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NationalUcpnblican i.umjkst riTV circulation Official Organ of tho U. S Oovcrnment. WEDNESDAY MORNING April 8, 1888 How to Vote. |* ( > sure and vote for the ratification of this Constitution, and lor the (lov. crnor nominated by the Convention, who will secure Hki.ikk, llomkstkad nd Schools for the people. The working man’s candidate: HON. XL B. BULLOCK, OK KH'UMON'O COUNTY. CONSTITUTION . OF THU State of Greoi*o-ia. PREAMBLE. We, tlio people of Georgia, ill order to form a permanent Government, establish Justice, usure domestic tranquility, and secure the bless ings ot Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, ac knowledging and invoking the guidance of Almighty God, the author of all good Government, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the State of Georgia. CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Declaration cf Fundamental Principles. Sec. 1. Protection to person and property is tlie paramount, duty of Government, and shall be im partial and complete. Sec. 2. All persons born, or naturalized, in the United Slates, and resident in this State, are here by declared citizens of this State, and no law shall be made or enforced which shall abridge the priv ileges or immunities o! citizens of the United States, or of this State, or deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws. And it shall be the duty ot the General Assembly, by appropriate legislation, to protect every person in the due enjoyment of the rights, privileges and itn nmni’ies guarranteed in this section. Sec. 3. No person shall he deprived of life, liberty or property, except by due processof law. Sec. 4. There shall be within the State of Geor gia neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, save as a punishment for crime, after legal conviction thereof. Sec. 6. The right of the people to appeal to the Courts, to petition Government on all matters, and peaceably to aesemble for the consideration of any matter, shall never te impaired. See. 6. Perfect freedom of religious sentiment shall be, and tho same is hereby secured, and no inhabitant of this State shall ever bo molested in person or property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust on account of his reli gious opinion; but the liberty of conscience, hereby secured, shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the people. See. 7. Every person charged with an offense against the laws, shall have the privilege and bcuefit of counsel; shall be furnished, on demand, with a copy of tho accusation a list of the witnesses on whose testimony the charge against him is founded ; shall have compulsory process to obtain the attendance of his own witnesses; shall be confronted with tho witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury. Sec. 8. No person shall bo put in jeopardy of life or liberty more than once for tho samo offense, save on bis or her own motion for anew trial, after conviction, or in case of mistrial. See. 9. Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are inherent elements of political liberty. Brt while every citizen may freely speak, or write, or print on any subject, ho shall he re sponsible tor the abuse of the liberty. See. 10. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and r.o warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place, or places, to be searched, and the person or things to be seizod. Sec. 11. The social status of the citizen shall never be tho subject of legislation. Sec I*2. No person shall be molested for his opinions, or be subject to any civil or political incapacity,or acquire any civil or political advan tage, in consequence of such opinions Sec. 13. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. Sec. 11. A well regulated Militia being jneces eary to the security ot a free people, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; but the General Assembly shall have Dower to prescribe by law the maimer in winch arni3 may be borne. Sec. J 5 The punishment of all frauds shall be provided by law. Sec. IG. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 4ines imposed, nor cruel and un usual punishments inflicted, nor shall any person be abused iu being arrested, whilst under arrest, or in prison. Sec. 17. The power of the Courts to punish for contempt shall be limited by legislative acts. Sec. 18. There shall be no imprisonment for debt. Sec. 19. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence, and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts. See. 20. Private ways may be granted upon just compensation being paid by the applicant. Sec. 21. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offense Sec. 22. Whipping as a punishment lor crime is prohibited. Sec. 23. No lottery shall be authorized, or sale of lottery tickets allowed in this State, and adequate penalties for such sale shall be provided by law. See. 24. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, and no conviction of treason shall work a general forfeiture of estate longer than during the life of the person attainted. See. 25. Treason against the State of Georgia shall consist only in levying war against the State,or the United States, or adhering to the cueraies thereof; giving them aid and com fort. And no person shall he convicted of treason except on the testimony of two wit nesses to the same overt act, or his own confession in open Court. Sec. 20. Laws shall have a general operation, and no general law, affecting private rights, •'’hall be varied in any particular case by special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all persons to be affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to con t ract is capable of such free consent. Sec. 27. The power of taxation over the whole State shall be exercised by the General Assembly only to raise revenue for the support of govern incut, to pav the public debt, to provide a general school fund, for common defense, and for public improvement, and taxation upon property shall be ad valorem only and uniform on all species of property taxed. Sec. 28 The General Assembly may grant the power of taxation to county authorities and muni cipal corporations to be exercised within their several territorial limits. Sec 29. No poll tax shall be levied, except for educational purposes, and such tax shall not ex ceed one dollar annually on each poll. Sec. 30. Mechanics and laborers shall have liens l, Pon the property of their employers for labor performed or material furnished, and the Legisla ture shall provide for the summary enforcement of the same. Sec. 31. Ihe Legislative, Executive and Judi cal Departments shall he distinct; and each De partment shall be confided to a separate body of Magistracy. No person, or collection of persons being of one Department, shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the others except in cases herein expressly provided Sec. 32. Legislative acts in violation of this Constitution, or the Constitution of the United States, are void; and the Judiciary shall so de clare them. Sec. 83. The State of Georgia shall ever re main u member of the American Union- the people thereof are a part of the American Na tion ; every citizen thereof owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and Government of tlie United States, and no law or ordinance of this State, in contravention or subversion thereof, shall ever have any binding force. ARTICLE 11. Pranchisc and Elections. Sec. 1. In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote by ballot. See. 2. Every male person horn in the United States, and every male person who has been naturalized, or who lias legally declared his in tention to become a citizen of the United States, twenty-one yours old or upward, who shall have resided in this State six months next preceding the election, and shall have