Below is the OCR text representation for this newspapers page.

.Aids, whose dissections and intrigues threw the ioi|)ire into such disorder that it was nigh becoming a prey to its Tartarian and Lithuanian enemies. During this state tf anarchy, the edu cation of the future sovereign was al most totally neglected; it was evident ly the object of his ambitious to re move him as much as possible from public affairs, and by thereby render ing him uuqiilifted to hold the reins of government, to secure the contin uance of their own authority. But he had received from nature faculties of no ordinary kind; he perceived that both he and the nation were slaves to a vile oligarchy; hence he learned to fear and hate all who afterwards as pired to a participation of the sover eign power. His natural disposition was cruel; to tortorture or kill domes tic animals, and to ride over old wo men and old men, were Ins favorite amusements—amusements in which he was encouraged by those whose duly it was restrain his vicious pro pensities. Hence was laid the foun dation of a tyranny which was after wards to astonish all Eurpe. The Irst effects of it were expejieneed by one who bad helped to foster it, and who had therefore little coinmis- seration from the people. This was Prince Shuisky, president of the coun cil. Ivan was no more than thirteen years of age when he resolved to in flict summary vengeance on this ob ject of general execration; the unfor tunate wretch, on a signal given from the young prince, was dragged out in to the street, and worried by dogs in open day-light. In 151b, Ivan having reached his eighteenth year, was crowned Tzar of all the Russias—a title thenceforward adopted at home, as well as in relation with foreign courts. In the beginning of his reign, Ivan was doubtless disposed to follow the natural bent of his mind towards cruelty; but the influence of his con sort, the mild and amiable Anastasia, and the exhortations of a monk, con tinued for many years to restrain the monster within. During this period, indeed, he seemed to have undergone an entire change, lie was not only in defatigable in discharging the duties of his station, but lie exhibited so ma ny instances of generosity and clemen cy, that he was equally beloved and adored by his people. Victorious over its natural enemies, and tranquil at homo, Russia looked forward to long years of happiness under its hopeful monarch. But if the lion was chained, it was not destroyed; if it slumbered, it might be suddenly aroused in its anger to dart its fangs into the heart of the victim. The advice of an old bishop, who during the preceding xeign had been banished from the court for his crimes, and whom Ivan consulted on the best means of govern ing his kingdom, made a profound im pression on the mind of the Tzar. ‘-If yon wish to ho t.mty a sovereign,'* said the bishop, “■never seek n coun sellor wiser than yourself; never re ceive advice from any man. Com mand; but never obey, and you will be a teror to the boyards. Remem ber 1 hat every one who is allowed to advise, ends ruling his sovereign.” Ivan kissed the old man's hand, ex claiming. “My own father could not have spoken more wisely!” Still, so long as Anastasia lived, no change was perceptble in his conduct; he applied himself unceasingly to the welfare of his subjects; but on the death of that excellent princess, in 1560, the slum bering demon.a ose in all the teror of his might, and gained for Ivan the ap pellation of the “Muscovite Monster.” On the 25ih July, eighteen gibbets were erreeted in the market-place of Moscow; instruments of torture were displayed; enormous lire was made, over which was suspended an immense couldron. Seeing those frightful pre parations, the Muscovites were per suading that their last hour was at hand—the Tzar was about to annihi late the capital, and exterminate its inhabitants. Terrified out of their senses, they fly and conceal them selves, leaving their shops open, their merchandize and money exposed, im mediately the streets are deserted; no one is seen except a troop of Oprit- sniks ranged in profound silence round the gibbets and blazing fire. Sud denly the air resounds with the beat, ing of drums; the Tzar is seen on horsebdek, with bis eldest son, the beloved object of his affections. lie is also accompained by his boyards, princes, and devoted legion, who marched along in perfect order. Af ter these came the condemned, in -*mn»ber exceeding three hundred, who resembled spectres; they w^re bruised;tom, andnlooUy, and senne- ly able to crawl along. On arriving at the foot of the gallows, the Tier looks around linn: he is surprised to fmd that no spectators are present and be commands Ins legionaries to Col lect the inhabitants in the same plat e. He becomes impatient at their dila- loriness, and runs himself to caH the Muscovites to the treat which he had prepared for them;—at the same time assures them of his perfect good will towards them. None dared to disobey; immediately all issued from their bidding places, and with trembling steps hastened to the scene of execution, which wak instantly crowded; the walls and roofs also were covered with spectators. Then the Tzar cried aloud, “people of Mos cow, you are about to witness tortures and punishments; and 1 punish none but traitors. Tell me, is mine a right eous judgment?” The air instantly filled with acclamations, “Long live the Tzar, our lord and