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ADVOCATFi
s. B>UOI70T, Bin?on-
5* K. 1 n T (•; !) »\ K I." It *
.IOJIV CINDY
At w 2 50 f paid i » advance, $3 m six
niontln, or £3 50 if paid at lh»* end oft hr
yrar.
27BW ECHOTA, SALTana.a.S’ JTJME 11, 1831.
Oj*i.
V *iT
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CE
exceed then, even with their slaves set every thing so much under the
t he finances are really in a Spanish prices.
wretched state, hut the s; me was the
case in North America between 1771
and 1789. tt may even he asserted
No
(luce ot maize is wondertui; an thi g
acie has been Known to >ielu two to tin
w A V H VJ ^ i I *» Vllly 4C V
where so many metallic transactions i large ears.
Every subscription will be considered
Continued unices subscribers give notic
r.h*» contrary before the common cement of
ttdv year, and a ! l arrearages paid.
Any person procuring six subscribers
an 1 b^coroi res lonsible for the payment,
j|»atl receive a seventligratis.
P*\ll ‘otters addressed to the Editor,
J\>st paid, drill receive due attention.
G vv y u ydii s ; j r. c.« .i
*?Q \VC«e.4 TA^f JIirfBA.I I'4hM
JC.5l..l«y KT.'l DSP CPOTR.I
|j + ?.I OTZ TF.tSSO-t*
TfTZ r®l*P TAO-V Tt: KT
DX'l o-BlHwI 1-4 I I'M.^EZ I P ywv
De.JUh^.i, (-y.t o$p oo.ip.i P4*i-
a vyz fvCxK .ino.i.i *y,
o-m ( r-4 « i r», i (vz tiue-
j* **»■<*>■ i Ki.'iz D3P Go?yA” ot.m-
V.l'l 1)1)'^ ' I-^.I
at nmetal wealth extends tar
4 - — N \Y . beyond the supposed
one country has more need of hundred bushels; and some stems aie I limits o! lnt. 24,* .,t d much beyond
one or^ more hanks than Mexico, j twenty leet high, wiih five to six bonora; and there the ores are iidler,
ge ears. Wheat turn grows • h j yielding six per cent, ol silver, while
common- in the south they hardly give two per
niing has been t onsiciercc us
but in Mexico it is rather
ftivjacthre oj bullion. A grt at
,, -v .i i , ‘ * , . , ' - / — —*•*.'•'««* depends on a good location, in
n.), which they have happily been 1 lie irrigated lands o{ Mexico it
pieserwd, .not wit hsturnliiur the at-! even yielded
l*osubscribers who can readonly the j , , • . .. # _i.„ i , ..... ------ . .
Cbnmkee lani?uaRP the |»rice will be *9,00 ‘»at iliere is liartlly any *yst*-in ol li-jtak. plane; l>ul the idna ol a bank is ! on (lie table land, but there ,
in advance, or *4,50 to be paid within tlir ; nances; and vet the country oilers t lie , unpopular, because the parties dis- ly yields twenty five for one while m cent M
year. most ample means to build one, if*a-; trust each other, and fear the abur.e I Europe only ten or twelve on an av- a lottery
t Z If hands could maimgi; them, and a I ;«;“<« of them in the United States. - ! erage, and in the best lam! of Ken- a manvfv
tofa ton ,e loum,. '1 lie Ministers; ie |>eolc are a Irani ol paper mo- lucky only twenty iwo tor one. in'deal dept
• i 1‘tuir, ami t bus they : re
il i ban the I US.iul783.
