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INTEMPERANCE.
An Address on JArdent Spirit, read be
fore the New Hampshire Medical Socie
ly, at their annual Meeting, June, 5,
1827. By R. D. Mussey M. D., at
that time President of the Sociely, and
Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, in
Dartmouth College.
More than nine hundred years ago,
an Arabian Chemist discovered by
distillation, a pungent and warning h
quor, to which was given the name of
Alcohol, & which we call ardent spirit.
This, a modern writer asserts, is the
aqua divina, or water of the Elysian
fields, invented by Democritus, and
he maintains that the term alkohol
has nearly the same import with gold
en liquor, applied by some of his
countrymen to the precious invention
of the Greek philosopher. This li
tuor was brought into Europe at the
{ime of the Moorish conquest, soon
came into general favour, and now
exerts an important influence over a
great part of the civilized world.
It is the object of the follow?ug pe
marks to examine the claims of this
article to the extensive pa'ronage and
confidence it has acquzced. b
When taken in small quantity into
the stomach, it diffuses its influence
over the whole body; a fresh impulse
is given to the living powers, the coun
tesance lights up with pleasure, and
the mind acts with new interest and
wivacity. ‘
Under the influence of a larger dose
of the exhilarating fluid, sensibility
and sympathy unfold themselves.—
Tears fall, as a pensive association
crosses the mind, or a tale of common
suffering is told, the benevolent af
fection flow out upon all surrounding
objects, and the whole world is not
NEW ECHOTA, WEDNESDAY JUNE 24, 18329,
too large a sphere for the exercise of{
‘e generous sentinents which swell
the bosom. 'The mind disburthened
»f care, and disregarding the past and
the future, sees no impediment to the
boldest and most exiravagant enter
prises, and rioting in the luxury of
oresent existencze, scarcely acknowl
edges a superior in the universe.—
Here the distinctions of society begin
to disappear. The idle and half
starved vagrant is transformed into a
lord, andssurroundad with pomp and
plenty; and the miserable outcast,
who has tenanted a prison for his
crimes, imagines himself on a throne,
clothed with power suflicient to di
rect the destinies of a nation or of the
world.
Tho lovar of alkohol sometimes re
sorts to poetry and song in the ex
pression of his ecstacies, but as the
effect of the ethereal liquor deepens,
he - sings or shouts inariiculate re
sponses to music or voices which
seem to come to him fiom a distance,
but which are occasioned by a violent
‘beating of the arteries of his own
brain.
If the corporal part of man, in this
happy condition, be inspected, it pre
sents phenomena which correspond
with those of the mind. The wiole
face is swollen, the forehead and tem-,
ples patched with red and white, the
cheeks of a deep crimson, the nose
tipped with ruby, the corners of the
mouth drawn down, and the under lip
inclining to drop, the eyes blood shot
and glassy, roll upwards under their
lids, and the body and limbs, no longer
subjected to the arbitrary control of
the will, assume that position which is
dictated by the power of gravitatioa;
ina word, the whole man, declining
nal nature, retires within himself, &,
heedless of the material creation a
round him, remains for hours, as if in
a trance. If such be some of the
effects of alkohol, who can wonder
that it has been cilled the golden drink,
or that poets have chanted its praise.
This, however, is not all. It pos- |
sesses, more than any other invention |
of man, the power of transforming ]
character; but what is worthy of par- |
ticular notice, is, that its good trans
formations are transitory, and nearly |
all its bad ones, permanent. Does it
give: momentary strength to the fee- |
ble, its habitual use makes the strong -
man weak. Does it inspire the cow
ard with desperation,it can break down |
the heart of courage, and reduce the
manly spirit to the imbecility of child--
hood. Does it make the poof™man
rich in imagination, it makes the rich |
man poor in reality. If it occasions |
ally ~excite a flood of sympathetic ‘
tears, and unclench the fist of avarice, |
it relaxes benevolent exertion, and
renders the mind habitually less sen
sible to the sufferings of others.
