Below is the OCR text representation for this newspapers page.

VOL. 2. terms of tiie citizen. jr7”T\vo Dollars, per annum, in ad [ vance, or Two Dollars and fifty cents if not so paid. Advertising and Job cus tomers allowed a discount of 10 per cent on regular rates. subscriptions received unless jvccoinpanied with the cash or a respon se reference. gcgT* Postage must be pre-paid. Mail Arrangements. POST OFFICE, Mac os, Ga., ) February 2, 1852. (j ON and after this date, the following will be the Mail Ar- i rangements at this Office, viz : The- Northern Mail will close at 3 o’clock, P. M. The Savannah Mail, by the night train, will close at 3 o’clock F. M. The Savannah Mail, by the day train, will close at 9 o’clock P. M. ■ i Tlie Charleston Mail will close at 3 o’clock, P. M. The MiHedgevilie Mail will close at 9 o'clock, P. M. ‘Hie Columbus, Mobile, Montgomery ami New Orleans Mails, till close at 9 o’clock P. M. The Augusta, Griflin, Atlanta, Forsyth, Uarnesvillc, Marietta ml <’lmttanooga Mails will close at 8 o’clock, P. M. The Oglethorpe, Fort Valley, Perry, Albany, Ilawkinsville j snd Americas Mail closes at 8 o’clock, P. M. The Florida and other South-Western Georgia Malls than the aliove, will close at 5 o’clock, P. M. Mails for interior offices iu the Slate and Tennessee will close at 3 o'clock, P. M. The Office will i- opened at 8, A. M. and from Bto BJ, P. M. Sundays from 8 J to 9, A. M. and from 8 to Hi, P. M. i i'roffssionol K ®usinrss Curbs sT&rTr. hall, ATTORNEYS AT LAW , Macon, G a. Urricz on Cotton Avenue, over I.ittle’s Drug Store, (octl 1 ) u n. whittle, Attorney a t Law, jan3 JUACO.Y, GA. -ly H. L, waonT DAGUERRE 0 TYPIST, MACON, GA. gjf ENTRANCE FROM THE AVENUE. sprl9 RaaROAB HOUSE, OPPOSITE CENTRAL RAILROAD DEPOT EAST MACON. , J ts S. M. LANIER. 1\ G. A RIII N GTO N , Attorney at Law and Notary Public, Oglethorpe, Haeoii Cos., dec G E O R G 1 \ . 38—ts (ITY HOTEL. SAVANNAH,•.•.•.•.•••.•.•.•.•••••GEORGIA. P. CONDON. Tkrvi*: Transient Hoarders, per day, $1.50. Monthly and yearly Hoarders in p.oportion. apr."> —y OSSOaiMIS A O.OO'HISAMI, 51ttnniri| at i’lmr, OFFICK OVKR BFLUEN AND CO S. HAT STORK, Mnlbrrrv Street, Macon, Georgia. II Alii) EM AN & HAMILTON, Ware House and Commission Merchants, M I COX, GHO HO 1.1. HAMILTON k HARDEMAN, FACTORS A COMMISSION MERCHANTS, S.IVA.Y.X.III, GEORGIA. Will si ve prompt attention to all business committed to them at either place. TltOS. HARDRXAW. (19-ts) CttAß. F. HAMILTON FACTORAGE AND 093Saa5SSa©33 SSJSS3333S Savannah, Ga. tvtji p_ YONOE, No. 94 Bay street. Savannah, continues II tr transact a General Commission Business and factor age, and respectfully solicits consignments of Cotton. Corn, aivl other produce. He will also attend to receit injj and lor warding Merchandize. — April 5, 1851 ly WINSHIP & SON, WIIOLKSALC AND RETAIL DEALERS IN Eu’ cu and Staple Dry Goods and Ready Made Clothing. COTTN AVENUE, MACON, CA. W. D. ETHERIDGE & Cos., r VCTQRS & COMMISSION MERCHANTS, S.l EAJY.YAH, GEORGIA. r IN|II’ undersigned having formed a Copartnership for the transaction of the aliove business, tender their services tn their friends and the public generally and solicit a share of patronage. We will pay strict attention to the sale of ( otton or other produce consigned to our care and all orders for Bug ging. Rope and family supplies will be promptly attended to and tilled at the lowest prices. Liberal advances will be made upton Cotton or other produce consigned to us. s. r. gove, (aug-23-y) w. u. etheridpk. Factors & Commission merchants *ug3o SAVANNAH, GEORGIA. —6m SASH AND WINDOW BLIND STVT sa □£! QQ £P $1 C& ‘& LX* o subscriber is raanufacturing the above articles by y J. Steam Machinery, at very moderate prices. TURNING AND PLANING. He has machinery for this business, and will promptly exe cute any jobs in this line. alex. McGregor. july26 — 6 ° l EIRE INSURANCE BY TIIE COMMERCIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF CHARLESTON S. C. CAPITAL S2SO,OOO—ALL PAID IS. Wm. B. llf.riot, Pres A. M. Lee. Sec y. Directors : James K. Robinson, Geo. A. Trenholm, Robert Caldwell, A. U. Taft, Henry T. Street, Wm. Mcßurney, J. 11. Crawley, T. L Wragg. r pilF. subscribers having been appointed Agents for the 1 above Company, are now prepared to take risks against Fire, on favorable terms. GA RHART, BRO. & CO, june-21 A/rents. DUS. HANKS A ROOSEVE IjT tender their professional services to the citi-.cns of Macon and sur rounding country. Residence on College Hill, the house formerly occupied by Charles Day. Offiee on the corner of Third and \\ alnut street. W. H. BARKS, M. D. (sept C-y) C. J. ROOSEVELT, M. D. R. G. JEFFERSON A CO. MANUFACTURER and wholesale dealers ir CHAIRS, IV'csf Side Broad St., first door above. P. SCLarin's, COLUMBUS, GA. THEY keep on hand an excellent supply of Office, Wood Peat, Split Bottom and Rocking Chairs ; Bedsteads, Wood en Ware, &c. ZIT All Orders left as above, will meet with prompt atten tion. nov I—ts1 —ts W. S. WILLIFORD, COMMISSION MERCHANT AND AUCTIONEER, Macon, Ga. Al: kinds of Produce and Merchandise, (except liquors) re ccivea on consignment. ge p27 “ oxes apK orted in 25 lb. cases, fresh, and sale by <dcc6) c A . EljL g & sqV New York and Savannah STEAMSHIP LINE. I THIS new and splendid steamers FLORIDA, Capt -A- Lyon, and ALABAMA, Capt. Ludlow, be longing to the NEW YORK AND SAVANNAH STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY,on and after the llth inst., will leave Savannah and New York every Saturday until further notice. These ships are 1.200 tons register, and unsurpassed iu com fort safe ty and speed. Cabin passage, §25 —payubleiuii vauco. AddressPADLEFORD, FAY & CO. Savannai SAMUEL L. MITCHELL, 184 Front St., Kw York, anil y The Old Hat Store. (T ENTI.EMF.N who are in want of a fine and fashionable 3 HAT. will be certain to call at Belden’s old stand,oppo site the Lanier House. [sep27] BELDEN & CO. House servants for sale.