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Georgiaa Statesman. TERMS,—S3 PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE,] Bv BURRITT & MEACHAM THE GEORGIA STATESMAN Is published weekly at the Seat of Govern ment, opposite the State-House Square, at Three Dollars per ann. in advance, or Four Dollars if not paid in six months. N. 11. Sales of land and negroes, by Ad ministrators, Executors, or Guardians, are required by law, to be held on the first Tues day in the month, between the hours of ten in the forenoon, and three in the afternoon, at the court house of the county in which the property is situate. Notice of these sales must be given in a public Gazette SIXTY days previous to the day of sale. Notice of the sale of personal property must be given in like manner, FORTY days previous to the day of sale. Notice to the debtors and creditors of an estate must be published for FORTY 7 days. Notice that application will be made to the Court of Ordinary for leave to sell land, must be published for NINE MONTHS. Am. Letters must be POST PAID. A Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvement in the State of Pennsylvania was organised in December 1824. This So ciety in the prosecution of the great object before them, appointed William Strickland, Esq. to proceed to Europe to obtain all the information possible, which could benefit the Society, in the prosecution of the great work of Internal Improvement. The following are his instructions which we copy from the First Annual Report of the Actiqg Committee of the Society. It will be seen from this extract how valua ble and important are the subjects upon w hich Mr. S. was charged to collect information, lie spent a long time in Europe, and suffered nothing to escape a critical inspection, that could aid him in the duties of his mission. The.world affords not greater facilities for ac quiring that practical information which is so judiciously embodied in the instructions of the Pennsylvania Board, than that which Mr. Strickland has explored. We think there are but few men in our country so well qualified to discharge the high duties of such a mission as this gentleman ; and we venture to say, that if his instructions have been fulfilled with a faithfulness equal to his opportunities, tile arrangement and publication of all the facts thus •collected, will be worth all the books that have ever been published on the same subjects. The “Board for the Internal Improvement of the Commonw’ealth of Pennsylvania,” have already appropriated five thousand dol lars for the publication of these Reports ; but having accurately counted the cost of the long and numerous engravings that are in tended to accompany the work, it is ascer tained that even this liberal appropriation is insufficient to defray the first cost of publica tion, by about sloon a copy. This Board, therefore, oiler to give the work to the public handsomely' printed, for ten dollars the single copy, which is certainly much less than half its cost.. Specimens of the Engravings, &c. may b*- seen at this Oflice, togetlier with a Prospec tus anti Subscription paper, where those who wish the work can leave their names. Philadelphia, March 18, 1825. William Strickland, Esq. Dear Sir. —The Acting Commit tee of “ The Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Internal Im provement,” beg leave to call your attention to the general outlines of the duties you will have to perform, as the agent of the Society in Eu rope. The objects for the attainment of ■which the Society have determined upon this measure, the execution of which is delegated to you, are known to you, and you will con stantly have in view their accom plishment with your best abilities. The confidence we place in your talents and industry, the obliga tions you will be under to obtain, for the heavy expenses attendant on your agency, an adequate return; and the satisfaction, as well as the re wards you will yourself have in con tributing, by the success of your la bours to the prosperity, wealth and happiness of your native state and of you country ; are ample pledges of the fidelity and diligence with which you will execute the duties of the important trust. You will proceed from this city to Liverpool, taking your passage in one of the line of packets from this port, and commencing your voyage within the present month. As England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, have made more progress in the arts and sciences, and have more extensively and successfully applied them to internal improve ments, •your observations, inquiries and investigations will, in the first portion of the time you will "be ab sent, be directed to the great works which have been accomplished in those countries. You will after wards proceed to France Holland and tiermany, should any objects of suf ficient interest exist there, and time shall permit the same Thus w de sire it to be distinctly understood, that you will visit no other parts of Europe, unless further instruct'd, than England, Scotland, Males, Ire land, France, Holland, and Gernia ny- Asa general principle which shall govern you in all your proceedings, as the leading purpose in all your pursuits, we wish you to understand distinctly, that all the knowlcdgc # and information you can collect, all the facts which you shall become pos sessed of, which may in any manner be connected with your mission, must be carefully, accurately, and minute ly written down and preserved in the form of a diary, or such other record as will enable you to communicate