ad
miaitra-or or viuaidians,lor sixty days before
the dav of sale.
(i, |.as of personal property'cteept negroes) foutv
I'lTI. ,
Citvtiovs bv Clerks of Court* of Ord ntiry.upon
apolie Ition for letter* of administration are to be
lll!’dialled for THIRTY liaYS.
Ciririov* ooon application for dismissioa, by
Kveroiors, Administrator*or Guardiaua, luoath
iv for fix OONTHS.
fjROKHS of Courts of Ordinary, (accompanied with
a coov of the bond, or neree neut) to make title
,o Is , l.m si h pohli-hed thrkk months.
Koticfs hv Bveentnrs or Administrator* or (jnartl
, ins of -Milh n.ion to the Court oftVdtnary for
imre i<i <e|| the Land or Negroes ot no estate,
K-u.rru ,, fcv r Ksee..tors er a dmmptntors,to the
lli*h tor and Creditors .fa-, estate,for si* wkkks
bj l.arrf.u-v to the proprietors on bnsinesa, must
“*he post p tin, to entitle ibeui to attention.
L A W NOTICES.
y\£t l a w
r.r
A. G. rOSTEK.
A TTORN EY A T LA W.
Columbus, Ga.
wm'MLI. prae'ice io the Courts of the M'-y-rtt
yl c-si.ni. sos the tjha'tahinehe tJtreuß, a..d
<he atj .mine e-nin'ies of the .' i nulh-V\ eslern Cue it
l fia. An- 1 also in tb- adjoining couß’ie* of Ah-
Una.
BKFFUF.NCES J
Messrs. Harper k ll m-s. Ap-lachico!, Fla.
“ I* . Hearing & Sun*. Charleston. SI. C.
. Mms U Nisbel, Mre >n, U*.
I. N.'i K< crA A.G. Foster,Ma lison, Ha.
Colti.uHos. tut. 8, 1815. ‘B—ly
SIMBOK* WILMAMS,
ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR
A r LAW, AND SOLICITOR IN
EOIUI IY.
Tuskegef- Macon County, Ala.
R.fer. Vl,-*s/s Thomas & Downing, Co
umbos, (*., lion. Jdiaci E. Belscr, iVluni^eniery,
Alabama. ,
Octobers 1845. ‘ll— lv
CObdUITT & COO it.
ATTOR NEY ’ S AT LA \V:
LA GltAN’er., CF.OROJA.
Will practice jn ihe comities of Troup, Meriwether
t.oweia, Favette, and Carroll.
Wurm T. ('dr.ot'trr, Columbus, (*a.
\Yu •• 1 Guo a, La Orange.
April 23. _r__
L. IK. Platt,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Albany:, linker County, Ga.
Jin 1.181) J ~7 f
J. LA\V,
ATT O U N E Y AT LAW;
K\f BltlPT. K, (JO EC AT UK CO ) GA.
Will alt. nil pn >c'nal y the Sujieri'-r Coorta of the
foonie* of Kariv, Kakrr. and iLcattir of the South
W* stt-ru. mj ot the ct m'y of i'tinipaa ot tuo Sotilh
m Circu*. May 2.1, lJj 11
Uttberl aS. Leilrr
AT T O II N E Y AT J. A W .
Tazewell Mat ion County Ga.
Man-M 2 1845. ‘ 12—ly.
J:i:ncs itl. I?lit<Gtc3l,
ATTORNEY A T L A W,
llrsulence —Lnmpkig, Georgia.
WILT. devMe Ids attention hereif’er,ex'-i'isive
|v to his profession, and will attend punctii-
a 1 v to all buruk'R .-mrusled to his care, in any coun
tv in the Cha'tahooehee or Smilli-Western Circuits.
’ Feb S. 1815 6-1 v
JOII PRINTING’
jP/rtJ and Ornamental ,
VEATLY AND FROMPLY EXECUTED AT THE
OFFICE OK
2Tfjc Columbus Circes.
Pamphlets, Hand Bills,
Hu •*ineß9 Cards, ] Way Bills,
Visiting <lo Circulars,
Ball ‘l'ickels, Blank Notes,
and evciv thine else in this line of business.
jCIIKAP, and with Despatch.
BOOTS AND SHOES,
HATS AAO CAPS.
JUST received a’ the New
Y >rk Hat nnd Shoe Store.
{ Tb” undersigned wonld rps
peclll, y call the atteetion o Ida
friends and the public to his ele
emt and fashionable Stock of
Hats and Caps; comprising a
▼aried assortm-nt ot Gentb-tnen’a fine Beaver ol
late style, and superior nurtra and srlk do. together
with a choice variety of cloths, silk—glazed and
sane? Oaps for Gentlemen ani \ ou*hs, also, Cnil
dren-s Silk Velvet Turban Caps, of a superior qual
ity. Al! of which will be sold as low as at any Store
in the City. , , , .
The subscriber Iras also on Inna, r large assort
ment of Boot., and Shoes, to “Inch lie is constantly
.dJiuon.. jas F WATSON .
Coinmhns, Jan. 21,1846. 4 ~ 4t
FOR RENT.
AFTER the middle of February, one of the tene
ments of Mr. BeGrafienried, bel©w the Ogle
ihorpe House ; and after the 13th of March the
tenement on the corner now occupied by Messrs.
Adams Sc Madden. Enquire of
ALFRED IVERSON, Trustee,&c.
Columbus, Dec. 84, 18-15. if
Thomaeton Factory
COTTON OSNABURGS.
WE hare been appointed Agents for the sale of
the Goods manufactured bv the Thoinaston
Factory,and are now prepared to supply applicants
at the lowest market rates. „
RUSE, PATTEN, & Cos.
