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New advertisements
Yiijjjiijig oiT the Plantation.
Tanning leather, for the use of the plantation,
is an item’of good management that should not
be overlookeifby any planter. Nor would it be
as much overlooked as it is, if the simplicity of
the process was generally known —that process,
I mean, that will suffice for making leather for
home use. The tanner by profession, in order to
prepare an article that will c immand agood price
in market, and have a merchantable aopearance,
puts the hides and skins through a greater num
ber of manipulations; and, that he may work to
better advantage, has his arrangemen ts on a more
extensive scale.
The vats, tools, and implements really needed,
are few and simple. Four rats will generally be
found all-sufficient; one for a pool of fresh water,
and for Waiting; one for liming; another for color
ing; and a fourth for tanning. The beat size, in
the clear, is seven feet long, four and a half feel
wide, and five feet deep. They should be placed
so as to be easily and conve liently fi led with
water from a spiing, running stream or astern.
Dig the holes 9 feet, by 6£ and C ; if the founda
tion is clay, the depth need not be over 5 feet.
Form a stiff’ bed of clay mortar in the bottom, on i
which to lay the floor, and on it erect the sides
and ends of the vat, of plank of almost any kind,
sufficiently thick to resist the pressure from with
out—two inches will be thick enough. When
this is done, and the whole nailed fast, fill in the
vacant space round with i cell-tempered clay raor
tar, ramming it effectually : it is on this, and not
the planks, that dependence is placed for render
ing the vat perfect. When well made, a vat will
for a long lifetime—the ooze preventing
the decay of any but the top round of plank.
Such a vat will hold 15 large beef hides (30 sides,)
besides a number of snail skins.
The material used for tanning, is the bark of
the red or black oak, stripped when the sap flows
in the spring, stacked and dried —of which, about
four pounds are supposed to be necessary to pro
duce one pound of leather. There is an article
occasionally used, called “catechu,” whichisan
extract made from the wood of a mimosa-tree, a
native of India, half a pound of which answers
the same purpose. Galls, willow bark, the bark
of the Spanish chesnut, and common elm, as
also sumach, are all used by the tanner. It has
been recently found that the root of the palmetto
answers an equally good purpose with the best
oak bark.
Bark has to be ground as wanted; or if the
quantity needed is small, and it is not thought ad
visable to incur the expense of a bark-mill (from
$lO to $13,) it may be pounded in a large mortar,
or boat up on a block. It will requite one third
more of pounded than of ground bark, to afford
equally strong ooze, which is the infusion of bark.
The principal tools requisite, are a fleshing
knife, currier’s knife, & brush like a stiff horse
brush, and a fleshing-beam. The fleshing beam
is made by splitting in two a hard-wood stick of
about a foot in diameter; inserting two stout
legs, some thirty inches long, in one end of the
split side, so that the other end rests on the
ground, with the round side up, the elevated end
being high enough to reach the workman’swaist.
A fleshing-knife may be made by bending an old
draw-knife to suit the round of the fteshing-beam.
The skins of bulls, oxen, cows, and horses, are
called hides; those of calves, deer, sheep, &c., ’
are known as skins.
Fresh and dried hides receive the same treat
ment, except in the washing process. Those that
are salted and dry (and no hide should be dried
with less than from two to four quarts of salt be
ing rubbed on the flesh side—dried without salt,
it is extremely difficult to soften them,) require to
be steeped, beaten, and rubbed, several times al
ternately, to bring them to a condition sufficient
ly solt for tanning.
or fresh aides must be soaked in pure
water from 12 to 24 hours, to extract all the blood,
& c., and soften the extraneous fleshy matter,
which must then be removed —throwing one hide
at a time on the fleshing-beam, grain or hair-side
down, and scraping or shaving off with the flesh
ing-knife, which must be somewhat dull, or the
skin is apt to be cut. They are then put in the
limint'-vat , which is supplied with strong lime
water, by filling the vat a little over half full of
water and adding thereto four bushels of un
slaked (or of air-slaked) lime, or at the rate of
two-thirds of a bushel of lime to the barrel of
water. This will suffice for fifteen hides; each
time that they are removed and a fresh lot of
hides put in, add another bushel of lime, which
will keep up the strength for a twelve month.
Before using, stir the lime well up, and while it is
thus mixed with the water, putin the hides even
ly, so that the lime will settle on every part of
them. They are to remain here from ten to fif
teen days, or for three or four days after the hair
will rub off with the finger completely and with
ease. While in the liming-val, they must be
moved up and down every other morning, to ex
pose them to tbe air, and to the equal action of
the lime. Being now ready for uuhairing, cut
each hide in two, by slitting them along ihe centre
of the back with a* knife, forming them into side*.
Throw ten or twelve of these sides on the flesh
ing-beam, and snip the hair off with the knife;
and as they are unhaired, throw each one into the
vat of fresh water to bait or soak. When the lot
of sides and skins in hand have been all unhair
ed and thoroughly washed, throw them again,
and at once, on the fleshing-beam, with the grain
or hair side up, and wash them over (rub and press
them) with the knife until all the gummy or
mucilaginous matter is worked out. This should
be repeated two or three times during ten or
twelve days, being each time baited anew in fresh
water. And Jhis working orer must only be done
when the sides feel soft and smooth to the touch;
as they will at limes, from some unexplained
cause, feel rough, at which time theymusmotbe
worked over. While they are thus hailing , they
must act be neglected, or they will soon spoil.
