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EJUTEB BY JOHN FBBSYTH.
j, fossTTH J. T. SUES k I. ELLIS,
and PnblUberv.
-rs* Times is published every Tuesday Morn
■ (B the building known as “ Winters’ Ex-
V. „ - Kist side of Broad Street above Ran-
Y P |, up stairs, iauueJ.atsly in the rear of the
TtliMS—Vhuks Dollsr per annum, payable
t AJrisrr for bow subscription;.
V> i*aicr will be discontinued while any arrear
‘ .re das, unless at the option of the propri
cu> s, aa.l foos dollars will in all cases be ex
.,j W ;er payment is not made before the
ration of the subscription year.
s )VKR rISEMKXTS conspicuously inserted at
)st” Dollar persqare, for the first insertion,
i t * rtrrx ccsn for every subsequent continu-
A r vnvr.aTtsr.MZ!rrs, sent to ns without specify-
L , t i, p n u nher of insertions desired, will be
c .>auaueJ until ordered out, and charged ac
i r vi. AsritTacxESTi published at the usual
.-i. and with strict attention to the requisi
tion* of the law.
ft. airr's Sales under regular executions, must
be advertised thirty days ; under mortgage fi
fas, sixty and vts before the day of sale.
Salts of Lv 1 and Negroes, by Executors,A4-
ai.a:*tralura or Guardians, for sixty days before
the iu ofsale.
Sales of"peroaal property (except negroes) for
ty days.
Citatijss by Clerks of Courts of Ordinary, upon
apoica’on for letters of administration are to
be iublishc-1 for thirty days.
CiTtnon upon application for dismission, by Ex
ecutor*, Administrators, or Guardians, monthly
for six worths.
Orders of Courts of Ordinary, (accompanied with
a copv ofthvbonJ, or agreement) to make title
to lan 1, in it be published three months.
N jTlcr* bv Executors or Administrators or Guar
dian3, of application to the Court of Ordinary
for leave to sell the Land or Negroes of an
estate. fol-r months.
Notices by Executors or aoministrators, to the
DeStcr; and Creditors of au estate, for six
weeks. .
JJJ- Letters to the proprietors on business, must
be tost r viD. to entitle them to attention.
MALAGA GRAPES, PIGS, DATES
AND XtERZONS.
U UST received bv
c $ GREENWOOD <sc MORRIS.
Feb. 1, 1818.
RYE rtOTTE.
A Superior article, just received by
..‘tl GREENWOOD & MORRIS.
Feb l. 1818.
PICZZiES! PXCK3E.ES!!
MANGOES, Limes, Peppers, Beans, Onions,
and mixed Pickles, in gal’s, half gal’s, q’ts.
and pints. Also, Spanish Olives and Gapers.
Just received bv
GREENWOOD Sc MORRIS.
Dec. 7, 1847.
I ( M"I.TON MARKET BEEF,driedldccfand
Beet Tongues. Just ffcieived bv
GREEN WOOD Sc MORRIS.
Dec. 7. 1847.
FISXZa
Mackerel, N0.1.2 and 3— No. Ish i,
Salmon. Codfish and Herrings.
Just received by
GREENWOOD Sc MORRIS.
Dec. 7. 1847.
JI’ST receiveJ, Gelatine, Preserved Ginger.
Drir'd Ginger, Preserves, Jams, Pie Fruit,
Spices, Salerntns, Sage, Thyme, Essences, Ex
tracts, Table Salt, White Black and Red Pep
per, Currie P.ivders, Fancy Soaps, Perfumery,
Stationery, Ink, Gorman Copying Ink. Back
gammon Boards, Dice, Black Sand, See. Scr. —by
GREENWOOD & MORRIS.
Dec. 7. 1847.
VINEGAR.
1)EII Wine, White Wine, Raspberry and Ci
\t Jr Vinegar. Ju*t received by
GREENWOOD & MORRIS.
Dec. 7. 1847.
VFOCK Turtle Soup, Pickled Lobs'ers, Sar
dines and Anchovies. Just received by
GREENWOOD Sc MORRIS.
Dee. 7. 1847.
I ON DON Porter, Groton Ale, Chabipaigut’
J (*i lor. Wines, Liquors and Syrujis of eve
ry description. Just received hy
GREENWOOD & MORRIS.
Dec. 7. 1847.
BAUCXBP,
‘ITTORCESTERSIURE, Ashburton. Canton
\\ Soy and John Bull’s Beefsteak Sauces;
Also, Tomato, Mushroon and Walnut Catsup;
Lime Juice, ‘i'rue Syrup, See.
Just received bv
GREENWOOD & MORRIS.
Nov. 30, 1847.
STEWART'S Refined Sugar Hous3 Molas
c*. Just received by
GREEN WOOD &. MORRIS.
Not. S3. 1847.
BIvI!A X?.
SODA. Boston, Lemon and Sugar Biscuit,
Water and Butter Crackers, Pilot Bread,&c
Just received by
GREENWOOD & MORRIS.
Not. SO. 1347.
TO ftENT.
A VERY HfP.i DWELLING HOUSE, with cor.-
venient out buddings, a good garden and
“■ell. all in good repair, situated at the South
\V eMco-ncr of Thomas and Troup-sis., near the
Court tlouse. Possession given immediately.
Enquire of GREENWOOD & MORRIS.
January IS, ISIS. 4—4
FBKLF.D PORK. Beans, Venison 11am
and SugarCufpJ Beef. Ju4 received by
GREENWOOD <St MORRIS.
Jan. 18, 1848.
J. W. PEASE,
ROOKSF.LLF.R AXI) STATinNEIt,
At the old ‘tail, afetr doors above Moody Grimes,
4- Cos. East side Broad Street,
HIS just rrrekrd a complete assortment
of School, Classical, Law, Medical and
Mxeilaaeous worts—Letter, Cap, Note ni\d
Bill paper of every quality. Also, a good assort
ment of BLANK BOOK*. With every other ar
ticle usually kept in the business. All of which
“it! be sol j 011 the most reasonable terms.
