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the peninsula generally, it is the custom with fanners to sow or cultivate a much greater quantity of laud than they can properly manage; a consequence of which is (hat a great deal of good land is thrown away, pro ducing about one third or one fourth of what it would if properly manured and at tended to. If, therefore, many of our far mers would limit their industry to the culti vation of one half or one third of their usual quantity of land, they would economize their labor greatly, cultivate their lands much bet ter, produce a greater quantity of grain and grass, an ! the surplus would remain for the propagation of timber.—Bel. Watchman. [The above remarks apply with equal force to many other parts of the country.] FOREIGN. London, July 18.—We copy the following from the Chronicle. To what it refers, or what it means except that Napoleon is grumbling, as usual, we profess not to know.—The Chronicle “ pledges itself for its authenticity,” and calls it a“ curi ous and important document.” We own we can discern neither of those qualities in it: Note written by Napoleon, in the mnrjrin of sir Thomas Heade’s letter to count Bertrand, dated 25th April, 1818. “ 1. I gave you to understand, yesterday, when you presented this letter to me. that I would not condescend to notice it ; and that you need not translate it to me, since it is not in the form which has been observed for three years. “2. This fresh outrage only dishonors this coxcomb. The king of Kngland only is enti tled to treat with me upon an equality. “ S. This crafty proceeding has one object— to prevent vourexposing the criminal plot they ha\e been contriving against my life, for these two years past. “4. Thus it is, that affecting to open the doors to claims and complaints, they shut them the closer. “ 5. Tiius it is, that affecting a willingness to rovide me lodging, and build a house for me, have been kept for three years in this unhealthy barn, and no building lias been yet commenced. “6. Thus it is, that affecting to allow me the libertv of riding on horseback, they prevent me from so doing, and from taking exercise, by indi rect means : Hence the primary cause of my ill ness. ‘•7. They employ the same means to debar me from receiving any visits. They have need of obscurity. “8. Thus it is, that after having made attempts upon my physician, having forced him to give in his resignation, rather than remain a passive in strument void of all moral feeling, they never theless keep him under arrest at Longwood, wishing it to be believed that 1 have his assist ance, when they well know I cannot see him, that l have not seen him for a fortnight, and that I never -hall see him unless he be sat at liberty, relieved from his oppressive situation, and re stored to his moral independence in what con cerns the exercise of his functions. ‘•9. Thus it is they are guilty of a character istic falsehood in causeing bulletins to be issued by a physician who has never seen me, and who ignorant both of my constitution amt my disor der : but that is well calculated to deceive the prince and people of England, and Europe. “10. They indulge in a ferocious smile at the fresh sufferings this deprivation of the assistance of art adds to this tedious agony. “11. Desire this note to be sent to lord Liver pool, and also your letter of yesterday, witli those of the 13th and 24th April, that the prince regent may know who my is, and be able to publicly punish In n. “12. If he does not, I bequeath the opprobri um of my'death to the reigning house of Eng land. HAPOLEON. South .American affairs.—The Aurora of Fri day last, gives two bulletins from the indepen dent armies of Venezuela, of the 10th and 27th of 'une,announcing victory obtained by gen. Paez, over a strong detachment of the royal ar my, commanded by gen. La Tone. The action was fought on the 2d of May, on the plain of Co- geda. The account states that the whole of the enemy’s infantry and cavalry were cut to pieces— 1000 men fell upon the field in a very few mi nutes : a great quantity of arms and stores of every department of the military', and a great number of prisoners, were captured. Brigadier Correa, chief of the general staff; col. Gonzales Velia, commanding the regiment of Castile, with several other Spanish officers of rank, fell on the field of battle. The royal general and chief. La Torre, received two wounds. All the chiefs of the dragoons of the union, those of the hussars, and of the lancers of the king, bit the dust.