Columbus, Not. 19,1843 47 — ts
IMPORTANT IMPROVEMENT
ON THE WATER WHEEL,
WHICH is now exci'ing much mterest Jioth in
Europe and the United States. Three of
these wheels sre in operation at the City Mill, Co
hisitwt, propelling two pair of stones with 4 feet
head and fall, grinding 8 bushels per hour to each
pair. /.BRIDGES.
August 87, 1845. 33—ts
LOST.
SUPPOSED to hare been taken from the street
|a trout of Mrs. Shorter's residence, the morn
ing niter the fire, a large Brussels Carpet—dark
groeod, pattern not recollected partially worn.
Auyintonaauoa that may lead-to its recovery, will
be hberal’y rewarded on application at the Bank of
St Mary's.
Pec. 31,1845 1-ts
REMOVAL.
OEO.H. BETZ, hss removed up stairs over
Dr. Ware's Drug Store, on broad street.
Columbus, Dec. 24, 1843. 52—ts
®l)e Colnmbne Ciittfs.
FORSYTH & JOHNSTON, EDITORS.]
\v.\ rehouse notices: :
FIUE-I’ROOF WARII-itOUsfi.
COf.OMBtJS GKO.
THE undersignedSwitiotte the WAREHOUSE
and CO VI MI2-IO V bnsmess, at the well
known F|HE-P*oyF WaRKHOOse. form -rlv occupi
ed hv Hail. Ruse & Cos., and tender their services to
their frieads ar and the public geiiem ly, for the Stor
ins of Cotton and olher Merchandise, and the
t’ansaclion of
Commission Business *
in all its branches ; pledging themselves to use every
< x rti n to prouio'e ihe interuis and to render mtis
fdclion to those who may confide business to iheir
charge.
Thv will at ad times impart any infortea'icu to
their Flint ng friends that they mav he in possession
of. with regard to the COVTON MARJvKT.
‘l'he usual advances made on e, tllon in store.
On hsnd. n large supplv >.f Ba.g’a'inS’ (4'L db,
52 inches) KopC a<l TwillC, winch will fit.,
furnished to llieir cusiumerc, at the lowest market
prices.
Thejr rates yfSTORAGF ere the same as hereto
fore. J. C. & F. N. RUSK.
Columbus Sept. 3, 1815 36—Ira.
have associated with ns in tlie gbove bus -
¥ V ness, Messrs. RICHARD FATTEN .*•
R. T. BRICE. Ths Im-me-s wi ; J in future b”
coudueted under the firm <<f Ruse, Fatten, .J. Cos.
J. C. & F. N. UUSE.
Oct. 22, 1845. _ 4.s—tf
Subscribers hive this day enleredjnto c >- j
>1 partnership for lb ‘ purpose of conducting the
V\ rre-iloiiec an I Commission Business, under the
tom of linee, f’aitj&a !&• Go,
.1. C. IUT9E.
F. N. RUSE,
RICHARD PATTEN
It. T. BiIJGE,
Oct. 1, 1845, 43—if
GREENWOOD & CO\S
new nuE-PBoor
WAKEH O U S E.
rgVIE subscribe!s would respertfii'ly inform Fiaii-
J3. Icrs and Cotton Dealers g.ner.idy, that tiny
will l.e prepared to receive Colton at llieir
New Fire-Proof Warehouse ,
on lhe comer of Randolph and Front Streets, on the
ih November.
We arc prepared lo offer all the advantages offer
ed by simitar establish menu it; the city, at the usual
i-at'-s.
We hone bv prompt attention to business to merit
a share of public pa'ronage
GREENWOOD & GO.
Tiro?, e. crtrFNWOon. f
tv S. GRKF.NWO')D. |j
Nov. 19, 1845. 47—4 m
i’ONI! F.IiARI! AliDiY Hlldl’EI!,
WAREHOUSE
AND
C ommksion Mc n* ii ant s,
COLUMBUS, GA.
j WM. P. VONGE, 4VM. V/. GARBAIID,
RICHARD HOOPER.
Nov. 10,1845. 47 —ts
HANSERD lA MORRIS,
COTTOm BROISEsSiS
AND
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
fluLUMcus Georgia.
jaF.F!I HAtTSRRD, )
JOSIAH MORRIS.
Opt. 15. 1845. 42—<5rn.
A- AYEB,
AUCTION AND COMMISSION
MERCHANT,
N >. 70, Broad Street,
Columbus, (in.
Nov. 13. 1845. 47—ts
~’auTJtTo
AND
COMMISSION.
rjJNHE Undersigned most respectfully tender llieir
.fi. services Jo the pub'ic in the
Aiiclioii and Commission Business,
..ver the firm of ROBINSON £i CO. ‘lheir
room is under the City Hotel, near .the Viarket.
N. M. C. ROBINSON,
A. K. AVER.
Columbus, Nov. 26 1845. 48—*f.
NEGROES,”
BOUGHT and sold on Commission, and liberal
advances made bv ROBINSON & CO.
Nov. 26 1844. ‘ 48—If.
THOMAS PRESTOS,
COMMISSION MERCHANT
APALACHICOLA,
FLORIDA.
WILL continue the Commissfon and Genp-nl
Agency business at the t!>, ve place. The
usual facilities afforded to all those disposed to stiip
cottons to any Foreign port, or any port in the United
States. Receiving and forwarding busyiess. strictly
and promptly attended to*
Agril 30 1845. 18—ts.
COMMISSION MERCHANT
AND
a <e ® © m %
At Apalachicola, Florida.
THE subscriber, COMMISSION’ MER
CHANT 4” FACTOR , at Apalachicola,
Florida, is prepared to make Advances on Conrign
itien's made either to him, at the Bay, or to his
friends in New York, Liverpool or Havre.