the same to the society, in memoirs or reports, when your duties shall enjoin the same. All the results of your enquiries and exertions will be the property of the Society. Another and equally important rule which we wish you to observe and faithfully execute, is the following. It is not a knowledge of abstract principles, nor an indefinite and gen eral account of their application to the great works of Europe, we de sire to possess through your labors. These we have in books, and your mission would be of little compara tive value, should you acquire for the society such information only. What we earnestly wish to obtain, is the means of executing all those works in the best manner, and with the greatest economy and certainty ; and for these purposes you will pro cure and exhibit in your reports, all that will enable those who shall un dertake the formation of Canals, Railways and Roads, and the con struction of Bridges, to perform the work, without such persons having the science by which such works were originally planned and execut ed. To use a term which is familiar to you as an architect, we desire to obtain working plans of the best con structed canals, and their locks and inclined planes; of railways, and all the means of using them to advan tage ; of roads, and of the mode of their formation and preservation; and of the construction of bridges. To be more definite on this head, we desire that you furnish such min ute and particular descriptions, plans, drawings sections estimates and di rections, as possessed of them, those works may be executed in Pennsyl vania, without the superintendance of a civil engineer of superior skill and science. Before we proceed to a particular statement of the subjects for your investigations on your mission, urn would claim your attention to a pledge which has been given by the society to the public ; that your first efforts shall be directed to railways, and that at as early a period as pos sible you shall communicate all the information you can w collect upon them. Canals. In your examination of the canals of Europe, we request you will always bear in mind the fact that the great capital which is ever at the command of those who there under take such works, and the immediate and profitable use to which they can be applied; have induced those who have executed them, to regard then cost of less importance than we are compelled to consider it here. When a work of that kind will produce re turns of three or four times the rate of interest in the country where it is executed, expenditure is of less con sequence than with us, where the pecuniary means to accomplish any such purposes are collected with great difficulty, and where attempts to execute them frequently fail from want of capital Whatever may be the certainty of ultimate profit from any of our canals or roads, we have always found obstacles to obtaining funds for their prompt execution In the differences between the cost of labour in England and Scotland, and in America, the cheapness of some of the materials used in the con struction of th ir public works, and in the facilitiss of transporting those materials which the improved state of the country, and the existence of canals and railways in the vicinity affords ; may be found many impor tant facts which have materially in fluenced the cost of those works; on the other hand we have materials, which may not have been used there on account of their scarcity and expense, and which if substituted in our undertakings, would materially diminish our expenditures in the formation of canals with their locks, and inclined planes. Thus wood is in England a most costly article, and hence stone is there generally sub stituted. If wood could be used in the construction of the locks of can als, more than two-thirds of their expense would be saved, and the execution of many works of this des cription in our country would ho cer tain. With those introductory remarks, which are submitted to your candid consideration, we proceed to say, that you will iu reference to canals inquire and report to the Society upon, Ist The most approved and substantial method of constructing Eock Cates together with their valves and sluices. 2d. The best mode of lining and puddling Aqueducts and Culverts. Hac tibi crunt ailes, pacisquc imponere rnorem, pnrrfre subiectis et debcliare superbos.— Virgil Milledgeville, Tuesday, May, 30, 1826, 3d. The best plan for overcoming the difficulty in forming the bottom and side .banks of a canal through lime stone formations ; or formations which are cavernous, porous or so uble in water; particularly in deep cutting and in embanking. 4th. The cost of the work by the cubic yard, stating the particular quantity and parts thereof. sth The failures in canals ; their causes; and other circumstances con nected therewith. 6th. Rock excavation; tunnelling generally, and through gravel and other loose soil; the use and frequen cy of shafts ; together with the best method of removing the materials, and draining the work in its progress: the greatest depth of shafts, and how preserved and constructed ? 7th. The quantum of evaporation and soakage, particularly considered, reference being made to the loca tions. soil and quality of the work We also request your attention to the following queries, which relate to canals or subjects connected with their use. Bth. Is there any substitute for locks, now in use in England, or on the continent ? If so, what advan tages have they been found to pos sess 1 9th. Is there any information in England concerning the evaporation of water occasioned in canals by va riations of climate ? The great min ing districts of Germany, furnish some very curious results as to the evaporation by high winds in the au tumn and winter season. Perhaps the canals of the south of France may afford some facts on the solar evaporation, in summer. Our climate is so different from that of England, that we must endeavor to obtain data on this subject from the continent. 