(d -P'i tin m ’ii.! resources
!n * s * ;, ted or l'M»\d nut the sale
has | old mines the w orking is always half
foi ty to eighty for j ol the amount or mere. The bane-
j Ini Msiem of the w’fit/a, or compuiso*
lo produce one million ol pounds, ty labor ol the Indians, at the nones
ol sugar, only I AO laborers are i e-| of Pern, w as nev er introduced. i he
one
of Finances have all been unskilful
or greedy. Tli^ late one, Zavala
chosen by Guerrero, and of tin* patri- l«*np f 01
otic party, is accused of having --m so 1* '•
hczzled vast sums either lot htnis> If M my
or his party. and lias been ••xded or * ould !ir m m* i or pnr.ti out the sale nuned lut) .,„a r.r. i , i 10 . i i i . i
:4 ii i .• ,a ntl i i:,. i , , 11,11 b,IM I I UIIU< 1 uu i°' *i and id;y boys; wlnl<-\ usual mode latteily uas to work on
it. 1 in ring the tevolutn.e ve. \ . of public lauds is ho-Miniui-r to draw 1 301) , ■*. , , , J ,,
. i • i* . . . . • . • . ^ , "• 111 a \ o j ait icijuntd m ( uha and Li > ui*'i- siinirs, thr oiwicr allow i pit hi. i { i he
tiling was disorganized; the mines and j a p»'<*uliar aitmili .n. I he Mexicans ana. The pioduciicn S
mint, almost suspended; coilec‘ions llious-.nd millions of acres of eotfee is suli e.«sic,
became (fffi -uit; the capital ion t . x 2<>’h1 I-md (besides es many of barren tend to Jt; '.OUU freis. which
■ '»•*; ; I’nd) tu sell to colonists, whudi, at ducc an a\i i age of 300.000 weight
. ‘ (he assumed rate of forty cents p- r Thus i» ce laOoui w iil
of Mexican | silver lo the
3U no n can at- OKed well.
of the 1ml ‘‘ins, which produced d
*31 ,400.000, was very properly a-
at-
;>i o-
Indian miners; this they
because it ii-i» c i In u. a
holislied- and every tiling was thrown j !U,|,p i may produce
\vf*v* in a confusion from which it lias not hundred millions of
AflEN I S FOll THE CHEROKEE
IMUEN1K.
O iir following person*' ar^ authorized to
sot't'w "idi>rription« and payments for the
Ch- ro'cee Ph'rnix.
M^-rs. Pf.ikcs Sc Wiu iam«, No. “iO
Markrt St. IIo-ion, M;i*s.
tiF/i'MU; M. I racv, Agent oftlw* A. 13.
F. \I. N<wv \ «»rk.
|{ci, A. O. Enov, Canandaigua, N. V.
Thom‘8 II .stings, Htica, N. \.
\V ii.i.s. 4 . m Moult nib Rem, Charleston,
3. C.
Cot. George Smith, Statesville W. T.
.11. -. t: i \ a I U’itii,, Mobile, Ala.
10-V. Cy»;us Kl NOADURY, MavhffW CllOO
X~i U - Nut Oil.
(' t 1, VVii.liam KonnitTsoN, Augusta
yet fully recovered.
Before the revolution, the revenu*;
of Mexico was abotil tw enty millions
of dollars, of whiidi half was sent to
Spain, ai.d half spenl ii iho intern.d
in future four
dollars Thus
fcoonci oi Uit*a
snj*e»strde the need oi eido./i
hai Ooui .slavery may cease ‘
they will sell land cheaper than the iug useless andiiup.td
l . Slates, and at a longer -credit ofj Althou
six v ears. i 1ns Inin] »s suitable for! become
,ii the Mi
sugar, cotton, and all useful staples j eonimei ce will follow as use I
administration. In 1838, the federal i an * v i ,oul "hite, rt^d
may he cultivated by freemen; and train. Between two
<d > n ■.
*‘Iv t : S \\ lil i hit ii )
a great .*gneoitural naiio.i,
il
amt
till
d S' I »i !ig« 1 V,
vrut 11
i ha t enlei * d V t
Ciuz in lb3o, rmy 03o wc»e At, xi-
; can, and ail eoaslmg vessels; 400 A-
ean produce every production of the meiieans, 95 English, 5t) French.
pay ttie small cos-, tile East Indus. At
and be wealthy lo boot! j whole tra ieis in me uaiuls
'Hus leads to a survey of Mexican ! enw.fiv English aim N»oih
agriculture. No country is more fa-! Of the vessels
voured by nature. Lowlands and ta
ble lands, from Tex. is to Vueatans,
E
r ■
it 1 •‘fordf*, Via
From tho
;Til«: M EXU \ NS IN 1830.—BY
A MLXICAN 01 I7ZEN.
(concluded.)
>o in — mi:xir aN Rr:souf.ci:s.