— The patriot loss, though not great, is stated to have been severe. The bulletin states that “ the Spaniards, strong in infantry, cover the defiles of the mountains, while our superiority in cavalry, commanded all the plains and the interior of Venezuela; they have lost their generals in chief and principal of ficers of rank ; almost all the European troops, ami about 3000 of the troops raised h with all their magazines, provisions, and equippage for cavalry have fallen into our hands.” It appears from the same papers, that the roy alists had a few days previously, obtained some considerable advantages. The bulletin says— “ On our side we have suffered heavy losses, bet ter than 1000 infantry and 500 cavalry, a con siderable quantity of our arms and ammunition, destroyed and unserviceable, and many gallant officers.” The accounts official and unofficial, published by both the patriots ami royalists relative to the bloody partisan war which unhappily rages in South America, are so vague, confused, contra dictory and uncertain, that it is extremely diffi cult either to keep the run of them, or to form just conclusions as to the real situation of affairs. With respect to what we had supposed the latest intelligence from that quarter, published in the Aurora last week, and republished in some: of the papers in this .city on Saturday, the Washington Gazette received this morning says:—“ Some musty despatches from Morillo are going the rounds: they were received in Philadelphia two mouths since, direct from Caraccas, ami were, in part, printed in many of the papers, which are now republishing them, without being, it is be lieved, aware of tlie fact.”—-V. T. Herald. Public education.—The generation, which is now educating in the provinces of La Plata, will be far superior to that, which, at the expense of the greatest sacrifices, has provided it suitable means of instruction. Our tender youths have recently been examined upon subjects, which our tutors, perhaps, never even heard named : they have exhibited drawings, the merits of which the majority of us have not learned how to discern. The monarch of Spain cannot justly claim the vassalage of a country so misgoverned, that (lur ing the time of its obscurity, it scarce preserved a knowledge of its own geographical position.— All that pertained to the colonial system lias ei ther been amended, or no longer exists. This proposition, exaggerated, perhaps, as to us, whose necks have felt the Spanish yoke, is absolutely true as respects our youths, who have never felt for the metropolis aught but hatred, excited , by pretensions the most unjust. The proofs we have already given of our strength have filled our ene mies with uneasiness : if this article meets their eyes, it will fill them with terror. Buenos Ayres Gazette. Baden, June 18.—Count Las Casas, who ar rived at Baden about a fortnight ago, with his son, ami who hopes, by using the waters, to re cover his health, endeavors to live there very retired, and. to avoid much company and exten sive acquaintances. He >s at present employed in literary occupations, as far as a weak stat? of health and his eyes allow. The manner in which his affairs have been introduced into the British Parliament, releases him, he imagines, from the tacit obligations of further observing, on his side, that silence which has hitherto guided his conduct. He thinks that he owes it to himself, and his own honour to refute calumniatory at tacks, and he will, therefore, not hesitate to make the public acquainted with the truth. We wish he may keep his word, and really tell the truth, if it were only for the sake of the nov elty.—Courier. A French Paper states, that the Bashaw of E- gypt has sent agents to Europe to engage artists and skilful manufacturers to settle under his Government. He is fond of botany and pur chases exoticks at a large price. He subscribes for the periodical journals of Paris, and has late ly given an order for about GOO volumes of French works. He has particularly desired that all accounts of the Bell and Lancasteran methods of instruction should be sent to him, as he means to apply that system of education to the Arabick. The Parisians call him the Pacha liberal. ib. Letters from Paris, received at London, speak of a recent discovery of a plot by the party de nominated ultra-royalists, to undermine the pre sent government of France. The London pa pers contain the following as a part of their plans: “ On Wednesday, 24th of June, on the ris ing of the king’s council at St. Cloud, the min isters were to be seized by a detachment of the horse granadiers of the 1st regiment of La Roche Jacquelain, and conveyed to the fortress of Vin cennes. “ A part of the 3d regiment of the guards, col. Berthier de Savigne’s, and a part of the 2d Swiss regiment, were to be posted in echelon, on the road