master! May his enemies perish!” Ivan seperated from the crowd of victims one hun dred and twenty, to whom, as less guilty, lie granted life. The secreta ry to the privy council then read the names of the rest from a long roll of parchment which he hold in his hand, viscovaty was first made to advance,to whom the emperor read these words: “John Mikailof, confidential ex-coun- se. I >r of Tzar you have served mo disloyally, and have written to King Sigistnund, offering to put him in |Jis- sessi«m of Novgorod: this is your fist t crane: ' The Tzar then struck Im on the head with a whip, and conui- ued, “The second crime is not so heinous: ungreatful and perfidi us man, you have written to the Suit in. encouraging him to seize on Astra an and Kazan.” Two blows foil vv. Yon have also invited the Khan olT. to invade R. this is your third crifrie. Here Viscovaty, in a modest but !pm voice, replied, lifting his eyes to ljea- ven, “l take the teacher of hearty to witness—he who knows the most se cret thought—that 1 have faithfully served my sovereign and iny counjry. All that I have heard is a tissue oljin famous calumnies; but to defend |ny- self is vain, for my earthly judge is deaf to the voice of pity; he who reigns in heaven knows my innocence; and you also, Sire, will one day acknowl edge it before the throne of the Al mighty.” The assassins rush on him to stop his mouth; they hang him up by the feet, and cut him to pieces; Skuratof first began the execution, by dismounting and cutting off the mar tyr’s ears. The second victim was the treasurer Funikof, the friend of Viscovaty, and accused with as little foundation, of the same treasons.— “For the last time,” said he to Ivan, “I salute thee on earth; God grant tliee'in the next world a meet reward for thy cruelties!” Over this wretch is alternately poured boiling and freez ing water; lie expires in horrible suI- ferings. The rest had their throats cut, or were bung and cut in pieces. The Tzar himself ou horseback and with the utmost coolness, pierced one old man with a lance. In four horns about two hundred were thus butch ered. (■.TomrunrBonfl NEW ECIIOTA: WEDNjGSUAY, JAN. 7, 1829. The following is from the annual report of the Secretary of . war to the President op the United States. While on the subject of Indian af fairs, I should feel that I did not dis charge my whole duty, were 1 to neg lect to call the attention of the Gov ernment to the expediency, if not ab solute necessity, of more clearly de fining, by legislative enactments, the nature of the relations by which we are to stand allied (o the Indian tribes; and especially, to prescribe what, as between them and ourselves, shall be the reciprocal rights, both of proper ty and government, over the vast tracts of country, which they claim and in habit. AtHlie commencement of our pres ent government, these tribes, with few inconsiderable expectations, oc cupied a country in the Interior, far beyond the range of our population, and our relations with them were the simple ones which exist between re mote and independent nations, or they were rather relations of war; and most of our intercourse with them was car ried on through the officers of the Ar my, stationed along our frontici posts; and it was, probably, to the posture in which we then stood in regard to them, that the War Department was first indebted for the Superintendent-)' of Indian affairs. Since that period, our white population, in its rapid and irre sistible progress to tile West, has been sweeping past and around them: until now, a large proportion of these tribes are actually embosomed within the organized and settled pails of our States nnd Territories. In the mean time, we, have been entering into trea ties with them, not of peace merely, but of properly, cf intercourse and tnde; and have actually contracted between tliem& ourselves most of the relitions which appertain to the muni- dial state, without, however, having fixil the boundaries of the authority by vhich these relations shall be con- tro ed. v hile some of our citizens, who are theidvocates of primitive and impre scr liable rights in their broadest ex- ten contend that these tribes are in- (le{ indent nations, and have the sole and exclusive right to the property and government of the territories they occ py, others consider them as mere ten ants at will, subject, like the buf- falaof the parties, to be hunted from ther country whenever it may suit eurinterest or convenience to take posjession of it. These views of their rigljts and disabilities are equally ex travagant and unjust: but the misfor tune is, that the intermediate line lias never been drawn by the Government. Nothing can be more clear, o.m, who has marked the progress of pop ulation and improvement, and is con versant with the principles of human action, than that these Indians will not be permitted to hold the reservations oil which they live within the States, by their present tenure, for any con siderable ^period. If, indeed, they were not disturbed in their possessions by us, it would be impossible for them long to subsist, as they have hereto fore done, by the chase, as their game already so much diminished, as to render it frequently necessary to fur nish them with provisions, in order to save them from starvation. In their present destitute and deplorable con dition, and which is constantly grow ing more helpless, it would seem to be not only