After having given in the two pro- • ,,
, . • , insure collections;
ceding uipnbers an idea ol the M(»x- j * , , ,
, , .. 4 .. i and situii has lately
lean population am! polities, thesi
inns, all spent m the country, and yet
tin* army, interest id loans, and every
thing else, was in arrears. The
State taxes and revenue were inde
pendent of this. 'fills federal reve
nue arises from east >m ami the mint,
monopolies of tobacco, s It, pulque
and gunpowder; lotteries and privi- , , c ~
leges, tin? post office, stamps and ^ 0 , J , 1 * ^ugai, coflf‘e, and cocoa, as
(oils &<•. rin se are ll,e onliuarv a f "heat and wool, he-
means: the extraordinary ones are i fe , ,( , 1 !e u ^ ar sta fl° s ol vanilla,
l f ans, oont ri bu; ions, donations, eon- i' *’ ‘‘I 1 ’ A farmer or
fiseatioes of property of exiled Span- j scUI< ‘*' •'»» «"»* choose and consult ,
ianls who have taken arms again, and
lastly the repartitions, or the contin
gent of each state to make deficien
cies. which is seldom paid in time,
file state taxes ore light, chiefly
raised by local monopolies and ex
cises or tolls, in the towns.
All the monopolies are formed to
that of tobacco
been granted to
or black,! I hey v\ili turn their attention
peace to greater ii
L u i o i i e, N
chance of great profit. The ncning
companies will he compelled to ie-
'• uia lo iins plan.
slave ; Sugar inuki g is also a complicated
>y be com oun ulnctiu e, m wlm h the Indians <«. e
‘‘ikeiy to supersede negroes. Gnmn
t
I* .»-
fit
na
i t :*
hl|g .*
hi }
' Cl
great on ans. i 1 U- is t wo
t an lie pr >du< t u t*y tlit n*
o’V r. t c o one cent and
per pound. in ( uba the in-.
cents, and in Lou.sc
... . _ , a* lei j mm ee iimi a hull cents per pon
income was only about fourteec rn ll-j rau ln k v ^without a t’fnl in his pack- 1 the peace to greater in eicouiee w it Ii ! The*' - 1 1
f t bihI raise enough on it before thc'Luiope, Noun Ann ilea,
pin e is dm* to pay the small ct-s , tlie East Indus.
C hum
j l « Si. lit
i lie English trade has since
increased. 8evc
in the east
said thy imnons .nd
great iv
al ports art. op**n
and w«M shores, y<*t ii is
imports ..nd exports have
fallen in amount since Mie revoluti >n
e m i English capitalists, who give annual-
bi» i' lies "I the Mexican population , P •,:■ .. . T, .
. . , j '• , ! lv two millions tor it. Many othci
Wwl to* concluded by a rapid survey . . .. , J r ,
i j 11 rn in* ii q ^ r< , n | s<) fanned.
ol i he
iiimicuse
HI
Mexican
means of
pi sp nty and gifatness. Su« h a
topic might he very propci ly includ-
e ! adiT the heads of linauees, agri-
cub'ire. eommeree, mines, manufae-
tim s, army, church and staler
But bdoro noticing theso branches
of u. tional wealth, it may lie needful
to recur again hi icily to tlie impor
tant fact, that tin* whole population
is free, and yearly increasing, not-
wdhstaiuling all the checks from civ
il war and struggles, domestic quar
rels and local difficulties. There is
no .slaveiy to weaken the social sys
tem, and m arly al! Indians arecultiv-
nlnis, except a few straggling small
trib- s in the north. The various
branches of revenue
land even the custom house
is nearly
his convenience or abilities, and if j T his may be a seta bed to the cheaper
industrious, instead of lazy, be is | value ot the imports, and the less
sure ol wealth and eoiniort. In the
settled pails Indian laborers are ea
sily procurable; twenty five cents a
day are the average wage** <-f their
fee labor; hut there the land is all
in the hands of the a istroeraey, some
of whom ow n estates as large as a
county m the United States. If they
could he induced io parcel them on
long leases or ground rents. they
would become lieher si ill; w, 1 as
many wealthy Patrons, like the Ri n
se liners oi Albany, in New York;
so, or at least so completely in the ; while the land would he filled with
hands of tlie officers that they control j farms and gardens, as it is io Oaxaca,
it, take good care to pay them- the ancient estate of Cortez, and oth
er places, where Indians are land
holders upon n moderate quit rent.