Columbus, 7, 1847. 60-3 m
SEW BOOS STORE
It. B. DeGRAFFEXRIED,
TS pirasrtl to aaaaunrc to the citizens of
Columbus and vicinity, that he hns jnstoj.cn
ei a aexl door below Winter Sr Epping's,
” ‘’ere he has on hand, and will be receiving, a
New and select assortment of
ISOOUS A AI) vr VT ion EISA ;
araeug nhich cny found School, Classical, Med
ical Law and Miscellaneous Works; a good as
sortment of ANNUALS and GIFT BOOKS; to
gether with Sunday School and Children's Books
•falmost any kind and qualitv.
Numerous kinds ot EX\ ELOPES; Fancy and
Note Paper; Printing; Visiting and Playing
CARDS : Bristol and Perforated Boards; Trans
parent and Motto Wafers ; and ail other articles
usually kept in a Book Store.
55” Fcaohers and persons wanting Libraries,
are invited to cail and examine.
Columbus, Dec. 21, 1847. 52—3 m
W _ I ■■■
JOB PRINTING,
M*iain and Ornamental ,
** AT * ,t A3tD TaOTPIT KXSCI'TKD AT THI
OJFICS or
Golumtms SCracs.
Pawp’det*, j Hand Rills,
Bwaeus Cards, I Wav Bills.
Vnibaf do I Circulars,
Eali Tickets, | Blank Notes,
\*“ n 5 *** in t! >i line of business
CtIEAPo m irith D+spatrh.
BHBMA Ain] ALABABA EUNSS
FOR sale at this office.
<Tljc Columbus Ctines.
VOLUME VIII.
MERCANTILE.
COLMBOS
SADDLE'S! WAREHOUSE,
At (he aien of the Golden Saddle, next
door to Dlenrii, Hall & Closes, East aide
Broad Street.
AT HOME AGAIN.
WADS & mIdDLEBSQSS,
JUSCFACTBREIIS OF
SADDLEfi, I TRUNKS,
BRIDLES, SADDLE BAGS,
lUHNUSS, | VALICES, &c.
ar avc constantly on hand, a large assortment, and
j: 4 e receiving every week from their own manu
factory one ofthe largest and best assortments of
entigjnen and Ladies Saddles, of every variety
of pattern, from the cheapest to the best, which
we are offering to soil lower than ever before of
fered in this market.
HARNESSES.
Coach, Barrouch, Buggy and tfulkey arness
es, ot every style and quality.
WAGON HARNESSES.
Collars, a nu, Win l Da/ arnessee
Carryal arr.ess—some very cheap.
SADDX.3RS 2!ATEFJx\I3.
Saddle Tree og Skins, Pad do..
Straining and Girt Web, and a large assortmcatol
Saddlery, Coach ar.d 1 mess ardware.
CA KXAGX3 THI^r.TSNGU.
Top and curtain Leather, Patent Dasli do. Rub
ber Cloth, tigureJ and plain : Patent curtain
cloth, Patent mole skin, broad and narrow Laces,
Silk and Worsted Fringes and Tassels, &c.
All of which we are offering very low.
Persons wishing to purchase any articles
in our line, would do well to call and examine
our stock and prices before purchasing else
where.
N. B. —Repairing in all its various Branches
done at the shortest notice and in the best man
ner.
WANTED, a lot of GOOD HARNESS
LE AT HER.
Columbus, 23J October, 1847. 44-f>m
AT HOME!
HALL & MOSES have liiovfd into their
new Store on their old stand East side of
Broad-street, where tliev offer one of the best
STOCKS OF HARDWARE
ever brought to Georgia, and at prices that can
not fail to please purchasers. Tneir arrange
ments are such that they are enabled to keep
their assortment complete hy
arriving weekly from New-York and Europe.
The following articles comprise a part of their
stock :
Iron; Steel Castings; Nails; Mill Irons, Mill
Saws; Gin Gear; Straw Cutters; Corn Sheilers;
Corn Alii Is; turning and sub soil Ploughs; Shov
els; Spades; Hoes; cross cut Saws; Axes; Hatch
ets; Hammers; Broad Axes; Anvils; Vices; screw
Plates; Borax; Files; Rasps; Brass Andirons;
Shovel and Tongs; Fenders; Chains of every de
scription; Plough Lines; Manilla Rope, 4 to 2
inch; Carriage and Buggy Springs; Axles and
Mu!>*; brass Bands; dais framer; Lamps; Pipe;
Boxer; wagon and cart Boxes; Wrought Hinges;
Butts; Screws; Locks; Brace and Bitts; Drawing
Knives; Chisels; Augurs; Planes; Rules; Squares;
Bench Screws; Tea Kettles; Brass Kettles; Cal
dron Kettles; Sauce Pans; Glue Kettles; Iron
Waiters; Candle Sticks; Curtain Pins; Belle; Wai
ters; Scissors; Shears; Knives; Tanners Tools;
Paints; Oils; Varnish; Veneering; Brushes of ev
ery description; Seives and Ridales; Beaver and
llut Traps; 1 Safe and Seive Wire,&c., Ac.
IIALL & MOSES.
October 12, 1847. 42 —ts
CHOICE BROOBIES.
npilE Snbscribcrs have rrceivfd and arc now
-®- opening, a fresh stock of Groceries, line
Liquors, choice Brands ofCigars, &c., consisting
iir part of the following :
BRANDIES, Otard, Dupuy & Co’s.; French
•and Cognac, American and Poach ; RUM, Jamai
ca, St. Croix, and New England ; GIN, Holland
and American ; WHISTLEV, Old Monongnhela,
Irish, Scotch and VVoJBni; WINES, Madeira,
Port, Teneriffe, Maiaflf Sherry and Claret; CI
GARS, of the followyg brands, to-wit: Byron,
Washington Cla ran da, La tun ma ,
Ameriila, Congress, DC Cabana, Regalia and
Americana; SUGARS, Loaf, West India, and
i\’(4v Orleans; Ccmee, Tea, Soap, Lard, Butter,
Cheese, Candles, Powder and Shot. Resides a
general variety of
FATs SET €iRO V ER*E3._
In the rear of gpr establishment will be found
a genteel Bondis* Room for the mental, and re
freshments for tJIb physical man.
