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K. 30UBIIJ0T, EDITOR,
NEW UGHOTAi SATURDAY aUY.1T 30, 1831.
V©£. IV.-NC'.
—a—Ol*—rnrr«rn-imiiri<-nminn-w- nr inn ,mr
■aoraBKucug wm- r»d.-crta. 1
l’RiNTMi* wkeki.v by *. |u o|>eily unitei' j*idic:iuI cognizance, Oonseq jeihJy, a weak state, tbit, in 1 not recognize the right of ihe Indians ment of the comm y.
JO ifN C,U BY, ; * shall proceed to the examination of oldt T tu l li0Vlde ioi ‘ us safely, places j tranter the absolute title of their eiai sense, v\e culi^a
A'. *2 50 if paid in advance, tnsix | the case under the following heads. ; Usel * uuti ° 1 ’ tlle protection of a more I lands to any other than ourselves, the from auv country not
months, or £3 50 if paid at the end of the j l
ear. j dians
hi a coin mer-
all goods cumuig
- . . . — „ _ouutry not \\illisn our own
is (lie iherokee Nation ot In- poweriui one, without stripping ii-jnghio t occupancy is stiil admitted jui isdic lion, foi eign goods.
, |- - a competent party to sue in this sl -'“ ut .lie right ot government and 110 lomatii h> them, accompanied with ; In tin- diplomatic use of the terra
Ue—Ii’m" ^,i^! ? d'ooi ( - ouriy . i #overe ' s “‘>'* u r T ceilsc «•» this j the right oi sel; government, accord- ! we call We.y mmisiei a to.cg.t
in'.idvaacc, o? iii,W to he paid within U.< i 2- Is a sufficient case made out in ; “ LLUl '“ l 10 »<* l>la«-*cd among the sove- j >»>g to their own usages and customs;! minister u ho comes flora .motherjo-
• • m reigus who acknowledge no other jarttt mill the con.pcieu.-j to act i„ a j r.sdtclmn or guvernmc.t. A.muns
lmuiiJiv and feudal orv national canaeiiv. :»liplaced is the sense in which it is judicially
whiles, used by tins court, even as between
g cimi ow mg u qualified subjection so far. the different States ot this union, iti
ill is court
T(>aT . | the bill, to warrant
ftterv subscription will be considered as : granting any relief? ^ j power. iributary and feudatory ; batiouul c'apaci iv, although
c/" ‘I-uipd unh'-s suh^ iibersgive uotic- to j 3 an injunction the fit and ap- j do not thereby cease to be sove- j under the protection of the
*-h" con! arv be fart* lie* co imienccuent of a j |>1 . 0 p | .j a t > e relief? ] reign uild independent stales, so ion
l\n ,v \ car, an i a 1 'arrearages paid.
Q \\ y t s * U(V 9 4 !> U S l 3 E W <5 .1
1 T KJIT* IS'C' <Uu?H \*.l
.Iv3h.l^y K T.l Dj?P O-’O.! U..I
3.4, ,1 f. -z T F.ASOrtr* IJ 0.1 -Set 1+ c?. I
\T 1 y Z f 5 1» P T rd O'- V T 11 1.0 ) yv I'- oi). T, K 1
j ; -ij 0 G.Jil.I I'4-.I li?U4»o®EZ Til y’V
lm-'vu'W, O 4 y i
h-.vy;: vii .t: o .i.w, yvf*v* Dev
h,iu i‘4d.i .a r\ T;rz no-
-.I’ve?.t ivi.iz phi' ucayv-?.in
i’ :r i.'oostr i.i.