Tanners are in the practice of adding 1000th part
of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) to the last bait,
which hag the effect of swelling the pores and
distending the fibres, and thus rendering the
skins more susceptible to the action of the ooze:
forty-eight hours generally suffice for this last
baiting.
In the meantime, some good strong ooze should
be prepared for the first tanning process, called
coloring. Fill a vat a little more than half full of
water, and add bark, in the proportion of one and
a half bushels of ground, or two bushels of pound
ed bark, to the barrel of watet, which will bring
the vat up to about two thirds full. When the
bark has soaked from four to five days, the sides I
are put in, and allowed to remain fifteen days;
during which they must be once well andcareful
-1 y fleshed and worked over , and must be drawn up
and down every morning, for the first week at
least, and the bork well plunged or stirred up, to
have them color evenly.
After this, the vat being now two thirds full of
this same ooze after drawing out the hides, lay a
good coating of fresh bark, of say an inch thick,
on the top of the water, on which it will float; lay
on this a side, spread out evenly; and if it has to
be lapped over in any part, lay on more bark until
it is all well coat»d, taking care to place those
at the bottom of the vat now, that were at the top
last time. On this side lay an inch coating of
bark, and on that another side, and so on, with
alternate layers of bark, until the vat is full, or the
sides all laid away.
In this, which is called the Jirst bark, the sides
most lie four weeks. They are then drawn out,
and the spent-bark, taken out with a skimmer or
drainer. The sides are then replaced as be
fore, with alternate layers of fresh bark, in the
same ooze, which has acquired some additional
strength, notwithstanding the amount of tanning
I and extractive matter contained in the bark, that
I hasbecome intimately combined with the animal
j fibre of the hide. In this second bark they re
i main six weeks undisturbed, when they receive a
j third bark, in the same way, In which they are
1 left another six or eight weeks. Three bark* will
1 suffice to tan deer, hog, calf, and other small
i skins ;1 four barks will make good sole leather, bat
i five arf; preferable.
The’ tanning process being completed, sole lea
ther is taken out of the vat, rinsed effectually, and
dried in the shade, hanging the sides up by two
of their corners to joists, where they remain un
til wanted. Those sides intended for upper and
harness leather, (which are those of cows, &c.—
the largest and thickest bullock hides being used
for sole leather,) as also deer, hog, and other small
skins, being thoroughlv rinsed, are spread out on
a st;ong table, with the grain or hairs de up, and
scoured with a stiff brush, like a very stiff horse
brush, occasionally throwing on pure water, un
til all the ooze is scoured nut. Tanners use the
edge of the stone, made smooth, to assist in rub
bing out the ooze, and all the water ihat can
possibly be rubbed out. They also use whar they
call a slicker, being a dull edge of copper of about
six or seven inches long, set in a piece of wood,
to serve as a handle.
After they are all served thus, and rubbed as
dry as possible, the table is cleaned off, and the
skins thrown back upon it, grain side up, and are
ru bed with tanner’s oil (cod-fish oil) as long as
the leather will receive it. Harnessleather must
be completeh saturated. As they are oiled, fold
them up and lay them aside. When they are all
gone over, lay one on the table at a time, flesh
side up, and with a rag rub on all the dubbing that
the leather will absorb. Thin hides require but a
small quantity; harness leather must have a
heavy coating.
Dubbing, which consists of equal parts of tar
and fallow, melted together, and u ell mixed, must
be made the day previous to being used. Lard
may be used in place of tallow, but will require a
lesser proportion of it. Each side of leather is
then hung up by two corners to joints, there to
remain until perfectly dry, or until wanted. It
iron or steel touches a hide during the process ot
tanning, when in the least wet, or even moist, it
will discolor it, forming an indelible black mark.
To blacken harness or other leather, take the
skin when completely dried, and if any greasj
spots appear, showing that more oil or dabbing
has been applied than the leather could absorb,
wet the spots with a little strong ooze, and scrub
them out wit.t a brush. Then apply a good coat
of copperas , (sulphate of iron) dissolved in ooze,
until the leather has a good color all over. After
this, when dry, put on anothergood coat of oil.
The leather may then be smoothed off' with a
rounding edge of polished steel, or glass, or
stone. T. Affleck.
Jngleside, {Miss.) Sept. 19, 1843. — \Am. Agr.
From the Mobile (Ala.) Register & Journal.
Indigo.
That a new system of planting must be adopt
ed in the South, is a singularly general opinion.
For individuals to discover their errors, is not
entirely a common occurrence; but for a whale
country to be convinced of an erroneous course,
is assuredly singular, and a flattering omen oi
the probable correction of error. The least in
formed of our citizens appear to have picked up,
w thin a few months, the solid reasons fora de
viation from the track that we have been in lor
years, and admit the superior good sense of the
Northern farmers in their plan of “ mixed crops ”
This, with others, is certainly one of the lessons
of practical wisdom, that the depressed slate ot
things has taught our people, for the sheer fact
is, this depression has set them to thinking.