CODE tc CRICHTON.
December 2wFIS47. I —3m
GEO. A. NORRIS,
WOULD resprctfully nnnciißce to his ens-
T f totners and the public generally, that he
is now receiving his t'ALL StH’OC)li. of
Staple and Fancy Dry (roods,
consisting in part of RIC DRESS GOODS, in
great varietv, RIO LACE CAPES, and Laces of
evci* style; BONNETS, ATS, CAPS, BOOTS,
and S ()ES; BLANKETS, KEAR&EYS, KEN
TUCKY JEANS, SATINETS, FLANNELS,
&c., together with almost every artic ! e kept in
a Dry Goods Stare, which he is selling on the
most favorable terms. Please give us an early
call.
Oct. 5, 1547. 41— ts
MUSCOGEE RAIL-ROAD COMPANY.
NOTICE TO OONTRAOTOItS.
SEALED Proposals will lw received until
Thursday the tenth February, at the Engi
neer’s Cilice in the city ofColumbus.for the Grad
uation and Masonry of the who’e line of the
MUSCOGEE RAIL-ROAD, to B trncsviile,and a
Bridge over Flint River.
The cuttings and fillings will be marked on the
ground, also Plans and Specifications, exhibited
at the office from the Ist to the 10tU February,
and any further information given on application.
Payments will be made every sixty days through
the progress of the work, one-half in cash, and
one-half in the Capital Stock of the Company,
and as it is expected that many Planters, unac
quainted with such work, will be bidders,the es
timate of the Engineer will he shown in order
that they may bid in the form of a premium or
discount thereon.
The work is divided into 75 sections of nearly
a mile each,and where a contractor bids for more
thkn one section, a distinct bid will be required
on each.
By order of the Board of Directors :
DANIEL GRIFFIN, Chief Engineer.
January 11, 1843. 3—tdl
The Macon Journal & Messenger, Savannah
Republican and Georgian, Augusta Constitution
alist, and Chronicle & Sentinel,Marietta Helicon,
and Dalton Eagle, Dahlonega Watchman, Ga.,
Charleston S.tT., Rail-Road Journal,
Pa., and Montgomery Journal and Daily Adver
tiser, Ala., will publish until day of letting, and
forward account to this office for payment.
fJDBS’S ASwD FOUX&S
PRICE $5. For sale by
. B. B. DeGRAFFENRIED-
December 21, 1847. 52 3m
COBB'S COM?S2-iITIQN OP LEGAL
rCBIKE.
PBIfE 50 coils. For sale ty
P. B. DeGRAFFENRIED.
December £l, 1347. 52 oa\
MERCANTILE.
GROCERY AND STAPLE
mbit mmm*
3. B. BROOKS,
Is now opening at his new Store on West
side Broad street, three doors below Hill,
Dawson & Cos., a
WiU Selected Stock of Gootk,
to which he invites the attention of his friends,
and former customers.
He will also give liberal p.ices for COTTON
and‘ COUNTR Y PR ODUCE.
N. B.—'Those indebted to the late firm of
J; & J. Brooks, are requested to call and liqui
date their accounts, which are in the Hand* ofthe
undersigned. J. B. BROOKS.
2S. 1847. I—ts1 —ts
WOBBHBFF & WHITTELSS Y
Have jost rteeived from Sew York an nd
dition to their stock of
msi mm%
among which may be found Wide Black Gro de
Rhine, Siik, for Visittes, Cashmere Shawls, Cash-
Muslin de Laines, Orleans and Columbia
Plaids, and Fine Silk Hats, Shoes, &c., &c.
W. & W. will sell ail their stock of Cashmeres
and Muslin de Laines, at from
Ten (o Fifty per cent, below New
York ( ostj for ( ash.
Now is the time, Ladies, to buy Dresses cheap.
Please call and examine for yourselves.
December 14, 1847. * 51 —ts
CEBGKERY! 6HOSSERY!!
r |'IIE subscribers having removed a few
JL doors below Messrs. Hill, Dawson & Cos.,
are now opening a splendid stock of
consisting in part of French and English China
Dining and Tea Set*; Flowing Blue and White
Granite, do; do do Toilet Sets; C. C. Edged and
Sprigged Ware. Also, Rockingham Tea Pots,
Flower Pots, Covered Butter Jars, Soup Tureens,
Sauce Boat*, Fruit Baskets, Fire Proof Pie Plates,
and Napier’s,China, Flowing Blue, White Granite
and common Teas and Coffees, Covered Dish
es, and Bakers, also a general assortment of
comprising in part, cut, pressed, engraved, Hint
and common Tumblers and Decanter*, Goblets,
Champagne, Wine, Cordial, Egg and Jelly (.lass
es, Specie Jars, Bowls on foot, Flower Vas,
Castors and Extra Bottles, Cut, Mould, Solar,
Lard, Side and Hanging Lamps.
Globes, Chimneys, Wickiog, Sperm and Lard
Oil, together with a general variety of Merchan
dise. Having made arrangements to import di
rect from Liverpool, we are enabled to furnish
country Merchants at New York prices, adding
the lowest rates of freight.
L. L. & G. W. COWDERY.
December 28, 1847. I—ts
W..?.121PG ILL,”
( Formerly of Eitfthula, Ala.)
HAS taken th” Store two doors below Ml
& Moses, where he will keep ct all times,
a well selected stock of
S s APLSd DRY GOODS,
AND
GROCERIES.
BOOTS, SHOES, HATS, SAD-
I4LKKY, A c.
Also, a large and weii selected sleek of
Nejjfo Goods, Blankets, &c.
All of which, he offers at the lowest possible pri
ces.
He will also give -liberal prices for COTTON
and COUNTRY PRODUCE.
He hopes that his old friends and the public
generally, will call and examine his stock be
fore purchasing elsewhere.