L. K. E. DUGAS.
References •
Pi.lot & Leßarbier, New York,
Thus. J. Rogers 4r Cos. Charleston,
Win. Bearing, “
A. Sibley, Augusta,
Artemas Gould, “
Gardelle 4” Rhiud, J ‘
Pitray & Son, Havre.
Nov 19, 47—tf
FALL & WINTEIf
(Bowman®
S. B. HAMILTON,
( One door Aorth of James Kivlin.)
HAS ju*t received a large assor'mentof FALL
and WINTER CLOTHING, which will be
old cheap for cash.
Cloaks and Over-Coats,
Gents super Black and Green Cloth Cloaks;
Gent’s Beaver and Pilot Over-coats;
Blue and Black, Frock and Dress Coats;
Green Brown and Olive Frock and dress Coats;
Cadet mixed i* rock and Sack Coats;
.Kentucky Jeans Frock and dress Coats;
Blue and Black cloth Pants;
Blue and Black Cashiniere Pants*
Plaid striped and figured Cashuuei e Pants;
Sattinette and Twedes Pants;
Plain Black and figured Velvet Vests;
Plain Black and figured Satin Vests-
Plaid striped and figured Casbinere Vests;
White Linen and Muslin shirts;
White Linen,Cotton, Jeans and Flannell Drawers;
Merino Shirts and Drawers,
Stocks, Collars, Gloves, Suspenders, Cravats and
Scarfs;
Silk, Merino, Lambs wool and Cotton half Hose;
Silk and Cotton Upibrcllas, Hats and Caps.
November 5,1843, 4-ts
THE UNION OP THE STATES, AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATES.
THE Subscriber navmg been frequently asked
oflate it be inten-'ed lo leave the city, and
thinking there was su< h an impres-ion afloat, would
lieie announce, that bis intention is to stay m Co
lumbus. He is prepated to give lessons on tha
Piiuio forte nntl Unitar
and -vould he pleased to show those win are desir
ous to employ a teacher, the recommendation* given
him by the first musicians in ihe city of New Yoik
as a capable and successful teacher of music. It
cannot I>e supposed lhat a pupil ran be made a fin
ished performer in a short time;ili-re is no royal or
nearer road to proficicnev in music, th m in any oth
er -ciencrj it is lip- result alone of application and
[►erseveranct, and time is necessary to deveiope the
capacity of a pupil for reviving, and Jlic 1- acher for
Bestowing a practical knowledge of the science;—
Mr B. hopes to satisfy al! vv|m nvv employ him
o’ h : s ability and experience in Ins professren; he
may bt* found af bis room oyer the Dtug Store r.f
Me'srrs. Foi and &, Wilcox, and any notice left there
will be promptly attended to.
CHARLES REPS.
Co'umbuv, Jan. 21st, 1846. 4— ! f.
m* loots,” ’
FRENCH BOOT-MAKER,
<gr.-s yS t'.TOUI.D inform the Citizens
J *V ofColttmb'is, and adjacent
e- W.ija country, that fie has j us! received
p- j ■**’ “ direct from Fans a splendid as
sortmenl of Frtnclj Lentliers, to
gether wii'i several first-rate workifitn, and he is now
preniired to make Bo >'s at ilie shorte-t notice.
Mis Store is next door to the Pos’ Office on Ogle
thorpe street. Cn’umbin*. Nov 19 1815 47-1 f
GREAT BARGAINS*
Idcssea’iiiaiuif & eo#
HAVE refrovi-d their remaining stock of Goods
saved from the late Fire, to the Store of IYI.
Brannon, on Broad street, two doors above the old
lsiirMncje Bank, and one door I• e!<■ w Mr. LeGay’s
Jewelry Sti.re.
They now offer th"ir en'ire unit j ireil stock of
Hs*y-4e1058, fiats,
Cans, Roots, Nc. (Sic
1 at FIRS J’ COST !
and the balance of their stock at 25 per cent, below
N-w Yot k Cost !
Colcm’ius. Jan. 7, 1,46 2—ts
LUKE HEED, Jr.
HAS removed m his lower store, a few doors be
low the Market Hoii-e, on the west side broad
street.-where be will he ha|>-*y to see al! b wish
tosi tile their ticc'>un's with him or with the late
fi r.l ol Jame-t b-haiv & Cos.
Columbus. Jah. 14,1846. 3—ts
r.’oofs, Shines, Bros, r ;t]is,
OF vveiy desc.iipiion—a large, stuck, in whic •ad
dttions aie c ‘tistuntly being made fir sale < n the
most reasonable terms, by LIKE REED, Jr.
Sign of ihe golden b< t and saddle, a f’\Y doors be
low the Market Louse. Juti. 14, 4 -ts
SADDLERY HARNESS.
OF ail kinds—i complete as-'O’ tment constantly
on hand and for sale at the lowest possible
prices by LUKE REED Jr.
Sign of'lie go Hen boot and saddle,
below i fce marked House.
Jan. 2.1. 1840 4—ts
INDIA RUBBER GOODS.
INDIAR!JBRE RcURT A1 N C LOT H—Fl o or
Cloth—Ginj tnd Machine Banding—Hats,Coat?,
Leggms, k.c. .Nc., fiv sale by
LUKE REED, Jr.
Sign of ‘lie golden boot and saddle,
below the market house.
Jan. 21,1846. . 4—ts
“for SADDLE ‘S & IIAR
NESS MAKERS.
STvlß’i I.VG, Harness and Biid e Lea'her Pad
d!e trees. Hog Skins Pad Skins—HarniHS
Mountings—Buckles—rings, &e &c for sale by
LUJvE REED, Jr.