What permanent influence does it |
exert on the social affections and the |
moral feelings? Was it ever known f
to increase conjugal attachment ar? |
kindness, parental tenderness. oy filial
fove and obedience? Pas it ever }
given a spur to wdstry, inthe farm- |
= the.tradf:'sman, the merchant, or
PL"°fes’llcnal man, Dy urging upon him
e claims of a dependent family, or
a suffering friend? Who was ever
inspired by alkohol with lofty moral
sentiments? Who has felt its influ
ences directing his thoughts reverent
ly upwards towards the Author of his
being, and prompting him to sincere
confession of departure from duty, to
submission to his will, and obedience
to liis commands? On the contrary,
who has not seen its effects in poison
ing the fountains of social and mioral
feeling, and in transformiing the affec
tionate, kind, and hopefully devout
man, inte a savage or a brute? ‘
. You have seen gyouth of fine tal
_ents and promise, coming into life en
circled with the highest parental
hopes and expectatihs, and making
regular and rapid progress towards a
sphere of usefulness and respectabili-
ty. You have seen him betake him
sel{ to the bottle; soon the relish for
study or business is lost; industry,
ambition, character, and family rep
utation, virtuous society, are all un
meaning things; the high considera
tions they present, he regards not, but
waaders about, the asgociate of idlers
and thieves, the butt of vulgar inso
lence, and the abhorrence of his for
mer virtuous and intellectual compan
ions. His parents weep for him in
secret places.
You have seen the man of “talents,
industry and extensive usefulness, who
in the exercise of his. vocation, had
acquired high public confidence,
thrown down by the magic power of
alkohol, from the pinnacle of his ele
vation, to become the object of popu
lar derision and abuse. Was he a
physician or a lawyer, had he sat in
the high seat of public justice, or had
his voice been heard in the council of
the nation, or had he borne messages
of grace to guilty men; you have seen
him barter the luxury of doing good,
or grow regardless of the law and of
Justice, or despise the insignia of office
and public confidence, or voluntarily
tear off his priesthy vestments, and ex
tinguish with his own hand the flame |
of that altar, before which he had
ministered year after year; and all
this for what? for distilled spirit: for
the privilege of being the companion
of fools and drunkards.
What is the secret of this witche
ry which strong drink exerts over the
whole man? 1 will try to tell yeu.
After being received into-the stomach,
it is sucked up by absorbent vessels,
is carried into the blood, and circu
lates through the alimentary organs,
through the lungs.'muscles, and brain
the body. Nota blood vessel how
ever minute, not a thread of -nerve in
the whole animal machine escapes its
influence. What is the nature of
this influence? It disturbs the func
tions of life; it increases for a time,
the action of living organs, but lessens
the power of that action; hence the
deep depression and collapse which
follow preternatural excitement. By
habitual use it renders the living fibres
less and less susceptible to the heal
thy operation of unstimulating food
and drink, its exciting influences soon
become incorporated with all the
living actions of the body, and the di
urnal sensations of hunger, thirst, and
exhaustion, are strongly associated
with the recollection of its exhilara
ting effects, and thus bring along with
them, the resistless desire for its repi
tition.
Is evidence required of its being
absorbed, and pervading the different
organs of the body? Approach with
in a few feet of the rum or Lrandy
drinker, and the odour of lis breath
will quickly derionstzate, that the
lungs, loaded with the foul liquor, are
(discharging it wiih all the ecnergy in
l their powver. ; b
| 'When taken by the nursing mother,
it enters into the delicate food pre
pared by nature for the nourishment
| and growth of helpless infaney, and in
this way, as may most rationally be
supposed, produces a relish for an ar
ticle naturally disgusting, and lays
thus early, in some iustances, a foun
dation for intemperance in after life.