Columbus, November 23, 1847. 48—ts
jjl
HAVE MLd ’occu
pied by A. K. Ayer, a few doors above the
Bank of St. Marys, near the Post Office, where
they offer for sale a good stock of
AND
DOMESTIC DRY-HOODS,
consisting in part of the following articles :
Brown and Loaf Sugar, Young Hyson, Impe
rial, and Black Tea, Rio Coffee,. Sperm Candies,
Soap, Poland Starch, Window Glass, White and
Bar Lead, Powder, Shot, Nails, Rectified and
Monongahela Whiskey, Rum, Gin, Brandy ; Ma
deira, Tennerifte, Malaga and Port Wine.
Bleach and unbleached Sheeting and Shirting,
Prints, Kerseys, Blankets, Hats, Shoes, &c. &c.
low for cash, or approved paper.
Columbus, Oct. 5, 1847. 41—ts
NEW STORE AW MEW GOODS.
THE subscriber lias removed from bis Old
Stand, to the corner above, well known as
the IssjssS?m SOB ! CIQS lid', and is filling
it with GOODS selected in New York, by W.
Foster, whose experience in the business and
taste in purchasing, is too weil known in this
community to need a word here.
My stock consists in Watches, Clocks, Jewel
ry, Plated Ware, Britannia Ware, Lamps, Gi
randolles, and Fancy Goods in great variety, to
particularize would be both tedious and expen
sive, (for these Printers don’t work for nothing.)
but all will call (notail at once) and examine for
themselves, we hazard the opinion that the Cor
ner Store can’t be beat in low prices and fine
Gocfds, and if the assortment is not as extensive
as any that was ever .brought here, it is some !
John Wiird is at his post, ready to re
pair Watches, Clocks, Music Boxes, Jewelry,
&e., in the best manner, and to do up ENGRA
VING a little better than any body this side of
any where.
I expect to receive an assortment of Musical
Instruments, &c., in a few days of which more
anon.
DO” If any °ne should chance to find our door
shut, remember it is closed to keep out cold air
and not customers,.and push the door open and
walk in without knocking,
S. B. PURPLE.
December 21, 1847. f2—tf
DHEBELLAS,
PARASOLS, PARASOLETTES,
AND
WALKING GANEMBRSLLAS.
W. 11. RICHARDSON’S
Steam Factory, the only one in the United States,
No. IU, Market Street, Philadelphia.
Merchants are respectfully informed that I con
tinue to manufacture alhthe above goods, by the
aid of steam, notwithstanding the great opposi
tion of parties opposed to the introduction of ex
pensive improvements. My assortment is com
plete, and prices so low, as to give entire satis
faction-
s'-As there is an Umbrella Store next door, of
nearly the same name, it is important you should
remember
WM. H. RICHARDSON,
Steam Factory, and Patentee of the Walking
Cane Umbrella,
Sign of the Lady and Eagle, No. 104 Market
$t reel ,—?hiladelfA ia.
Feb. BUI 1848 7—3 t
S&i&Sf© SWSEIBg*
ClliCraiJ'G’S MSO MITES, fer sale by
BRUNO & VIRGINS,
Under the Bank of St. Mary's.
Nov. 9, 1547. 40—U
the union op the states, and the sovereignty op the states.
COLUMBUS, GA. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1848.
MISCELLANY.
THE COOLIES OF JAM AC A, AND
STATE OF THE ISLAND.
We perceive by our Jamaica files that the
planters of Jamaica arc thoroughly aroused on
the subject of the coolies, who are brought to them
from India by the British government as a sub
stitute for negro laborers. The Jamaica Morning
Journal, of the 2<l instant, contains several peti
tions on the subject from planters, merchants,
and other citizens of Jamaica, to the House ot
Assembly, in which they complain bitterly of the
coolia system, as oppressive am* unjust. The
petitioners state that they are taxed $8 88 annu
ally for each coo.ie in their employ ; that there
are not over two or three out of every forty ol
them imported who are fit for agricultural labo
rers; and th*t the remainder of them are the very
dregs of th# population of Calcutta and Madras.
They were led to believe by the British govern
ment that tile coolies imported would all be good
agricultural laborers, and that they (the planters)
would have the prefrrence of their employment
for five years. On the contrary, the moment the
laborer’s contract is ended, say the petitioners,
they wander all over the country, and a large
number betake themselves to begging, and become
cither a nuisance to travellers or inmates of the
juior home*; the remainder going from one estate
to the other for work, as suits their habits and
convenience.
Alter the first year the coolies refuse to enter
into anew contract with the planters, who are
nevertheless taxed $8 88 annually for each coo
lie. The petitioners lag to be relieved from this
tax. The law regulating the coolie system in
Jamaica, allows none but planters to employ
them, imposing a heavy penally on all others who
take them into their service ; at the same time it
make* no provision to secure a continuance of the
contracts of the coolies with the planters, who
thus ot.ly get their services for the first year, du
ring which period they lose much of their labor
from sickness, which invariably attacks them, and
have to pay besides ail the expenses of medical
attendance, nourishment,’ &c.
Such are the results of abolition and English
legislation on negro slavery in Jamaica. The
experiment has now been iaiily tried there, at and
the result is that the agricultural interests of Ja
maica are ruined. The planter* find it impossi
ble to compete with the negro labor in other coun
tries. The various petition* declare that the cul
tivation of coffee and sugar, their two chief sta
ple*, is so unprofitable as to be nearly abandoned
—that the planters are barely able to furnish their
families with the necessaries of life—that they
chiefly depend on the sales of live stock foi sub
sistence, and that they now apprehend a great
diminution ofthe demand for live stock, owing to
the suger planters being unable to purchase as
formerly.
The condition of property in Jamaica is as low,
*s regards value and production, as can well be
imagined; yet the people there think they have
not yet reached the lowest point, and will not for
a year or two. About eighty sugar “properteis”
are thrown up, not paving the expenses of culti
vation, and every thing on them gone to ruin.—
Before the emancipation, the export ofaugarwas
200,000 hhds ; last year it amounted to little more
than 30,000. The coffee “properties,” which are
in the mountains, aie doing somewhat better;
but bad is the best. All the white inhabitants
able to leave the island have gone away.
Reduced to a state of distress and ruin, the
planters of Jamaica have, heretofore, petitioned
the British government, through the coloural gov
ernment, for relief; but no concessions had been
granted. As the last resort, the distressed plan
ters now petition the colonial government for a
reduction of someof the heavy taxes which they
are still required to pay, notwithstanding that
slave labor, the means by which they were for
merly enabled to pay taxes, is now taken away
from them.