Sign of the golden Ivo’ and saddle
below the market house.
•Tan 21, 1846. 4-’f
FOR CARRIAGE MAKERS^
rgiop & AP'tON LKATHER—Cnrinin Clclh,
ii. Coach I.aee—Worsted fr nge—Drawing C -rd
iic &c. Jin- sale bv
LUKE REED, Jr.
Sign of the golden boot and saddle,
below the market bouse.
Jan. 21. 1846. 4'—tf
ALL KINDS OFLEATHER
AND FINDINGS
f7OR sale at the sign of the gol den boot and sad-
Jt djc. bv LUKE REED. Jr.
Jan. 21, 1846. 4—-if
REMOVAL.
DOCTCIt C 4 P. n SHVET,
$w m mm
MAS ctMivatpd )i>s‘ Residence ami Office to tlie
D ‘-ellvtig foianerlv occupied by Dli. WM. K.
SCHLEiY, one dppe Seiith of the Episcopal Church,
and doeetly opposite the residence of Captain P. T.
S’ biev..v,be.re lie may he found at ah tint -s prepared
to perfnt in juV.operilioas appertaining to his prof ssion
Jail. 7.1845.’ • 2—if.
-. .TO REN l, 7
dwelling House withal! the ne-
AdV-houses, and the privilege ol wood.
Situated qn-'.fhe Talbotton road, about two miles
ftooi Columbus. It is the placa where Matt R.
Evans formerly lived. Apply to
A. H. COOPER.
Jan. 21, 1846. -4—ts
SyuPRECK —Loss of life and Tragic Con
s:quences.— A letter in the Norfolk Herald,
dated Piaymouth N. C., Jan 14, states that
on Tuesday evening, the 6th inst.,theschoon
er Cornet of that place was wrecked on the
North Point of Breakers, near Ocracock, and
a'l on board perished. Besides Capt Thomas
S. Chase and the crew, there were two inter
esting voting men, sons of Mr. Stephen Long,
of Williamston, who were lest. Mr. Chasa
left a widow and ,2 children in Playmouth,
who was in great distress on hearing of her
husband’s death. During the night of the
13th inst., she got up from her bed, and, it
is presumed, in a state of derangement threw
herself and two children into the river, all of
whom were drowned.
The New York Post speaks of having
seen letters from England which declare
that “a difference of opinion exists in the
British Cabinent on the Oregon question;
that the Duke of Wellington is strongly
opposed to any compromise or concessions,
while Lord Aberdeen and Sir Robert Peel
are willing’ to relinquish the British claim
to the territory, if they can thereby secure
a favorable commercial treaty with t-his
country. The British Ambassador at Wash
ing'on is said to be a relative to the Duke
of Wellington, and to act entirely under
his influence. The rejection of the offer by
Mr. Polk was made under adyiee from Wel
lington, and not in accordance with the
wishes or designs of Lord Aberdeen*”
High Price —Grain and Hay are both
quite high in New Hampshire. Even on the
Connecticut river, corn is now worth one
dollar a bushel, and oats fifty cents. Hay is
worth from eight to ten dollars a ton.
Pennsylvania State Debt. —The H.
of Representatives of Pennsylvania has adopt
ed a resolution appropriating $1,886,581 75
for the payment of the interest on the State
debt due the Ist of February.
COLUMBUJS, ga; WEDNESDAY JANUARY 28, 1846.
©
HOME AND FRIENDS.
Ob there’s a p'ltoer to make each hour,
As sweet as b men designed it;
Nor need we roam lo bt ing it home,
Though few fbe.-e be lhat find it.
W e seek too high for thins? close by,
And lose what nature found us;
For life hath ht’te bo charms so deer
As home and friends around us!
We oft destroy the present joy
For future hopes—and praise them ;
■yviii'st flowers as sweet bloom at our ieet,
Jf we’d but stoop to raise them!
For things o,fur still sweetest me
Wh* n youths bright spell hath bound us:
But soon we’re taught that earth ha'b nought
Like Home and Friends around us!
The friends tbit speed in time of need,
When Hope’s last reed is shaken,
To show us still, that, come what will,
We are not quile-fois iken ,
Thouili 3l| were night—if but the light
From Friendship's altar ciown’d us,
’Tw ould prove the b iss of earth was this
Our Florae and Fi-jends around us!
FAREWELL!
The frost of woe is on life’s dying flowers ;
Hush -it is die music in life’s shadowy bowers!
And henceforth through the long and cloomy day,
That sound alone shall around tnv pathway play ;
Farewell!
Oh. ’tis a bitter lot that word to lei!,
For me, that had cheibhed thee so well ;
\V hose every smile to ine was sun htne giv’n ;
With that last” glance 1 lose a glimpse of heaven ;
Farewell!
Thoul’t think of me, perchance, in coming years,
Perhaps with snjiies. and, oh! perhaps with tears ;
But when thv soul ant'd the light grows glad,
Drop, as I shall, a tear to that last sad
Farewell.
With mournful heart nnd shadowed eyes I’ll pray,
Henceforth, no cloud mat eluiken thy young day ;
But gun-flushed skies forever o’er it shine,
Bright, us full daik shall he the gloom , f mine :
Farewell !
And oih p r, hippier hearts, will hokl thee dear,
Their soli affection whisperu g in thine ar.*
Perchance ’twill teach thee never t” forget
Thesliatitefe-d heart flat, breaking, loves thee vet; —
Farewell!
’Tis past! the bitter doom has now been spoken;
The rosiest link in life’s bright chain is broken;
Anil everm re will ’mid my h art be heard
The dismal echo of that lusl sad word—
j. p. s. Farewell
DIPLOMATIC,
[ Correspondence of Ike Department of State.]
jCOKTiKUED.
