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#' r t/V £A/ tadTfXT ct w y »* KROKEE PH«ilX Icf^FOJ. & Ij»i>IAAS» ADVOCAT**. 3B- BOJBI jaT.lBnTTOH- NEW ECHOTA, SAT0IGU)A7 MAT 28, *1331. VO±.. HX.-KO ■U phinrr.v ’.vi <■ Kf.v ai vIOHV CANDY, it $2 50 >f paid in advance, SS tn six ihs, or $8 50 if paid at the end of (lie -> subscribers wlis can read only the rakee language the price will be $2,00 dvanc?, or $2,50 to tic paid within the _r/ ^very subscription will be considered as inued unless subscribers give notice to •ontrary before (lie co imienceiueat of a vear, and ad arrearage* paid. iit person procuriug six subscribers beccnang res tousibU lor the payment. 1 receive a seventh gratis. J° \U tetlei- ad'J> esse.d to the Editor, ■ paid, will receive due attention. $ w $ 4 rf a w cw a .a d n *; j k <v« a. $o \ uxa.t TAj)f° Hu* 4ii«rn.va v **.ie awuj.<s>y urA b$p o»«jbj CFZ TCdUO-f* D0J y ^Z PVP T^OA to D(M*S>f v e*.t! KT •4 yojrtj. P<4^ea u»a*o»r.z tp yw n*ya »?p (pojb~i P4o*a- ewyz 0><vr a o./i.io*y, dv-4 rn.I («4«a ftJlilP, TGr’Z TEiMO*'#* 08- 4l**.t. KTAZ l)fP Gi»y*V* (PUB IS neJ4^i**a. it was 3nly 5,200,000; and even du ring the civil war of the revolution and independence, since in 180G it tvas only 6,500,000, although it is calcu lated that 300,000 have peiished in those wars and troubles. It is artnu- ally increasing, since in 1825 it tvas on* lyG,850,000. This population is di vided as follows: 1. The most numerous are tile tm- mixed Indians, which arc about four millions. 2. The Mestizos, or offspring of Spaniards and Indians, about two millions. 3. The Creoles, or offspring of the Spaniards, arc about 1,200,00. 4. The Zambos, or offspring of In dians and Negroes, about 600,000. including flic Mulattoes of white and black blood, and many of mixed orbl e AHp) ' y, H 5. The Negroes, about 100.00( 6. Tin ' course included, must serve for three years in the army, from eighteen to ttventy one Each State has an ar my, from which a rate is sent to the Federal Army, now confined to 25 - 000 men. After these three years active service, they are enrolled in the militia and allowe.d tj return home; hut liable to be called up a- gaitv at any emergency. Thus a for midable army and militia is formed, mostly native Indians, who may be called upon to perform important ac tions in future, and perhaps to re venge the wrongs of (he Indian race over the posterity of all rheir oppres sors to the north and south. Thus the descendants of the an cient Mexican and other tiihes sub dued by the Spaniards, and cither enslaved or made abject slaves, are ecome freemen. Every village has an Indian Alcade or t hief, now elected GENTS FOR THE CHEROKEE PHtENIX. The Hallowing persons an* authorized (o iceive subscriptions ant! payments for the he okec Phoenix. f Messrs. Bbirce &. Williams, No. 20 ilSrket St. Boston, Mass. ^Urorgk M. Tracy, Agent ofthc A. B. 5. V. M. New York. Rev. A. 0. Eddy, Canandaigua, N. Y. ' Thomas Hastings, Utica, N. Y. siWir.LiAM Moultrie Ueid, Charleston, pCok George Smitu, Statesville W. T. hh vtsMiAii Austil, Mobile, Ala. J K^v. Cyrus Kingsbubv, Mayliew Choc- Nation. ' , -■<* apt. WlLLIaM IloDEUTSOK, AugUtfia Col . Jiruu Turn* B**llefonte. wyJK—■wi—— Via From the Casket. MEXICANS, IN 18*0.—BY A MEXICAN CITIZEN. A very interesting Spanish inanu- ript, up«n the actual situation of e xleiican Confederation, having a:i submitted to my inspection, nich was found to contain some rv curious facts, the following am- sxelcbes wero allowed to he ex- ct«d from it. They deserve the tut ion of our citizens; the United a.eg of Mexico, as they call thciu- Ivr's, bemg out only neighbors, ith Canada,) are highly interesting us in a political and m<irat point of o v. We ought to he better ae- lainted with their policy and feelings an ,ve appear to be. The writer f this appears an impa'lial and well ifonned man; his nango will be dis- losed to any one who may doubt his Assertions. I *have merely translated mis ideas, & divided the subject iu fbree parts tr numbers:—1st, Mexi can- Population; 2d, Mexican Poli os; 3d, Mexican Resources. C 9. U. . 1.