—a woman and her child, 5 or ti years old, recommended as a supe rior house servant, washer and good cook. Enquire of nov 15 GEO. T. ROGERS. RECEIVED by Worthington, Rnr n mil & Cos. Beebe Sc Cos. and Leary’s justly celebrated new HATS, for sale low, octn COTTON AVENUE. Sullivan House, MACON, GEORGIA. THE subscriber having taken the lloTELlately fitted up, fronting the Court House, on the corner of Mulberry strict, anil Court House iHUnB Square, will open the same on the Ist Orto her, next,and would be pleased to have a call from his old friends. This House is convenient to all the Rail Roads and immed j iately in front of the general passenger Depot, and he will lie prepared to accommodate travellers and boarders, hy the sin gle meal, day, week, or month. M. SULLIVAN, sepr 20—ts I A DIES’ Lace and Ongress Prunella, Satin. Franeu j and Silk Gaiters; Black, Bronze and White Kid and Sat in Slippers; Black and Hronze F.mbroidered French Slippers Parodi and Jenny I.ind Enameled and Kid Tics, Buskins and Boots, just received by(sep27) Wm. It. FERRY ii CO. FANCY GOODS AND m 1111 w i m Wm ft MBS. D AMOUR, is now receiv ing lier Fall supply in the above line and hy each week’s Steamer wil, receive a fresh supply of the most fashionable Goods, consisting of the newest styles of Silk and Straw Bonnets, Ribbons, Flowers, Feath ers and all kinds of Bonnet tiirnming. a choice lot of Dress Silks, and dress trimmings such as Fringes, Gimps, Buttons, Velvet and Ribbon trimmings. Ball Dresses. Veils, Capes, Collars and other Embroideries, which will he sold cheap. octls-tf I>ICII CHINA and BOHEMIAN GLASS l VASES at all prices, just received and for sale by sept 20—ts GEO. JONES. New York Branch Store COTTON A VENUE. OPAULDIXG A WILLIAMS havo removed to the i 2d door above Winsliip’s and reopened with a n-w t'e-fc I of FALL AND WINTER DRY GOODS, which will he sold for Cash, at exceeding low prices. We have Silks from 75 cis. up ; lie Gains from 12 j up : Prints from 0j up; Bleached and llrown Shirtings frr m 5 cts. up, al so a large s.ock of Blankets, Flannels, Ticking, Table I .menu Bosom l.ir.i iis. &c., from low price to fine, together with a i full assortment of Hosiery, Laces, Gloves. Ribbons and Fancy Articles. We respectfully s- licit a call from tiie Ladies. Goods received every week per fcTeauier. oct4 ’ S's-ly OUTTEB A CQECRE* —Itkxr* Owkw Butter, , 13 50 boxes Cheese, rcc’d weekly per steamer and for salo ! low by nov 15 GEO. T. ROGERS. Molasses.— io fillets, of superior quality, and in line order just rec’d and for sale by nov 15 ‘ GEO. T. ROGERS. “OPENING RICH,’ 7 A MITCJIFLL, I’riangtilar Block,Cotton O Avenue, are now opening the following choice ar ticles : Gentlemen’s fancy Cravats, Scarfs and Ties. White and Figured Silk and Bawu Ilkffs. Merino, Cotton and Silk Wogi.en SmnTs and (Drawers. “ “ “ White and Zebra Hose Berlin, Lisle, S Ik, Cloth, Buckskin, and French Kid Glares, White and colored, White and fancy colored Shirts, in every style. Umbrellas , Trunks, Traveling Bags, Valises, Ac., &c., &o. ts sept 13. Guns! Guns!! VFINE assortment of Single and Double-Barrelled GITNB, of every quality, from S2O to $l5O, just received and for sale by (nov22 —ts) D. C. HODGKINS U SON. CREAM ALE —A supply of this cel* .1 ebrated Ale, received weekly from manufacturers and for sale by novls GEO. T. ROGERS. 1 0 BBLS. New No. 3 Mackerel, IU 100 sacks Corn, 40 kits Mackerel, 200 hbls. Thomaston Lime, on consignment, octli L. COWLES. “OieoM?, what’s Cheese.” THE subscriber is sole agent for S. Cowles A Son f superior Cream Cheese which is not excelled in the Union. Just received 50 Boxes S. Cowle’s superior Cream Cheese, and a few more of the same sort coming. Also, 100 hbls. and Sacks, containing 100, 50 and 25 pounds Atlanta Steam Mill co. Flour Made from selected Wheat and warranted as fine as any flour in the United States. Also, Bacon, Lard, Butter, Irish Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, and every thing in the eating line that can be obtained. (sept 27) L. COWLES, Ag't. ** CHESTS Tps, assorted, put up in I and I pound t) packages. For family use. 100 Sacks Corn on consignment. L. COWLES, Ag’ AVERY handsome selection ol white Goi.d Band and DurnKATtn China Ten Setts just opened. Call and see before the assortment is broken. GEO. JONF.S. sept 20—t j I>r. UPHA.TS VEGETABLE ELECTUARY. Internal Remedy for the Piles 5 THE Electuary is a e—tain rvre for Piles, whether Blent in? or Blind, Internal or External Piles , ind also for oth er diseases found in conjunction with Piles. Price $1 per package, Cash, just rpceived and for sale by W. G. LITTLE cj CO., Cotton Avenue, Macon who keeps constantly on hand large and fresh supplies of Drugs and Medicines, Paints, Oils, Glassware H.C., wholesale and retail. aug23-y SILVER Tea-set and P|tchers. —A beautiful ar ticle for sale by (dec 13) E. J. JOHNSTON. i 4 A A new Pig Hams. ! IUU 10 Baxre|s superfine Flour. 