n^jra 8K«-<r^aw3»»v»aS’5»iflrw®rn.'r2srr::a3esBjBWBiaB»rjr*iia^T/'^a«»»*Ra
of
i he
t: r
_ Ij
tin- United States, and treaties made *•'<»< ot tut> Cherokee Indians by these ed in the enjoyment oHiVoV J.mn'ed Mealed as sueliVn'‘i lie‘courts' o7 me
| or tvliieh shall be made under their | ‘ulrs it is noi 1-ereervod l„nv it is ol it wuhmn their IV.-o consent; or United States. The court sure, tbet
| authority. 67c. and between o state or s ptsMijie lo escapthe conclusion, uide^ 1 - • - -■
j the citizens thereof, and foreign I that luey lunn a sovereign siuie-— sanction Uieir oispussessio i
states* citizens or subjects. j 1 > h t »vc a. ways bet n dealt wild In this view
as such bj the government ot the U- there is a full and complete »c; nod-
lined Stales; boib belure and since tion oi tlieir save, ciginj, as ii t7»ov
oi the soii. these stales open pet.sous lixntg u
rbe controversy
eas* j is alleged to bt>
m ti.e prcsmit
between a for-
j . ' Uimi .11 1 VM i ^ » Vw . 1 m. v u i t ot j o 7 iizu w
f SCa, !.‘..‘." C co " ciuM -"’ J' ,s! . :;iU1 necessary warsliuul.i I n; applying the definition of a .01. i..n
: hill, to the political cbaiactci ot the
ol their siluat ion, ! several states of ti.is union, miedaiion
tu caeli etin r. w c are nil i .c.aii) of
they \ opinion, H:;t r loils tira i» in orn; ol
a-
the adoption in Uie const it uliou.— PCrc absolute
i ney have been aUiiiiltcrd nud iicai- I he j regia ss
on ue 1 s
..Tt
n' ca
I O ^ A % Hj
C h''
eign state, and one of the states of
the union: am! docs nol there tore,
come within the eleventh amendment cu as a people governed solely and
of the constitution. ivhOh dcciurcs • c.vuusnciy by iueiro.vui.ms, usages, bo consiilertd as in any mcaMirc do- 1 so treated. 'i hut ten alt tmiuual
th:.t the judicial power of the United mul . us,urns ivi.tu.i 1 ioir ou,. temto- thoir italiouai and forcisn puriioscs imbraced hv ihc teuirol
u. j loguby made in civilization b> J noilu-i of th.-m, j... r tI,of toe chnr-
, Cbcrokne imliaus cannot sutdv ! actor of torctgn bills, raid ought to no
States, shall not be consumed lo cx- *y; eianmng ami exereisi g exclusive u acler, so 1
of i! i f
roKOf
the S’at “ of (Jr arg a; argu.»d .tf.d tl t
in/d * i mi the Supvrttm* r h»u t of th 0 U-
nit^d d.-iduary '*'cnn, 18J1.
OPIN'ON OF Til K MINORITY.
Mr. ,1 isiice Thompson—Enter-
iaining ditfeient vie w u of liie ques
ti ns now before us in this case, and
liavM* arrived at a con iusian ilitfer-
ent from * hit of a m joi ity of the
court, and consiil ring the importance
ol’tue case and Hie coast it uli jual j>ri.i-
ni ilc involved i:i it, I .‘.hall proceed,
fend to any suit in law or equity com-; d.*1111111011 ovc» tin same
Na.iaa agam>t meoeed or prosiM-utcd against one of h\ iitnily, trum lime
th
not hr
jec
mcndincnt th>cs not, tin
tend to suits prosecuted
of the United States, hv
foreign 1 purposes embraced by ihc ieticioi
:>!: g as they a re per- j const itulion tiie states ami cnizciiS;
■us ol a-
ltuns ot ihcir i.ui
1 or i;ub-
aosolute st.\ ciei.