The idea of a “full crop” of cotton, grew up
with the article, in our planting community, and
strange as true, it never was applied to any other
production of agriculture throughout our coun
try. Had the same idea got hold of the Northern
and Western farmers, as regards the article of
hemp, the same result would have followed, and
long ere this, that plant would not have been
worth raising.
Unfortunately for the South, the idea which
we now can view as preposterous in the extreme,
has in its result destroyed for the present the
possibility of labor directed to the production of
the great hitherto staple of the South finding a
fair remuneration, and placed the country in the
awkward state of embarrassment in which we
find it. One assurance, however, of a better state
of things, is that unanimity of sentiment and
views in the community, as regards an imme
diate change of our course and the adoption of a
'■ wiser one.
A few days ago, I was forcibly struck with the
absurdly extravagant inconsistency of the course
the country has been pursuing, by observing a
domestic incident. On sitting down to dinner,
certainly not a sumptuous, but simply a comfort
able one. I was astonished to see the number of
States and Territories of the Union, with differ
ent parts of the habitable globe, that appeared to
be called in requisition to provide for it. 1 saw
before me a part of a ham from Westphalia, a
middle of bacon from Ohio, a piece of Fulton
Market beef, potatoes from Connecticut, with
onions from Massachusetts, a pudding, the basis
of which was produced in South Carolina, mus
tard from England, sweet oil from Florence, pep
Fer from the East Indies, sugar from the West
ndies, and coffee ftom Java. The desert, al
though simple, brought together the North and
South —apples fiom Vermont, and oranges from
St. Augustine, etc., and last of all a Bologna
sausage, made of no one knows what, but all the
way from Italy, consequently, like all other for
eign preparations for the gourmand, must be
superior. The production of Zerez in the way
of liquid, and a little of France, in the form of
cogniac, settled the account
I confess I was left after a heavy dinner with
the reflection that the rationale of all this cou d
not be laid down, and as soon as possible 1 quit
reflecting on the subject.
My last paper suggested to the planting inter
est the addition to their crops of Indigo. This
it dye-stuff, it must be recollected, we import an
nually to a large amount, and this consideration,
added to the fact, that no substitute has been
f und for it, the vast number oi fabrics it is ne
cessarily attached to, and the increase of our
manufacturing establishments, moit certainly
offers a rational encouragement to direct our la
bor to its production. And to other considera
tions, that the labor requited for its production,
embraces but a short portion of the year, is light
as any other cultivation ; and admits attention to
oiher valuable productions of agriculture, and
last, but not least, ihe freight or transportation of
this article is almost nominal.
The last consideration to those who notice the
expense and the time required in the different
transportations necessary to bring the article of
cotton to market, will be kept in view and duly
appreciated. A largo amount in value can be
put into a small package, and by keeping in a
dry state, this article does not deteriorate with
age.
From a communication made by a dyer of no
small celebrity in the North, it is evident that
we have a superior climate and soils lor the pro
puction of this dye-stuff, in addition to which the
writer of this article had sent to him a sample of
cotton fabric, the blue colors of which was given
by the production mentioned in a paper hereto
fore, and which, for a transparent hue, could not
be excelled. A future paper will give what may
be to some new, and who may not be particularly
acquainted with the mode of cultivation, the
beat soils and most approved mode; also, the pro
cess of preparing the coloring matter for market.
South Alabama.
The New-York Commercial Advertiser thus
scientifically describes an animal rather common
in that city, specimens ot which are also seen
elsewhere:
Something Nice. —Our friends in the country
maybe aware that New-Vork city possesses,
among other treasures, a commodity of feaiher
less bipeds known distinctly as “soap-locks.”
They are generally boys on the verge of man
hood—old enough to be impudent and brutal,
but not old enough to have sense, modesty, or
good manners. They affect, tor costu me, panta
loons very lull in the lower part ot the leg and
spreading out all over the fool, red flannel waist
coats, hats of a peculiar roundness, and very
elaborate suspenders, generally with some
number worked on the crossing place at the
back. Their speech is for the most part scurri
lous and profane, their deportment unmannerly.
The Portsmouth Journal states that two
dollars eighty seven and a half cents were paid
into the custom-house of that town on Monday
last, being the first and only money received
there for duties since January 1,1845.
Chronicle an& Sentinel.
AUGUSTA*
TUESDAY MORNING? MAY 6.
Aoenct.—.Mr V. B Palmer is authorised to act as
our agentfor all business connected wiih <his office in
the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Bal
timore. His office in New York is 160 Nassau-street;
Philadelphia, 59 Pine street; Baltimore, 3 E. cornet
of Baltimore and Cal vert-streets; Boston, 16 Stalest.
Messrs.^ ason <fc Tuttle, of New-V ork, are also the
agents of the Chronicle and Sentinel in the city of
New-York.
The Whig Convention.