20 Boxes Northern and city jjjade Candy. 20 w New Rasins. 20 Gross Fire Works Jus redOtVfc 1 and for sale by dec 13 ts J. g. GRAY BILL. C'dIOICE GEORGIA JJAMB —BOO Hants of supc J rior quality, i 1100 Pig do. this fair* curing, 5 casks Canvassed Hams, 11 000 Ceorgia Sides, just received by nov 15 GfO. T. ROGERS. *=.•l Produce by the Wholesale i ‘P THE attention of Planters and others who may ! eL L Sc have to purchase supplies for the year is respectfully ! called to the large assortment of EAST TENNESSEE AND UP j PER GEORGIA PRODUCE, now being received on consign ment, and which may be had on good terms, for cash, at the ■ New Produce Store of W. F. HARRIS &. CO, j decs—2m Cotton Avenue. in nil tilings —lleutrnl in nothing.” MACON, GEORGIA, SATURDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 21, 1852. Plows, Plows, Plows ! Speed the Flow that beats the World! PL ANTERS about preparing for the next crop are requested to recollect that John Rich's justly celebrated PLOWS are still manufactured in Macon, and can be had in any quantity the demand may require. Also that the testimony of a large number of our most respectable and responsible plan ters goes to prove that the Corn and Cotton cultivated with these Plows the last season, stood the drouth much better than that cultivated with the common Plow, and recollect furthei that when the points liecome dull aud unfit for use, that 12i cents, and the old point delivered in Macon, will replace it with anew one, which makes this deeidedly the best plow now in use for the planter. Remember the old maxim : “Plow your ground deep, AVhile sluggards sleep. And you will have corn To sell and to keep.” Apply opposite the Octnulgee, Foundry, nearhi e Macon A Western Railroad Depot, Macon Ga. deefi — y AMOS RENTON, Agent. M Bclden's Late Style of Moleskin HATS. Also, Genin’s Fall Styles, a good article. sept 27 BELDEN k CO. FISH! FISII!! THE subscriber has commence revieving his usual supply of fresh Fish, and will be happy to serve his old customers, jan 24 L COWLES, Agent. MRS. F. DESSAU Has received and is now opening an assortment of the Newest anti most Fashionable Goods, in her line, all of the latest importations, and would particularly call the attention ofth p ladies to her stock of Fash io nab Silk and Straw BONNETS, Head Draeses, Caps, Dress Silks, Mantillas, Embtoid eries, Fancy Goods, <J-c all of which will be sold on the most reasonable terms. Store on Triangular Row next to Geo. Jones’ Crockery Store. 6m wini'i^ aMwtiiiiwjiiwuwtnyuM The Editor’s Address. Says one, your subjects arc too grave— Too much morality you have— Too much about religion ; Give me some witch or wizard tales, M itb slip-shod ghosts, with fins ands. ales, Or feathers like a pigeon. I love to read, another cries, Those monstrous fashionable lies— In other words, those novels Composed of kings, and queens, and lords, Os border wars and Gothic hordes, That used to live in hovels. No—no, cries one, we’ve had enough Ot such confounded lovc-siek stull’, To craze the fair creation; Give us some rcc< nt foreign news, Os Russians, Turks, the Greek and Jews, Or any other nation. Another tries, 1 want more fun, A witty anecdote or pun, A rebus or a riddle; Some long for missionary news, And some, of worldly carnal views, Would rather hear a fiddle. Another cries, I want to seo A jumbled up vaiiety--r \ ariety in all things, A miscellaneous hodge-podge print, Composedonly give the hint— Os multifarious small things, I want some marriage news, says Miss, It constitutes my highest bliss To hear of weddings plenty, For in a time of general rain, None suffer from a drought, ’tis plain— At least not one in twenty. I want to hear of deaths, says one, Os people totally undone, By losses, fire or fever; Another answers, full as wise, I'd rather have the fall and rise Os raccoon skins and beaver. Some signify a secret wish For now and then a savory dish Os politics to suit them; But here we rest at perfect case, For should they swear the moon was cheese, We never should dispute them. Or grave or humorous, wild or spme, Lofty or low, ’tis all the same, Too haughty or too humble, And every editorial wight Has naught to do but wl.at is right, And let the grumblers grumble. From the Memphis Eagle. TIIE IRON HORSE. BY L. VIRGINIA SMITH. From the caverns of Art, in the hills of the North, Sprang a proud-crested courser, exultingly forth ; By the spirit of steam was his breathing up borne, From the strong forest-giants his sinews were torn, And the gnomes of the tnme, shouted loud in their ire, O’er his iron bound bosom, and pulses of fire! Away'—on his mission of power and pride, As springs the bold eagle the tempest to ride, Or swift as the bolts of the far-flashing levin, W'lien the storm is abroad on the dark-rolling heaven, Down, down on the nations the thunderer came, With his cloud-breathing nostrils, and frontlet of flame! Through the deep-crowded life of the populous mart, The thick throbbing pulse of the great city’s heart, Where a swarming humanity wavers find reels, All weary with urging life’s fate-driven wheels, Like a black-bannered monarch from victory won, The fierce-plunging charger dashed