The present state of the island of Jamaica is
truly deplorable; and, if we may believe the speech
es ma le during last month in the colonial assem
bly, the people of that island a*e bordering on in
surrection. On the 20th ult. the colonial assem
bly of Jamaica went ittlo committee on the pres
ent state of the island, when a most deplorable
st3te of things was developed. One men.ber sta
ted that out of forty eight estates in one parish,
only three were able to pay their expenses. “lie
cilled upon the house to look at the forlorn sta'e
of Kingston; there the very beds might be seen
daily dragged from under the heads of the poor,
to pay their taxes, and starvation and ruin were
staring every one in the face. If the house wait
ed twelve manths longer, without giving some re
lief, that delay would seal the country’s fate.”
Another member stated that “it would he ol
little use for him to dilate on the distresses of the
country ; they were brought home to the door of
every inhabitant of the island, whither engaged
in agricultural, commercial, or professional uceu
pation. Half the parishes were insolvent, and
there was no property left on which to raise tax
es ;no further taxation could be imposed. If it
were, the people would resist payment. He had
already seen a petition from one parish, (which
doubtless, would be presented to the House,) in
which it was plainly stated that they would not
pay if the House persisted in expenditures le
yond their means. They could not pay, and the
institutions of the island could 1 ot be upheld un
less relief could he obtained from Parliament.”—
The same member deplores the sunken condition
of morals, education, and the social svstem, in
Jamaica—all of which has been the result of the
abolition of slavery. Universal idleness and crime
prevails, and is increasing among the negroes and
laboring classes; no school system whatever ex
ists in the island to foster a better state of morals,
and “the law courts teem with criminal cases.”—
“The work of petty sessions had so greatly in
creased,” adds the same member, (Mr. White
lock,) “that in large parishes, where four or five
district courts were held monthly, they w ere obli
ged now, in many cases, to be held twice a week.”
From the New York Tribune.
THE DEPTH AND SAI.TNESS OP
THE OCEAN.
At the last annual meeting of the American
Association of Geologists and Naturalists, held
at Boston in September last, a statement was
presented, on the subject heading this notice, by
Capt. Wilkes, U. S. N.. to whom the questions
were referred at the last previous meeting of the
Association.
The communication of Capt. W r ilkes, is giv
en at length in the January number of ISilli
man’s Journal. He said that with the depth of
the ocean there were connected many interesting
subjects of inquiry—among them, its actual
depth, its mean temperature and density, the
penetration of solar light, submarine currents,
and the saltness and specific gravity of sea-wa
ter.
Although experiments to ascertain the depth
of the ocean have been frequently made, we are
as yet ignorant of its maximum depth, and con
tinue to be satisSed with the conjectures and re
sults obtained from theory. These, as is well
known, vary in the limit of depth from five to
eight miles. The greatest depth to which the
ocean has been penetrated is 4, 600 fathoms, or
27,600 feet, [about five miles and a quater:] no
bottom was obtained. 1 bis was the result
of an experiment by Capk Ross in lat. 15 deg.
S. and 23 deg. W, longitude. Several experi
ments have been made at other points, and some
with success; bottom being obtained in apparent
midocean in between 12,000 and 18,000 feet
[from two miles and nearly a third, to about
three and two-thirds.] The ocean has been pen
etrated in ti>o few places to afford anv satisfac
tory or decisive results upon so interesting
subject, and considering the vast space of our
globe ocrnpvi by the great ocean, it cannot but
strike every en® wbat a wide field is open for
investigation and experiment, and how many in
teresting geological results may bo elicited and
are connected with these experiments. Suffi
cient facts have been developed to prove that the
inequalities of the level of the ocean’s bed are
much more remarkaolo than those of the
land.
Capt. Wilkes proceeds to many interesting
statements, but can only give a brief summary.
He remarks, that although the actual dejj/A of
the ocean has not yet been successfully determin
ed, the numerous trials have resulted in deter
mining saticfastoiily its mean temperature and
. densily. Its mean temperature is 31) deg. 5m.,
though offesi-placed— among others, by M. Lenz
—down to 36 deg, and 37 deg., which is repor
ted as the temperature in the tropics at 1,000 fa
thoms, though without doubt navigators have
here lallen into an error. Capt. W. expresses
hirnsclf well satisfied that so low a tempeiature
will not be obtained within the tropics at any
depth, unless through the agency of sub-marine
currents. According to Capt. Ross experiments,
the zone ot mean temperature lies between the
parallels of 54 deg. and 60 deg. of south latitude,
not only at the surface, nut to as great a depth
as the ocean has been penetrated. Future trials
will in all probability reduce it to narrow Hunts;
its position in the northern hemisphere remains
yet to be ascertained. This mean temperature
is met with both in the polarcircles and in pro
ceeding towards the Equator. In the higher
latitude above 60 deg., the ocean in descending
increases in temperature until it arrives at Us
mean point; while proceeding toward the Equa
tor it decreases from the surface downward—
tlm decrease, beyond the tropical circle, is about
twenty-three fathoms for every degree of latitude;
within the tropics it is l deg. for every thirteen
fathoms of depth, until 400 fathoms, after which
it requires a descent of from 200 to 300 fathoms
to effect a like change.
’ From the observations of Admiral D’Urville,
it would appear that the waters of the Mediter
ranean do not follow the rate of decent of the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. He estimated the
mean temperature of the sea below 200 fathoms
at 55 deg., and from the fact of his having ob
tained that temperature at the depth of 1,000 fa
thoms. If this be so, it leads to an interesting
inquiry whether it may not be in consequence
ofthe vast internal fires that are known to pre
vail in the countries that surround it.
The saltness and gravity of the sea, have been
frequently subjects of inquiry. The results of
tire Exploring Expedition will throw much light
on this subject. The specimens of sea water
obtained in different latitudes were, on the return
ofthe Expedition, placed in the hands of Dr. C.