resided thirty days in the comity in which lie oilers to vote, and shall have paid all taxes which may have been required of him, «id which he may hove had an opportunity of paying agreeably to law, for the year mart preceding the election, (except a* hereinafter provided)«nall be deemed an elector; and every male uitixen of the United States of the uge aforesaid (except as hereinafter provided) who may be a resident ol the State at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be deemed an elector, and . shall have all the rights of an elector us afore said Provided, That no soldier, sailor or murine, iu tlie military or iihvhl service of the United States shall acquire the rights of an elector by reason of being stutiouod on duty in this State ; nnd no per son shall vote who, if challenged, shall refuse to take the following oatli: •-1 do swear that 1 have not given or received, nor do 1 expect to give or roceive, any money, treat or other thing of value by winch my vote or any vote isaffected or ex pected to be affected, at this election ; uor have I given or promised aiiy reward, or made any threat, by which to prevent any person from voting at this election.” Sec. 3. No person convicted of felony or larceny before nay court iu this State, or of, or in Ihe United States, shall he eligible to any olliceor appointment of honor or trust within this State, unless lie shall have been pardoned. Sec. 4. No person who is the holder of any pub lie moneys shall be eligible to any otlico ill this State, until the same is accounted for and paid into the Treasury. Sec. 5. No person who after llie adoption of this Constitution, being a resident of this State, shall engage ill a duel, in this State or elsewhere, or shall send or accept a challenge, or be aider or abetter to such duel, shall vote or hold oliice hr this State, and every such person shall also be subject tosncli punishment as the law may prescribe. See. 6. Tho General Assembly may provide, from time to time, for tho registration of all electors, but the following classes of persons shall not bo permitted to register, vote, or hold ofliec : First—Those who shall have been con victed of treason, embezzlement of public funds, malieasanco in office, crimo punishable by law with imprisonment in the Penitentiary, or bribery. Second—ldiots or insane persons. See. 7. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach ot the peace, be privi leged fiorn arrest for five days before an election, during the oleciion, and two days subsequent thereto. Sec. 8. Tho sale of intoxicating liquors on days of election is prohibited. Sec. 9. Returns of election for all civil oflicors, elected by the people, who are to bo commis sioned by the Governor,and also for the members of tho General Assembly, shall be mado to tho Secretary of State, unless otherwise provided by law. Sec. 10. Tho General Assembly shall enact laws giving adequate protection to electors before, during, and subsequent to elections. See. 11. The election for. Governor, membors of Congress, and of tho General Assembly, after the year 1808, shall commence on the J uosday after the first Monday in November, unless otherwise provided by law. ARTICLE III—LEGISLATIVE. Section 1. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Sen ate and House of Representatives, and until other wise directed the members thereof after tlie first election, shall he elected, ami tlie returns of tlie election made as now prescribed by law. 2. The members of tile Senate shall be elected for four years, except that tlie members elected at tne first election, from the twenty-two Senato rial Districts numbered in this Constitution with odd numbers, shall only hold their office for two years. The members of the House of Representa tives shall he elected for two years. The election for members of the General Assembly shall begin on Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every second year, except tlie first election, which shall be within Sixty days after the ad journment of this Convention; but the General Assembly may, by law, change the time of elec tion, aucl the members shall hold until their successors are elected and qualified. 3. Tlie first meeting of the General Assembly shall be within ninety days after the adjournment of this Convention, after which it shall meet annually on the second Wednesday iu January, or on such other day as tlie General Assembly may prescribe. A majority of each House shall con stitute a quorum to transact business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the presence of its absent members as each House may provide. No session of the General Assem hly, after the second,under this Constitution, shall continue longer than forty days, uuless prolonged hv a vote of two-thirds of each branch thereof. 4. No person holding a military commission, or other appointment or office having any emoln meat or compensation annexed thereto, under this State or the United States, or either of them, ex cept Justices of tlie Peace, and officers of the militia, uor any defaulter for public money, or for any legal taxes required of him, shall have a seat ill either House. Nor shall any Senator or Re presentative. after his qualification as such, be elected by the General Assembly or appointed by the Governor, either with or without the advice and consent of tlie Senate, to any oliiceor appoint ment having any emolument annexed tnercto, during the time for which lie shall have been elected. 5. Tlie seat of a member of either House shall he vacated on bis removal from the district from which lie was elected. Section 11. 1. There shall be forty four Senatorial Districts in tiiis State, composed each of three contiguous counties, from each of which Districts one Sena tor shall be chosen. Until otherwise arranged, us hereinafter provided—tlie said Districts shall be constituted, as follows ; The First District of Chatham, Bryan and Effingham. The Second District of Liberty, Tatnall and Mclntosh. Tlie Third District of Wayne, Pierce and Ap pling. Tne Fourth District of Glynn, Camden and Chariton. The Fifth District of Coffee, Ware and Clinch. Tlie Sixth District of Echols, Lowndes and Berrien. Tlie Seventh District of Brooks, Thomas, and Colquitt. Tho Eighth District of Decatur, Mitchell and Miller. Tile Ninth District of Early, Calhoun, and Baker. Tlie Tenth District of Dougherty, Loo and Worth. 'ihe Eleventh District of Clay. Randolph and Terrell. The Twelfth District of Stewart, Webster aud Quitman. The Thirteenth District of Sumter, Schley and Macon. The Fourteenth District of Dooly, Wilcox and Pulaski. The Fifteenth Distiict of Montgomery, Telfair and Irwin. The Sixteenth District of Laurens, Johnson and Emanuel. Tlie Seventeenth Distiict of Bullock, Scriven aud Burke The Eighteenth District of Richmond, Glass cock and Jefferson. The Nineteenth Disti ict of Taliaferro, Warren and Greeue. The Twentieth Distiict of Baldwin, Hancock and Washington. The Twenty-First District of Twiggs, Wilkei son and Jones. The Twenty-Second District of Bibb, Monr-oe and Pike. The Twenty-Third District of Houston, Craw ford and Taylor. The Twenty-Fourth District of Marion, Chatta hoochee and Muscogee. The Twenty-Fifth Distiict of Harris, Upson and Talbot. The Twenty-Sixth District of Spalding, Butts and Fayette. The Twenty-Seventh District of Newton, Wal ton aud Clark. The Twenty-Eighth District of Jasper, Putnam and Morgan. The Twenty-Ninth District of Wilkes, Lincoln und Columbia. The Thirtieth District of Oglethrope, Madison and Elbert. Tlie Thirty-First District of Hart, Franklin and Habersham. Tlie Thirty-Second District of White, Lumpkin and Dawson. The Thirty-Third District of Hall, Banks aud Jackson. The Thirty Fourth District ot Gwinnett, De- Kalb und Henry. Tlie Thirty-Fifth District of Clayton, Fulton and Cobb. The Thirty-Sixth District of Merri wether, Coweta and Campbell. The Thirty Seventh Distiict of Troup, Heard and Carroll. The Thirty-Eighth District of Haralson, Polk and Paulding. The Thirty-Ninth District of Cherokee, Milton and Forsyth. Tlio Fortieth District, of Union, Towns and Rabun. ~A* le *’orty-First District of Fannin, Gilmer and Pickens. Tlie Forty Second District, of Bartow, Floyd unit Chattooga. Tbo Forty-Third District ot Murray, Whitfield ami Gordon J The Forty-Fourth District of Walker, Dade and f/utoosa. If a now county bo established it shall be ad ued to <i district winch it adjoius, and from which tlio larger portion of its territory is taken. Tlie Senatorial Districts may bo changed by tho Gene ral Assembly, but only at tlie first session after the publication of each census by tbo United States Government ; and their number shall not ho in creased. 