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“Diet and cancer researchers put
“‘wonder foods” in perspective
Beta-carotene, olive oil, red
wine —theseare just a few of the
items we eat that are being tout
“€d as “wonder sources” of protec
tion from cancer and other dis
eases. But forevery research find
g that shows health benefits,
another study tells a different
story about the same dietary sub
stance we’d like to believe is
ntgoosting our health. Why is there
So much conflicting information,
;and what should consumers be
tieve?
~ Several leading diet and can
'g'er researchers from the Ameri
.canlnstitutefor Cancer Research
tackled this question at a recent
r§ymposium inNew York on “Diet
i_%nd Cancer: Putting the Puzzle
4 ,}ogether.”
. ‘Exploratory study results are
Sometimes mistaken for infor
mation that is useful to the gen
eralpublic,”commented Dr. John
D. Potter, head of the Cancer
"/E\revention Research Center at
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Re
search Center; professor of epi
demiology at the University of
Washington, Seattle; and co
chairofthe World Research Fund
expert panel on diet and cancer.
He noted as one example the
nutrient beta-carotene, which as
a component in foods has been
shown to help protect against
cancer. However, two recent
studies found beta-carotene to
Tack protection and perhaps in
crease cancer development
among both Finnish and Ameri
can smokers. Potter explained
that this was good science that
tells us clearly a relatively high
dose in high-risk individuals is
npt protective. However, he said
that one or two studies alone are
not enough to determine good
public health policies: In this
example, beta-carotene is just
one piece of a very large and
eomplex puzzle that shows over
&l a higher plant intake proba
bly is protective.
ElPotter also noted different an
swers result from different types
ofscientific studies. Human stud
i6s, studies with laboratory ani
mals, and “test-tube” studies of
eells and substances under mi
eroscopes all hdave different pur
poses and outcomes, although
they are all necessary to under
standing the entire picture of
how and why a food might pro
tectagainst cancer and other dis
eases.
_“We end up with a picture of
echanisms from isolated labo
tory studies that may or may
ot directly reflect what’s going
n in human beings. That’s be
use we consume complex diets
nd complex mixtures of foods
ery day of our lives,” he said.
“What we desperately need is
get simple ideas out of com
lex biology,” said Dr. T. Colin
ampbell, professor of nutrition
biochemistry, Cornell Univer
ty, and co-chair of the World
ancer Research Fund expert
nel on diet and cancer. “There
e many exciting indications in
1 of the research that is going
1, but we still don’t know enough
out how specific fopds or sub
stances in them work in combi
tion to protect our health.”
Campbell said that, after
alth authorities in the early
1980 s issued the recommenda
tion that Americans reduce fat
frtom 40 percent of daily calories
t@ 30 percent or less, people be
ghn to think cutting fat was the
ofly answer to a healthier diet.
S?nce then, he noted, “We’ve
ldarned that cutting back on cer
%n foods is only half the story:
e need to increase the amount
ahd variety of protective foods
like fruits and vegetables. It
déesn’t mean that broccoli or
afother plant food is individual
-1)? going to be the answer, be
cduse we need protection from
tHe hundreds of different com
p@unds we get from eatinga wide
variety of fruits, vegetables and
ins.”
Dr. Campbell has compared
§ SRRy,
Tal
e Y
~ FOCUS on some
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1117 Laney-Walker
Blvd.
Asian and American eating
trends asdirectors of the Cornell-
Oxford-China Diet and Health
Project, a 15-year study current
ly funded by the American Insti
tute for Cancer Research, to an
alyze dietary habits and disease
rates among thousands of rural
Chinese families. He noted that
the Chinese population’s diet,
high in plant foods and low fat
intake from eating few animal
based foods, seemed proportion
ate to their lower rates for sever
al cancers common in the West.
Meanwhile, Westerners’ greater
meat and lower vegetable and
grain intakes may be linked to
their higher cancer rates. More
physical activity also seemed to
play a role in lower rates of these
cancers among the Chinese in
contrast to the more sedentary
life-styles of people in Western
societies.
The researchers concluded
that, until more research reveals
answers about specific protec
torsin fruits and vegetables, the
best advice is generally to eat a
wide variety of fruits, vegetables
and whole grains; tokeep fat toa
minimum, and to get regular
exercise. :
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