10th. Are steam boats permitted to navigate any of the canals in Great Britain. If any, what means have been devised to prevent the destruc tion of the banks, produced by the motion imparted to the water 11th. Are any of the tunnels in England made through crumbling rocks ? If so, what arch is preferred fvr il.vil pi LUCiV,liv#t» 'i la *l*l-. case where a complete elipsis has been required, as in mines 1 12th. If a rock is not to be obtain ed for a foundation for the lock walls, do they iii e' ery instance pile or construct inverted arcdl?*- upon which to build their walls ; pr do i they, when they have good gravel or slate, rely upon it for a founda tion ? If not, may not timer laid lengthways be relied on ? When they have not rock for the bottom of their locks, do they make am ar tificial bottom of stone or w ood ? 13th. Do they build the lock walls in straight or curvilinear lines ? What is the tickness of their lock walls, and are they supported by but tresses extending into the banks ? Or by giving the walls a greater thickness, do they supersede the ne cessity for buttresses ? How are their lock walls built—if of cut stone in front, how is the backing con structed*—whether of common rough mason work, or large stone w tl fitted together I What is the best kind of cement, and how is it affect ed by the seasons ? llow soon does it perish ? 14th. What is the slope of the banks of a canal 1 What the height of the banks above the surface of the water, particularly the towing path side, and its width ? loth. In very deCp shafts, are the workmen affected by the gases from the bowels of the earth ? Is their an instance ofthc workmen be ing driven off by the gases l What proportion does the diameter of the shafts bear to their depth? What distance are shafts apart, and is not this regulated by the depth of dig ging or height of the hill ? What is the greatest depth a shaft may be sunk ? 16th. What kind of river naviga tion have they above the tide ? Hoto is the navigation constructed ? What kind of towing paths have they ? What distance are they from the boat channel, and when the distance between them is very great, is the power for propelling the boat neces sarily very much increased ? If so is it in direct proportion to the dis tance ? 17th. What kind of gates they across the towing paths, where they pass through different inclos ures ? 18th. In the severe weather in the winter, do they draw the water off their canals ? 19th. Have the frosts of winter, any pernicious dffcct upon their ca nals, locks, turnpikes and railroad ? 20th' What descent have their canals, or what is the approved de scent ? What isthe greatest acclivi ty of railroads ? Mr John Blair of our state,'whose communications to the Society have always been valuable, has expressed a wish that you should inquire, wheth er wooden locks are in use, what length of time they will last, and what is the comparative .expense be tween them and stone locks? He remarks, and justly, that as our wes tern canals must hare the greatest portion of their lockage in, and near the mountains, whore thery ore in exhaustible forests of timber; should timber be useful, and the durability of such locks considerable, a great saving would be effected. This sub ject is placed in a very interesting position by a letter of Mr. Sellers, which we request you will peruse. Like the early settlements of our country, we may find it advantage ous to be simple and homely in our first works, and in time, replace them by others of a superior execution and of permanent -materials. Rai waus. —Of the utility of rail ways and their importance as ( means of transporting large burdens, we have full knowledge. Os the mode of constructing them and their cost nothing is known with certainty. Even in England, where railways have been used for more than a century, these are subjects of con troversy and doubt. You will arrive at Liverpool at a peculiarly fortu nate era in the construction and em ployment of railways. The great communication by their means be tween Manchester and Liverpool, and between Birmingham andLiver pool, will have been commenced, or all the principles and plans, by which they will be governed in their con struction, will have been settled and determined. We desire that your inquiries in relation to railways shall be com menced and prosecuted as soon as you arrive, and that as speedily as you shall have obtained all the infor mation upon them you deem import ant and sufficient, that you transmit th same to us, retaining a duplicate of your report, and of the drawings and estimates which may accompany it for illustration. You will bear in mind, in your in vestigations of this subject, that we ssa ... Pennsylvania; and you will there fore so exhibit your facts, so that they may be understood by reference to the drawings which you may make and which shall accompany your re port. Comrflencing in your examina tions with the plans observed in making surveys and forming the line of the rout of the railway ; it is de-. sired that you ascertain with precis ion the greatest angles of ascent which the profitable use of railways