TANARUS, Jackson, of Boston, whose ability as a che
mist is well known to the country; he has analy
zed them, and as it will yet be some time before
the full result can be published in the volumes
ofthe Expedition, Capt. Wilkes laid before the
Association a sketch of Dr. Jackson’s mode of ana
lyzation of these specimens, together with a few
of the results.
MANUFACTURES AND EDUCATION.
SUHSTAXCE OF A LkTTKTI AnDRKSSED TO BlSH
oe Elliott, bt a Citizex of Geoboia.
The people of the South aro beginning to en
ter with spirit into the manufacture of colten,
and look forward to the day, when, by a better
division of labor, the} may throw off the poverty
which exclusive attention to a few staplo articles
ha* brought upon them. But to ari enlightened
mind it is evident that national prosperity, to be
permanent, must be based upon the intelligence
of the people. But the ignorance of a large
number of our white citizens has always been a
source of mortification to our friends, and of tri
umphto our enemies; loathe thinness of our pop
ulation has ever been an insuperable obstacle to
any effort for the general diffusion of knowledge.
It seems, however, that the “Factory system”
may be made subservient to the interest of the
rich, whilst to the poor it may become beneficial
in a degree as much greater as moral and intel
lectual wealth is superior to the wealth that per
iaheth.
Labor, lumber, and water power are cheaper
at the South than at the North. Admitting that
the difference will pay for the transportation of
the machinery from abroad, with us a Factory of
5,000 spindles, spinning No. 14 yarn, with the
machinery necessary to make the same into cloth
will cos, at the Jjoweli estimate ot S2O per spin
dle, SIOO,OOO
Stock in trade, boarding houses, Ac. 50,000
$150,000
And require
2 whippers with Shands at 50c. pr diem $24 pr. m.
4 pickers “ 2 “ “50 “ 24 c *
42 cards “ 6 t( “ 6**l “ 96 “
a speeders “ 5 “ <£ 41| (S 50 “
6 stretchers “ 5 “ “41 f “ 60 “
40 throstle tram’s 26 e< “ 33f “ 208 **
6 warping (ram’s 6 “ “ 33} “ 48 “
9 dressers “ 9 ** “ 100 “ 213 **
150 looms 75 “ “ 50 “ 900 “
drawers in hand 3 “ “ 50 “ 36 “
Total hands 140, wages for 4 weeks $1,662
For the year 21,706
The wages of 140 hands, as paid in a Rhode
Island Mill, will amount to $21,706, being an
average of $155 per annum p-r hand, being a
little less than $3 a week, exclusive of board. In
Lowell, the average wages for five years, exclu
sive of board, was, for women and girls, $2,17,
men $4,86 per week, or for women at the rate
of $8,42 per week, hoard included.
In the States of Rhode Island and Massachu
setts, boys are considered by most, as good, and
by many, as better hands than women, and are
not altogether employed because they cannot be
hired lor as low wages. In Rhode Island and
Massachusetts the Factory life is considered the
most lavorable to health, and not the less so, un
der proper management, to morals.
In Rhode Island, boys are employed from 9
years old, upward, and some commence earlier.
In Massacnusetts, the Jaw makes mill owners lia
ble to a fine for taking boys under fifteen years
who have not been at school three months in
each year. To avoid difficulties, the Agents at
Lowell will not employ them at all under that
age.
* The opinion of all who have been questioned
on the subject, including owners, agents, over
seers and operatives—some of whom have been
lawyers, merchants and doctors, and many them
selves operatives from an early ago, is without
exception in favor of the proposition, that bays
can work in factories, pay for their schooling,
boarding, lodging, and return as much money
to their employers as other operatives employed
and paid as usual.
A lactory of 5,000 spindles, then, might be
worked by 140 boys, between the ages ot 10 and
21. It would repuire, moreover, a general agent,
four overseers, for the carding, spinning,dressing
and weaving departments; two watchmen, a me
chinist, a blacksmith, and an agents clerk. The
wages of the whole would be about as lollows:
Agent $2,500 per annum.
Clerk 50a
4 Overseers 2,000 “
2 Watchmen 250 “
1 Machinist 600 “
1 Blacksmith 800 “
140 Boys 21,706
$27,756
. Now if it were intended to give the boys a plain
English education, and to prepare them lor be
coming practical and intelligent cotton spinners
and mtchanice, (for the lime has past when mere
hand work will do, even at the South,) it would
be necessary to divide their labor so give
them at least three months of each year in the
school. To do this, one-third of the npmber
otherwise necessary must be added, that the mills
might be kept steadily at work, for steady work
is the life of all operations where the get ns con -
NUMBER 8.
tist of tht saving in smail matters Say, then,
that the number of boys will be 190. Divide
this number into the wages* £2.1,700, and we
hive for the value of the labor ofeach boy, ua an
average, sll4 24.
To conduct tho educational department, read
ing, writing, geography, history, elementary ma
thematics, and mechanics, and also to sufwrvise
the boys out of the factory, and during their hours
of recreation, and for thoir religious instruction,
would be required:
1 Pastor, with a salary of £ 1,000
2 Teachers (500 each) 1,000
$2,000
Which gives for the education of each boy 10 50
Board at Lowell is 5 per month- 60 00
S7O 50
(I can testify that food and accommoda
te ns are good,) leaving for clothing
washing and mending * 43 74
Total sll4 24
The sum of $43,74 would be amply sufficient
for clothing a boy in comfortable and decent
clothes—for every practical man knows that
clothes, as well as provisions, can lie supplied to
numbers at much less tost than the same indi
viduals separately could obtain then* at; thus a
sutler would feed well at S4O a head, two hun
dred men, who would be unwilling to maintain
one at S6O. So that with ordinarily good man
agement, there would be a small sum, say SIOO,
to pay each boy at the expiration of five years,
as a premium to the well behaved. This would
be an inducement to many to enter and remain
when once entered for the full five years, which
would bo necessary for them to engage in the fac
tory: or the payment of S2O per annum to many
laboring parents, would induce them to consent
to t!:e employment of their children in factories,
when no consideration ol a boy’s advantage would
be any weight to them.