haughtily on. Asa spirit of doom by the solitude lone, Wliefe Death sits aloft on his grave-girdled throne, Where slumbers a sitent and shadowy throug, The dark bosomed steed came careering along, And his neigh to the midnight was chillingly dread, Like the wHd-swelling trumpet that rouses the dead. Where the wild crested waves in magnificence toss, The blue-ocean armies came sweeping across, With their banner of darkness ahead on the breeze, And their-war-drum arousing the slumbering seas, Then, white-winged courser, shy sinews of might, Must be braced for the battle, and strong for the fight. Hoarse howls the night-trumpet, and gathering fast From their rock-bouqded caverns, the king of the blast, Has marshalled his cohorts, yet pale with affright Are the wild, mountain-genii, and feeble their might, For the horse and his rider, along, gleaming mass, Through the heart of the mountain triumphantly pass. Alone in the desert! its denizens came— Red riders of ruin on whirlwinds of flame, The blasting sirocco, the deadly simoom— With sand-serried spectres deep shrouded in gloom, To him they are naught, for his limbs never tire, Whose form is of iron, whose spirit is fire! Washington’!) Farewell Address. Friends and Fellow-Citizens :—The pe riod for anew election of a citizen to adminis ter the executive government of the United States being not far distant, and the time ac tually arrived when your thoughts must be em ployed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that 1 should now apprize you of the resolution 1 have formed to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the considerations appertain ing to the relation which binds a dutiful-citizen to his country; ar.d that, in withdrawing the tender of service which silence in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with both. The acceptance of and continuance hitherto in the office of which your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of in clination to the opinion of duty, and to a def erence for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it w r ould have been much earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to re turn to that retirement from which 1 have been reluctantly drawn. The strength of mv incli nation to do this, previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, im pelled me to abandon the idea. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, ex ternal as well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety, and am persua ded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services, that in the present circumstances of our country you w ill not disapprove my deter mination to retire. The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will only say that 1 have with good intentions contiib uted,toward the organization and administration of the government, the best exertions of w hich a very fallible judgment was capable. Not un conscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience in my own eyes, per haps still more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffidence of my self; and everyday the increasing weight of years admonishes me more that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I have the consolation to be lieve, that while choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, .patriotism docs not forbid it. J In looking forward to toe moment which is intended to terminate the career of mv public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknow ledgement of that debt of grat itude which I owe lo my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me, and for the oppor tunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it always be re-t membered to your praise, and as aq instructive example in oqr annals, that under circumstan ces in which the passions, agitated in every dir ection, were liable to mislead—amid appearan ces sometimes dubious—vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging—in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism—the constancy of your support was the essential prop of the efforts and the guaranty of the plans by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong in citement to unceasing vows that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its benev olence ; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that ihe free constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacred ly maintained ; that its administration in every department may he stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the peo ple of these states, under the auspices of liber ty, may be made complete, by so careful a pre servation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recom mending it to the applause, the affection, and the adoption, of every nation which is yet a stranger to it. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a soli citude for your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occa sion like the present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your fre quent review, some sentiments which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear tome all-impor tant to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with the more freedom, as yog can only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, whq can possibly have no personal motives to bias his council. Nor can I forget, as an encourage ment to it, your indulgent reception of my sen timents on a former and not dissimilar occasion. Interwoven as the love of liberty which every ligament of your hearts, no repommendatipn of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the at tachment. The unity qf government whipli ponstitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so, for it is a main pillar in tiie edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very liberty whiph you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee,that from different pauses and from different quarters, much pains wil| be ta ken, many artifices employed, tp weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) direc ted, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national L T nion to your collective and individ ual happiness; that you should cherish a cor dial, habitual, and immoveable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of vt r safe- ty and prosperity ; w atching for its preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing what ever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowring upon the first dawningof every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts. For this you have every inducement of sym pathy and interest. Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of America, w hich belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, man ners, habits, and political principles. You have in a common cause fought and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts—of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your inter est: here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole. The north, in an unrestrained intercourse with the south , protected by the equal law-3 of a common government, finds in the productions of the latter great additional resources of mari time and commercial enterprise, and precious mateiials of manufacturing industry. The south, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the north, sees its agriculture grow audits commerce expand. Turning part ly into itsown channels the seamen of the north, it finds its particular navigation invigorated; and while it contributes in different ways to nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation,it looks forward to the pro tection of a maritime strength to which itself is unequally adapted. The east, in a like inter course with the west, already finds, and in the progressive improvement of interior communi cations by land and water will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home. The west derives from the east supplies requi site to its growth and comfort, and, what is per haps of still greater consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indis pensable outlets for its own productions to the weight, influence, and tlie future maritime strength, of the Atlantic side of the Union, di rected by an indissoluble community of inter est as one nation. Any other tenure by which the west can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from itsown separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connexion with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parties combined can not fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts greater strength, greater resources, proportiona lly greater security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those broils of wars between themselves which so fre quently afflict neighboring countries not tied together hy the same government, which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to pro duce, but which opposite foreign alliances, at tachments, and intrigues, would stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establish ments which, under any form of government, are inqaspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty : in this sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other, These considerations speak a persuasive lan guage to ever}- reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit (lie continuance of the Union as a pri mary object of patriotic desire, Is there a doubt whether a common government can em brace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of government for the respec tive subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to the experiment. ’Tis well worth a fair and full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts of our coun try, while experience shall not have demonstra ted its impractibilily, there will always be rea son to distrust the patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands. In contemplating the causes which may dis turb our union, it occurs as a matter of serious concern that any ground should have been fur nished for characterizing parties by geographi cal discriminations— northern and southern, Atlantic and icestern: whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is, to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You can not shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and hearthburnings which spring from these misrepresentations: they tend to render alien to each other those who, oqght to be bound together by fraternal affeption- The inhabitants of our western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head : they have seen in the negotiation by the executive, and in the qnanimqus rqtificatjqn by the senate, of the trea ty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfoundej were the suspi cions propagated among tlierp of a policy in the general government and in the Atlantic states unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi ; they have beep witnesses tp the formation qf two treaties—that with Great Britain and with Spain —which secure to them everything they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, confirming their pros perity. Wijl it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages oa the Union by which they were procured ? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who woultj sever them from their brethren pud connect them with aliens 1 To thp efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government fop the whole is indispensable.— No alliances, however strict, between the parts, can be an adequate substitute : they must ine vitably experience the infractions and interrup tions which all alliances in all times have expe rienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay by the adoption of a constitution of government better calculated than your former for an int : - and for the e?sca:io*ge.v • :ti of your common concerns. This government, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political system is the right of the people to make and alter their constitutions of government; but the con stitutioti which at any time exists, till changed by ar, explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government, presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established gov ernment. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and associations, under what ever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe, the regular deliberation and action of the constituted au thorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force—to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small butarlful and enterprising minori ty of the community ; and, according to the al ternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration the mirror of the ill concerted and incongruous projects of faction rather than the organ of consistent and whole some plans, digested by common councils and modified by mutual interests. However combi nations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and tilings to become potent engines by which cunning, am bitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and to usurp to themselves the reins of government —de- stroying afterward the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. Toward the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you speedily discountenance irregular oppositions to its ac knowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its prin ciples, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect in the forms of the constitution, alterations which impair the energy of the system, and thus to under mine what cannot be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of govern ments as of other human institutions; that ex perience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember es pecially, that for the efficient management of your common interests in acountryso extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly distribu ted and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the gov ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterpri ses of taction, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and proper ty- I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical dis criminations. Let me now lake a more com prehensive view, ant) warn yon in the most sol emn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. This spirit, unfortu nately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge party dissension, which, in different ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disor ders and miseries which result, gradually in cline the minds of men to seek securit}’ and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevail ing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitor, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and contin ual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise peo ple to discourage and restrain it. It serves al ways to distract the pqbjic coqnqils anc) enfee ble the publip administration. It agitates the community with ill founded jealousies and false alarips; kindles the animosity of one part against another; foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign in fluences and corruption, which find a facilitated aepess tq tl;e government itsijf through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and wilj qf qnqther. Jit ere is an opinion that parties in free coun tries are useful chpcks up9 n the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a mon archical cast, patriotism may look with indul gence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of par ty. But in those of a popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough iat spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of expess, the effort ought to be by force of qublic opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be vuenched, it de mands a uniform vigilance to prevent its burst ing into a flame, lest, instead ot warning, it should