will bear. In our mountainous state if railways shall be adopted, they must passover numerous elevations, some of them abrupt, and many of them so formed as to render their reduction impossible. The foundations for the reception of the iron rail will next require at tention. Climate must enter mate rially into the decision upon the question how th^ - foundation of a railway shall be made in Pennsylva nia ; and the difference between the moist and moderate winters of Eng land, and the deep snows, sudden and hard frosts, variable temperature, and long continucnce of our winters ; must have your consideration and attention in these examinations. — Without entering into the subject particularly, but submitting; it, with great deference, to your considera tion, we would remark, that if ma sonry could be avoided in the con struction of the foundation for the irou rails, if w ood, how ever large in size, and great in quantity can be employed here, the influence of our climate upon the work would be less njurious Durability of the mate rials would be lost by the use of wood, but the parts might retain (heir form and connection for a long time, and the small expense of re placing any part of the work, which might decay, would perhaps com pensate for the absence of perma nent substances in the foundation. In relation to the construction and form of the road and rails, we desire you to ascertain every mode which is now 7 in favorable use in England, Scotland, and Wales. It is said that recent improvements have been made in the form and position of the rails, and that different forms are used for different purposes. How railways are crossed by wagons heavily laden, how wagons pass when proceeding in opposite directions, what means are taken for the protection of rail ways from injury by wheels not pro perly constructed to pass upon them, and how the wagons and their car riages are constructed, and of what materials ? Upon all these subjects wo ask particular information, ac companied with drawings which will make the same easily understood and employed The expense of railways will be a subject of careful and particular in vestigation. In your statements un der this head you will inform us of the separate cost of each part, dis tinguishing accurately between the charges for the formation of the line, and the preparation of the founda tion, and the expense of the mate rials employed. The difference be tween the cost ofjabor in England and in this country will affect those statements; and it would, therefore, be well if you would accompany your report with information of the rates of day labor, in the particular parts of the country where the railways are located, which may be referred to by you. Locomotive machinery will com mand your attention and inquiry. This is entirely unknown in the Uni ted States, and we authorise you to procure a model of the most approv ed locomotive machine, at the ex pense of the Society. Turnpikes. —On the subject of the improved mode of constructing roads by Mr. M’Adam, we have, as you know, all that have been published. These publications, however, give us rather the evidence of the excel lence of the roads made upon that plan, than a practical and familiar description of the manner in which they are ex- cutcd. A report des criptive of the first preparation and arrangement of the ground over which the road is to pass, and which is to become the foundation of the stone work ; the following steps pre paratory to the covering of this with stone; the nature of the stone to be used; its preparation and the man ner in which it is applied; the mea sures adopted to prevent injury to the road while in the course of con struction ; the final completion of the road and the mode of keeping it in order, with the regulations as to its use, particularly the description of carriages or waggons used upon it. All these will command and obtain your careful attention. Should you think the suggestion worthy of your consideration and adoption, we would propose that you should prepare or obtain a memoir on this subject, di • utlury„,nftjm can- , C j to construct a M’Adam’s road, so particular, so full, so descriptive, so plain, and accompanied with such illustrations by drawings, as will en able any good maker to commence and execute the work. A person who is perfectly ac quainted with M’Adam’s principles of Toad making, who has been accus tomed to apply them in the construc tion of roads, and who should bring with him testimonials of character and practical skill, would find em ployment in the United States. The Society will not give a pledge to compensate such an individual for visiting the United States, but you arc authorised to assure hitn that all the patronage and efforts of the indi vidual members of the assoc.ation can do to promote the fortunes of such a man will be exerted. das Lights. The proposed intro duction of gas into the city of Phila delphia, makes it important that at as early a moment as your other du ties will permit, you furnish a full re port upon this subject. What is the best and most economical apparatus ? YVhat material is pref rred, and the reasons for the preference, the cost of thc material in England, the most approved plan lor conducting gas from the place of manufacture to where it is used, the employment of detached and transportable gasome ters of fountains, and their cost, and their mode of use, and how all the machinery which may be required for the construction of the works and for the distribution of gas in Phil adelphia can be obtained, and at what