2. Tlie Senators shall he cßUetis of the United Stales, who have attained the uge of t weuty ftve yeans, and who, after the first election under this Constitution, shall have beeu citizens of this State for two years, and for one year a resident of the District from which elected. 3. The presiding officer of the Senate shall be styled the President, and shall be elected vino voce from the Senators. 4. The Semite shall have the sole power to try lmpeachineuts. When silting for that purpose, the members shall he on oath or affirmation, aud shall bo presided over by one ol the Judge* of the Supreme Court, selected for that purpose by a t'ira voce vote of the Senate ; and no person shall he convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of tlie members present. Judgments in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther than removal from office und disqualification to hold and enjoy uny office of honor, trust or profit within this State, but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment aud panishmeut according to law. Section 111. 1. The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and seventy five Representatives, apportioned as follows: To the six largest counties, to wit: Chatham, Richmond, Fulton, Bibb, Houston and Hurke, three representatives each. To the thirty one next largest, to wit: Bartow, Columbia, Cobb, Coweta, Clarke, Decatur, Dougherty, Floyd, Gwinnett, Greeue, Hancock, Harris, Jefferson, Lee, Muscogee, Monroe, Merri wether, Morgan, Macon, Newton, Oglethorpe Pulaski, Randolph, Sumter, Stewart, Troup, Thomas,Talbot, Washington, Wilkesnnd Warren, two representatives each; and To the remaining ninety-five coiiuties, one representative each. 2. The above apportionment may he changed by the General Assembly after each census by the United States Government, bat in no event shall the aggregrate number ot Representatives be increased. 3. The Representatives shall be citizens of the United States, who have attained tlie age of twenty-one years, and who, after the first election under this Constitution, shall have been citizens of this State for one year, aud for six months resi dent of the counties flora which elected. 4. The presiding officer of the House of Repre sentatives shall bo styled the Speaker of the House of Representatives, ami shall be elected vtra voce from the body. 5. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power to impeach all persons who shall have been or may be in office. 6. All bills for raising revenue or appropriating money shall originate ill tlie House of Represen tatives, but the Senate may propose or concur in amendments as in other bills. Section IV. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the election returns aud qualifications of its members, and shall have power to punish them for disorderly kebnvioror misconduct, by censure, line, imprison ment or expulsion, blit no member shall be ex pelled except by a vote of two-thirds of tlie House from which lie is expelled. 2. Each House may punish by imprisonment, not extending beyond the session, any person not a member who shall be guilty of a contempt by any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who, during the session, shall threaten injury to the person or estate of any member for anything said or done in either House, or who shall assault any member going to or returning therefrom, or who shall rescue or attempt to.rescue any person ar rested by order of cither House. 3. The members ot both Houses shall be free Horn arrest during their attendance on the Gene ral Assembly, and in goiug to or returning there from, except for treason, felony, larceny or breach of the peace ; and no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for anything spoken in debate in either House. 4. Each House shall keep a Journal of its pro ceedings, and publish it immediately after its adjournment. The yeas and nays of the mem bers on any question shall, at the’ desire of one filth of the members present, be entered on the Journals. The original Journals shall be pre served, after publication, in the office of the Secre tary of State ; but there shall be no other record thereof. 5. Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times, and on three separate days, in each House, unless in cases of actual inva sion or insurrection. Nor shall any law or ordi nance pass which refers to more than one subject matter, or contains matter different from what is expressed in the title thereof. 0. All Acts shall be signed by tlie President of tiie Senate and the Speaker of tlie House of Representatives; and no bill, ordinance, or resolution, intended to have 'he effect of a law, which shall have been rejected bv cither House, shall be again proposed during tlie same session under tlie same or any other title, without the covsent of two thirds of the Ilottae by which thd same was rejected. 7. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place, without tlie consent of the other; and in case of disagreement bet ween the two Houses oil a question of adjourn ment, the Governor may adjourn either or both of them. 8. The officers of tlie two Houses, other than tlie President and Speaker, shall be a Secre tary of the Senate and Clerk of the House, and an Assistant, for each, a Journalizing Clerk, two Engrossing and two Enrolling Clerks for each House ; and tlie number shall not lie increased, except liy a vote of the nouse. And their pay, as well as the pay and mileage of the members shall lie fixed by law. 9. Whenever tlie Constitution requires a vote of two-thirds of either or both Houses for the passage of an act, or resolution, the yeas and nays on the passage thereof shall lie entered on the journal, and all votes on confirmations or refusals to confirm nominations to office by the Governor shall be by yeas and nays: and the yeas and nays shall he recorded on the journal. 10. Every Senator or Representative, before taking his seat, shall take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States and of this State; that he has not practiced any unlawful means, directly or indirectly, to procure his election, and that lie has not given, or offered, or promised, or caused to be given, or offered or promised to any person, any money, treat or thing of value, with intent to affect any vote, or to pre vent any person voting at tlie election at which lie was elected. Section V. 1. The General Assembly shall have power to make all laws and ordinances, consistent with this Constitution and not repugnant to tlie Constitution of the United States, winch they shall deem neees sary and proper for the welfare of the State. 2. The General Assembly may alter tlio boun daries of, or lay off' and establish new counties, or abolisli comities, attaching the territory thereof to contiguous counties, but no new counties shall be established except by a vote of two thirds of each House, nor shall any county lie abolished except by a vote of two-tlnrds of each House, aud after the qualified voters of the county shall, at an elec tion held for the purpose, so decide. Section VI. 1. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury except by appropriation made by law, aud a regular statement and account of the receipt and expenditure of all public moneys shall be published from time to time, and also the laws passed by each session of tlie General Assembly. 2. No vote, resolution, law, or ordei shall pass, granting a donation or gratuity iu favor of any person, except by the concurrence of two tlprds of eacli branch of the General Assembly, nor by any vote to a sectarian corporation or association, 3. No law or section of tne Code shall lie amen ded or repealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the section in the Code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly and fully describe the law to be amended or repealed, as well as tlie alteration to be made; but this clause shall be construed as directory only to the Gene ral Assembly. 4. No law shall be passed by which a citizen shall be compelled, against bis consent, directly or indirectly, to become a stockholder in or contribute to any railroad or work of public improvement, except in the case of tlie inhabitants of a corporate town or city. In such cases the General Assem bly may permit the corporate authorities to take such stock, or make such contribution, or engage in such work, after a majority of tlie qualified voters of such town or city, voting at eleetiou, held for tlie purpose, shall nave voted in favor of the same, but not otherwise. 5. The General Assembly shall have no power to grant corporate powersaud privileges to private companies, except to Banking, Insurance, Kail road, Canal, Navigation, Mining, Express. Lum ber, Manufacturing and Telegraph Companies; nor to make or change election precincts; nor to establish bridges or ferries; nor to change tile names of legitimate children; but it shall pre scribe, by law, the manner in which such powers shall be exercised by the Courts. But no charter for any Bank shall be granted or extended, and no act passed authorizing the suspension of specie payments by any bank, except by a vote of two thirds of the General Assembly. The General Assembly shall pass no law making the State a stockholder in any corporate Company; nor shall the credit of the State be granted or loaned to aid any Company without a provision that the whole property of the Company shall be bound for the security of the State prior to any other debt or lieu, except to laborers; nor to any Company in which t here is not already an equal amount invested by private persons; nor for any other object than a work of public improvement. No provision in this Constitution for a two thirds vote of both Houses of the General Assembly shall be construed to waive the necessity for the signature of the Governor, as in any other cases except in the cases of the two thirds voto required to override the veto. ARTICLE IV.—EXECUTIVE. Section /. 1. The Executive power shull he vested in a Governor, who shall hold his otlice during tho term of four years, and until such time as a am ccasor shall be chosen aud qualified. He shall have a competent salary established by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which lie shall have been elected; nor shall he receive, within that period, any other emolument from tho United Stales, or either of them, or from any foreign power 2. After tho first election, tlie Governor shall bo elected quadrenuially, by the persons quali fied to vote for members of the General Assembly, on the Tuesday after the first Monday in No vein her. until such time bo altered by law, which eiec ftiou shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the several counties of this State, in the same manner as is prescribed for the election of members of the General Assembly. The re turns for every election of Governor after the lirst shall be scaled up by the Managers, sepa rately from other returns, and directed to tlie Presi dent of tlie Scnute and Speaker of the House of Representatives, and transmitted to liis Excel lency, tho Governor, or tlie person exercising tlie duties of Governor for the time being, who shall, without opening the said returns, cause tlie same to be laid before the Senate, on the day after the two Houses shall have been organized; and they shall be transmitted by the Senate to the House of Representatives. The members of eacli branch of the General Assembly shall convene iu the Representative Hall, and the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall open and publish the returns in the presence of the General Assem bly; and the person having the majority of the whole number of votes given shall lie declared duly elected Governor of this State; but if no person have such majority, then from the two persons having the highest number of votes, who shall be in life, and shall not decline au election at the time appointed for the Legisla ture to elect, the General Assembly shall imme diately elect a Governor viva voce; and in all eases ot election of a Governor by the General Assembly, a majority of votes of the members present shall be necessary for a choice. Con tested elections shall bo determined by both Houses of the General Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor who shall not have been a citizen of the the United States fifteen years, and a citizen of this State six years, aud who shall not have attained the age ot thirty years. 4. In case of the death, resignation, or disability of the Governor, the President of the Senate shall exercise the executive powers of the Government until such disability be removed, or a successor is elected and qualified. And in case of the death, resignation, or disability of the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representa tives shall exercise the executive powers of the Government until tlie removal of tlie disability or the election and qualification of a Governor. The General Assembly shall have power to provide by law for filling miexpired terms by a special elec tion. 5. The Governor shaft, before he enters on the duties of his office, take ho following oath or affirmation : ‘‘l do solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may he) that I will faithfully execute the office of Governor of the State of Georgia; and will, to the best of my abilities, preserve, protect and defend tlie Constitution thereof, and tlie Con stitution of the United States of America.” Section 11. 1. The Governor shall be Commander-in Chief of tho Army and Navy of this State, and of the Militia thereof. 2. Ho shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon, to commuto penalties, and to remit any part of a sentence for offenses against the State, except in cases of impeachment. 3. He shall issue writs of election to fill all vacancies that happen in the Senate or llouso of Representatives, and shall have power to convoke the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions: and shall give them, from time to time, information of the state of tho Common wealth, and recommend to their consideration such measures as ho may deem necessary and expedient. 4. When any office shail become vacant by death, resignation, or otherwise, tho Govern o shall have power to fill such vacancy, unless otherwise provided by law; and persons so appointed shall continue in office until a succes sor is appointed agrecbly to tho mode pointed out by this Constitution, or by law in pursuance thereof. 5. A person onco rejected by the Senate shall not ho reappointed by tho Governor to the same office during the samo session, or tho recess thereafter. 