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co n :i it v t c a tiojvs. s..'»; L.RO K.EL LANGUAGE. A^SVvCtl TO P ROFESSOR RaFTKCS^UE’S Questions. Mh. Boudinctt: l have read in the :! d cumber of your paper a com- rr.e a alion from Professor Rafinesquc ot' Philadelphia, containing a series of questions on the language and history of the Cherokees. To those which relate to the language 1 will attempt an answer. Question I. “Why is there such a difference between the Alphabet pub lished by the United States in Indian treaties, and that given in No. 1 of your Journal, or Guess and W. alpha bets^ 1 do not mean in the order or pronunciation, but in the forms, terms and nutations?” [notations?—muta tions?] Ans. In regard to the forms of the letters, it is to be expected that the handwriting of different persons will vary; and especially % that there will be a difference between ordinary handwriting, and a copy prepared as a pattern for types, or the printed char acters. The printed letter is suffi ciently like the original to be at once recognized, l believe, by every Chero kee reader. *s to the manner of expressing the sounds by English characters, Profes sor R. is doubtless aware, that En glish letters have each so sounds, tint any syllable may be spelt in seve ral ditlerent ways. This accounts in part for the circumstance of the same sounds being expressed in different ways in my communications and in the Alphabet published at Washington. Besides this, 1 suppose that whoever eommunicated the Alphabet to the War Department at Washington, was not perhaps entirely familiar with it, and may have made two or three mis takes. Question 2. “What mean the three letters all three pronounced un (French) u i of Guess, and what is become of them? What is become also of Claugh p, Cleeh ©, Clah c, Clegh l, Cloh and the nasal Gnaugh z?” Ans. Only one of the three letters in question, viz. i, has simply the sound of un French. The other two are aspirated, and differ from each other only in that the sound of vV is more open than that of G. This dis tinction has been regarded as of so lit tle consequence, particularly by Maj. Lowrey, who has been the oracle on this subject, that the character & has been omitted, and, as no type has been cast for it, your printers can only rep resent it, as I perceive they have done, by breaking the English- capital G. In regard to the syllable Claugh there must have been an error. The character p has the sound of Tlv, [the letter v, representing nearly the sound of un, French.] The character e has, through imperfect penmanship, taken the place of g, pronounced Tli, the sound represented in the United States documeniby Clcegh. Clah, [£,] Clegh, [l,] and Cloh, [v,] are the sounds which I represent by Tla, Tie Tlo. The sound of z 1 represent no. It is often, perhaps more commonly, aspirated - , as if written lino, and per haps slightly nasal. I suppose gnaugh is used to represent precisely the same sound which I would w rite hno. Question 3-. “Why is the name of the nation ow r y pronounced by Guess Tsah-lah-keeh, and by W. Tsa-la-gi? are the sounds G and K interchange able? and also Cl and 7/?” Ans. Guess never w'rote the name of the nation either Tsah-lah-keeh or Tsa-la-gi, but owy. The h at the end of each syllable of Tsah-lah-keeh, I suppose was intended to indicate that a has the short Italian sound, and cc that of short i. The sound repre sented by the character y is some times hi, but oftenerg*/, or between the sounds of k&Lg, but nearer