What physician has not known a nurs
ing mother give a fretful child a good
night’s sleep, by taking, herself, a %ose ;
of brandy at bed time? 1
Other organs than those destined for
the formation of milk, manifest the|
presence of this article when it is
combined with peculiar odours; those
organs especially, which are set as
waste gates to the system, soon show
how foreign it is, and ill adapted tof
| the real wants of thre animal economy,
by separating it from the klood and
taking it out of the general circula
tion as fast as possible. '
'fl}é brain, that most delicate and
wonderful organ, which’ forms the
mystericus link between the other
forms of matter and mind, the healthy
functions of which are essential -to
vigorous intellectual operation, is ca
pable of imbibing alkohol, and h..ving
‘all its actions suddenly arrested. In
point, is the case of the man who was
picked up in London, soon after hav
| Ing drank a quart of gin upon a wager.
| He was carried to the Westminster
| hospital and there dissected. “‘ln the
~veniricles of the brain was found a
considerable quantity of limpid fluid,
distinctly impregnated with gin, both
1o the sense of smell and taste, and
euen to the test of inflammability.—
The liquid appeared, to the senses
of the eyamining students, as strong
as one third gin to two thirds water.”
| We know that alkohol, even when
| diluted, by long contact after death,
_ hardens the brain, as well as the other
| sofl textures of the body which contain
| altimen; & although the vital principle |
| ma enable the brain to resist in a great |
mensure, and for-a long time, this es-
I4ed of alkohol, when brought into it
fron the stomach by the general cir
culition, the fact, as alleged by many
andas [ am strongly induced to be
li_evF from the limited means I have
hadlof observing, viz. that the brains
oi;dSunkard\é are literally harder at
death, than those of the temperate,
may be considered in strict accord
ance with the eflects of intemperance
upon the intellectual functions. If
this organ be in any degree hardened
by the circulation of diluted alkohol
through its minute and most delicate-
Jygm-fimised parts, it might well be
smf)pésed to be less susceptible of
those exquisitively balanced. actions,
wfi ich we can hardly help believing
do exist in the impressions made by
% xternal objects, and the vari&tg of
ations of them, produced by |
the more abstract, and retired opera
tions of the mind. That a large pro
portion of tipplers early discover an
unnatural obtuseness of intellect, and
that frequently a mind originally
quick and vigorous, becomes slugglish
and imbecile, need not be told to an
assembly of physicians who have had
the common opportunities of observing
the effects of intemperance.
The stomach and liver of drunkards
are generally found to be discrdered,
the stomach frequently contracted,
and the liver much harder than nat
ural, exhibiting an unnatural colour
both upon its surface, and throughout |
its interior texture. 'This, perhaps,
is what might be expected. The
stomach recetves the Qiquor, in the
most conceptrated and active form, in
which it is taken into the body. From
the stomach and the alimentary canal
below, most, if not gll of it, is prob
ably carried through the liver in a
state less dilute than when distributed
among the remaining organs of the
body. The texture of the liver too,
which consists merely of vessels and
nerves with enough cellular mem
'brane to hold them together, may
‘show why it is more obviously affect
ed than the alimentary canal, inasmuch
'as this canal has a distinet, and ir
.some places, a thick muscular coat,
independently of its vessels. ~The
skin of the inebriate is always more or
less affected. Its fair colour soon
fades urider the withering influence
of ardent spwit: and from being
smooth, soft and elastic, it becomes
uneven, wrinkled and flaLby, if the
subject be somewhat advanced in
life; or if young, the skin of the face
is bloated, uneven, and frequently
purple, and very often in middle
life and after, a large emop of red
pimples is the only ornament the face
exhibits. ) :
The eye, that window of the mind,
loses its pearly whiteness, its trans
parency, its quiek and significant mo
tious, and becomes dim, slugglish and
unmeaning. v s ;
The various pheromena exhibited
in the different stages of alkoholic in
fluence, including its immediate and
more permanent effects, and modified
by age and constitutional tempera- |
ment, weuld occupy more time in (hg
enumération, than can be spared on
the present occasion, The case of
| him who has made iree with his cupsy
~till they have produced the follow ing
train of symptoms, is not unfrequent=
ly submitted to the consideration of a
physician. The,forehead and checks
are swollen; pale and lightly tinged
with yellow, the lips leaden coloured
or pale, the eye yellow, dim and va#
cant;"the lower eyclid loose and hangs
ing, the upper lid several times itg
natural thickness, disaphanous and
drooping, the body twice its natural
circumference, the limbs tottering
and swollen, the breath insupportably
fetid, respiration difficult and wheezs
|ing, accompanied with a short dry
cough. ‘“T'hrow medicine to the
dogs” in such a case.