6. The Governor shall have the revision of all hills passed by botli Houses before the same shall become laws, hut two thirds of each House may pass a law notwithstanding Lis dissent, and if any hill should not be returned by the Governor with in five days (Sundays exceptedi after it lias been presented to him, the same shall he a law, unless the General Assembly, by their adjournment, shall prevent its return. He may approve any appro priation, and disapprove any other appropriation 111 the same bill, and tile latter shall not be effectual unless passed by two-thirds of eacli House. 7. Every vote, resolution, or order, to which tlie concurrence of both Houses may be necessary, ex cept on a question of election or adjournment, shall be presented to tlie Governor, and before it shall take effect be approved by him. or, being dis approved, shall be repassed by two thirds of each House, according to the rules and limitations pre scribed in ease of a bill. 8. There shall be a Secretary ot Slate, a Comptroller General, a Treasurer, aud Sur veyor General elected by the General Assembly, and they shall hold their offices for the like period as the Governor, and shall have a com petent salary, which shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which they shall have been elected. The General Assembly may at auy time consolidate any two of these offices, and require all the duties to ho dis charged by one officer. 9. The Great Seal of the State shall be deposi ted in the office of the Secretary of State, and shall not be affixed to any instrument of writing but by order of tlie Governor or Gene ral Assembly ; and that now in use shall be the Great Seal of the State until otherwise pro vided by law. 10. The Governor shall have power to ap point his own Secretaries, not exceeding two iu number, unless more shall be authorized by tho General Assembly. ARTICLE V.—JUDICIARY. Section I. 1. Tlie Judicial powers of this State shall be vested in a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justices of the Peace, commissioned Notaries Public, and such other courts as have beeu or may be established by law. Section 11. 1. The Supreme Court shall consist of three Judges, two of whom shall constitute a quorum. When a majority of the Judges are disqualified from deciding any case, by interest or otherwise, the Governor shall designate certain Judges of the Superior Courts to sit in their stead. At the first appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court under this Con stitution, otic shall bo appointed for four years one for eight years, aud one for twelve years; but all subsequent appointments, except to till unexpired terms, shall be for the term of twelve years. 2. The Supreme Court shall have no original jurisdiction, but shall be a Court alone for the trial aud correction of errors from the Superior Courts, and from the City Courts ot Savannah and Augusta, and such other like Courts as may be hereafter established in other cities; and shall sit at tlie seat of Government at such times iu eacli year as shall be prescribed by law, for tlie trial aud determination of writs of error from said Superior and City Courts. The days on which the cases from the several Circuits and City Courts shall be taken up by the Court shall lie fixed by law. 3. Tlie Supreme Court shall dispose of every case at the first or second term after such writ of error is brought; aud in case tho plaintiff in error shall not be prepared at the first term to prosecute the case, unless prevented by Providential cause, it shall be stricken from tlie docket, and the judg ment befcw shall stand affirmed. In any case, the Court may, in its discretion, withhold its judg ment until tlie next term after the same is argued. 4. When only two Judges sit in any case, and they disagree, the judgment below shall stand affirmed. Section 111. 1. There shall he a Judge of the Superior Courts for each Judicial Circuit. He may act in other circuits when authorized by law. At the first ap pointment of such Judges under this Constitution, one half of the number (as near as may he) shall be appointed for four years, and tlie other half for eight years; but all subsequent appointments, ex cept to till nnexpired terms, shall he for the term of eight years. 2. The Superior Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction in cases of divorce ; in criminal cases where the offender is subjected to loss of life or confinement in the penitentiary ; in cases respect ing titles to laud, and equity cases, except as hereinafter provided. But the General Assembly shall have power to merge the common law and equity jurisdiction of said courts. Said courts shall have jurisdiction iu all oilier civil cases ex cept as hereinafter provided. They shall have ap pellate jurisdiction m all such ca*es as may be pro vided by law. They shall have power to cor rect errors in inferior judicatories by writ of ar liorari. which shull only issue on the sanction of the Judge : and to issue writs of mandamus, pro hibitiou, scire facias, and all other writs that may he necessary for carrying their powers lolly into effect, and shall have such other powers as shall be conferred on them by law. 3. There shall bo no appeal from one jury in tho Superior Courts to another; but the Court may grant now trials on logal grounds. The Courts shall rondor judgment without tho verdict of a jury, in all civil cases founded on contract, where an issuable defence is not tiled on oath. 4. Tbo iSuporior Courts shall sit in each county not less than twico in each year, at such times as have been, or may be appointed by law. Section / V. 1. Until the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, there shall be a District Judge and a District Attorney for each Senatorial District in this State. 2. Tho District Judgo shall havo jurisdiction to hear and determine all offenses not punishable with death or imprisonment in tho Penitentiary; anil it shall be the duty of the District Attorney to represent the Stato in all cases before the District Judgo. 3. Tlie District Judgi- shall sit at stated limes— not less than once in each month—in each county in biß District, for the trial of offenses,and ut sneb other times as Ihe General Assembly may direct. 4. Olfeiieeß shall he tried before tlie District Judge oil a written accusation, founded oil affidavit, said accusation shall plainly set forth the offense charged, and shall contain tlie name of the accuser and be signed by the District Attorney. f>. There shall be no jury trial before tbo District Judge except when demanded by the accused, in which case tlie jury shall consist of seven. 0. Such civil jurisdiction may be conferred on tlie District Judges as the General Assembly may direct 7. The District Judges and Attorneys shall hold their offices for a period of four years, aud shall receive so- their services such stated compensation in their respective Districts as may lie provided by law; but; in no event shall their compensation lie in anywise dependent on lilies, forfeitures or costs. Section V. x. The powers of a Court of Ordinary aud of Probate shall be vested in ail Ordinary for each county, from whose decision there may be an appeal to the Superior Court, under regulations prescribed by law. 2. The Court of Ordinary shall have such powers in relation to roads, bridges, ferries, public buildings, paupers, county officers, county funds, and taxes and other matters, as shall lie conferred on them by law. 3. The Ordinary shall hold his office for the term of four years and until his successor is elected aud qualified. Section VI. 1. There shall ho in eacli district one Justice of the Peace, whose official term, except when elected to fill an unexpired term, shall be four years. 2. The Justices of tlie Peace shall have juris diction, except as hereinafter provided, in all civil cases where the principal sum claimed docs not exceed one hundred dollars, and may sit at any time for the trial of such cases. But in cases where the sum claimed is more than fifty dollars,; there may lie an appeal to the Superior Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. 