(K)
Department of State. )
Washington, 20th fc>< pi., 1845. £
The undersigned, American Plenipoten
tiary, has read will) aueniion the counter
statement of the British Plempo entiary, hut
without weakening; his confidence in ihe
validity of the title of the United States to
the territory, as set forth in his statement,
(marked A ) As therein set forth, it resis.
in the first place, on priority of discovery,
sustained by their own proper claims, and
those derived from Spain, through the treaty
of Florida.
The undersigned does not understand the
count-r-slatement as denying that tlie Span
ish navigators were the first to discover and
explore the entire coasts oi the .Oregon ter
ntory, nor that Heceta was .the first to dis
cover the month of the Columbia river; nor
that Captain Gray was the first to pass its
tiar, enter its mouth and ssil up its stream;
nor that these, if jointly held by ihe United
States, would gtye them the priori!y of dis
covery which they claim. On the contrary
it would seem that the counter statement,
from tiie ground it takes, admits such would
bejhe case on that supposition; for it as
sumes that Spam, by tlie Nootka Sound con
vention in 179 G, divested herself of all-claims
to territory, founded on the prior discovery
and explorations of her navigators, and that
she coult), consequently, transfer none to
ihe United States by tlie treaty of Florida,
yavmg put aside the claim of Spain by this
assumption, the counter-statement next at
tempts to oppose the claims of the United
States by those founded on the voyages of
! Captain Cook and JSleares, and to supersede
tlie discovery of Capt. Gray, on the ground
that Vancouver sailed f rther up the Colum
bia river than he did, although he aftected ts
by llie aid of his discovery and charts.
It. will not be expected of the undersigned
that be should seriously undertake to repel
what lie is constrained to regard as a mere
assumption, unsustained by any reason. It
is sufficient, on ins part, to say, that in his
opinion, there is nothing in the Nootka
Sound convemion, or in the transactions
that led to it, or in the circumstances attend
ing it, to warrant the assumption. The con
vention relates wholly to other subjects, and
contains not a word in reference to the claims
of Spain. It is on this assumption that the
counter-statement rests its objection to the
well founded American claims to priority of
discovery. Without it. there would not be
a plausible objection left to them.
The two next claims on which the United
States rests their title to tlie territory, as set
forth in statement A, are founded on their
own proper right; f.nd cannot possibly be
affected by the assumed claims of Great
Britain, derived from the Nootka conven
tion.
The first of these is priority of discovery
and explorat ion of the head waters and up
per portions of ihe Columbia river, by Lewis
anil Clarke; by which that great stream was
first brought to the knowledge of the world,
with the exception of a small portion near
the ocean, includiing its mouth, This the
mqunter-statement admits; but attempts to
set off against it the prior discovery oi Mac
kenzie, of the head waters of Frazier’s river
—quite an inferior stream, which drains the
Northern portion cf the territory. It is
clear, that, whatever right Great Rritain may
derive from his discovery, it can in no de
gree affect the right of the United Stater to
the region drained by the Columbia, which
may be emphatically called the river of the
-territory.
The next of these, founded on their own
proper right; is priority of settlement. It is
not denied by thp counter statement that
we formed ‘the first settlement in the
portion of the territory drained by the Co
lumbia river, nor does it deny that Astoria,
the most considerable of them, was restored
under the third article of the treaty of Ghent,
by agents on the part of Great Britain, duly
authorizedro make -the restoration, to an
agent on the part of the United States, duly
authorized to receive it. Nor does it deny
lhat, in virtue thereof, they have the right
to be reinstated, and considered the party in
possession, :whiie treating of the title, as
was admitted by Lord Castlereagh in the
negotiation of 1818; nor that the convention
of ISIS, signed a few days after the restora
tion, and that of 1827, which is still in force,
have preserved and perpetuated until now
all the rights they possess to the territory at
the time, iududmj; that of being reinstated
and considered the party in possession while
the question of title is depending, which is
now the rasp. It is true, it attempts to
weaken the effect of these implied admis
sions— in the first place, by designating pos
itive treaty stipulations as “an understand
ing between the two governments;” but a
change of phraseology cannot possibly trans
form ireaty obligations into a mere under
standing, and, in the noxt place, by slating,
that we have not, since the restoration of
Asioria, actually occupied that can
not possibly aliect our right to be reinstated,
and to be considered in possession, secured
to us by the treaty of Ghent, implied in tiie
act of restoration, and since preserved by
positive ireaty stipulation. Nor can the
remarks of the counter-statement, in refer
ence to Lord Casilereagh’s admission, wea
ken onr right of possession, secured by the
ireaty, and its formal and unconditional res
toration by duly authorized agents. It is on
these, and not on the denial of the authenti
city of Lord Castlereagh’s despatch, that the
United Sta es rest their right of possession,
whatever verbal communication the to British
minister may have made at the-lime our Se
cretary of State; and it is on these that tli ey
may safely rest, setting aside altogether the
admission ol Lord Castlereagh.
The next claims on which our titie to the
territory rest, are those derived from Spain,
by the I reaty ceding Louisiana to the Uni
ted States, including those she derived from
Great Britain by tlie Treaty of 17Q3. It es
tablished the Mississippi as “the irrevocable
boundary between the territories of France
and Great Britain;” and thereby tlie latter
surrendered to France all her claims on this
Continent West ol that river, including, of
course, all within the chartered limits of
iter then colonies, which extended to the
Pacific Ocean. On these, united with those
of France, as the possessor of Louisiana, we
rest our claim < f continuity, as extending to
that ocean, without an opposing claim, ex
cept that of Spain, which we have since ac
quired, and consequently removed, by the
Treaty of Florida,
The existence of these claims the coun
ter-statement denies, on the authority of Mr.