Tlns n-
£iiv:UL U\ i. i \v.
lui’C, fX-
: A ad lias t;. t s b; ■ t •
aiust one
lhejr h;tvc, uu t
a foreign
side red J1 um i iit
vuiUuig up , u-hh d to 111,lint .tin a separate and dis- j ther’elcre arc one; united under the
time, por-: gov eiliiuent; it is their polili-; same, sovereign authority, and govern-'
i»c United Slates ly citizens of a- lions ot ihcir laud, out still claiming . <-‘;d position llial const itules their /hr- ! cd by I he s..me fans. in all other
other state; or by . itizeus or sub- aosolute sov ereigtity ami seii govern-d-tg-n ciiaractcr,'and in that, sense must n speeds, the states are net c ssaMIy
sets «>f any foreign state. This a- 'v.ial u .naim d uusoid. j Ult term jorcign be understood as -ftiign to, and imh pendent of e-. h
lsg:i> in w bicti i Used in the constitution. ]{ ran have ! other■; their constit uii u.s
state. The const it uf ion further pro- • 01 ^ 1C country by ii;e wrii;e ]>cojde. ;
vides, that i.i nil cases where a slate I Anii, indeed i do nol understand a is
iiitturi seliicmtnt ten 1 tonal position, it cas
and 1 oi ms
... 'S*' rcptili-
mtot mean! bcuti. iiltogothcr diflott-nt, ;is .:ro
shall be a parly, lh«? supreme court
I! have original
denied o\
.1 count 1 y beyond s_\a. Mexico and j thei* laws and institut.ions. So in the
1/anuda is eeitaiuly to be considered ! raSl - ’Warder vs. Ariel}, art im cl
y .. ..m/joi ity ot the coui t, 1 :i l0t country, in reference to the I * n l l je { *oiu t of Appeals ol
soon nave original jurisdiet 1011. Uu- That the Ciiero^ee »iidt ns Cumi a , United Stales. It is t he political re-) 2 Wash 203. Tin court
der these provisions it) the conMitu- j 8uVf:rrl - 11 b <lle actoruiug to tiie doe- : lulion m which one govcimmnt or I l!, g dl f icign contracts,
lion, the com;)! tiuants have hied their jithe uf ihc law ol 'nations; but that, couuijy stands to another winch con- j that t fit* I
in the character of Miiiou^h a sovereign stale, liiey .>rt
\\
itb
all due respect lor i!ie (pinion
of
o’!
iers,
10 assn
;■ i 1 Uc! I’t'.as 'M3 uptm
w
i i <
. ny
oi\ n ii 1
s 'mhmi funned.
I n
(he <
t pinion
pronounced by the
Cv.
>U i t
. tin
1 iilCI"!r|
of flic controversy j
b
M ’/
ecu tin* staft;
; of Georgia and the
c
! 1 : • , ’
| (% f>
1udiues
have not been 1aken
i ■
ff) (
•ousid
feral i 011
. The denial of the
a 1
•,'li
• ’ • in:
\ for an
in j unction lias been
|D
.....
f! SO!:
/!v fo 1
s 1 waul of jurisdic-
\ i r u
m speaM
and
bill in this court
a foreign state, ngains* the slate 0 f J l,ot considertnl a t .reign state, wiitun
(icorgia;—praying no injunction 1 0 ; * he meanmg of the Constitution
restrain that state from committinu !
ether the Lhcro^ee Indians are
various alleged violations of the
,Jio lie considered
a Ionian slate or
e»ty of the nation, claimed under tlie 1 1101 - ,a a point on which we cannot
laws of the United States, and trca- ] expect to discover much li»hl Ii <.m to
shlutes it iorei .11 to tlu* other. d'lo
Cherokee territory being within tin
t haltered tin its 01 Geoigia, (U»cs nol
atli cl the cj'tesiion. vVueii (J, ot
is spoken oi us a state, referem
bad to its
w he
saymg
a». S of (lie foreign count, y
e the contract w; s made iiiustr
ia
? ICS
made with the Cherokee
na
-phe law of indioiis. \\ e must derive
that
iu nd
anv
j-Oittieal character and
f j 1 *ditl it is nol ju'i'ce
absiM’dity or
not 1
muonsisti n- v
t i = j * i ia this out to juant relief pray-
v 1 for. It her* a me, there fore, na
il • •oss'iry to iiKpii c into the merits ol
wist 1 . H t l cibviii; as I do that
n
state of this
th
a ■
b
th
at
• court has ju
i ni i v gra it r
!