3. There shall be no appeal to a jury from the decision of a Justice of the Peace, except as provided in the foregoing paragraph. 4. Notaries Public may be appointed and commissioned by tlie Governor, not to exceed one for each Militia District, for a term of four years, and shall be ex-officio Justices of the Peace. Section VII. 1. There shall be an Attorney General of tlie State, whose official term, except when appointed to till au uiiexpired term, shall be four years. 2. It shall be the duty of the Attorney General to act as the legal adviser of the Executive Department; to represent the State in all civil and criminal cases m the Supreme and Superior Courts, when required by the Governor; and to perform such other services as shall be required of him by law. Section I ’lll. 1. There shall be a Solicitor General for each Judicial Circuit, whose official tc-rm, except when appointed to fill an miexpired term, shall be four years. 2. It shall be the duty of the Solicitor General to represent the State in all cases ill the Superior Court of his Circuit, and in all cases taken up from bis Circuit to the Supreme Court, and to perform such other services as shall be required ot' him by law. Section IX 1. The Judges of the Supreme and the Supe rior Courts, the Attorney General, Solicitors General, and the District Judges and Attorneys, shall be appoiuted by tho Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall be removable by the Governor cn tho address of two-thirds of each branch ot the General Assem bly, or by impeachment and conviction thereon. 2. The Justices of the Peace shall be.elected by the legal voters in their respective districts, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. They shall be removable on conviction fir malpractice in office. Section X. 1. The Judges of the Supremo aud Superior Courts aud the Attorney and Solicitors General shall have, out of tlie State Treasury, adequate and honorable salaries, ou a specie basis, which shall not be increased or diminished during their continuance in office; the District Judges and District Attorneys shall receive out of the Treasuries of the several counties of their Dis tricts adequate compensation, on a specie basis, which shall not be increased or diminished during their term of office; but said Judges shall "not receive any other perquisites or emoluments whatever,"from parties or others, on account of any duty required of them. 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the equitable apportionment of the compensation of the District Judges and Attorneys between the Counties composing their Districts, and shall require the moneys arising from tines aud forfeitures in the District Courts to be paid into the Treasuries thereof. 3. No person shall be Judge ot the Supreme or Superior Courts, or Attorney General, unless at the time of his appointment he shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been a citizen of this State three years, and have practiced law for seven years. Section XI. 1. No total divorce shall be granted except on the concurrent verdict of two juries. When a divorce is granted, the jury reuijering the final verdict shall determine the rights and disabilities of tho parties, subject to the revision of tho court. Section XII. 1. Divorce cases shall bo tried in the county whore the defendant resides, if a resident of this State. 2. Criminal cases shall be tried iu the county where the crime was committed, except cases in the Superior Courts when the presiding Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtain ed in such county. 3. Cases respecting titles to lands shall bo tried in the county where the land lies, except where a single tract is divided by a county line, in which caso the Superior Court of either county shall have jurisdiction. 4. Equity cases shall be tried in the county where a def ncbiut resides, against whom sub stantial relief is prayed. 5. Suits against joint obligors, joint prom isors, copartners, or joint trespassers residing in different counties, may be tried in either county. 0. Suits against the maker aud indorser oi promissory notes, or other like instruments, re 6idingju different counties, shall lie tried in tlie county where the maker resides. 7. All other cases shall be tried in the county where the defendant resides. Section XIII. • 1. The right of trial by jury, except where it is otherwise provided iu this Constitution, shall remain inviolate. 2. The General Assembly shall provide by law lor the selection of upright and intelligent per sons to servo as jurors. There shall be no distinction between the classes of persons who compose grand and petit juries. Jurors shall rceoivc adequate compensation for their services, to be prescribed by law. Section XI U. 1. The Courts heretofore existing in this State, styled Inferior Courts, aro abolished; and their unfinished business, and the duties of the Jus tices thereof, aro transferred to such tribunals as the General Assembly may designate. Section XV. 1. Tho General Assembly shall have power to provide for the creation of county commissioners in such counties as nay require them, and to define their duties. Section XVI. 1. All Courts not specially mentioned by name, in the first section of this article, may be abolished in any county at the discretion of the General Assembly, and the County Courts now existing in Georgia aro hereby abolished. Section X i'll. 1 No court, in this State shail have jurisdiction to try or determine any suit against any resident of this State, upon any contract or agreement. made or implied, or upon any contract made in renewal ol' any debt existing prior to the first day of June, 1865. Nor shall any court <jr ministerial ollicer of this State have authority to enforce any judgment, execution or decree, rendered or issued upon any contract or agreement, made or implied, or when any contract in rene oral of a debt, existing prior to the first day of June, 1865,except in the following cases: 1. In suits against trustees where the property is m the hands of the trustee, or has been invest ed by him in other specific effects now in his hands, and in suits by the vendor of real estate against the vendee, where not more limn one third of tho purchase money has been paid, and the vendee is m possession ol tlio land or specific effects for winch he has sold it, and lie refuses to deliver the land or said effects to the vendor. In such cases tlie Courts anil officers may entertain jurisdiction and enforce judgments against said trust property or land or effects. 2. In salts for the benefit of minors by trustees appoiuted before the first day of June. 1860. 3. In suits against corporations in their corporate capacity, but not so as to enforce tlie debt against the stockholders or officers thereof in their individ ual capacity. 4. In suits by charitable or literary institu tions for money loaned, property—other than slaves—sold, or services rendered by stich institutions. 5. In suits on debts due for mechanical or manual labor, when the suit is by the mechanic or laborer. G. In cases when the debt is set up by way of defense and the debt set up exceeds any debt due by defendant to plaintiff of which the Courts are denied jurisdiction. 