The value to the State at large of an Institu
tion which would turn out annually forty intel
ligent and practical cotton spinners, cannot be
questioned, nor will many bo disposed to dispute
the advantage of education, morals and industri
ous habits, to the individual; but it may be asked
it there are any advantages which should induce
capitalists to invest their money in factories so
conducted 1 Admitting that such van derive no
pleasure from the consciousness of doing good,
which every day’s experience contradicts, there
are other considerations ol some weight. One of
the greatest difficulties in the way of the North
ern manufacturer is the unsteadiness of his oper
atives, and such will be the case with us, perhaps
in a much greater degree, when the demand for
factory labor becomes greater than it now is.—
Employing boys for five years, on condition that
they receive nothing but their food, clothing and
education till they regularly graduated, would
hold most of them steadily to their occupation,
and thus secure a greater profit on the invest
ment. Again, as there would be no call for mon
ey, but at stated periods, say at the end of six
months, the agent will not be obliged to keep on
hand a quantity of idle capital. And last, but
not least, there will be a feeling created in the
public mind 9trongly antagonistic to that which
is so strenuously advocated by demagogues and
their own little purposes. It will grad
ually produce the conviction in the minds of the
poor that the rich arc not their enemies, that the
common wealth can be used for the common ben
efit, without interfering with private rights, and
thus tend to keep away that state ofsocicty which
in a more remote age, may bring on a war of
classes. Many systems have risenand fallen with
their projectors; for they depended on individual
energy and enterprise, but in this plan there is
nothing different fromtke Factory system gen
erally, save in the method of paying the opera
tives.
All success, it is true, depends upon the char
acter of the chief agent, and even the first abili
ties in him, may be cramped or rendered ineffec
tive by a stupid or dishonest directory. But no
factory can succeed at the South or elsewhere,
unless agents and directors ore honest and busi
ness men. The salary proposed above, is quite
enough to secure the first abilities of the kind,
whilst it is not greater than wouid be required by
one capable of mamvging a Factory, of 5,000
spindles, with any other labor.
[From the Charleston Mercury, 4th inst.]
THE C*TTO!f CROP OP 1847.
We find in the New York Herald a letter from
Madison county, Mississippi, giving the opinions
of the writer as to the amount of the cotton crop
of the paatyear. Though his estimates approach
more nearly the truth than the extravagant ones
that have heretofi re generally prevailed, we think
he is still over the mark, and that the crop will
reach little, if anything, over 2,000,C00 bales.—
The receipts which he estimates for New Orleans
we suppi se to be about correct; but wc have lit
tle doubt those for Mobile, Georgia and South-
Carolina are considerably too high. Os our own
Slate and Georgia we speak with more confidence
aud from the most reliable sources of information
set down, the crop is at least one-third less than
that of last year. The backwardness manifes
ted by the planters to send theircotton to market
is occasioned not merely by a vague hope of ob
taining higher prices hereafter, but by a convic
tion, based upon their individual experience,
that their crops are short, in some cases fully 50
per cent, as compared with those of last year.—
We know of some of the most skilful and indus
trious planters in this State who have not reali
zed the presents year more than half the quanti
ty gathered the preceding season from the same
land and wiih the same amount offeree employ
ed. With all the information before us, and some
of it from the most authentic sources, we make
the following estimate of the receipts at the vari
ous ports:
1846-47. 1848-48.
New Orleans and Texas 714.296 *1, 040,000
Mobile - - - 323,462 400.000
Florida - - - 128,872 125,000
Georgia - - - 242,777 175,000
South Carolina - - 350,200 275,000
N. Carolina and Virginia 21’572 20,000
1,581,180 2,035,0000
ESTIMATE OF THE COTTON CROP
OF 1847.
Madison County, Miss., Jan. 8,1848.
Several estimates of the Cotton crop of 1847
predicated entirely upon the extraordinary length
of the growing season, have met my notice, which
in my opinion are extravagantly hlgn, and will
repress prices below the point which the law of
supply and demand would cause our staple to
attain, thus operating injuriously to the interest
of the planters.
Those whose estimates were founded upon the
length of the season, seem to have over looked
the fact that the product of those sections which
suffered from the ravages ol the“ army worm,”
has not been increased a single pound in conse
quence of the prolongation of the season; the
yield here was as effectually cut off by tbe . ap
pearance of this scourge asit would have been by
the appearance of a killing frost; the length of
the season in these parts of the Cotton States
was determined bv the time the “worms” com
menced their work of destruction. The “boll
worm” continued its ravages to the end'of the
season—they were spread over sections of tbe
country which were not visited at all by the “ar
my worm,” the destruction caused by them has
far exceeded that caused by tbe latter in the ag
gregate.
Up to the middle ofNovember, the best infor
med planters sopposed that the yield of the land
on the Mississippi river and bayous would be.
sufficiently abundant to more than countrrbtlan* I
ee any deficiency of production in tha upland*
and cause til* crop* of Louisiana anil tfiansfeipfl
to oxceed an average; but the uncommon aeverk
‘ty of the frost, which occurred November 19lb
caused all bolls not fully matured to rot without
epening, of which all that had attained the full
size would have opened if we had been visited
merely with a killing white frost; thus the ex
pectations of planters have been cut down fully
100,000 bales is these States, and their produc
tion cannot now be estimated at more than a fair
average. The crop of Aikansaa will be Isrger
ihantbat of any previous year, and thntofNoith
Alabama, aud Tennessee will foil somewhat ba
low an average. The pioduclion of that part,
of Alabama which exports through Mobile baa.
been influenced by causes similar to those which
operated in Louisiana and Mitsissifpi and th*
crop will be a fair, though not a lurge one. The.
yield of the Chatuhoocht-e lands has bten about
the same as Last year, while tho production o£
I lorida has been greater, so that the description
.known as Florida cotton will bo somewhat in
creased.
In the lemaining cotton States, the late data
at which frost occurred hardly compensated for
the backwardness of the spring, and their pro-,
duct will fall below an average. I estimate the
receipts at all the port* as follows:
New Orleans and Texas, 1040,000 bales.