cousume. It is important likewise that the habits of thinging in a free country should inspire enu lion in those intrusted with its administration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment partments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and prone ness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity of recip rocal checks in the exeicise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into different depositaries, and constituting each the guardian of public weal against invasions by the others, lias been evinced by experiments ancient and modern—s> ine of them in our country and un der our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to constitute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modi fication of the constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the constitution designates. But let there be no change by upsurpation; for though this in one instance may be the instrument of good, it is the cus tomary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatfv overbalance in permanent e\il any partial or transient benefit w hich the use can at any time yield. Os all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, w ho should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connexions with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, “Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life,if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths, w hich are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice ?’’-—and let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. ’Tis substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it can look with indif ference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric ? Promote, then, as an object of primary im portance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be en lightened. Asa very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit: one method of preserving it is to use it as spar ingly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace; and remembering also that untimely disbursements to prepare for dan ger, frequently prevent much greater disburse ments to repel it; avoiding likewise the accu mulations of debt, not only by shunning occa sions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts w hich una voidable wars may have occasioned, not ungen erously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execu tion of these maxims belongs to your represen tatives, but it is necessary that public opiuion should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind, that to ward the payment of debts, there must be reve nue: to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; and the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the proper object (which is always a choice of difficulties) ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the public exigencies mav at any time dictate. Observe good faith and justice toward all nations ; cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct, and can it be that good policy does not enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, aud at no distant period a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel ex ample of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that in the course of time and things the fruits of’ such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady ad herence to it ? Can it he that Providence lias not connected the permanent felicity of a na tion with its virtue ? The experiment at least is recommended by every sentiment which en nobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices i In the execution of such a plan, uothing is more essential than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and pas sionate attachment for others, should be ex cluded ; and that in place of them just and amicable feelings towards all should be cuuj vated. The nation which indulges toward an other an habitual hatred, or an habitual fond ness, is jn §ome d e £ r ee a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or Iq its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from it* duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more readily to offer in sult and injury, tq lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, en venomed, and bloody conquests. The nation prompted by ill-will and resentment sometime* impels to war the government, contrary to the best of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national propen sity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject; at other times it makes tie ani mosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and oth er sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty of nations, has been the viptim. So likewise a passionate attachment of on* nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest, ip cases w'here no real common iuterest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, be trays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter, without ade quate inducement or justification. It leads also to the concessions to the favorite nation of priv i!ags denied to other?, which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions, by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in r hr, arl : ( - % from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it NO. 47