that ofg. G. as pronoun-ced by Germans represents it best. This is the ease in the word owy. The sounds G and K are not in terchangeable in the same word, tho’ they have the same representatives in the letters i-, y, a, j, e. In each the sound of German G is most common. The sound of Cl or Kl, does not belong to the language. If, however, Professor R. will attempt to pro Bounce the syllables Cla and Tla, he will find that he makes but a slight dif ference; and as the combination Cl is familiar to the eye of an English schol ar, aHdnot 77, he is more likely to use the former as a representative of the Cherokee sound. Question 4. “Is really the Tsalagi language lotallydeficient of the sounds B, D, F, J, P, R, V, X, Z, Tli, and all the nasal sounds An, En, In, On, Un? how would you w rite my name Rafinesquc, for instance, perhaps La- hineska? how Washington, Jefferson, Europe, Phoenix, Boston, &c.” Ans. All the sounds in question are entirely wanting in Tsalagi except R in one dialect in which it is always us ed instead of L.—[Sec Question 6.] Foreign words, except proper names, are seldom imitated by Cher okees. In proper names, B is some times changed to Q, as u>a (Que-ti) for Betsey, (Betty.) Sometimes to W, as ©p (Wi-li,) for Billy. D is represented by b, a, a, a, s, p, the consonat sound of the three first of which is ahvays, and that of the three latter often, better represented by D than by T. F is sometimes, perhaps ahvays changed to W aspirated, as in tsbu (Tse-hwi-si-ni) for Jefferson J is changed to Ts, as also Ch & Gsoft; as h>v (Tsi-sa) Jesus, ir©u (Tsi-ka-sa) Chickasaw, on- (Tsa-tsi) George. P is sometimes changed to Q, as tpx. (Qui-da) Peter, and sometimes to W, as <\p (JVa-li) Polly. V ischanged to W, as a® (De-wi) David. Of X I recollect no example.* In the name Jaekson cks may be considered as equivalent tox. This name is written Tyth (Tse-ki-si-ni,) the vow r el of the second syllable having but a slight sound. Z would become Ts. Th would assume the sound of L) nearly. Of the changes of the nasal sounds in question I know no examples. The name Rafinesque might he written w®Ao?y (La-hwi-ne-ski.) f Washington has been written &.RBO (Wa-sv-ta-nv.) Jefferson T©Bh (Tse hwi-si-ni.) Boston I believe w<s>Bh (Wo-sda-ni.) Europe might be ctwtp (lu-la-qui.) Phoenix is a hard word. The greatest approximation would be ©hyi,, (Hwi-ni-ki-si,) or TPuyL (Qui ni-ki-si.) The Cherokee name of the Newspaper signifies That which has risen again, in allusion to the fable of the Phoenix rising from its own ashes Question 5. “Has not every sylla of the Tsalagi a proper meaning or im port when standing alone? if they have, give the meaning of each.” Ans. Far from it. The number of monosyllables is very small. I can learn only the following which are ever used separately. d an adverb of place. 00 an interjection of admiration or surprise, used only by women. 1 commonly doubled, u, signifying yes. ' © an interjection, calling for atten tion. iy an adverb, yonder at a distance. <* interjection, what? also an ex clamation of pain, j. adverb, very. a an interjection denoting disgust at any offensive smell, e pronoun, that; adverb there. g an interjection, used in conversa tion, denoting assent to w r hat another has just said, ri no, not. © the same with n,but belonging to a different dialect. « (Invo) the amen of an assembly of Cherokees, uttered on a low key with a protracted sound, by the assembly, at the close of a speech which is ap proved. If only here and there