The Savannah Republican o I Saturday con
tained the following article suggesting the first
Monday in July, instead ol the fourth Monday in
June, as the better day for holding a Convention
for nominating a Whig candidate for Governor.
Although the first Monday in July would be
preferable to us of Richmond, because of the
session of our Superior Court in June, yet we
are willing to forego our preferences for the
1 itter day, if our Whig friends determine upon
the former. The suggestions of the Republican
are, however, worthy of consideration, and we
commend them Ij the attention of those who
have suggested the fourth Monday in June as
the day for holding the Convention.
The Whig Convention.—The entire press
of the State has now spoken, and a Convention
ot Whigs to nominate a candidate for Governor,
and lor other purposes, has been determined
upon. The time for holding that Convention
has not yet been precisely settled. It is general
ly conceded, however, that it will be either on
the fourth Monday of June, or the first Monday
in July, It is not a matter of much importance
to us which day is selected, but we do not think
it wise to press the delegates to an early meeting,
under the circumstances. Many of the Whigs
in the several counties concluding in their own
minds that a Convention was unnecessary, per
mitted the meeting ol the Spring Courts 10 pass
without taking any defiinite action on the sub
ject, Such should have time to circulate notices
of the proposed meetings sufficiently to have
them as numerously attended as possible.—
Otherwise, the Convention may not fairly re
present the voice of the Whig party on impor
lant questions. As vve are to have a convention,
let it not be a formal, halfway affair; let it be a
body composed ot men of sound Whig princi
ples, of experience, of wisdom and calmness —
men whose opinions when expressed, will be
appreciated and respected by the whole party.
That a convention composed of such material
could be gotten together by the fourth Monday
in June, is barely possible; that such would be
ihe case on the first Monday in July, (a fonnight
thereafter,") we think much more likely. Besides,
we are not disposed to favor protracted political
struggles—they have a most unhappy effect
upon the moral and social condition ofour peo
ple. In the present case, it is especially un’.e
cessary, as our candidate is well and favorably
known throughout the Stale, and is at this mo
ment as fairly before the people as he will be
after the deliberations of the Convention have
been made public, and his name has been for
mally announced. With these views firmly
impressed upon our minds, we are not disposed
to accede to the proposition for an early conven
tion ; nor do we think that Ihe people of this sec
tion should be called upon by the Milledgeville
press to do so, especially alter they have mag
nanimously yielded the more important point
in regard to the propriety of holding a conven
tion at all. Besides, the first Monday in July,
was the day first suggested, and therelore should
be adopted. We are happy to find that in this
opinion we are sustained by our able cotempora
ry of the Columbus Enquirer. In the last
number ot that paper we find the following para
graph :
“ The Whig Convention. —Judging from the
information which we have received through the
Whig press of Georgia, we are inclined Jo the
opinion that a majority of the Whig parly are in
favor of a Convention, to assemble in Milledge
ville, onthefirst Monday in July. As the mi
nority on this question will doubtless yield to
the wishes of the majority, with a hearty good
will, tve respectfully urge our friends to proceed
to call their primary meetings ard select good
men and true, who will discreetly discharge the
duty which may be imposed upon them asdele
gates to the Whig Convention. We insist upon
it, no one should receive the appointment who
will not pledge himsell to attend at the time de
signated.
“ Let us have a full convention, as matters of
profound interest will come up tor considera
tion, and in which every citizen of Georgia is
deeply concerned.”
Whether the Convention be held in June or
July, it is important that the Whigs in every
nart of the State should he up and doing at once.
Let meetings be called immediately in every
countv; let every good Whig make it an object
to be present at such meetings, and as the En
quirer suggests, let not only the best men be se
lected, but such as will pledge themselves to at
tend.
Arkansas River.—The Van Buren Whig
of the 15th nit. says:—“The Arkansas river is
now lower at this place than it has ever before
been known by our oldest settlers. Indeed, we
have had a remarkably dry season for the last
eight months, during which time the river has
been up but once, and then it was barely high
enough to admit small boats to this place or
Fort Smith.”
Governor Jones of Tennessee is the Whig
candidate for Congress in the 7th Congressional
i 1 district.
Baker Sugar.—The “ Patriot published at
j. Albany, Baker Co., Ga., says: We were shown
a sample a lew days since, raised by A. R.
■ Wright of this county, which was pronounced
[ by good judges to be equal to the best New
Orleans sugar. Mr, Wright has made 14 bbls
I of 230 lbs. each, off of about 3 acres of land.—
. This at 8 cents per lb. would amount to more
' than $250.
J New Discovery in Relation to Stone.—lt
t is stated in the Sheffield (Eng.) Mercury that a
' scientific gentleman residing at Ipswich, Mr.
. Frederick Ransome, engineer, has lately dis
covered a method w hereby the hardest stone can
be brought into a consistence resembling com
mon putty, so that it can be cut and moulded
into any shape, for useful and ornamental pur
poses, without altering its general character and
appearance; for it becomes as hard, and in
some instances, even harder than when sub
jected to the process. Another peculiarity of the
. process is, that any color or variety of colors
can be imparted to its solid substance so that an
endless variety of shades can be produced, and,
as it is capable of being polished, it effectually
resists the action of the weather. It can also
be used as a cement, and can be brushed over
the surface of wood, so as to render it fire
proof.