These estates are variously appro-
selves first: exactions, briberies and
c ompromises for smuggling, are by
no means uncommon; nay, they have
| a very absurd and vexatious privi-! piiated. some are mere cattle farms
lege to buy up any imported goods al
cost, which are invoiced too cheap!
Monopolies, although deemed obnox
ious, ate preserved because they
form the only certain revenue, all <h
oi great extent, while others are im
mense sugar plantations.
Sugar, coffee and cotton can he
raised cheaper than in the United
States or tin West Indies, and by
an* i‘’iit nations of different spce<h|t'vo English loans united were 0,-
hne all 1 lei) !*•(! uu.f* r the proud | 400.000/ sterling, yet they produced
name of Mexicans, and possess una
other branches being liable to great free labor; but owing to the civil
fluctuations. ; troubles, not enough are now raised for
Lo ms have been precarious. & af-l! l,e •“^consumption ft some arcs; ill
forded only a momentary relief The . ““porte.IJrom CubaJaraaica & Lou-
ss
bullion exported
Mexican mines are indeed inu. !:
lallen oil, ami no longer the sanu
source of wealth *as iorinerly, ;»i
thougli three great ilnpcdimen s were
removed at the revolution: I—The
duty on silver and gold e as itduced
to .3 per cent., il i\as 1 J per cent be-
tore. 2—Qoicksiivt r io;- amalgam.
lion has been made duty free. 3 —
Several local mints nave been es
tablished; formerly ah the bullion
i*as to be coined in .Mexico lone.
Beside foreign capital and machinery
w eie mu oduced, hut eould ii(>t e< ; ni-
pensate tor the Spanish capital with
drawn, (140 millions.) and the local
difficulties oi insecurity, prejudices,
inexperience, want oi fuel &c.
In 18—3 was established ihe iirsi
English niiiiing company. Th<'y are
now iO; English. 7. Not ill Ameri
can, 2; German, E They have
spent twelve millions of dollars, or
more, in draining old or exhausted
mines, instead of seeking for ne»*
ones; introducing useless and ex
nimby of national feeling. t hus the
Mexicans start into the rank of inde
pendent nations with a double popula
tion at least, than the United States
in 1783. & with thrice as many free-
nirii These freemen have increased
2 .000 000 bet w een 1825 & 1830.or
one in seven within 5 years; this rate
would double the whole population in
thirty-rive years—io much less when
peace and security shall return A
Striking fact to prove tins may be
found in the State of Michoaenn. the
eradb* of the revolution, and tbn ? b; s
most su/Tcioff. having' increased from
365 000 in 1822. to 450,000 in 1837,
m 85 000 in five years, at the rate
ot nearly 25 per cent . whi Ii would
double the population in 30 years.—
Thus b is not unrersonable to sup
pose thro in 1850. the Mexicans may
be fif»ecn or sixteen millions an<l iu
187(t oerbaps tl irt\ millions whic’
pensive machineiy, inijmrting miners (. lotking i
from England, who are of less use! Hats, eo;
» h • ee ami a half
*re a negro slave only i ..ist-s i \
oi sug.tr; in the f»*i.;i!e si'il 1 f /.» 0
an Indian can actU dlv piuduct 8f : 0ldb
v early.
Lhe manufactures in winch :lit: In
dians excel oi c jewelry, pottei\ v
sculpture, carving, and ail the erna-
mental arts They are alsu gold
painters, musicians, masons .-w
iiiev make beautiful and wontiuinl
v. scs s milar to the admired Eirus-
can vases of antiquity; leys of all
Kinds, wax figures, leather mantles,
»nd mosaics, masks, ornaments, sad-
fib s, codon cloth, ornamented eioai s
«d great value, &c. They are su6»
ecptihle ot being taught any other
•>«'t, being skilful and industrious ,»
all their pursuits All kinds oi Eui*'*-
can manufactures w ere discoun t d
r tin-bidden by the Spaniards, ],*.d
1 lie late stniugles hi.Ve noi utiowtd
vet of turning their attention (I t
way. Tlie English and foreigners
have also supplied all Iheii wants at
so ehtinji a late, compared with im'-
mer prices, that tiiey have not ieit
the need of a change.