an in dividual utters this sound, the speaker infers-that his address is not well re ceived. This is used also, I am told, by other Indian tribes. The following may be considered - as distinct words, but are always attach ed to the termination of other words, like the conjunction que in Latin. y Did you say? as ss bread, ssy Bread did you say? z and. •v* an adverb of frequent use, but difficult to define; truly, indeed, even, only. s an adverb which asks a question. ^ or for, because, h an adverb of exhortation. <*>a an adverb of interrogation-, e- quivalent to j. There are also several significant syllables prefixed to nouns and verbs, some of them having the force of pro- nonns, but they are no more distinct words, than ed or ness in English. rW f Many Cherokee sometimes aspirated, &c. [ syllables are as © hwi, p hli dc^a.i m ©wy*, sopma 27,1828. SiiyZvGB 1.81 TS ktiw vbpo®a Afcysp. awa TcreAsx<»a P? AoiSo^AA WPSP. AWA TS feABXoSA? SM«V»y. tA S0AI? O j 0ABXbSE, O 5 0AB»V*O— A, Sabi, J6Cr<5to, O-yJ\, JtoiYA, O’GAB'Pae; 0 3 0A Bid?E ,p©JS*4(»Aa TS, Dtf 0»J1\VM 0“TP TS'SAl (PCAl At-aedSB/lA Ml T- Gr<*)A. AWA 09h* seyiotiy B8 BRZ*Z? 0-yKA. TS DAdeAdiE 0*A TS APoDS, (PBG,- AAAlPZ SAA RZ* APdHS. SUX-a SAA, V- «Y»Z BBPMXSA BS BRZ*Z O-A A©-aE TA- P. TS Ml A To® A AS'SStaWlA, RZ*Z S- ■4A* DGJS*4c»AAZ AlihP T8PP- cSeiiPi- JbS. AWA Tc30”A FSABd** hSFolAop? W- WS. SA S0Ai? O’Z-aWB, ©SP, DO-*, J- CJh, DO-<S)EA, SoPM*, Sffili, SP- 0®A, ShZA, O-BSX, ioty*, tpz-awh AW- 0-A6®y D$A*<3ET, TE**Z TS 6«>y ©-4T TT DSA*<3E TS SAi. TSPT, AD TS h>y-£l*W» A-GAGTT; TT MidtBJiAvG IrA^y. 8AZ IiSR Ty-G-V’S 06®y TS? lrAP- RBPRPTA TSSPeDI* TS^l- VVO-A DB AA hSfT’GSET? AyyCsWhB- Dtf O s h AV-aSoiBAA IpSSP- «iEy. TSPT, O'GAh e*y, Ah-hA*V* IiS- <r». *R«V* TAP TlrEeGTlP. Ly*V<iiyh T- TidTiA Bfa, Ly*r AyA&.Ao6Ee TP-4(»A, Drf AT*A Ty»B TSTP IiDRe TP-4oi'A. T- AAG'U;4r* BSASAlE O’EOGrA D-4WA RA, D4 By<*saA. DB O s Ta.O-A. DhWP (POPT 0°AA-a4T, £Ii©A«ftAZ P-R 0 3 o©S4A HM* P4T; TJWZ SOBATrf JOP- nnw ornliaP. CZ TM CTAO-4, ShA? BO- Djeap ©T4 daaj^ tap. osy acti^o- P4 ©“bpara*; bb- ©<»yh EIiSPoSA TI-4 0°-a4 'TETJ *TZ O’BO-A SAA ©“WWcSJWA Dt O’hrRA 0 3 T-a- a; o 3 o-b» a-a a cp- o-j°so-, Goiy ad bo- if. ATofiA BSES OOPWCPA ArdUA. 0 D MTZ BO- LSZ G'PRToilBhArf, 0 ) ©4«V k *. B«VZ EA(V iT’A hPRe ©PdDWO- DcT O-BEG.f’AA UPR0 Gib*'* aPdBWO-, T'E O-Bcryp AO’f’A, HA- •V 1 , yePT, SA*V’ VIP /lO-? P Bill ©AO-TJt o-a.oixry. ©“aagta es-y eirs, acpita d- IT, Drf AD ZA Dymp, LoCA A-aACT T obXtVTP (pJiJhP, Boiy fi* o-BcrePdCB- AP, Esy CPPT. PE (PT-ao-A AA* TER, TSP<*BAA*, D^P Ay©ea,ir<»A*. edcy<s>y/i o>bpa- Aobp hTya»4PT. e<s®yd®yh p-yc5iiA<»y 0h A O 3 A AGP A P-yp-CrACP - . (POAh-V^Z *y, p-ydesyap *y tgtz l<»a *jtP'C?'4<»a SAA, Drf Ld®A *AJfa®<»BA?di>A, Drf L«®A Ah'-a^JoCA D^P ACe&PdaA, *I«A4oS.— e*V*d»>yii D4 *BI»hd®Aop T(S“Z O^AACT *R *ssp<»Ee *y. TyMrAcr- ui-ue *y SSWBP, Dcf *R hBPhEA<BO *y, Drf D4- p«v» *y.s-a Ay®e<A,T»deA. iCdsyn o»g D,p-aA *y, A-aAcr*v* aysbpk hides ©a- ?T. ;£ T0P<T RA DCdlPA *y. Ay* aedeBAA^deyh vp-btgtz tsp^bba *- SSPoP, Dtf AS aw *ASSPoS. DAZO- odey 0 a AP diLCr", J«atfJTdBA»V«^Z 1-4 T0I» IpB- aapt, Dtf o’h'V* aopeai-T. AAoeyn o 3 ** esAcr*v* *hsr 3 (>' tg*z *sphEA'a *Ay- •a©dBBA-a. Dtf Z 0de*V» AP-Ip tiiw A A* *BOr»deS. DPdeBBA«V* DlPAdeBO- deeSGX- des, DIip'BZ Aaw AEO-*B0SGXdeS, hSP- ajsp *BeaGXdes. AJUPdeyn Tydeap- »ey. Ty-a-V’SdeAdeyh, LdeA*v* *yao-T- I-deA AhhP BGSGXdeET. EhCP«V» DP^TP TSBAGBRAT. LdeAdeyh *y*0-TPdeA, 04«^Z D4 adSAA, iC Dtf ^P 0*V MCsdeA *y, tgtz ra h-adetf’ o^o *A^-ades. ic- AZO- 0 5 fiTC?' *y lradtAA; TA*P4deA*r- dey TAdeBa,A4deA ts sipt asAhirr. •Mr. Pickering speaks of the combina tion hs as oceurring in Cherokee; a mistake probably arising from having heard some words pronounced, in which the vowel sound of a syllable beginning with k and followed by the sound of « is scarcely aTtic- culated; as bjvo-, (da-ku-sa-nv,) a I 1 turnin, where the vowel u is pot distinctly heard. aws TdedeAAiy awkaz, j-p*vmi ©-a wf KABA TS Ml. t,«V» TCsIuSJWB TSPT. EIiGr’<V 4 O 5 0(J”O-T deA DeBAsr’Adey Ahivsy, Gdey o’ot.Ae pwo-A AS-aw*wo-A^z p-4«>A, cdeyz *R TGTPdeWO-deA* ©wy SAI Ih-aedeBAA.— Gdey, W* TCsWhB DXSPdeE *RTG?PdeW' 0-d?A* ©wy SSAI. AD DBO-BA* TER«V* Rdes h<r°A A®tr(ttf»di)A TAPR, Dtf O^E® CTA h>AE4PA*V TSStf* Ty A©tKV(J w deA P-R ShhBR *BS6a?. P BA AD *hSPdt>L. 0 AA5P AhAdey AS-TAdeA*, Dtf AoCAdey* DOAdey 0°AACrAd8 GC5P DAdey c90AAS AASP (VhWhAvlr. P(V4*», AE*d®yh O’WW AdBAdiy* D8Jh» B9ABARZ A«MP ©DhA TKA RAPR0Z Ty. IdeX-aAA* TKA ©B UW8K t,*v«deyhzo- ©do-zdaapt. p<v.*v» AD lrhh>ii5 ZROdiyh EG,^-aA Go®y Td&(P AA *y VG, DAG A©tT<A,J”dfcAdeyh IiSvU«»E 0°AAGTA* DXSPoP JphlrtfJtfS. D^P TGB0- Boty A A t»0tf W* TCsSBZoP Dh ©WV SA B® EC^liGCstf* l-R, Dtf 0AJ1j0 Ml G<»y <BR AA* O J 0BO-BAdeA* GB- TBfl™ ASBG.tf’deA TKPO- TCScBPRPlp TCTZ Gdey *AdeB<VA, JidSiP DtfZ EhCr*V* adtA DBO-BA* ©Ir* RA lradeA Jtf*0-Td6A D?'© A0 3 RSAV GWy* O^BhO-A* TO^SPT. TC=0-B(T»^Z P4o®A ©- Wy 0 3 hGPR fiotP TEAa.T. TSFT, EhCT*V* TG(T’0“Tm?A T irAS, SA hA DS'a*V* 0>sy AC=4d9A Gtr* R- A O 3 ^^^ aGZBPdvBA-a SA O-’deadeA AAP" d®A E’^.W 4 WO-A PR Dtf ©Wy* h-9oB DS-© SA AlPnyR? DBO-BA* Gdiy Gtf’/l'a DPB (PBZAay o 3 v* TSAP'di-A Gdey, o c&y^o- TPdeA., TSPT, DtfU GWy aSAl T©AS ©- Ip* RA Af&hP TSAGIVO-oSA*, TySAc® IdeXO-h ©yAdBA* IpA4. AdeAoa*V* D*V**B, h4*V* a.UR0*r *P4 DSWoPZ $P G- dey TErAA kp-rg p-r, c^z .pp rsw d<t XO- *ASBCV SaaA*V«, DtfZ C^P O-A S3PE ©BS^SGA Bl-Eayz *GPR, RSW, Dtf X0-, AGP-R^Z Gt, A*®*, DtfZ Gdey O 3 © Ty A- yaba. dsWoPz Gdey ansoR gip* ra ip- AZ CPCAl CTJBO- O-A S3PE TAA APR ©CP- mcs vv*deA idexw *sMvBdes D^crGAP* ©- AO>MC: t,4«deA DP®Adey TECVPdeAA. t- deyu .pp O-A ASPdBAdeE *0-E(TS oh* R-« OBOiBoT O-A DdeBtVlP’dBA*. E^Z ^P BSB- p©(j". TASWop^Z Gdey TI-Stf’A.A ^P hi— Ro pr, hB©ea?@deyhPZo- *y Gdey*v» TEa.rAA DhO»G 0«AZA RSW *E4, S®R- Z RSW AiTS-aR. PP CPaPAdeAGT *08tf5. Ptt.'V* Dh ©Wy SAI DB DXlTRA, Dtf Dyp- CrACT Dhowy CPtfJA* SAA, Gdey^Z lp^- ■©t Ty. ©ir* ra o 3 PBde\v^*v 4 iratfs4, DAO tlrh'P**^ 0 3 RA3* TAP DBhPdeA PR IrhPS, ICPP WP^l *0-SS TCTZ TDtfh-a D- h ©wy*. Gdey hh© TRPR (PCvR-V* DB- (T’lT’O-T O>B0-AyA O-A hSPoCAdeE C ^P G- dey ao-ssj^s rpr*v. tsft, tcspgt-t d- h ©Wy* A©BC*.(T 3 deA DdeXhAA Dtf ©Z?J" SOVAdeWO- O’hESCT'A TAP TC=hI 3 S. Ji£deAhA. ' p eszyer ©wy itfAvo-A astfBir* nyes- I»AT. TBT*ydePdeAdeyh ©<£!■’ RyC5htf»- T. Typer A* SAA RA4PT, Otf TSGhE- From the N. Y. Journal of Commerce. FOREIGN. The Courier of the 7th says “some alarm was excited in the city in t>j morning, in consequence of a state ment, put forth with great confidence. That a coolness had taken place be tween this country and France, upon the affairs of Greece—that our efforts to prevent France from interfering directly in behalf of Greece had fail ed—that Charles X had resolved to act by himself and for himself, to de liver, organize, and occupy Greece, that the army collected in the vicinity of Toulon was intended for the Mo- rea,—that this intention was viewed with alarm by our Ministers, who had used every means of persuasion to in duce France to relinquish