'lit-? too 1 "r 4*ase,
lief, at b* is* in part,
nav neooMie ne:c**Sv.rv
f
m c
in
my opinion, to jilinue
ril *rits »f the emit uoversv,
eon I SO o(
tin
whihl shall however d ''<*!v
Iv ris it !-» imoori n»t s » far as I’el.ifes
to 5 he p-esr'id application.
i> ‘Uire entering u*? m th»* examion-
thio ->1‘ the particular points wb-eh
III', ' huen ar-’ued, a:id for the *»*i»•-
union may be j ?,C t; uJ oui uwu
s»u*d h y n foreion slate ivheii a pi o»»- j l«£ht in wbicii Ulc
er c se exists and is presented, is foo| V5l ‘ Ui ^ f*»d treated hy it.
fd.smlv ind expressly declared in the I fhat numerous tril*es of ludi
cons! itut.ion to admit ofdoubl; and the | and among others, the C-herokii
iirsf in piuv is whether lie* Chero
kee tvwion is a foreign state W’ifhin
the s; :ise and meaning of the constiiu-
liou
The terms slate and nation are
us- tl n the law of nations, ns •* ell ab
ia - m n.m parbanee. as iufporting tiie
s m ‘ tiling: an I iiiijdv a body of men.
phis knowledge! clnedy frum the p*ac- n l ou s oui at tin? eu cum^iance.
li::n
ovemmeut, and the : lno jnrisdiciion c.uu lermory of the
na.ion lias been ^udeoi Gc'Orgia surround ci e mm ud
j 011 every side ol the Cherokee !or,
tor}'. ft may be incinvci.-ient to the
ms.
im
.s.alo, and \«: f y cJesirai.
.go
>'• ci n,
add
— Ii.
e s
iarhe
principle a
p-
i ,j
us, h
Mi g |
j \\ i
th
no g
reater loro
e.
10
i he t
ilfie
l i lit
s
lal: s
ol A meric
fo
r thou*
^h they
for
m a
thi.fi imiivi
•1-
u:i
il sove
Ii'i2
n! b
s;
and,
with ICS, t
et
to
their
m 111
; k T
ai
rc-gul
aliens, are
f 0
ea
eh olh
er f
0 ? e i
fib.
h is mam
fest
f.ami tIi
esc cases,?h
at;
ior< tgi
: sir
de,
i:«c
0
ii; ia!
iy consolerc
Ct
usisl s
in ii
S lit
:ing und
ci* a ditfcr*-
nt:
ju
1 i diet lull
r
L'oveninu nt, wit?:o
ut
ai-
y l-rM
Ik «i;*
c to
1 i-'
s te
rritoi : ai iv
ri-
l:.
>!}. 1
his
is t!
it*
ni rk
cd .US’ ind I{»*!
pa
11 ! icul
A il V
%7
ii f
lie
case of Rurkn
er
vs
. I’ilri
A* V .
So ?