costs ? These arc submitted as beads of enquiry. Rrcak H aters. The intimate con nection between the commercial prosperity of our state and its inter nal improvement, and the important advantages which would be conse quent on the erection of a Break water at the mouth of the Bay of Delaware, have induced the Society to ask you to procure information, of the most approved plaD, for con structing a floating Breakwater. A floating Breakwater is said to have withstood the destructive storm which lately shook, to its foundations, that' which was built of stone at Plymouth; and as the cost of the former is said to be much less than that of the lat ter, it is desired to obtain a full knowledge of the plan and construc tion of the same ; how anchored and sunk, its capacity to resist the ocean, and the effect of the same upon it; its cost and its competency compared with works of a similar kind, which ■arc built of stone and are intended to be immoveable ? Manufacture oj Iron. We ap proach this subject with the deepest impression of its importance, and [OR $4 IF NOT PAID IN SIX MONTHS. Number 24, Vol. 1 with a firm conviction that the full investigation of it will require more time than you can bestow upon it. We arc satisfied it would yield gold en returns, if an agent of competent talents and information, should be exclusively employed in the investi gations and inquiries connected with the manufacture of iron in England and Wales. If the wealth of Eng land has been corrcctjy ascribed to her iron and her coal, Pennsylvania may with equal certainty become the England of the New World, ill theso riches ; for she has coal of a quality superior to that of, her most prosper ous rival, and she lias great varieties of this most valuable mineral; and she has iron ores of every descrip tion and kind which arc known irr any part of thc worjd. No improve ments have been -made hero-in if within the last thirty years, and the use of bituminous and anthracite coal in our furnaces is absolutely and en tirely unknown. It is said that since the use of mineral coal in the making 7 of irou was introduced England has .increased the manufacture of this article many thousand fold ; and the cost of its production diminished one-half. Attempts, and of Ihe most costly 1 ’ kind, have been made to use the coal of the western part of our state in the production of iron. Furnaces have been constructed according to the plan said to bo adopted in Wales and elsewhere ; persons claiming ex perience in the business have been employed, but all has been unsuc cessful. In large sections of our state ore of the finest quality, coal in the utmost abundance, lime-stone of the best kind, lie in immediate contiguity, and water power is with* iu the shortest distance of these mines of future wealth. The prices which are obtained for iron on western waters are double those of England, the demand is always great* er than the supply ; and thus nothing but knowledge of the art of using tiiese rich possessions is wanted. But it is not only in the knwoledge of the production of iron, that we are behind the country you arc about to visit. In the art. o&acastinsr. in making bar-iron, the improved stal# of knowledge you will find in Eng land has given her* a superiority, which would enable her to command our own market, but for the protec tion the manufactures have in the tariff’. We desire your attention to the following inquiries on the subject of the manufacture of iron. Ist. What is the most approved and frequent process for coking coal, and what is the expense of the pro cess per ton or chaldron ? 2d. In what manner are the ar rangements or buildings, if any, con structed for the coking of coal, ob taining drawings and profiles thereof. 3d. Are there different modes of coking coal, and if they have any differences in* principle, what are they 1 4th. In what manner are the most approved furnaces for the smelting of ore constructed? Drawings and sections of the same to accompany (he information which may be ob tained upon this inquiry. 6th. The mode of drawing off the pigs, and the plan adopted for keep ing a supply of ores, if peculiar or superior to that used in this country Oth. The making of castings. Is there any process by which castings are made soft, so that they may be substituted tor brass or copper, it there is, what is that process ? 7th. What is the most approved construction of a foundary, and what the most approved mode of casting f Drawings, profiles, and minute des criptions to accompany the informa tion you may collect upon these in quiries. Cth. What is the most approved mode of making bar iron, and what is the most approved machinery used in the same ? Drawings, profiles and a discription of the same are request ed. Oth. Is the Anthracite coal used in any processes for making or using iron ? If it is, all the information ot the mode of its use will be of the greatest importance. 10th. The best mode of making steel. Where is it made, from what quantity of iron ? How the English blister is prepared, the process for its production, does it require a pecu liar kind of iron, or docs the quantity of the best steel depend exclusively on the mode of carbonating tlr iron 1 11th. At what stage of the pro cess of converting bar iron into steel, does the agency of the coke com mence. Is charcoal used in any of the processes for making steel? When, how, and to what extent is it used, it at all ? 12th. What is the construction of a furnace for making stool upon the best and most approved principles '? What time is required to convert u