from Vincennes to St. Cloud. About 3000 men composed of gardes-du-corps Vendeans, the old royal volunteers, &c. were to assemble at the same hour in the place du Caroussel, with a coun tersign, whence they were to march to different pre-uetermined points, and proceed to arrest and carry off'a certain number of public functionaries, “ The insurrection troops were to be comman ded by generals C and D , and assisted by several superior officers of the guards, whose names circulate in public, but which I refrain from\inentiuuing, in order to avoid the risk of injustice or error. On the first part of the plan being carried into efl’ect. had the king, whose courage and firmnpas of character is known, re fused to sign his abdication, it is said that it was then the intention of the conspirators to proceed a la Paul premier. “ General Ciausel was to be minister of war ; general Donadieu, commander of the division ot Paris; M. de Chatzubriand, minister for fo reign affairs ; M. de Villele, minister of the in terior; Ai.de Bruges, minister of the marine; Al. de. Fitzjames, minister of the king’s house hold ; M. de la Buurdonnaye, minister of the police, & c. Iran, (Spain,) July 7.—The government has received official news from SuuthAmerica,brought by vessels arrived at Cadiz within the last few days. It is to be presumed that it is not favora ble, as the greatest silence has prevailed. The king has presided several times at the council of state, when the afl'aii s of our colonies came un der consideration. Couriers have been sent off with dispatches for Russia* London and Paris.— On the other hand the most strict orders have been sent to Cadiz, to accelerate the departure of the grand expedition which has beeiwt long time pre paring in that port. The recruiting continues, and, it is said, that all the officers employed have been invited to go to South America, with a pro mise of recompense proportioned to their services. In general the troops have shewn a dislike to era- ■barK, aud the news circulated is by no means suited to give them ardcr. More Americans imprisoned.—A letter from an American to his brother in Boston, dated Per nambuco, June 28, 1818, says, “ We sailed from New-York on the 28th of November, for Gibral tar, in the schooner Penguin: we were ( thcn char tered for St. Salvador. Six of the crew besides myself left her, toith the consent of the Captain and Supercargo, who gave us a regular discharge, and the long boat—we came on shore at a small town, about one hundred and thirty miles to the northward of this place—Wc were taken up on suspicion of being Patriots, and put in prison, where we have remained for five months. Our situation is dreadful and we have but little hope of getting clear.” Sir Robert Wilson, so famous for his war-an nals, and for his conduct in rescuing Lavallette from prison, lias been elected a member of par liament. In an address to his constituents lie informed them, that he should make the follow ing, the rules of his parliamentary conduct :— 1st. “ That an idle man was a very useless an- imal. 2d. That a man in power should never go to sleep without thinking of those who are a- wake: 3d. That before he eats his dinner, he should reflect that there are many who would like to dine with him ;—and 4th. That when he walked along the streets, he should never forget that there \v - a some who could not walk, be cause they were in irons.” France.—It is stated, that the proposition made to the French government with regard to the removal of the foreign troops now in France, is, that they shall take up their quarters on the frontier for one entire year, at the expense of France, and that this is to be the sine qua non of their withdrawing. DOMESTIC. 1HE WESTERN STATES. The population of the western country daily becomes a more interesting concern. The pro gress has been worthy of the enlightened zeal bestowed upon it. Of its commencement we have a concise and clear view from Imlay, who had a military commission in the country, and was a commissioner for laying out the lands in the back settlements. He tells us, that the mil itary operations of 1760 opened to the public view these then unknown regions. That the peace of Paris in 1763, by the cession of Florida and the lands east of the Mississippi, with the navi gation of that river, encouraged visits to the country, and some places on the Ohio became known. Before the revolution some places had been settled on the eastern side of the Mississip pi, above and below Natchez, some troops were in the Illinois,and on the Wabash,at St. Vincent, a post now known as the capital ot Indiana, un der the name of Vincennes. During the war. a settlement was formed on the