-MEXICAN POPULATION. The United States of Mexico rmed their constitution in 1824. pon the plgn of our Federal Union, 'he deviations are hut trifling IB tales and 4 Territories, these last II in the north and our frontiers, ompose the confederation. A Pres ent is elected for four years and innot be re-eloeted. A Senate of *%wo members from each State, and % Deputy for each 80,000 population, Iform the Congress. Every man at eighteen years of Sge becomes a voter; no other cpiali- tfication is required. There is no -^distinction of property, taxation and "tsolour- Indians and Mestizos, ne- J^jroes and mulattoes, are equally free Tcitizens and voters. Although ne- Igroes are but f#w, there is a negro d General in the army This is con- 1 sidcred great improvement over onr federal constitution, which acknowl 1 edges all men as free and equal, yet allows of negro slavery and Indian oppression The population of the Mexican States is nearly eight millions. It Has increased ever since 1794*. when Guachupius or Spaniards horn in Spain, now reduced to 10.000, were 80 000 before the revolution and laic expulsion. 7. The Estcros or strangers of va rious nations, English, French, Ital ian. Gorman, Americans, &c. about 16,000. This relative population evinces that Ilia Indians and Mestizos form the bum of the nation, and now hav ing equal rights arc surely to rule it at some future time. The Guachu-* pins were once the rulers; the Cre oles have succeeded them, and been compelled to admit the Indians (whom they nickname unrationallcaU'ing them selves rational!) to equal rights, in or der to carry on the struggle of the rev olution, which could not have been a- chievcd without their help; hut they foresee that power cannot last long in their liamts, and wisely try to a- malgamate the easts. None but the most deluded try to stem the current of irresistible number, power, and fu ture sway These Indians, so much calumniat ed, are by far belter than the Span in i ds and Creoles in many respects They arc mild, gentle, inciustrious, good, honest and kind: they love each other, respect their parents, never steal, cheat, deceive nor lie. This applies to the hulk of them, who are all commonly cultivators, or to nine out of ten. Those who live in the cities, or near them, are more or less tainted by the vices of the Creoles and exceed them in their thirst for pulque and aguardiente. While far from the towns they are quite sober intoxication, however, lias m# the same efleet on them as on the north era tribes. Pulque, or the beer of Maquey, is not stronger than spruce beer, and merely renders them heav and stupid; and the guardiente is bad kind of Spanish brandy; it "makes \ them rajher sullen, seldom noisy, ^ev er outrageous. It is p' 0 t in tlie vicin ity of towns that tl»' d y mu st be judged; it is only in tb/eir viiiagcs and fields dial they are s<*en to advantage, in their Genuine simplicity and worth. T’uoir physical character is some what different from the northern tribes. They are commonly of a rud dy complexion, rather small, the highest men never exceed five and a half feet; many have aquiline noses and large eyes. There is, however, much diversity, according to the tribes. In Zacatecas and the moun tains they are as white as the Cre oles. and the women are beautiful, whiter than the Creole ladies, and even with rosy cheeks. The Indians make excellent sol diers, both infantry and cavalry. Be fore the revolution the Spaniards did not allow them the use of fire arms; now they are all armed and trained a# inilida. They feel their strength yet do not abuse it The Creoles at least are the leaders in nearly all the strifes and civil commotions. By the military laws now in operation, owing to the war with Spain not being end ed yet? all citizens, the Indians of very two years In the villages where hereditary Chiefs or Cazics were rdtnhlcd, lliey are commonly e-eleeted every time, being so much respected by their people. After the Alcade, the Curate or Viest is tlie principal man; lie is amed by tlie Bishop. Many of (hem re Indians also; when so, they cuter nlo all (lie feelings of their flo* Ls; hut the loriner Spanish and actual Creole Priests are often tyrants as yet, or at least strive to fiuece and amass money in any way. For in stance, they used to charge twenty dollars for a marriage fee from the poor Indians, whose nages neic only vventy-five cents per day. Whence arose the practice of cohabiting with out leave of iim church, uud thus compelling (he curate to marry them gratis* to avoid sin and scandal. As vet, in many districts, the priest ex acts three dollars a year from each Indian, to defray his future buri- I < ' ? But the hold of the church over the Indians lias never been complete, and is now last wearing away. One of the principal reasons for whittb the Catholic religion was made ex elusive, was tlie fear of nearly all the native population relapsing to their ancient religion! They all o.oie or less lean towards idolatry; tbr- worship introduced by tie Spama ds was only a difle rent kind of idolatry. The Indians call the Spanish saints the Idols of the Guachupius, (a con temptuous nickuame for the Span iards,) while they call their ancient gods, the Idols or Saints <f their ances tors. In remote villages thej k ft< . t) both kinds of idols, asi crowq with flowers their ancient ov«;s in prefer ence, praying to them in s'ecret.