the right, but the duty of the Government to take them uuder its paternal care; and to exercise, o- ver their persons and property, the salutary rights and duties of guardian ship. The mqst prominent feature in the present policy of the Government, as connected with these people, is to be found in the efforts that are making to remove them beyond the limits of the Males and organized Territories. A very entensivfi tract of country, lying to the West and North of the Arkansas Territory, remarkable for salubrity of climate, fertility of soil, and profusion of game, lias lately been set apart for the colonization of the Indians. Liberal pecuniary induce ments have been offered by Congress to emigrants, and many have already embraced the offer. But the ultimate success of this project has been great ly endangered, and may yet be defeat ed, by the operation of another prom inent measure of Government, which although suggested by the most hu mane motives, comes in direct con flict with the plan of colonization. The annual appropriation of $10,- 000 to the purposes of educating In dian children, and teaching them the mechanic arts, has had the effect to almost every Indian reservation, in addi ion to the agents and interpret ers, a considerable number of mission aries and teachers, with their families, who, having acquired, principally by the aid of this fund, veryr comfortable establishments, are unwilling to be dc prived of them by the removal of the Indians; and thus we have found, that while (he agents specially employed by tli3 Government for this purpose are engaged in persuading, by profuse distributions of money and presents, the Indians to emigrate, another set of Government agents, are operating more secretly, to be sure, but not with less zeal and effect, to prevent such emigration. These remarks arc not intended as a personal reflection on the missiona ries and much less on the teachers, pious and respectable patrons of these benevolent institutions, who, no doubt, ai*e disposed to lend a ready support to every humane measure which the Government may think proper to a- dopt in favor of these depressed peo ple but are rather intended to show the natural and unavoidable tendency of the system itself to counteract the leading policy of tho Government. If the project of colonization tie a wise one, and of this, 1 believe no one entertains a doubt, why not shape all our law s and treaties to the attain ment of that object, and impart to them an efficiency that will be sure to cllect it. Let such of the emigrating Indians as choose it continue, as heretofore, to themselves to the chape, in a coun try where their toils will be amply le- vvarded. Let those who arc willing to cultivate the arts oY civilization be formed into a colony, consisting of dis tinct tribes or communities, but plac ed contiguous to each other, and con nected by general laws, which shall reach the whole. Let Uic lands be apportioned among families and indi viduals in severalty, to beheld by the same tenures by which we hold ours, with perhaps some temporary and wholesome restraints on the power oi alienation. Assist them in forming nnd administering a code of laws a- dapted to a state of civilization. Let the $10,000 appropriation be applied, within the new colony exclusively, to the same objects for which it is now expended; and add to it, from time to time, so much of our other annual con tributions as can be thus applied with out a violation of public faith. In regard to such Indians as shall remain within the Stales, and refuse to emigrate, let an arrangement be made with the proper authorities of die respective oiaies in which ihcy are situated, for partitioning out to them, in severalty, so much of their respective reservations as shall be , mply sufficient for agricultural pur poses. Set apart a tract, proportion ed in size to the number of Indians, to remain in common as a refuge, and provision for such as may, by improv idence, waste their private property; and subject them all to the municipal laws of the State in which they reside. Let the remainder of the reservation be paid for by those who hold the pa ramount right, at such prices as shall he deemed, in reference to the uses w hich Indians are accustomed to make of lands, reasonable; and the proceeds to be applied for the benefit of those of the tribe who emigrate after their establishment in the colony, or to be divided between those Who emigrate and those who remain as justice may require. It may, perhaps, be fairly doubted, whether the $10,000 appropriation (independently of its tendency to pre vent emigration) produces, under the circumstances in which it is now ex pended, any useful results. These schools, it is true impart to a certain number of Indian youths so much in formation, and so far change their hab its, as to inspire them with all the passions and desires, and particularly the passion for accumulating individ ual wealth, peculiar to a state of ci vilization; and then these half educa ted men are turned loose among their respective tribes without any honora ble means of satisfying the desires and wants which have been thus artificial ly created. The lands of the tribe being common and unalienable, they have no motive to cultivate and im prove them. There is no floating wfealth to attract their ambition, and the only and usual means of gratifying their cupidity for money, is, by em ploying the advantages