Jefferson; but,, as it appears to the under
signed. without adequate reasons. He does
.not understand Mr. Jefferson as denying
that the United States acquired any claim to
the Oregon Territory by the acquisition of
Louisiana, either in his letter <4 1803 re
ferred to by tjie counter statement, .and
which it sives an extract from, or in the docu
ment ol 1807, to which it
mani est, from the extract itself, that the ob
ject of Mr. Jefferson was not to state the
extent of the claims acquired with Loujsja
na, but simply to state how far its unques
tioned boundaries extended; and these he
limits Westwarulv by the Rocky Mountains.
It is, in like manner, manifest from the docu
ment, ns cited by the counter-stateinent
that his object was not to deny that pur
claims extended to the territory, but simply
to express his opinion of the impolicy, in the
then state of our relation wi'h {Spain, of
bringing them forward. This, ro lar from
denying that we had claims, admits them by
tlie clearest implication. If, indeed, iny*i-.
tiier case, his opinion had been
expressed, tlie prompt meastres adnp(H
him to explore the territory, after the IM/ff
was negotiated, but before it was raimed,
clearly show that it was his opinion not only
that we had enquired claims to it, but high
ly important claims, which deserved prompt
attention.
In addition ,to this denial of our claims to
the territory, on the authoratire of Mr. Jef
ferson, which the evidence rel ed on does
not seem to sustain the counter statement
intimates an objection to continuity as the
foundation of a tight, on the ground that it
may propetjv be considered (to use his own
words)as demonstrating the greater degree
of the interest which the United States pos
sessed, by reason of contiguity in acquiring
territory in a westward direction. .Contigu
ity, may, ipdeed, be regarded as one of the
elements constituting the right of continuby
—-which is more comprehensive—and is ne
cessarily associated with the right of occu
pancy, as has been shown in statement A.
It also shows that the laws which usage
lias established, in tlie application of the
right to this continent, give to the European
settlements on its eastern coasts an indefi
nite extension westward. It is now too late
for Great Britain to deny a right on which
she acted so long, and by which she has
profited so much; or to regard it as a mere
facility, not affecting, in any way, the ques
tion of right. On what other right has she
extended her claims westwardly to the Pa
cific ocean from her settlements around
Hudson’s bay? or expelled France from the
east side cf the Mississippi in the war which
terminated inl7G3- !
As to the assumption of the counter state
ment that Louisiana, while in the posses
sion of Spain, became subject to tlie Nootka
Sound convention —which, it is alleged, ab
rogated all the'clairns of Spain to the terri
tory, including those acquired with Louisia
na—it will be time enongh to consider it,
after it shall be attempted to be shown that
such in reality, was the effect. In the mean
time; the United States must continue to be
lieve that they acquired from France, by the
treaty of Louisiana, important and substan
tial claims to the territory.
The undersigned cannot assent to the
conclusion to which, on a review of the
whole ground, the counter statement ar
rives, that the present state of the question
is, that Great Britain possesses and exercise
in eommon with the United States, a right
of joint occupancy in Oregon territory, of
which she can be divested only by an equi
table portion of the two powers. He claims
and he thinks that he has shown, a clear ti
tle, on the part of the U. States, to the whole
region drained by the Columbia, with the
right of being reinstated, and considered
the party in possession, while treating of the
title —in which character he must insist on
their being.tronsidered, in conformity with
positive treaty stipulations. He cannot,
therefore, consent that they shall be regar
ded, during- the negotiation, merely as oc
cupants in common with Great Britain.—
Nor can he, while thus regarding their
rights, present a counter, proposal, based on
the supposition of a joint occupancy merely
until the question of title to territory is
fully discussed. It is, in his opinion, only
after such a discussion, which shall fully
present the titles of the parties respectively
to the territory, that their claims to R can be
fairly and satisfactorily adjusted. The
United States desire only what they may
deem thenasel ves justly entitled to; and are
unwilling to take less. With their present
opinion of their title, the British Plenipoten
tiaay must see -that the proposal which he
made at the second conference, and which
he more fully sets forth in his counter state
ment, falls far short of what they believe
themselves justly entitled to.
In reply to the request of the British Plen
ipotentiary, that the undersigned should de-
[VOL. VI.—NO 5.
fine the nature and extent of the claims
which the United Spates have to the other
portions of the territory, ami to which allu
sion is made in the concludin'? part of state
ment. A. he has the hoilor to inform him, in
general that they are derived from
Spain by toe Florida treaty, and are found
ed on the discoveries and explorations of tier
navigators; and which they must regard as
giving them a right to the extent to which
they can he established, unless a heller can
be opposed.
J. C. CALHOUN.
The Right lion. R. Pakenham, &c.
Mr. Pakenham to Mr. Calhoun .
Washington, Jan. 15, 1845.
Sir: — l d.d not Jail to communicate to her
majesty’s government all that had passed he
tween us with reference to thequestion of the
Oregon boundary, up to the end of last Sep
tember, as detailed in the written statements
interchanged by us, and in nie protocols of our
conference.
Those papers remain under the considers
tion of her majesty's government and I have
reason to believe that, at no distant period, I
shall he put in possesion ot the views ol her
majesty's government on the several points
which became most prominent in the course
of the discussion,
But, considering, on the one hand, the im
patience which is manifested in the United
{States for a settlement of this question, and
on the other , the length of time which would
probably be still requirad to .effect a satifacto
ry adjustment of it between the two govern
ments, it has occurred to her majesty’s gov
ernment that, under such circumstances, no
more fair qj honorable mode of settling the
question could be adopted, than that of arbit
ration.