a plan, the execution of which might hasten the dissolution of the present order of things in Europe—that she availed herself of the present crisis, and of the difficulties in which she imagines it has involved us, to carry her inten tion into effect;—finally, that she had determined to adopt a course of poli cy different from that which she had bound herself to pursue.” THE FIRST GREAT BATTLE. The Ndremburg Correspondent of the 26th May furnishes us with an ac count of the first great battle fought between'the Russians and Turks, in which the latter have been complete ly defeated with the loss of nine or ten thousand men killed, for no woun ded are mentioned, besides 3,500 pri soners: The Turks also lost 43 new brass cannon, 23 mortars, and one hundred and seven standards! The loss of the Russians amounted to 1,- 750 killed, and about 3,000 wounded. Thus has the pride of the Turks been humbled in the first great encounter, notwithstanding their boasted prepa rations of defence. A great portion of the Turkish army is shut up in the fortresses of Giurgewo, Rudschuk, and Silistria, amounting to 35,000 men, who will probably have no alterna tive but to'surrender to the Russians. It appears that the Danube had been crossed by the Russians with little trouble. The Turkish army in the fjeld consisted of 40,000 infantry and 18,000 cavalry, and was greatly su perior to the Russians. The Turk ish new troops stood pretty firm, and at first succeeded in throwing part of Russian cavalry into disorder; but the arrival of the infantry and horse artil lery soon put the Turks to the route They were pursued several wersts on the hight road toConstantinople. The news of this defeat in the capital will put the Sultan’s head in jeopardy. j -~ The Turks lost a number of men, & all thcircamp equipage and provisions in thecrossing of the Danube, besides 2500 killed in a sally from the fortress of Rudschuk. FROM CHILE. The following are extracts from letters to the 15tlr March, received by the Editor of the Yeoman’s Ga zette, printed at Concord, Mass, from a gentleman residing in Chile. “Perhaps you may expect that I should say something about the state of this country, its prospects, form of government, &c. but I can assure you the less that is said about the matter the better; however, I will state a few facts and you may judge for your self. The existing government here, is a thing that may be worshipped without a crime, as it is in the form of nothing on the face of the earth, or in the waters beneath. The person who is now styled President of Chili, (General Freyre,) marched from the province of Conception at the head of 2000 troops, entered the capital, San tiago, ousted the officers of govern ment, likewise self nominated, and seated himself quietly in the presidi- ential chair, where he now remains j and the Vice-President, General Pin to, transacts all the business of Pres ident. They have also now sitting an apology for a Congress, consisting of 30 members; but such proceedings!!! The ostensible object of this Congress is to form a constitution, and if they should actually succeed in forming one t it will no doubt be overthrown, like those which have been successively formed in the years 1818—’20 and ’25. We have no other laws here at pres ent, but the old Spanish, if an excep tion cannot be made in favour of l Club Law,' although I am not sure but that many belong to the Spanish code.