7. In all other eases in which the General Assembly shall by law give the said Courts and Officers jurisdiction ; Provided, that no Court or officer shall have, nor shall the General Assembly give jurisdiction or authority, to try or give judgment on or enforce any debt, the consideration of which was a slave or slaves, or tlie hire thereof. It. All contracts made aud not executed during the iate rebellion, with the intention and for thq purpose of aiding and encouraging said rebellion, or where it was tlie purpose and intention of any one of the parties to such con tract to aid or encourage such rebellion, and that fact w as known to tiie ether party, whether said contrac t was made by any person or corpo ration w ith the State or Confederate States, or by a corporation with a natural person, or between two or more na'.ural persons, are hereby declared to have been and to be illegal; and all bonds, deeds, promissory notes, bills, or other evidences of debt, made or executed by the parties to such contract, or either of them, in connection with such illegal contract, or as tlie consideration there for, or iu furtherance thereof, are hereby de clared null and void, and shall lie so held "in all Courts iu this State, when attempt shall lie made to enforce any such contract, or give validity to any such obligation or evidence of debt. And in ail cases when tlie defendant or any one interested in the event of tiie suit, will make a plea, supported by his or her affidavit, that he or she has reason to believe that tiie obligation or evidence of in debtedness upon which tlie suit is predi cated, or some part thereof, lias beeu given or used for the illegal purpose aforesaid, the burden of proof shall be upon the plaintiff' to satisfy the court and jury that tlie bond, deed, note, bill, or other evidence of indebtedness upon which said suit is brought, is or are not, nor is any part thereof founded upon, or in any way connected witli any such illegal contract, and has not been used in aid of the rebellion; and the date of such bond, deed, note, bill, or other evidence of indebt edness, shall not be evidence that it lias or lias not, since ils date, beeu issued, transferred, or used, ill aid of the rebellion. 111. It shall be in the power of the General As sembly to assess and collect upon all debts, judg ments, or causes of action, when due, founded on any contract made, or implied, before the first day of June, 186-'. iu the hands of any one iu his orvu right, or trustee, agent, or attorney of another, on or after the first day cf January, iSGS, a tax of uot exceeding twenty live per cent., to be paid by the creditor on pain of tire forfeiture of tlio debt, but chargeable by him, as to one half thereof, against the debtor, and col lected with tho debt: ProrOlcd, That this tax shall not be collected if the debt or cause of ac tion be abandoned or settled without legal pro cess, or ii in judgment, be settled without levy and sale ; and provided further, this tax shall not be levied so long as the Courts of this State shall not have jurisdiction of such debts or causes of action. ARTICLE VI—EDUCATION. 1. The General Assembly, at its first, session after the adoption of this Constitution, shall pro vide a thorough system of General Education, to be forever free to all children of tlie State, the expense of which shall be provided for by t ixa tiou, or otherwise. 2. The oliice of State School Commissioner is hereby created. He shall bo appointed bv the Governor with the consent of ihe Senate, and shall hold his office for tiie same term as tlie Gov ernor. The General Assembly shall provide for tiie said Commissioner a competent salary and necessary clerks. He shall keep his office "at tiie Seat of Government. 3. The Poll tax allowed by this Constitution, any Educational fuud now belonging to this State—except the endowment of aud debt due to tlie State University—or that may hereafter be obtained in any way, a special tax on Shows and Exhibitions, and on the sale of spirituou and malt liquors—which tlie General Assembly is hereby authorized to assess—and the pro ceeds from the commutation for militia service are hereby set apart aud devoted to tlie support of Common Schools. And if the provisions herein made shall, at any time, prove insuffi cient, tiie General Assembly shall hare power to levy such general tax upon the property of tiie State as may be necessary for the sup port of said School System. And there shall be established, soon as practicable, o-.o or more Common Schools in each School District in this State. ARTICLE VJ I—HOMESTEAD AND KXEMP- TION. I. Each head of a family, or guardian or trus tee of a family of minor children, shall bocn titlad to a homestead of realty to tho value of §2,000 in specie, and personal property to tho value of §I,OOO in specie, both to be valued at the time they are set apart, and no court or ministerial offieer of this State shall ever have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judg ment, decree, or execution against said prop erty so set apart—including such improve mentsas maybe made thereon from time to time, except for taxes, money borrowed and expended in the improvement of the homestead, or for the purchase money of the same, and for labor done thereon, or material furnished therefor, or removal of incumbrances thereon ; and it shall he tlie duty of the General Assembly, as early as practicable, to provide by law for the setting apart and valuation of said property, and to enact laws for the full and complete protection and security of the same to the sole use and benefit of said families as aforesaid. 2. All property of the wife, in her possession at the time of her marriage, and all property given to, inherited, or acquired by her, shall remain her separate property, and not bo liable for tlie debts of her husband. ARTICLE VIII—MILITIA. J. The Militia shall consist of nl! able bodied male persons between the ages of eighteen and forty five years, except such us may be exempted by tlie laws of the United States or this State; and shall be organized, officered, armed, equipped and trained in such manner as may be provided by law ; subject to tlie paramount authority of'JCJoii gress over this subject.. 2. Volunteer companies of Cavalry, Infantry, or Artillery may be formed in such manner, and with such restrictions, as may be provided by law. : >. No person conscientiously opposed to hearing arms shall he compelled to d’o militia duty, bat such persons shall pay an equivalent for exemp tion ; the amount to bo prescribed by law and ap propriated to the Common School Fund. ARTICLE IX—COUNTY OFFICERS. 1. The county officers recoghized as existing by by the laws of this State, and not abolished by this Constitution, shall, where not otherwise pro vided for in this Constitution, be elected by tho qualified voters of their respective counties or J list nets, and shall hold their offices for two years. They shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office, or on the address of two thirds of the Senate. ARTICLE X-SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 1. The Seat of Government of this State, from and after the date of the ratification of this Consti tution, shall bo in the City of Atlanta, and the General Assembly shall provide for the erection of a now Caiiitol, aitd such other buildings as the public welfare may require. 2. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for the temporary removal of the Seat of Government in case of invasion, pestilence, or other emergency. ARTICLE XI. The Laws of general operation in force in this State arc: 1. As tho Supreme Law: The Constitution of the United States, the laws of the United States in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority ol the United States. 2. As next in authority thereto: this Consti tution. :>. In subordination to the foregoing: All Acts passed by any legislative body, sitting in this State as'such, since the l'dth day of January, 1861, including that body of laws known as tlie Code of Georgia, and the acts anicudatorf thereof, or passed since that time, which said Code and acts arc embodied in tho printed book known as ‘‘lrwin’s Code;" and also so much of the Common and Statute Laws of England and of the Statute Laws of Georgia, as were in force iu this State on the Illth day of December, 1860, as are not superceded by said Code, though not embodied therein, except so much of the said several Statutes, Code and Laws :is may be iu eonsistent with the supreme law herein recog nized, or may have been passed In aid of the late rebellion against the United States, or may be obsolete, or may refer to persons held iu slavery, which excepted laws are Inoperative and void; and any future General Assembly shall be competent to alter or repeal (if no't hercin prohibited) anv north.,, , flared to be of force in this it -°i ttie oifa clause of this Article said laws herein declared A ? d ls ‘a n, ' “Confederate” occurs Wo /ff*. such law is hereby amended iV , Wor d ' word “United” for the word 4. Local and private acts'^r benefit of counties, cities, *» ; and private persons, not ineonfi,? Supreme Law, nor with this fy?i st s nt *uh-o winch have not expired nor be&?