— Nay. ’.Ti sonic parts, tho worship of ! the s’i,i at sunrise is privately pre served. Many Indians despise their curates, whose life in remote places is seldom without blemish, often in dulging in concubines, and even po- igamy, which the Indians seldom do. Nay, the curates of Indian blood have a secret longing to substitute the old idols to the Spanish saints, and when a religious freedom shall be proclaimed, which must happen at some future period, one third, per haps, of the Indians will return to the solar worship and idolatry Mission aries of more rational religion, will have then an ample scope to enlight en these deluded men, and spread more rational doctrines. As to instruction, it is very low as yet, but a change is fast approaching. Although the Spanish is become the general language of the Mexicans, yet many Indians retain their own languages; many others speak no Spanish; but* few speak altogether Spanish. This will impede for a while the diffusion of knowledge; al though all ought to he taught fo read and wrhc by the priests, and Lancas- terian schools have been established, yet their elementary instruction is of ten neglected; and as few or no books are printed in the Indian languages, it will even avail little with many till all are taught Spanish. Slavery has been happily abolished without difiuully; the negroes and mulatto slaves either left their mas ters iu the war or were freed by them. In all the sugar plantations this was found very advantageous to tlie owners. One hundred free ne groes, although receiving double wages thau the Indians, atv found to produce as much sugar as two hun dred do in Cuba, without the owners supporting 1 heir wives and children; or to produce from 5U0 to 700 dollars in sugar, at a mere salary of 150 to 200 dollais. These negroes are, however, overpaid, and are in conse quence become drunkards, vicious and unruly. Indians, if proper!) taught, would peiform tho same la bor at half price. '1 he India* s dis like the negroes, yet intermarr) with thorn without much difficulty. Then offspring, called Zambos, are very hardy and clever; they appear to be best calculated to hear the pestifer ous climate of the Lowlands, and not liable to the black vomit that there attacks the whites, the Indians, and even the negroes. 'Phc Mestizos (or half breed call ed elsewhere.) unite tlie good quali ties of their respective parents.— They are handsome, active, industri ous and gentle, while the females an often handsomer than the (Jrecles. Three kinds of whites are now found in Mexico. Those not born in the country are politely called Es- teros, or strangers, when they are not Spaniards. The higoted Spaniards and priests once called all (lie here tic strangers. English and Americans, b> the name of Judees, or Jews! but the impression is wearing off. The Indians like these strangers, provided hey eat and act as they do, and have an impression that they are the descendants of the ancient Mexicans carried off by the Spaniards. If they learn their languages, they are at once called brothers, and treated as such. Iu live years they become citi zens, and never find any difficulty to marry Creoles, if they are Catholic, or conform to a few observances; and among the Indians their alliance iB deemed an honor at any time The North Americans wore onco the most beloved and favour**^ nation; but the English ascendancy ami late occurto'*ee8 liavq changed the scale. The Fconch and Italians be- Vng CaV'.ioiics, are vei'y s> on amalga mated. The pride and behavi* ur of the English is seldom acceptable but their money, talents and influ ence, make them respected and fear ed. Guachupius and Spanish born are synonymous in Mexico; this name now implies a hitler foe, and is equiva lent to the name rf lory and loyalist in the revolutionary war of North A- mcrica. Eighty thousand