— Such a thing as a l Jury’ is not known here, indeed it is considered as a fab ulous thing, a monster to be ranked with the sea serpent and mermaid! We have ‘Judges’ here, but by vvhat rules they are governed, is a secret which I do not think even the Inqui- sion could extort. We have had one election since I have been her.e; and in this place, which contains 20,000 in habitants, there were cast but 800 votes; and it was acknowledged that one half of these could neither read nor write. The lower classes are in the most degraded and miserable state, wanting every species of refine ment and education. They have no established means of education, with the exception of a few primary schools and a college, in Santiago, founded by the Jesuits, but (his is fast falling in to decay.” “Chile, notwithstanding what I have said, is perhaps better off* and more tranquil than any other of the South American states—so you may judge what a state the others must be in.— Peru is in a state of constant commo tion; a man in power to-day is in pris on to-morrow; foreigners are constant ly draining the country of its specie— and what will be its fate, ultim ately, or the fate of these states, no one can tell. It is a most shameful b urlesque upon the word to call them ‘Republics'—for no government can be established here opon liberal princi ples, on a solid foundation, until a rad ical change has taken place throughout the whole country; education must be cherished, and the rising generation taught to know their rights, of which their fathers, who have just emerged from the yoke of Spanish despotism, are so ignorant. It was the policy of the Spaniards to keep the people of this country in a most profound state of ignorance, and they succeeded to> such a degree that a vasjt majority of the people can neither read nor write, have no ideas of government, and u- nite in nothing but a cordial hatred to* the Spaniards, whom they will fight upon any and every occasion with a great deal of pleasure. I consider it a chimerical idea that Spain will ev er govern these countries again, and I consider it as equally chimerical that any man will ever see them in a set tled and prosperous state in the 19th century. The influence which Eng land possesses in all the South-Amer- ican states is immense. In Chile, for instance, the England have a loan of 5,000,000k and those who loaned the money, to make sure of the interest, were bbliged to place in the hands of a company of native merchants the monopoly of certain articles most in use in the country, such as tea, tnbac- co, spirit*, segars, &c. upon condition that they should annually pay the in terest on the English loan; they ha^ influence enough to cariy this measure into efTect, and the company now ex ists under the name of the ‘Franco/ by which the government lose a mill ion of dollars annually; and the people pay nearly double the price for all ‘es- tanco’ articles, but the English secure the prompt payment of the interest cf their loan. Similar measures exist in all the South American States. There is a very strong and general prejudice - both in Chile and Peru against Bolivar? he is said to be now at Guayaquil, at the head of his army; the Peruvians expect he will invade their territories,' but t do not believe he will attempt it, for he has every thing to lose by such a measure and nothing to gain, the Peruvians wish for nothing less than his presence or assistance At, variance as they are among themselves in every thing else, they will unite in resisting him; but whether thev possess energy arid power sufficient effectual.-