This proposition T am accord ugly author
ized to offer for the consideration of the gov
ernment of i lie United States ; and, under the
supposition that if mav be found acceptable
further to suggest that the consent of both
parties to such a cosirso of proceeding being
recorded by an interchange of notes, the choice
of’an aibiier, and the mode in which their
respective case? shall be laid before him, may
hereafter be made the subject ofa more form
al agreement between the two governments.
1 have the honor,to he, with high consid
eration; sir vour obedient servant.
R PAKUNHAM.
The Hon. J. C. Calhoun, &c.
Mr. Calhoun to Mr. Pakenham.
Department of S'ate. )
Washington, .Tan. 21, 1845. (
Sir—T have laid before the President your
communication of the 15th inst., offering, on
the part of her Majesty’s Government, to sub
mit the settlement of the question between
the two countries, in reference to the Oregon
territory, to arbitration.
The President instructs me to inform you
that, while he unites with her Majesty’s Gov
ernment in the desire to see the question set.
tied as early as njav be practicable, he can
not accede to the offer
Waiving all other reasons for declining it,
it is sufficient to state that he continues to en
tertain the hope, that thequestion may be set
tled by the negotiation now pending between
The two countries ; and that he is o( the opin
ion that it would be unadvisable to .entertain
a proposal to resort to any other mode, so long
as there is hope of arriving at a satisfactory
settlement by negotiation; and especially to
one which might rather retard than expedite
its final adjustment.
\ avail mveelf of this occasion to renew to
you the assurance of my distinguished con
sideration. j. C. CALHOUN.
To Right Hon. R Pakenham, &c.
(J. B.)
Department of Slate, )
Washington, l*2ih July 1845 $
The undersigned, Secretary of State of the
U. States, now proceeds to resume the ne
gotiation on tho Oregon question, at the point
wh'” , e jf was left by his predecessor.
The British pleniootentiary, in his note to
Mr. Calhoun of the l*2th September last, re
quests “that. as the American plenipotentia
ry declines the proposal offered on the part
of Grea’ Britain, he will have the goodness
Jo state what arrangement he is, on the pait
of the United States, prepared to propose lor
an equitable adjustment of the question, and
more especially that he will have tfie good
ness to define the nature and extent, of the
claims which the United States may have to
other portions of the territory, to which allu
sion has been made in the concluding part
of his statement, as it is obvious that no ar
rangement cau be made with respect, to a
part of the territory in dispute while a claim
is reserved to any portion of the remainder.”
The Secretary of State will now proceed
(reversing the order in which these requests
have been madp,) in the fi r at place, to pre
sent the title of tha United Smtes to the ter
ritory north of the valley of the Columbia ;
and will then propose, on the part of the
President, the terms upon which,in his opin
ion. this long pending controversy may be
jusdvand equitably terminated between the
parties-
The title of the United States to that por
tion of the territory between the valley olthe
Columbia and the Russian'line, in 54 degrees
40 minutes north latitude, is recorded in the
Florida treaty. Underthis treaty dated on
the22d February. 1819, Spain ceded to the
United States all her “rights, claims, and
pretensions” to any territories west of the
Rocky mountains, and north of the 421 par
allei of latitude. We contend tha*, at the
date of this cession, Spain had a good title
as against Great Britain, to the whoie-Oregon
territory; and if this be established the ques
tion is then decided in favor of the United
States.
But the American title is now encountered
at every step by declarations that we hold it
subject to all the .conditions of the Nootka
Sound Convention between Great Britain and
Spain, signed at the Escurial on the 23th of
October, 1790. Great Britain contends that,
under this Convention, the title of Spain was
limited to a mere common right of joint oc
cupancy with herself, over the whole territo
ry, To employ the language of the British
Plenipotentiary : l> lf Spain could not make
good her own right of exclusive dominion over
those regions, still less could she confer such
a right on another power ; and hence
Great Britain argues that from nothing de
duced from the Treaty of 1919 can the Unit
ed States assert a valid claim to exclusive do
minion over any part of the Oregon Territory.”
Hence it is, that Great Britain, resting her
pretensions on the Nootka Sound Convention
has necessarily limited her claim to a metre
right of joint occupancy over the whole ter
ritory, in common with the United States, as
the successor of Spain, leaving the right of
exclusive dominion in abeyance.
It is, then, of the first importance that we
should ascertain the true construction and
meaning of the Nootka Sound Convention.
If it should appear that this treaty was tran
sient in its very nature —that it conferred up-
on Great Britain no right but that of merely
trading with the Indians whilst the country
should remain ureettled, and, making the
necessary establishments for this purpose—
that it did not imertete wiih the ultimate sov
ereignty of Spain over the territory—and
above ail, that it was annulled by the war be
tween Spam and Great Britain in 1796, and
has never since been renewed by the parties
—then the British claim tq any portion of this
territory will prove to be destitute of founda
tion, It is unnecessary to detail the circum
stances ont of which this convention arose.—
| it ts sufficient to eay that John Meares a
British subject sailing under the Portuguese
flag, landed at Nootka Sound, 1788, and made
a temporary establishment there, for the pur
pose of building a vessel; and that the Span
iards, in 1789, took possession of this estab
lishment, under the .orders of the viceroy of
Mexico, who claimed for Spain the exclusive
sovereignty of the whole territory on the
Northwest coast of America, up to the Russian
line.. Meares appealed to the British Gov
ernment for redress against Spain, and tho
danger of war between the two nations be
came imminent. This was prevented by the
conclusion of the Nootka Sound convention.