of lire nr mo nopolized throughout the Mexican Slates all offices of trust and profit in the Government, army and church, until the late revolution, or deliver ance as it is called. Their alliance was courted by the Creole ladies, who married them for the pride of wealth and power, but often taught in secret to their children to despise their fathers Now they ore openly detested, even by their own children. Their wealth gave them great influ ence during the revolution, and even after it they formed a dangerous par ty in the State. Their late expul sion was neither a cruel nor unjust act, hut politic and perhaps indispen sable. They have been treated more mildly than the loyalists were in North America They have only been exiled till the peace with Spain; their .estates have not been confucat- ed. as those of the loyalists, but given to their wives and children, and they were allowed to take away all their moveable property. This was ppv- ; haps wrongf tlicw took away 14® millions of dollars out oi the cmo.liy, draining it of this immense capital, and employed p rtofn since in the last Spanish invasion. This capili.l * uglit to have In-cn Sequestered tii the peace, or used ns a loan io (htf slate. 'I he Creoles have been in power" ever since they drove the Spani. rds irom their situations; they occupy nearly ail the < fliccs. sharing honev er many with the Indians, who arc* gradually becoming the majority iu Congress and the State. Legislaiuies. Tlie two classes are merging or hi ending undo i tin revived n,',imal name o Mexicans, hut tho wealth *t the Creoles will perhaps bah.nce t*r.« long while the numl » is Mid votes of (he Indians. The Mestizos* although siding with the Indians. Jorrri a mutual link of some influence be tween the two above classes. Many qualities and detects are blended in the Creoles: they m f . a . miahle. gay and active: but vain, tier.. kle and deceitful. They boast of In i in* as wise ns the Greeks, amirs brave as the Romans! They are too* lazy to work, hut very hustling in every tiling else; too fond of gam* bling, smoking and carousing, but so ber, abstemious and generous; linbta to warm passions and cxms.v.s but pion* io friendship and fibers! s< nli'- mmt: seldom revengeful or ci uefp often * forgiving and magnanimous.—" The lower and pom sort of Crc iesf how vrr, called Liperov, in the towns, are much noise, vicious, lazy, nig- nards; too proud to work or be^<- tend of cheating and pilterini; igno rant and qu irrlsonu. let tlir-y make good soldiers, & colonists wherr they can hue servants to work ("of them, or miners when they can get a mine, or cattle drivers, imiieteerSp &c. when they con own cattle and mules. The female Creoles are rnlhei* pretty, captivating and amiable; hilt indolent, ignorant, superstitious, and extravagant: the vice of smoking is common yet among them: osw nt.-niort and vanity, lovr; and change, are usu al with them. Confessou ccm'v for* give pe'oclilto> 7 & are. rey indulgent 4 U iit< fair sex. Some- however, t.eft corn* excellent wives and t ome s; and even the worst, after ihe days of dissipation, return to propriety, de corum and moderation. South America.—According io the latest inquiries into the amount of the different populations oj th South American Stales it appears that theij contain near 21,650.000. inhabitants. Afcxico is the most populous, containing about 8.000.000.— Brazil comes next y - and has scarce halj that number It has been likewise calculated that in all America there are 11 G50 0C0 persons who speak English: 16 680 000 tcho speak Spanish', 3,750 000 lu rtvprese, and 1 250.000 speaking French] final hf, 7 600 000 speaking the various in digenous dialects. Sandwich Islands—A distinguished * naval officer who has lately returned from the Sandwich Islands, stales not only the fact for which we were pre pared, that the inhabitants of these islands have made great advances in civilization, but even that the princip al families of th* islands are beginning to emulate the luxuries of European countries. The public business it- transacted with great form through at Secretary of State, and the King him'- self, who has never been out of the islands, is a well educated youpg man of elegant manners, though somewhat inclined to dandyism, tile l>o(|j speaks and writes English but prob ably froril a fear of committing inar-" curacies in pronunciation, is shy of speaking the language in the prcs^if^' of strangers,