Mobile* 425,000 **
Florida, 140,000 “
Georgia, 200,000 **
South Carolina, 900,000 “
North Carolina and Virginia 20,000 **
Total crop* 2.125,000 hales*
Supply of Cotton to meet tho wants of th*
world for the year 1848 ,
Stock in England, Sept Ist, 507;000 bales
Stock in the United States, do 198,000 “
Crop of United States, 2,125,000 *
Other description of cotton, 300,000 •*
Total supply, 3,130,000 bales*
It is probable that the crisis which has prostra
ted the credit of so many long established com
mercial houses in Europe will quickly pass and
trade and manufactures attain their former ex
tent by the end of another year. The sudden
ness of the crash afforded no time or opportuni
ty to bolster up rotten concerns ; therefore all
whose foundations were not stable, went down
before the tempest, leaving but few if any totter
ing fabrics even threateningto fall, to prolong th*
period of distrust; with the return of confidence
and a reduction in the rates of interest, the res
toration of business activity will be rapid—tho
absence of speculation will contribute to hasten
the return of prosperity. I estimate the consump
tion of the world, for 1848, as follows.
Consumption of England, 1,440,000 bales*
“ of Continent of Enrope, 525,000 “
“ of United States, 450,000 “
Total consumption, 2,375,000 **
Total supply, 3,130,000 **
Leaving on hand, Sept. 1, 1848,
in England and U States 73&‘000
Stock on hand, Sept. 1. 1847, 705,000 **
Demand of England from Sept.
Ito Dec. 1, 422,000 *
Actual surplus of crop, 333,000 *
When the ordinary activity is manifested in
the manufacturing districts, so slight an addition
to tho already small stock of cotton, especially
when, as is now the case, there is no stock in
spinners’ hands, could not keep prices at theif
present low range, though they will probably al
tain the highest point of last season, unless th*
approaching spring should prove backward.
We have conversed with an American to-day
who has just returned in the Cambria from Eu
rope. JHe says, that no one can adeq;uatcly con
ceive the exhalttd character we have gained id
the Old World by our war with Mexico. Onoo
they doubted our capacity for war. They did
not suppose that we could or would raise a largo
standing army ; nor could they conceive how wo
could conduct hostilities without a large, trained
regular force of this description. Now, they am
satisfied of the expansibility and enterprise of
our character, and the adaptation of a free people
to every sort of achievement. They see how
easily our pruning-hookscan be turned into swot d*
—how, promptly a free people who love their
country convert themselves into volunteers—and
how readily vulunteers assume the efficiency and
discipline of a* standing army. It is almost lik*
realising the fable of Cadmus, of sawing the drag
on’s teeth, and starting up armed men. Our in
formant heard some of these Europeans say
that they had better throw thetr military treat
ises for training troops to military uses into th*
fire, and resort at once to the system of the U.
States. But here is their mistake. They had
better throw their political system into the fire ;
give freedom to the people; and, with freedom, in
spire a spirit of enterprise, daring, and devotion
to their country. These qualities, along with
familiarity in the use of fire-arms, and the skill
which it produces, will disperse w th the larg*
standing armies and the labored tactics of Europe
It was one of the many beautiful remarks which
Mr, Dix made in his speech yesterday, that, by
raising the standard of high and maniy qualities
in a free people, you solve the problem ol the art
of raising fine soldiers. Washington Union .
* What FcßKiexr.ns tmixk or us.—“ The
American conquerors in a regular war, are, by
all the laws of entitled to dictate tbo
terms of peace. They have fought well and
they have fought fairly.”
This is the language of the “London Daily
News,” which may be considered as expressing
the sentiment of a largo portion of the English
people. It is language extorted by facts—mot
uttered out of partiality for our country. Itshowa
that the war has not thrown our name into such
bad repute as some suppose and assert. Our
policy is justified by the laws of nations, as laid
downby tbe first writers on the subject, and our
conduct in battle is vindicated against the charge
of unfairness, of cruelty and injustice. Wba*
better opinion could we desire J It is ceitainly
a far more favorable one than that entertained by
many of our Whigs, if we may take their petty
speeches as evidence of what they believe.
FloritKan,
A Dutch Newspaper Advertismext.—
The following public notice is from a Dutch
Journal:—“After a short illness, my wife died
yesterday morning, leaving me with three infant
children. In the hope that her pure soul is with
God, I beg to inform my customers, that my sto
res will continue to be as well furnished and at
tended to as formerly, having confided them to
the direction of my principal clerk, a man ex*
tremely intelligent and as well versed in busi
ness as the deceased herself,”
Gramme*.— Dr. Whately, the Archbishop of
Dublin, bored by a pedantic grammarian, told
him he doubted if be could correctly decline the
commonest Bonn—for instance cat. The other
began— Non*. a cat; Gen. of a eat Dat. to a cat}
Acc. a cat; Voc. O cat? “Wrong,” sail the
Doctor, “puss is tbe vocative of a cat through
out this kingdom, and wherever the Teutonio
dialects are spoken!”
Suicide ix Mexico. —lt seems strange that
among the battle fields of Mexico say one should
be disposed to resort to self-destruction to get
rid of life. Capt. Keneally, of Col. Irwin’s O
hio regiment, committed suicide at Sio Frio, by
placing the hilt of his sword upon the ground
and throwing himself upon the blade. His body
was pierced entirely through, and he died in n
short time Capt. K. bastsft a wife and children
in Cincinnati.
Dr. Stemine, of Russia, has succeeded in draw
ing from the leaves of the pine a cotton-like sub
stance which he names “forest wool.” If it fit
ted for tbe fabrication of coarse stuffs, paste
board and wrapping paper.
Judge Porter, a member of the Alabama Leg
islature from Tuscaloosa, saw two young ladies
meet and kiss each other at the Exchange, which
affected him to this extent;
“You may talk of your gems hid in (gthoariasa
ocean.
Os flowers whose sweetness is wasted on air
None of these eve’ filled me with half the emo
tion
As seeing that 1 i*s at the boot of the stair*
Love never designs that on spa of tbe fair
| Where nature has lavished her riche* sofree*,
A kiss should be lost. If you’ve any taupe*#,
For charity** sahh-r-oh, givt thetn to ib<M