Cumberland river, back of North-Carulina, which began the Ten nessee settlements, as from Virginia had begun the Kentucky settlements on the Ohio. Such was the state of things in 1780. Just before the peace of 1783, Virginia had provided for the go vernment of its western settlements, and the spi rit of independence soon discovered itself. In 1780, surveys had been made on the Muskingum, and in 1787 began the settlements upon the west ern side of the Ohio. We have now the com mencement of the western states. As the set tlements extended on the Ohio, successively claimed the privileges of the constitution. Next to the Ohio, we saw Indiana arise, and extend ing to the banks of the Ohio, we find Illinois ris ing to the same privileges. North of these set tlements, on the lakes, the state of Michigan ap pears. In' the south, the purchase of Louisiana gave new hopes. The Upper and Lower Louisi ana appear, and on the eastern side of the Mis sissippi, already Mississippi and Alabama have their claims, till another division gives the better accommodation of a rapidly increasing popula tion. West-Florida is already in our posses sion, as is the capital of East Florida. Forei-rii negotiation is to determine whether a union of the whole with the states is to be the return of that blessing which was so welcome in the peace of 1763. In the census of 1800 the population of the states exceeded five millions, and in the next in 1810, it exceeded seven millions, giving an increase of two millions in round numbers.— At the former of these census, the west contain ed nearly half a million, but in the next the po pulation had doubled. In the territories then re ported, but since become states, it was necessary that one should more than double, another acquire more than a third, while another was deficient in several thousands. It is now confessed that these numbers have been supplied, while the states formed before the last census have proceed ed with a rapidity not at first imagined, bein' from 6 to 10 times as numerous as was contem plated in their claims to be independent states. We have seen nothing like this in any other po pulation, by any other nation in America. Salem Register. Nashville, August 18.—We learn that the Chichasaw Indians have pointedly refused to|hold any treaty with the U. States commissioners for the present. A gentleman recently from Natch ez, informs us that about 200 met at Levi Col bert’s and on the suggestion of the disaffected, resolved to shoot the first one who should dare to recommend the meeting the commissioners on a- ny terms, as they were determined to part with no more land. It is surprising to what a state of insolence these Indians have arrived. The countenance given to them by the government has encouraged them to be contumelious. We are now to see whether another forty years is to pass away before the soldiers of the revolution can get their western lands, which are not in a- ny respect useful to the savages, who prevent their occupation. The council in the Cherokee nation ended in smoke—nothing was effected. Melancholy example.—We understand (says the Charleston Patriot of the 27th ult.) that" a Court of Magistrates and Freeholders was held on Friday and Saturday last, in St. James’, San tee, on two negroes, James and London, belong ing to the estate of Peter Arthur, Esq. deceased, for the murder of the driver, named Handy—Ver dict guilty, and sentenced to be hung on Friday, at the head of Palmer’s Causeway, and their bo dies to be burned to ashes. • New-York, August 23.-O n iU , com. Pay I or, lately commander ofV? 'S Stl Ayres fleet, as admiral, and who I rived in this city from Baltimore, was, M process issuing out of the Clrciib ( . rre, W United State* on tw„ him by a Spanish gentleman, named *g»i V / “ ^'"-'vi.ian, named Dan r Juando. These suits are brought for ry of damages sustained from ?hc cantur/T tain property by commodore Tavlor h? to the said Juan Jnando, while the L ” commanded the El Patriota, aHed.-ed™."' been fitted out in Baltimore. Tavlor „ ,, , able to find bail, was kept in custody bv thr shah Yesterday morning two suits 1 tnenced in the Admiralty Court a-ainst m'r by the Spifiish Consul, on behalf of of two vessels, which he had captured • ^7? consul being advised to proceed also in thead ■ raltv, in the case of Juan Juando, f ur t i 7* pass, &c. the causes in the Circuit Court discontinued, and a new suit in the admiral:!* stituted. The damages in the three canJ*’ laid at 90,000 dollars. se,|| t St. Stephens, August 22.