Hydrophobia.— A distressing case of this
dreadful disease occurred in Buffalo, N. Y. SJ3rd
inst., ending in death. The subject was an
Irish laborer in the Buffalo Steam Engine
Works, named Robert Fergusson. The Mayor
of Buffalo has published a proclamation call
ing attention to the ordinance on the subject of
dogs running at large.
The population of Canada at the present
time is 693,649. Os these there are, natives ol
the country, ot French origin, 518,565; natives,
of British origin, 85,075; England, 11,886;
Ireland, 45,012; Scotland, 13,341; Continental
Europe, 2,353; United States, 11,941. The
proportion of deaf and dumb to the whole popu
lation is greater than in all other countries, ex
cept Switzerland and Baden. In Canada it is
1 to about every 957; in Europe 1 in 1537;
United States I in every 2000. In the world,
so far as known, 1 in 1556.
Business in New-York. —The New-York
Courier and Enquirer has the following:
We continue in an agitated state in respect
ofour foreign relations—not that any one thinks
war is at hand, but that many fear through the
complication ot difficulties that war may at last
come. We do not deem such a result possible
with common prudence on the part of this na
tion, and yet the bare apprehension of it causes
doubts and hesitation both in the stockand money
market.
At this season there is generally great activi
ty in home business—and such is the case just
now, lor produce does not leel the effect of the
warbke rumorsandapprefensions. Indeed thus
far the whole effect is confined to operators in
stocks which rise and fall as rumors more or
less augury, or more or less probable, prevail.
The foreign business of the year was expected
to fall short of that ol last year and especially
importations, and the estimates by the Treasury
ot receipts from the customs for the current year,
were at a considerably lower figure than those
of the past year. The result will turn out as
foreseen. Thus far the duties received at this
port, as compared with those for the same time
last year, have fallen off’ more than a million and
a half of dollars, as may be seen by the annexed
statement;
Receipts from Jan. 1 to April 27,1844.87,136 302
Do do. do. 26,1845. 5 549,207
Decrease in 1845 81,587,095
The same relative diminution will be found
in the Custom House receipts at other ports.
Excavations at Pompeii.—The latest exca
vation made at Pompeii has been exceedingly
interesting. A house was laid open in the quar
ter ol the people. Twenty workmen were em
ployed at the task, and the entrance room fur
nished about twenty-five articles, vases, cups,
altars and bronze paterae. In another room,
from which a narrow passage led to the kitchen,
the tinning of the saucepans was still bright.
A large boiler, two jars with handles, light and
transparent, objects exceedingly rare in collec
tions, were also found there. The next exca
vations were to be made in the workshops of
the town.
The President and the Clerks.
The following copy of a “Circular,” ad
dressed by the President ol the United States to
the Heads of Departments, w hich has been the
subject of much conversation and some news
paper comment, we copy from the New York
Express, to which paper it had been communi
cated by a correspondent from Washington;
[circular.]
Washington, April 11, 1845.
Sir; In executing the laws there is no duty
which appears to me more imperative than to
take care that officers who receive the public
money shall promptly and fully perform the du
ties lur which the law appropriates their respec
tive salaries. Justice to the public, and a proper
regard tor the clearly expressed will of Congress,
require that this shall be done. Those who
come to the seat of Government on public busi
ness should not be unnecessarily delayed by the
negligence or Inattention of heads of bureaus or
clerks connected with the Executive Depart
ments. 1 therefore invite your attention to the
thirteenth section of the act of Congress, ap
proved on the 26ih of August, 1842—“ An act
legalizing and making appropriations for such
necessary objects as have been usually included
in the general appropriation bills without au
thority of law, and to fix and provide for certain
incidental expenses ol the departments and offi
cers of Government, and for other purposes”—
and to the twelfth section of the “Act to re-or
ganize the General Land Office,” approved on
the 4th of July, 1836.
I desire that you will cause the monthly re
ports, required by the act ol 1842, to be regularly
made, and that you will transmit them to me.
The law contemplates I hat the distribution of
labor amongst the clerks shall bear a fair propor
tion to their compensation ; and it is unjust that
the meritorious and faithful should have to per
form the duties of such as may be found to be
negligent, idle, or incompetent. To pievent this
injustice, it is essential that each clerk shall at
tend regularly in his office and discharge his
own appropriate duties. It is desired that each
head ot a bureau shall cause to be made a daily
statement, showing the absence of each clerk
from his duty during office hours, the causes ot
such absence as far as he may be able to ascer
tain them, and that this statement accompany
the monthly reports.
I also desire that you will accompany the
monthly reports with a statement of any com
plaints which may be made to you of any clerk
in your office who may have contracted debts
since his appointment, and does not pay them
agreeable to contract. Disclaiming any right to
interfere with the private affairs of officers of
Government, I am yet unwilling that they shall
he embarrassed in the performance ot their nub
lic duties hy the just importunities of disap
pointed creditors, who trusted them on the faith
of their compensation from the Treasury,
Believing that the duties required of the offi
cers and clerks employed in the several Execu
tive Departments are by no means unreasonable,
and impressed with the importance ot a prompt
and efficient despatch of the public business, I
desire that yon will take measures for the due
execution of the laws to which 1 have called
your attention. Respectfully, yours,
JAMES K. POLK.