But a change must happen when
trade, commerce, good roads, and
manufactures will be a Mended tor
Every thing is to be created in ih.it
way. PJ,inters and nianulactuie,s
-ill realize in Mexico gr» { ;,r
wealth than the rninns! r i ! c t t*-
o) S disdain all kind of haudi. fa
they apply themselves merely , . ,
i ieulturc, trade and prol»*s i< ns;
cign mechanics have rh* ivfo.e uijij• e
scope. Even tailo:s, siioeuiakei8,
carpenters and smiths, can rea ize
two to four dollars per day wjnle
Indians are content with 25 cents
of nil kind is very d *ar.
>
“g^
if .*
only twelve millions of dollars in Mex
ico, while interest is to lie paid on
nearly thirty millions. This interest
being snspci ded, no other loans on
better terms ran be obtained; thus
tin* Mexicans have lost their credit a
broad; while they eould easily raise a
revenue of 34 millions, which would
he only <3 upon each individual on an
average.
Earn!, property, persons, and the
whole church an* untaxed, while a
general land fax, or a general capita
tion. might save the country, but the
rich oppose the first, and the poor
the second plan. A judicious me
dium to conciliate both is yet to be
bound The holy church, owing one
fourth of the wealth, is not yet to be
touched. High duties on imports
('which lessens their consumption and
customs', are the only available and
nnpulai incomes, because they arc
little felt by the poor, who const!im
*19, shoes, shirts, &e. aic
isiana. The bad system of fallows is than the Indians; and tin* result has ; th»? best articles to import; the next
universal; three fourths of the large j been that all these companies (except I are iron, hardware, hosiery, glass*
estates are thus kept, and one-fourth perhaps the German, which was more ! paper, silk goods, dry goods, w«»o&
judiciously conducted) have tailed j lens, &e. The French wines have
in their expectation* of great wealth,! superseded Spanish wines. The tiiM
t*be North Americans can scarcely} little luxuries, nor by fhe* t rich, who
planted by turns in the annual staples
Plantations of coffee trees, olive
trees, grape vines, and other perma
nent cultures, are but few as yet;
oil and wine are, however, made.—
Cocoa, maguey, vannilla and eorline-
al are also peremal staples, well cul
tivated by the Indians in some dis
tricts. The other agricultural pro-
sunk vast capital (some mines are manufacture needed in tlie country
not yet drained, after five years la- are paper, gunpowder, hats, glass,
bor,) produced but little silver, and
become discouraged. But the min-
arms, woollens, 8tc,
Hie laws of the countay a t e mild
eral wealth of Mexico is not exhaust- Ail crimes are judged by the Federal
. Three thousand millions of gii- Courts, the State Courts having only
cd
ver have been
drawn from them in
duces are indigo, pimento, tobacco, j three hundred years, or an average of
cognizance of civil suits. A Federal
Attorney watches in each State over
aloes, maize, wheat, pulse, &c., be-: ten millions of dollars per annum; as the local laws, so as to prevent any
imal staples of cat-I much remains, if not more, hut it unconstitutional infringement. This*
sides the great animal staples ol
tie, mules, horses, sheep, wool, |
hides, wax, honey, &e. Rice, silk,
and : few other productions, are lit
tle known, but might be very easily
introduced. Irrigation is well prac
tised, even by Indians, but manures
ore unknown.
Maize, or Indian corn, is the chief
food of the Indians, (with chocolate
and fruits.) and eaten in the shape of
tortillas or fiat cakes. A Mexican
laborer or soldier can live ii on the
daily value of two cents f The pro-
must be sought for. and the practical
simple mode of the Indians resorted
to again. In the single smaller mint
may be deemed an improvement over
the federal system of the United
States. Trial by jury has not yet
of the patriots, in Zacatecas, they j been established, because the people
L : i crt.. c. ;.i- ^ , i ’are not quite prepared for it. But
there is no imprisonment for debt
the shame of the United States!
Credit is low, because the country il
unsettled, and because payment may
be postponed a long while by lawyers,
and by bribing the officers of the law.
Indeed bribery is a glaring evil in th^
whole system of government* \f**
have coined fifty four millions of dol
lars between 1810 and 1827, in the
midst of a cruel civil war, averaging
three millions per annum. It is ex
pected that in 1835, if peace then
prevails, 24 millions of bullions may
he produced in all metals, as before
the revolution.
It has lately beon ascertained that