iir as
tliose slat
(S'
a s
e sobj
♦
• * 1-
lo t
he
law s
of the mm
■»u
, . . i r'i j - that the
tmn occupied many parts ot Lins < t on- j ^ ncrokecs sln.-nld be removed; bat it
tj y long before tlie discovery 1>y Uu- does not at alt aff, ct (lie poiiul ai rc-
ropcaus. is abundantIv cstablislied »*v lotion between Georgia and those In
history; and it is nut denied but lhat Suppose the Cherokee ter- j Hiey are imt foreign [ 0 f n rh ol! /r
Mm Cherokee nation occupied Hie . ri,or >' had «;een occupied by Span- | Ihst so far ns they are subject to tli: h-
territory now claimed by them long . ^xis instead of Indians, and they bad | own respective stale laws ami on V< in-
befun* that period. Il does nol fall i h’om Uine tu fimo ceded to the’ Um-! mmt. they are 1 hreigu to each^othci
within the scope and object of the | Unl portions of their lauds pro-; And if, as here vlet-fdcd, a scu-ir.m'e
pr\.t * n
CD S <
6 •
a> a ithvr n2“ iust
1 1 - i \ s, t i pr«‘p< 1 tl ot I
r
;t«tv < J roii-
ur.ited together, fo procure their 111.1- prt^sent iinjuiry, to go into a critical ; c jse!y in the same manner as the In land distinct juri-. diet ion or < o V .
1 uai safety and advantage by means j exaininaiion oi the nature and extent j dians have done, and in like maimer ! men! is the test by whic h fo"dccide-
oi th.-ir uni'-n Such a society has
it.> a'T ii s a d interests to manage;
i( deiibs-rates an i lakes resolutions'in
• »!<*. that } d o u clanj lot'common and t bus becomes a moral ; treat ud, or tlieii* lights respected.
cuthc rights growing out of such oc- j *''Olsined and occupied the part now whether a nation be foreign or not. f
cup-.ncy, or tiie justice and humanity ; bold by the Cherokees, and having J am unable lt> j>erceive any $t>nnd and
will] which the Indians have been a regular government established i substantial reason whv the Cberol eo
* ' r “ ,J r * th'* “xcrcise n* ju; isdreMon 1 person, having an understanding and a j That they are entitled to such oc- ed a separate and distinct nation or j It i? governed I.7 its own laws, usages
a v matter* po.mmIv 0 :der tb.e 1 will peculiar to itself, and is suseep-1 cupanry, so long as they choose qui- i state, be* - r ; " ’ " *
there; w ould it not only be consider- i nation should not bo so considered,
s governed by its own laws, in
it a foreign nation, with ref-1 customs; it has no eoimeRinn with
Vat-jctlyuud peaceably to remain upon , crenee to the State of Georgia and } any other government or jurisdiction.
I. The | iho United Slates. If we look to I except hy wav of treaties entered hr»
" '»*•%<
VJHlIfM'irM >*-
cm to denend
• of Fletcher vs. Peck, 6 Crandi. IdG';
308. r
pccujiar «u Jiseii, ami is suserp*
o smut inn of nohf ir-nl p>wer T?.e-| tinle ot obligations and laws.
lie * * the fail extent prayed by the, tel, 1. Nations being composed of; thp land, cannot be questioned.
b- any be beyond the "• u-h of this j men ..naturally free ami independent, circumstance of their o.igiiml occu- ! ^xicograi>hers., as well as approved ! to with like form and ceremony as
< ’ ,v|lT - * * ’i 'Mi of the !»' tter therein ; and who, before the rstnhlislunpiit of! paney is here referred to, merely for j writers, for the use of the lei rn /or- j with other foreign nations. And this
v of romol;: 1 ” 1 would .civil societies. live (ogeMicr is* a state the purpose of showing, that if these\ c ^g n -> it may lie applied with the | seems to l>e the view taken of them
fur lief noon ne : x>'» natr.re, nations or Sovereign states, Indian communities were then, as | strictest propriety to the Chemkee | hv Mr. Justice Johnson in the rase
exf-reiso of polwic/d ; o»ver;&
a, ni op? iatclv d‘ vo»v : .r.g upon th
♦votive and n t ti e judicial depart'
uiuut *f the cnvernmiMit. "This court
e.m jran! relief so far only as the rights
of Mersou or proper f v are draw n in
s»ion. and have been infiinged.
It \ odd very ill become the juili-
’ station wh’n-b I hold to indulge
in any remark upon the hardships ol
t!u- ease, or the great injustice that
s sueh I are to be considered as so in ary free | they Certainly werM nations, they j nation.
he ex- 1 persons living in a stale of nature, [must have been foreign nations to all j *» a general sense it is applied to !2 Peter's Coridens. Rep.