Emigration from Europe to America.—
The late arrivals from Liverpool have brought
large numbers of emigrants, and many of
them will prove useful citizens to their adopted
country. One ship arrived at Boston, week be
fore last, with seventy families who were sent
out, bound for Wisconsin, by a society in Eng
land, which has been formed in this way.
Every man having a family and paying to the
society one shilling a week is entitled to mem
bership. An agent resides in Wisconsin, who
receives from time to time the funds, and as of
ten as they amount to SIOO he buys 80 acres of
land—builds thereon a log house and fences five
acres, which are planted.
The society are sending out families to take
possession as fast as the fund? enable the agents
to prepare the houses and lands. When the fa
milies arrive each finds his house and 80 acres
in readiness for his The agent fur
nishes him in additionvvith SSO for the purchase
of slock, tools, &c., for all of which the society
receives a yearly rent of $25, for ten years, at
the end of which time the tenant is entitled to the
fee of the land with all the improvements, stock,
&c.—making himself and family independent
for life. This society have made arrangements
with Hamden & Co., to take their emigrants in
Europe and land them at their own doors in
Wisconsin—which protects them from all delay
and imposition, and relieves them from all care
and trouble about Custom House arrangements.
These are merely the pioneers of those who
have made arrangements to come hereafter.—
N. Y. Com. Adv.
From the N. O. Bee , 30/A nit.
From Texas.
By the arrival of the steamship New York ,
Capt. Wright, we have received our files ol
Galveston papers to the 26th inst. They are
filled, as may be expected, almost exclusively
with the subject of Aum-xaiion. The Galveston
Civilian —a paper opposed to annexation —ap-
proves ot the time selected by the President lor
convening an extra session ot Congress, ana
thinks that the gravity and importance of the
measures involved, and the propriety of delib
eration, reflection and investigation, and of pre
senting to the people and their repre-entives, all
the matter bearing upon the question, are such
as to render the avoidance of a precipitate and
irregular course pioper and necessary. The
Civilian further declares that all it desires is
to see the issue fairly made up, for all parlies
to have a hearing, and for the will of a majority
to iu!e.
On the 21st a meeting of the citizens of Gal
veston in favor of Annexation, was held at the
Tremont House. Some of the presses repre
sent it as large and enthusiastic. The Civilian,
per contra, avers that not a fourth ot the citizens
of the town were present; and adds that the
friends of Independence in that quarter are
neither dead nor asleep.
It is denied that Dr. Smith, who has been
sent to England on a special mission, is an
enemy to annexation. On the contrary he is
proclaimed an ardent friend of annexation.
With respect to Gen’l. Houston no one, says
the Civilian , knows what course he will lake,
or whether he will emerge from the quiet seclu
sion with which he has surrounded himself in
his rural abode in order to lake any part what
ever in the agitation of the question.
“Seeing the statement which is going the
round ot the newspaper press in the country
calculated to create the impressions that the
Ameiican Minister, Maj. A. J. Dunelson, had
not been received on his recent arrival at this
place with the courtesy due to him, we are
pleased to be authorised by him to say that this
impression will be erre neous. He informs us
that he was presented by the Honorable Ashbel
Smith, Secretary of State, the morning after
his arrival, to his Excellency the President,
who, although confined to his bed, received him
kindly and in erchanged the civili ies which
are usual on such occasions. In that interview
we are also informed that, from a statement to
Maj Donelson of the proposals respecting an
nexation which he was authorized to submit to
this Government, he was frankly told by the
President that early steps would be taken to
submit the whole subject to the people. The
only doubt then in the President’s mind was as
to the propriety of calling Congress; he slating,
however, his impression that this step was ne
cessary and ptoper.”— Nat. Register.
A new’steamboat built in Texas, at Cincin
nati on the Trinity, was launched a few' days
since, and sent dowm to Galveston with five
hundred bales of cotton on board. The hull is
140 feet long and 26 feet broad, and can carry
eight hundred bales of cotton.
Business in Galveston is very brisk, and
ponderous warehouses, fair dwellings and
white cottages, rise up like creations ot some
tales of romance.
Inundation of the Country of the Rhine.—
We learn from the New York Schnellpost that
there has been a most extensive and wasting
flood upon the Rhine. Owing to the intensity ol
the w'inter, immense masses of snow’ had accu
mulated in the Upper Rhine country, the melting
of which has caused such deplorable calamities.
In Cologne the streets along the river are said to
be under w'ater, which at the dale of the intorma
lion (March 31) had reached the lower stories,
and was still rising.
The only communication between the streets
on ihe bank of the river, and the higher parts ol
the town, was in skiffs. On the opposite side ol
the river the town of Deutz was nearly over
flowed, the part that escaped forming an island.