—Maj. »„ », Gaines passed this place yesterday, on hisJ' to Georgia. The general is immediately2 Pensacola, and informs us that the utmostk mony existed among every class of citizenwi that place ; that so far from murmurin» 1 Spaniards who remained, found no fault w £!j er with the authorities established bv sen U son, and that not an instance had occurred which a deviation had taken place from the intent and meaning of the articles of capitak tion entered into and ratified between gen!u son, and don Masot, the late gavernor of tb place. We understand that three companies i it minted men, to wit : one under the immedia command of captain Wm. F. Ware, w lw have the direction of the whole, one undetax M’Girt and the third under captain Bovle, sisting of between 3 and 400, are ordered dezvous at Claiborne in a few davs, to scour country from that place to Fort Jackson, and I possible, destroy a party of out-lying Infos which infest the road, more for the object J plunder, than from a disposition to commit w, der. It is pretty well ascertained that lie | dians in East. Florida are now disposed forpaj and that it only remains to break up the y, which frequent the road between this and Gar. gia, and which, we understand, have never & tachcil itself to any party, but continued pin. (lcring during the short interval of peace slid took place after the late British warrioputifc. mination to our troubles with the SavagesiatS quarter. ; Washington city, August 29.—In virtue of a act of the 14th of April, 1818. for regulafrijfc staff ot the army, a considerable alteratioi l« taken place in that branch of the military nr. vice. Instead of a quarter-master general,l« each division of the army, neither of which m sided at the metropolis, there is now jejuutn- master general, who keeps his office at Masbiif- ton. This place is filled by Col. Thomas S. k sup, of the third infantry, and lately adjutant-ge neral of the northern division; in which’ lot mentioned post he has been succeeded by Col. Ro ger Jones, by recent appointment of the Presi dent.—By the same act of Congress, the modi of furnishing supplies to the army has beenn- ried. In lieu of contractors, there is to hr i commissary general and assistants, who aretole subject to martial law. The place of comilliM- ry general is filled by Col. George Gibson, latt quarter master general of the southern division: his office will also he established at the scat if government. In addition to these, the act of the 14th of April authorizes the appointment oil surgeon general. The surgeon general is Dt. Joseph Lovell, late hospital surgeon in the medi cal department of the army. These arrtn*c- merits, it is expected, will much improve the coo- dition of the staff of the army, and give great# efficiency to the laws for regulating the military establishment generally. Wunderfill efficacy of the Steam Btth.—\ young woman in a neighboring county, who hid never been mairied, was taken extremely ill with a fit of the cholic, as she verily believed it to be, having, as she solemnly protested in the sequel, no earthly reason to apprehend that it wm any thing else. After suffering a good deal of pain, and trying various remedies without experiencing the least relief, the Steam Bath was thought « and immediately applied; when, to theunuttert- ble astonishment ot the poor girl herself, as well as those who were attending her, the application was no sooner made than she was delivered of her pain anil s fine healthy boy child into the bargain ! ! ! ! !—Nor. Herald. The corner stone of the Capitol of the United States was laid at 12 o’clock on Mondayish the 24th ult. in presence of the Commissioner of the Public Buildings, and the Architect of the Capitol ; after which the workmen and laborer* employed about the building partook of refresh’ ments,provided by direction oftheCommissioner- This ceremony took place, it will be recollect ed, on the anniversary of that day, on which» barbarous enemy here made war upon the arts, upon literature, and upon civilized laws, and hoped to perpetuate his infamous exploit, by hp ing in a neap of irreparable ruins the edific** raised by taste and genius to the peaceful p or ‘ poses of legislation, and the promotion of h»* man knowledge and happiness.—Intelligencer' A writer who signs himself a traveller, in the Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Gazette, remarks th*t the“ trade of the western country ntust u |U ' voidably centre at New-York.” The reas*» which he gives in support of his opinion, i*» that when the great western canal shall be cora* plcted, the price of transportation from the city of New-York to Buffalo, on Lake Erie, will exceed 30 cents per hundred weight, a rate low that the Philadelphians can never think »> rivaling, even though they could persuade the Alleghany mountains to open them a passage-