Vntte.l 2, ^ !. Every nation that i the w orld; not having any connexion, j any person or thing belonging to a- In sneaking of the state and condi-
governs itself, under wlint form soev-! or alliance of any description, with j not her nation or country. We call j lion of the different Indian nations, be
er, without any dependence on for- j any other power on earth. And if | an alien, a foreigner, because he is not j observes, “that somelinvetotnllyex-
eign power, is a sovereign state. Its ! the Clierokets were then a foreign j of the country in which we icside. linguished their national fire, and sub-
rights are naturally the same as those i oat ion, when or how they have lost jin a political sense we call every milted themselves to the laws of the
of any other state. Such are moral I that character, & censed to be a dis-I country foreign, which is not in the j stales; others have by treaty acknowl-
persoos who live together in a natur- j t met people, and become incorpor- j jurisdiction ot the same government. j edged that they hold their national
•community? In this sense, Scotland before the tin-! existence at the wifi of the state,
a! society, under the law of nations -ated with any other
ft is sufficient if It he really sovereign ! They have never been, by con-
W'.'ub! seem lo have been done to the and independent: that is, it must gov- 5 quest 1 educed to the situation of sub-
♦* .m-dainants according to the state- j ern itself I>y its own nuthuiity and jects to any conqueror, and thereby
vaunt ill the bill, and which for the laws. We ought, therefore, to reck-
puro-'se of the present motion I must on in the number of sovereigns those
assume to he true. Ifthevnre en-! states that have bound themselves to
ion was foreign to England; and Can- > within which they reside; others re
ad a and Mexico foreign to the United j tain a limited sovereignty, and the ab-
Stntes. In the United States all solute proprietorship of their soil.—*-
lost their separate national existence, transatlantic countries am foreign to Tiie latter is the case of the tribes
and the rights of self government, and us. Rut this is not the only sense in j to the west of Georgia, among which
which it is used. j are the Cherokees. We legislate
It is applied with equal propriety upon the conduct of strangers or cili-
hecome subjects to the laws of the
Whenever wars have
tuh*d to o-her than the judicial relief, another more powerful, although by conqueror. \\ hene
'if cannot bo admitted ♦hat iu a gov-! an unequal alliance. The condition i taken place, they have been follow- to an adjacent territory, as lo one j zens within their limits, but innumer-
ernmont like ours, redress is not to ! of these unequal alliances may be in- ! cd by regular treaties of peace, con-j more remote. Canada and Mexico-j able f renttes formed with them ac-
bo >!„<] in sn,no of its departments;! finitely varied; but whatever they ! taming stipulations on ! each side ae-i is as much foreign to
•a. .. tiie resnonsihili'v for its ilonial ; are. provide.! the inferior ally reserves ! cording to existing circumstances; j Spain. And il may
m-sf rest upon those who have the ! to itself the sovereignty or the right the Indian nation always preserving j a general rule, that w
to us as England or j knowledge them to he an independ-
belaid down ns j rnt people; and the uniform practice
when used in re-! of acknowledging their right of soil
Hut as ' to govern its own body, it ought to be its distinct and separate national char- Intion to countries in a politico! sense, i by purchasing from thrm, and re-
— 1 " _ . ■ , At . . I I . ,i.. !• il._ „.. .. .. ... .. .... i r fr C . t >n
pi • M- fo 'rnn 1 »f Hut {..M.ev.'i -fr as 10 govern 1\S own uoay, n uugm tu UP ho mioiiuv 1 ,niua.|raiu.u.inir.uuiv,u«i-|[,tirai. - 1 _
'I do. that relief to some extent, falls i considered an independent state.—.acter. And, notwithstanding wq do [it refers lo the,jurisdiction or govern- [.
{ See fourth f*ige$