The bodies of some few drinkerg
have been so thoroughly steeped iw
spirit, as literally to consume to ashe
es. It is-said that no case of spontar
neous combustion Las ever occurredy
except among hard drinkers, and it is
altogether probable that in every sucly
ease, an inflammable air has exhaled
from the lungs or skin, or both, and
has been kindled by the too near ape
proach of a lighted taper, or some igs
nated substance. A French Chemist
it is said, after drinking a pint of cthes
during the day, use to amuse himself
in the cvening, by lighting up hig
breath, directed in a very small streans
upon the flame of a lamp. Alkoho
taken in large quantities, would probe
ably in some constitutions at least, ocs
casion a similar vapour to be throwi
from the lungs; and there is doubtless
more danger than has been hinagined,
ina deep drinker’s bringing his moutly
or.uose close to a lights rateves
ning. - s
The numerous and weighty consids
erations, some of which have been
hinted at, and which a reflecting man
must surmount, before he can make
up his mind to be regarded as a drune
kard, place ina striking view the
strength of the appetite, whichis cre«
ated by a long and habitual use of
spirit. Instances might be referred
to, which set this in a painfully strong
light. ;
A few years ago, a tippler was put
into the alms house ina populous towiy
in Massachusetts. Withinja few days
he had devised various expedients to
‘procure rum, but failed. At lengthy
however, he bit upen one which prove
ed successful. He went into the
wood yard of the establishment, plac«
ed his hand upon a bleek, and with an
axe in the other, struck it off at a sins
gle blow. With the stump raised and
streaming, he ran into the house, crye
ing, ‘‘get some rum, get some rumy
my hand is off.” - In the confusion, and
bustle of the oécasion, a bowl of rum
was bx{)ught, into which he planged
the bleeding member of his body, thed
raising the bowl to his mouth, drank
freely, and exultingly exclaimed,‘‘now
I am satisfied.”,
In another populous totvn iin the
same state there lived an habitual
drinker, who in an interval of refl(.ec
tion, made a vow that he would drink¢
no more spirit for forty ‘years, not
doubting at the time, that forty years
would place him 4n his grave. He
faithfully kept his vow, andat the exs
piration of the stipulated }?erlod, vens
tured to take a little liquor, as it |
seemed no more than a friendly sale
utation given to an old acquaintance,
and in no very long time died a sot.
I once knew a man, who had been
for some time in the habit of intems
perate drinking,and who had, at times,
strong remonstrances of consclence.—
These admonitions, together with the
motives and encouragements keld up
to him by his kind and good wife, ins
duced him to make a solemn vow,
¢‘that by the{elp of ng, he would nevs
er again dvink any thing stronger than
beer, unless prescribed for him as a
medicine by a physician.” He res
garded the vow, became sober and aps
.N 0- 12. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
ᏈᎧᏁᏖᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᏌᏉ ᏧᏂᎴᏴᎪᏗ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ.
ᏴᏫᏁᎬ ᏗᏂᏬᏂᏘᏍᎩ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᏰᏢ ᎤᎾᎫᏴᏗ
ᎮᏥᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᎬᏪᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᎫᏱᏍᎨᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏊᏅᏃ ᎤᏑᏓᏢ ᎢᏯᏅᎪ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᎫᏱᏍᎨᏍᏗ), ᏦᎢ
ᏴᎭᏎᎸ ᎤᎾᎫᏴᏘ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ. ᎠᎸᏄᏘᏱᏍᎬᏃ ᎢᏴ ᎩᎳ
ᎠᎾᎫᏱᏍᎨᏍᏗ; ᏅᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᎫᏴᏗ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ.
ᏣᎳᎩᏃ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏂᏬᏂᏘᏍᎩ, ᏔᎵᎹᏉ ᎠᏕᎸ
ᎤᎾᎫᏴᏗ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᏑᏕᏗᏴᏛ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᎬᏪᏅᏛ ᎠᏮᎾ”
ᎫᏱᏍᎨᏍᏗ. ᏦᎢᏁᏃ ᎠᏰᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᏉ ᎤᏕᏗᏴ”
ᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᎫᏱᏍᎨᏍᏗ,. :