In a pleasure-garden on the same side of the
river the upper branches only of the trees were
visible. The whole flat country around Co
logne is represented as in a similar condition—
the dikes broken down, and the frightful devasta
tion continually on the increase. Such a flood,
it is said, has not occurred for nearly two genera
tions.
Great apprehensions are entertained of suffer
ing from scarcity of provisions, diseases, and
lack of employment for the poor.
The flood is said to extend from the borders
of Swiizerland to Holland. Vast numbers ol
peasantry had lost every thing but life.
In the fortified town of Coblentz, the water had
reached the port-boles of the fortifications, and
passengers were landed horn the steamboats
over the ramparts.
Half of the city of Dusseldorf was under
w’ater. The great manufacturing town of El
bertield, situated on a small branch of the Rhine,
has also suffered severely.
A heavy calamity has, as we see, overtaken
the whole valley of the Rhine—one of the fairest
portions of the earth. There is no one who has
ever visited that favored region w’hose heart does
not warm at the recollection of its beauties
The flood has now laid it desolate, but it- natural
fertility and its many advantages are such that
w’e may hope for its restoration to its former
prosperity and beauty.— N. Y. Mirror.
Nauvoo Fortification.
We learn by a gentleman direct from Nau
voo, (says the Warsaw Signal of the 2d April,)
that a new revela'ion has been received in rela
tion to the Temple. The work on that struc
ture is to be almost entirely suspended for the
present, and the whole energy of the Saints is
to be devoted to the building ot a w 7 all or ram
pan around the edifice. Tnis wall is to enclose
six acres, the Temple being in the centre, it is
to be foui teen feet high, six feet thick, and com
posed of solid stone masonry. The work on
this new’ monument of folly has been already
commenced, and hundreds of hands are em
ployed in carrying it forward.
The.philosophy of the matter in our opinion,
(adds the Signal,) is this; The Temple being
nearly finished, it was concluded by the leaders
that unless they had some new enterprise by
which to gull the Saints out of their money,
they would soon be without a pretext for swin
dling them, and therefore they have commenced
this work, and have fold their dupes that the
Lord will not appear in his glory until this
rampart is finished, for it is the will of the Lord
that it shall be completed before the Temple.
The Signal asks: Will the poor deluded fol
lowers of these Mormon leaders suffer them
selves to be longer imposed upon by these shal
low pretences 1 If they will, there is no hope
of reclaiming them from their insane fanati
cism.
The Temple has been but a gull-trap, where
with to cheat the honest out of their subsistance
for the benefit of the leaders. There has been
at least one million of dollars donated for the
erection of that edifice, while fifty thousand
would have advanced it as far towards comple
tion as it now is. Os the tens of thousands that
have been collected abroad, we do not believe
one dollar has been appropriated to the build
ing. All that has been done has been done by
the tithing labor of the poor dupes in and about
Nauvoo. For four years the tenth part of the
labor of fifteen hundred men in this county has
been bestowed on the Temple, which is amp!)'
sufficient to have completed it.
A Great Improvement.—Mr. J. P. Dimpfel,
a scientific gentleman from France, who has re
sided many years in this country, has invented
and successfully applied an attachment for lo
comotives, by which the cinders and carbonic 1
acid gas escaping from a furnace, are returned
and consumed.
We had the pleasure of witnessing its opera
tion on Thursday afternoon, upon the Norris
town Rail Road, with a few gentlemen invited |
for the purpose, and were fully satisfied with Its
success and utility. The construction of the
attachment is apparently simnle, although it ap
pears to have cost almost a life-time of experi- 1
raenis. A partition in the chimney ol the loco* ;
motive divides it so as to form an upward and
downward passage, and at the bottom of the
downward passage, is a fly wheel, worked by
steam and surrounded by a be 1 of gravel. The
fire being kindled and the top of me chimney
closed, the operation of the Uv wheel creates a
strong: draught, by which the flame, smoke, heat,
&-C., ot the lurnace, which would otherwise es
cape through the chimney, is drawn downward,
fillers through the gravel, and is driven under
the grating of the furnace, where it adds its ac
cumulated body of heat, fuel and draught, to the
fire from whLh it escaped. The Directors of
the Kail Road who have tested this improve
ment, think it will save at least fifty per centum
of the fuel without anv inconvenience, and it
will be nearly as beneficial to the passengers,
who often have their clothes injured by ignited
cinders from a locomotive, and their eyes en
danged. We are confident that ladies who
travel upon rail roads, will always express a
preference for Mr. Dimpfel’s attachment on ac
count of its protection from sparks, (we mean
not to pun) and we trust he will reap due reward
for his ingenuity and perseverance.—Philadel
phia Amaican.
Fifteen Days Later from Rio de Janeiro.
—By the arriva, of the brig Castro, Bearse, at
Philadelphia, on Monday, from Rio de Janeiro
19th March, we are in possessi< n of fifteen days
later intelligence. In a political point of view
every thing was said to be tranquil. The dif
ficulty which existed between the United Stales
and Brazilian Governments, in reference to the
U. S. brig Porpoise, had been amicably adjusted
through the interposition of our Minister, Mr,
Wise. In commercial affairs the greatest acti
vity prevailed.