acquired by their education to appropriate to themselves more than their just share of the large contributions annually made by the Government: and in this way, they, with some few honorable, exceptions, render., not only them selves, but the very arts they have ac quired, obnoxious to the nation at large. If, however, it should be deemed most expedient to continue to expend a portion of the $10,()0(T fund on the Indians remaining within the States, the missionaries and teachers should be located on the tracts proposed to be set apart for the common use of each tribe; from whence the informa tion they supply, and the arts they teach, might he advantageously appli ed by the adjoining Indians to the im provement of their separate property; and where they might also take charge of those Indians who may, by improvidence, have expended their private estates. It is, in my opinion, worse than use less to impart education and tho arts to the Indians, without furnishing them at the same time, appropriate sub jects on which to employ them. I have the honor to be, with great respect, your tffiedient servant, ’ P. B. P©RTER, tfOR Tllfi CMEHOKEfc _ Among the many subjects, wliicfc have occupied the attention of the scientific world, perhaps there j k none more curious and more interest ing, than that of the Meteoric stone- which have been known to fall, at v>! rious times, since the Christian era, from the atmosphere. Many of the literatic have formed theories and have endeavoured to illustrate this in- teresting phenomenon; but after all their exertions, not having sufficient dates upon which to found their theo ries, they consequently could not say “Tuod erat demonstration.” Some have thought that these meteoric bo* dies have been hurled ^headlong from the moon or other planets; but they do not recollect, that these planets have centres and attractions of their own, and that no force or power could be employed on the moon to send a me- talic substance of 100 or even a thou sand pounds, so far from its surface that the moon’s attraction could not bring it back again. Consequently it would be utterly impossible for any body to escape from that satellite and finally reach our Earth. Others have thought that the asteroids ceres, pal-- las juno, and vesta once composed a planet, and that; by some accident it burst assunder, and has finally formed four distinct bodies: and that these meteoric stones were the offalls of those asteroids at the time of their separation, which have b o©n r**volv— ing roun'd the earth ever since. If tliitf notion be correct, it would seem that the planet, from which these aster oids are supposed to have' come, most have been an Iron as the meteoric stones are chiefly composed of that mettle. But the use of such a planet is a queary as difficult to solve as to explain the phenomenon of the meteor ic stone itself: unless it was the habi tation of Vukano before he was kick ed out of haven; Others again have thought that these stones were ejected, from some unknown Valcano on the surface of our globe; but they do not pretend to account for the manner inwhich these stones have been conveyed to the dif ferent parts of the Earth. For if they were ejected, the ejection would he mostly in a perpendicular manner: consequently the attraction of the earth would convey them back to wards the crater from which they were diseourged: hence it would be impossible that these metalic stonea could fall on SO many different conutriea as they hava been known to do. But if this position were true, and the vol- canoe could be found, it would be al most as valuable to the blacksmith as the Elixir of life would be to the physician, or the philosepher’s stone, to the Chemist. But others are of opinion that these meteoric stones are formed in the at mosphere; but how this operation is performed they have not thought pro- ’ per to inform us. However, as tlies© stones are found to consist chiefly of Iron, some raackel, chrome, oxide of Iron, sulphur, selex, lime, magnesia and alumine, perhaps it may not bet the wildest idea in the world, to sup pose this last position is nearly cor rect. That they are formed from th© exhalations, vapours, and gasses which arUes from vaiious substances, such as the fusing af mettle, or the erup tion of n volcano, &c. is most prob able. It is evident that af such time there is a quantity of matter thrown up in a state of vapour which may bo suspended than the atmosphere; until it undergoes some chemical change with the nature of which we are not acquainted, and by the attraction oP composition it may be instantaneously combined into a solid mass, which by the close union of its constituent par- tides has become much heavier than the atmosphercic air and consequently the attraction of gravitation tends to- words the surface of the earth. If this idea he correct it might serve, to some degree, to explain one of most mysterious phenomena, that hae ever appeared. PEGASUS. AWS Tc©«*A.A JTP /IWKAZ, ftF.* T* ShZ.I DG4^*0 OWVO*A 0*AJIe JiSJAtf Ty- oMFoty-. ‘ ' m TS1 3 T 'GTA TU.6-«, aysiir-i- n*y*-cr.acr, n4"z oviwoka' OMGB(T» JVSBF* 1 Ehcr*v* JO’-aeriDr fcA-n &GAGT hSI TSTPS Uy<»A>U4A44*. aySBPF-'Dtf IiSJCr h«i*W TSTFloy i£<Xr yh IpJoFW d of Si# *y, DBevhcr <Ho*fc* a-i 0 3 JGB(T’, Dtf 1C 4E&.M DdSS.3 Gofy TAiOVIi, IiAA’U DiT 1C IiAAM. Of' <*.**•. TO J CJPAvfZ 0-AZ, Z'FBZ, n«J»Z, 8-4GTZ, Drz, DttZ, (Vk-ntvlZ, If(3X2, RA-S*c*yz, DCJlZyH*