^* tltut *° c - • have the force of Statute j ' "’Pealed 8 cial decision as to their validfuf* v “ jit and many , Imitation, im^‘%^ 5. All right*, privileges in 1 • which may have vested Iu r r ,rn *nuait person or persons, or corporation"• v their own right, or in any fiS bl under any act of anv legislative I 7 <a i-a this State as such, or or order of any Court, sittin "tf under the aws then of force’ aL therein, and recognized by Court of competent, jurisdiction * r day of January, lSbl^an all the Courts of this State, un fc£ ' fraud, or unless otherwise declaS or according to this Constitution Ta!ii b 0. The records, dockets, books " proceedings of any Court or offirs? 1 tins State by the laws thereof on January 18C1, or purporting t o °x k laws, and recognized and gcmemlh! ‘1 aij the people as such, since the s?ft «■W * before, the several Courts and nut vided for by this Constitution q ia ,^ cers pm. into actual operation shall he to the several Courts and offices name or functions by this Const! „!• ait i vided for, and shall have fnreea£du Uos ;:r , perfected and performed therein as follows, and not otherwise to -V't ; Final judgments, decrees’ acts fully executed and quiring performance or execution .1 X 0 full force and effect as tliou'-h noVt» u ~- had taken place in the legaf sueceST ’ 5 courts and offices, c;.e,: • . , ( . provided. Proceedings not find ments and decrees not fully editedin formed, shall proceed and be performed?. cases, and such cases only, as this (Wn : or the laws made in pursuance tle“o jurisdiction and authority over the “ 1 ' J actions on which said cases, judgments * or proceedings, civil or criminal, are W? Provided, that a said judgments, deSti proceedings shall be subject tohescS reversed, or vacated, by proceedings inV several courts having custody of the though they were the judgments of add cAA and shall be subject always to b e e S* to the meaning of tlie word dollar or dolls? " used in the same, and no motion for a new?"' bill of review, or other proceedin'* to V-A any judgment, order or decree, ma'de sin ? 19th of January, 1801, by any of said conmt fraud, illegality, or error of law, shall be d-' l ' by reason of the same not having been m time: Provided, said motion or appli-vV is made in twelve months from the adontinn!* this Constitution. * c •• t I' The books, papers and proceeding of tb Inferior Courts shall be transferred so main in, the control of tiie Ordinaries shall perform the duties of said CouiW otherwise provided by law. The books Dam-' and proceedings of the County Courts Mi' unfinished business thereof, shall be tans ferred to the Superior Courts and the ui shall be finished and performed bv their Superior Courts and the officers thereof, in such cases, and iu such cases only, as thejj? Courts are, by this Constitution or the 1v" made in pursuance thereof, granted jurisdictiot over the subject-matter or debts on wMchai cases aucl judgments, civil or criminal - founded. 8. The cases pending and tiie judgments W E j made in tiie City Courts of Savannah and An gusto, and in tlio various Justices’Courts it‘ij btate, shail be finished, and the judgmenu re formed by the City Courts, and officers and jur tices, provided by this Conetitutioii, in suchcase and «nch only-, as by this Constitution jurafera is given to said Courts and officers, over v causes of action on which tlic-v are founded. 9. The judgments and proceedings of Cot* aud acts of officers within their jurisdiction,a; provided by law, shall be valid, notwithstand ing the Judges of said Courts or the said officers were appointed by the military authoritieso! the United States, and any of said judgments, or acts, or proceedings made or done, under#: by virtue of, or in accordance with the orders of said military authorities, dulv made, are # valid as if done under a law of this State. 10. These several acts of confirmation slnilnu be construed to divest any vested right, uorto make any act criminal, otherwise not trim, hut they shall be construed assets of peace, prevent injustice : Provided. That nothingmart Constitution shall be so com-truedastorcakevaf: any acts done by, or before, any such #' situ officer, which would, by legalizing such acts.rev. derqliat criminal which was not criminal when done, or cause any act not legally criminal when done to become criminal by giving validity' such act after it was done ; but all such acts ska# be held by the Courts to be null and volt!. 11. Should this Constitution be ratified lyit people, and Congress accept tlie same with*•; qualifications or conditions, the Government lira in provided for. and tlie officers elected. nevertheless exist and continue iu the exercise ri their several functions, as the Government of tls Slate, so far as the same may be consistent with the action of the United States in the premise;. 12. The ordinances of this Convention «tie subject of the first election, and the first General.t sembly, shall .have the force of Jaws, until 4? expire by their own limitation, and all other O'! nances of a mere Legislative character, shall to the force of laws, until othciwise provided la" General Assembly. ARTICLE XII.—AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 1. This Constitution may be amended I'f l two thirds vote of two successive Legislatnrti and by a submission of tlie amendment *• qualified voters for final ratification. But ts General Assembly shall not call a Convention of the people in the election of delegates t» which any person, qualified to vote by tin* Constitution shall be disqualified. And ti« representation in said Convention si»" “■ based on population. Nor shall the right ol suffrage ever be taken from any person* 1 '’ lied by this Constitution to vote. J. K. PARROTT. Pres. Ga. Con. ConTto. Attest; P. M. Siieiulm, See., Gc.o. Con. Conveu- Atlanta, Ga., Match lib*- 1 In n b\ certify that tin lerog'dngis-b copy of the Constitution, ordain Georgia Constitutional (mu-nth » ' ted, as a whole, by that bode, on tin 1J, 1 ]; of March 1808. P. M. SHEIBIJ-) Secretary of thcCotw-jjjj^ Notice to Passengers* up HE NEW SCHEDULE TO NW 10lili ’ 1 and ail points Xbrtli and East by tM Great Atlantic Seaboard Route. is now complete ar.d in operation. N° 1 interruption. At Weldon, passenger choice of three routes, viz.: 17a ANNAMESSIO LINE. 1 TV, RICHMOND and WASHINGTON' 1111 Via. OLD BAY LINE. THIS IS TOR PLEASANTEST, SAFEST, CHEAPEN rill it and QUICKE-T 'I’O TJtlli N Oli T 11 ! P. H. RANGOON. General Southern R ISAAC LEVY, apt—ts Agent at August*^, MATERIA MUSICA, MATERIALS FOR THE \ CLASS BOOK, CONTAINER F([ll Principles > ( Music applied to * flo je Playing adapted for private tuitionf* especially arranged for the use oj ic0 t young ladies' normal schools, am ‘’ uarics of learning. By J. *'• huge -, o qpest- Just published. Price, 7a cents--®- r»id. t fib OLIVER DITsON * Publishers, 2T7 Washington s*- U. 11. DITSON AIV- yitj a, 1 1 If ;£ 1 Broad way; _N£_- To Rent, jSI \ HANDSOMELY iV Commodious DWELLING H A. 136 Broad street. , TiiinrO rel,l(,lti The llouso has all the Modern ,«;?'• To a suitable tenant it will I® rented ablo terms. Apply to Trud#' mar3 —ts EPHRAIM IbLU'M