That convention provides, by its first and se
cond articles, for the restoration ol lands ami
buildings of which the subjects of Great Brit
ain had been dispossessed by ttie Spaniards,
and the payment of an indemnity for the in
juries sustained. This injeipoity was paid
by Spain ; but no sufficient evidence has beet)
adduced, that either Nootka Soqnd or any
other spot upon tho coast, was ever actully
surrendered by that power to Great Britain,
All we know wjtjj certainty is, that Spain
continued in possession of Nootka Sound un
til 1735, wbeu she voluntarily abandoned thu
place. Since that period, no attempt has
been made sunless very recently) by Great
Britain, or her subjects, loocctipy either this
or any other part of Vancouver’s Island. It
is thus manifest, that she did not formerly
attach much importance to the exercise of the
rights, whatever they may have been, which
she had acquired under the Nootka Sound
convention;
The only other portion of this Convention,
important for the present discussion, will be
found in the third and the fifth articles. They
are as follows; ‘‘Article 3. In order to
strengthen the bonds of friendship, and to
preserve in future a perfect harmonyand good
understanding between the two contracting
parties, it is agreed that their respective sub
jects shall not be disturbed or molested,either
in navigating or carrying on their fisheries in
the Poetic Ocean, or in the South seas, or in
landing on the coast of these seas in places
not already occupied, for the purpose of car
rying on tTieir commerce yriih the natives of
ihe country, or of making settlements there;
the whole subject, nevertheless, to the re
strictions specified in the three lollowjng ar
ticles,” The material one of which is
“Article 5. As well in the places which are
to he restored to the British subjects by vir
tue ol the first article, a6 i.n alj other parts of
the Northwestern coasts of North America
or of the islands adjacent, situate to the North
of the parts of the said coast already occupied
by Spain, wherever the subjects of either of
tije two powers shall have made settlements
since the month of April, 1789, oj shall have
free access, and shall .carry on I heir trade
without any disturbance or molestation.”
It may be observed, as a striking fact,
which mnst have an-important bearing against
the claim of Great Britain, that this con
vention, w hich was dictated by her to Spain
contains no provision impairing the ultimata
sovereignty which that power had asserted
for nearly-three centuries over the whole
Western siv’e of North America as far North
a? llieOJst degree of latitude, and which had
never been seriously questioned by any Eu
ropean nation. This right had b.een main
tained by Spain with the most vigilant jeal
ousy, ever since the discovery of the Ameri
can continent, and had been acquiesced in by
all European governments. It had been ad
mitted even beyond the latitude of 54 deg. 4(J
min. North, by Russia, then the only power
having claims which could come in collision
with Spain; and that too under a sovereign
peculiarly tenaejous of the territorial rights of
her empire. This will appear from the letter
of Count de Fernan Nunex, the Spanish
ambassador at Paris, to M,(le Montmorm, the
Secretary of the Foreign Department of
France, dated Palis, June 16th, 1790. From
.this letter, it seems that complaints bad been
made by Spain to the court of Russia against
Russian subjects for violating the Spai.isfi
(errritory on the Northwest coast of America,
SoiTh ol the 61st degree of North latitude, in
consequence of which, that court, without
delay, assured the king of Spain “that it was
extremely sorry that the repeated orders is
sued to proven; llie subject of Russia fron)
violating, in the smallest degree, the territory
belonging to another power, should have been
disobeyed.”
This convention of 1790 recognizes no
right in Great Britain either present or pros
pective, to plant permanent colonics on the
northwest coast of America,or to exercise
such exclusive jurisdiction over any portion
of it as is essential to sovereignty. Great
Britain obtained from Spain all she then de
sired—a mere engagement that hey subjects
should “not be disturbed or molested” pin
landing on the coasts of those seas in places
not already occupied, for the purpose of
carrying on commerce with tfie natives of
the country, or making settlements there;”—
What kind of “settlements?” This is not
specified; but surely their character and du
ration are limited by the object which the
contracting parties had in view. They must
have been such only as were necessary and
proper ‘ for the purpose of carrying on com
merce with the natives of jß:at country.”—
Were these settlements intended to expand
into colonies, to expel jthe natives, to deprive
{Spain of her sovereign rights, and to confer
the exclusive jurisdiction over the whole tejv
ii:ory on Great Britain? Surely, Spain never
designed apy such results; and if Great Brit
ain has obtained these concessions by the
Nootka {Sound convention, it has been by the
most extraordinary construction ever imposed
upon human language. But this convention
also stipulates that on these settlements which
might be,made by the pne parly,‘>tha subject!
of the other shall have free access, and shall
carry on their trade without any disturbance
or molestation.” What trade? Certainly
that “with the natives of the country,” as
prescribed in .the third article ; and this, iron)
the very nature of things,could continue onl/
whilst the country should remain in the pos
session of the Indians. Oiqno other construct
tjon can this convention escape from the
absurdities attributed to it by British statesmen
when under discussion before the House of
Commons. ‘-‘ln every place in which we
might settle, (said Mr., afterwards Earl Grey,)
access was left ifor the Spaniards. Where
we might form a settlement on one bill, they
might erect a fort on anotherjand a merchant
mifst run all the risks of a discovery, & all the
expanses of an establishment, for property
which was liable to be the subject of continual
dispute, and could never be placed upon a
permairent footing.”
Most certainly this treaty was, in its very
nature, temporary; and the rigbis of Great
Britain under it were never intended to “be
placed on a permanent footing,” It was to
endure no longer than the existence of those
peculiar causes which called it into being.—-
Such a treaty, creating British and Spanish
settlements intermingled with each other and
dotted over the whole surface ot the the ter
ritory, wherever a British or Spanish mer
chant could find a spot favorable for trad*
with the Indians, never could have been in
tended for a permanentjarrangementbetwcep
civilized nations.
But whatever may be the Uue eonstr^