The Gas Well, noticed in the subjoined ex
tract, is one of the most remarkable natural cu
riosities in the world. We have seen one of
these wells, witnessed the application of
the gas to the purposes of fuel lor boiling down
the salt water. The fumes of sulphur and the
intense heat of the flame are apt to suggest the
idea that this wonderful gas comes from no
“fairy region blest,” but from the gloomy realms
of Tartarus:
“ The Great Gas Well. —We learn that the
workmen at the famous gas well of Messrs.
Dickinson & Shrewsby, noticed in our last,
have succeeded in stopping off about three
fourths of the gas, and that they will in a few
days have it tubed and ready for making salt.
We are assured that this well can furnish gas
sufficient to run twenty fi^aces.” — Kanatoha
Republican.
The JF?* ias Attachment. —Tom Dun
combe bc.iig asked by Lord Alvanley what spe
cies of attachment this was, replied : “ From its
being called AEolian, he imagined it signified
making love to a rich woman, which he con
sidered was an admirable method of raising the
wind.— Boston Trans.
An old American copper coin, one of the
pennies issued in the year 1784, was turned up
a day or two ago, in digging a garden at New
ark, New-Jersey. It bears on one side the
initials “U. 5.,” encircled with “ Libertas et
Justitia,” and on the other a central star, out of
which looks the All-seeing eye, surrounded by
the constellation “Thirteen,” and inscribed
“Nova Constellatio.”
One million of dollars is annually expended
in the Stale of New York for the relief of pau
perism, and that too in a new country where
labor is well paid, and provisions abundant.
One person out of every twenty-six, it appears,
by the report of the Secretary of State, is a pau
per, and full one half are foreigners.
tdr* NOTlCE. —Having ascertained
that individuals have been solicited to join fire
companies in the city, under the idea that they
would be relieved of military duty on the 13th
inst., I have thought proper to give notice that
such persons joining after receiving summons
for the parade, will be fined in case of default.
M. A. STOVALL,
my6-lt Col. 10th Regt. G. M.
Georgia Rail Road & Hanking Co.,
Augusta, May 1, 1845. \
H3r* In pursuance of the Charter and
Bye-Laws, the next annual meeting of the
Stockholders of this Company, will be held at
the Banking House in Augusta on Tuesday after
the second Monday in the present month, being
the 13th inst.
J. W. WILDE, Cashier.
Trains of Cars will leave Covington and Ath
ens at 6 o’clock in the morning of Monday, the
’2th inst., for the accommodation of Stockhold
ers and their families, free of charge. Arrange
ments will also be made for their return passage,
without charge. trw&wtd myl
ICE CREAMS.—T. ToanTre
spectfully reminds his friends and the public,,
that they can be supplied with ICE CREAMS
daily, from 3 till 10o’clock P. M. mys
REGIMENTAL ORDERS.
HEAD-QUARTERS 10th REGT. G. M., >
Augusta, May sth, 1845. $
H 3" IN pursuance of orders received ot
Brigadier General George W. Summers, the Re
giment will be assembled on its parade groun.ii,
in front oi the City Hall, on Tuesday, the 13th
day of May next, at 8j o’cloc I', 1 ', A. M., for re
view and inspection by the Major General.
The commissioned and non-commissioncd of
ficers of the Regiment will assemble at the same
place on Monday, the 12th May next, at 4 o’clock,
P. M., lor drill and instruction.
By order of Col. STOVALL.
rnys-2t L THOMPSON, Adj’t. 10th Regt.
SOUTHERN BAPTIST CONVEN
TION.
n3r“ THE duly appointed Delegates
to the Southern Baptist Convention, to be held
in this city, commencingon the Bth of May next,
are requ •! to report themselves upon their ar
rival, to a Committee who will be in waiting at
the Lecture Room of the Baptist Church, to de
signate the lodgings which have been provided
for them.
The Delegates are informed that, through the li
berality of the Directors of the Georgia Rail Road
and of the South Carolina Rail Road Companies,
they will be charged but one half of the custom
ary rates of fare on these roads when attending
the Convention. In order to avail themselves of
this kindness, it w ill be expected that they pro
duce certificates of their appointment.
W. T. BRANTLY,
ap26-d&wtMß Pastor of Baptist Church.
GEORGIA RAIL ROAD.
For the accommodation of DEL
EGATES attending the BAPTIST CONVEN
TION, a Passenger Car will be attached to the
freight train from Union Point to Augusta, on
Wednesday, the 7th inst.—leaving Union Point
at 7 o’clock, A. M., and arriving at Augusta at
31, P. M. Those from the several stations above
the Point, will be taken on the regular passenger
train the day previous.
Fare down five cents a mile. A return ticket
will be given to pass back free of charge.
Office Geo. R. Road and Banking Co., }
Augusta. May 2, 1845. S m 2
H3=* Dr. A. L. HAMMOND offers
his professional services to the citizens of Au
gusta and its vicinity. Dr. H. may be found at
all times, when not professionally engaged, at
his residence, over the store of A. Bowdre, cor
ner of Broad and Center streets. apl4 ly