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JUDGE EDMONDS ON SPIRITUALISM.
N t il lii.il TIUU.
T II E CIRCLES.
To the Editor of the N. Y. Tribune:
Sir : —I devote this paper to the Gr
cles and the conditions beat adapted to
the due manifestation of ibe spirit
power.
Hut as it happens that some are al
ready induced by these papers to inves
tigate the matter, I ought to utter a word
or two of caution.
In the first place, then. 1 remark, that
the evidence is generally so personal in
its character, that it is quite impractica
ble for any one to convey it to another
as vividly and forcibly as it is realized
by him who receives it directly. Ihus,
when my jerson is touched, 1 can know
it certainly', but no language that I can
use can convey to others the same realiz
ing sense that I have of the fact. And
so when my secret thought is revealed,
or something is said that is known only
to me, and one who is dead, it is quite
out of the question that I can make any
one know the fact as unmistakably as 1
know it. And we are thus warned to
be patient with those who are obliged to
receive our testimony, instead of obtain
ing it for themselves; and are admon
ished not to be too ready to receive that
of others, especially when the direct evi
dence is so attainable by all.
In the second place, I remark,so great
is the variety of forms in which the
manifestations come that we cannot safe
ly reach a conclusion until after long and
pa'ient investigation. I was over two
years, investigating before I became a
believer, and even now, after more than
eight years* experience. I find I am all the
time learning something new. Six, or
twice or thrice six times beholding it
ought not to suffice. Let me illustrate:
1 once had a Reverend Bishop at my
house, who witnessed the manifestations
for several hours, and apparently to his
satisfaction, till I asked him how he
knew that all he had heard had not
come from the mind of the medium?
So the medical professors at Buffalo, af
ter a f*.w sittings, attributed it to the toe
or knee joints of the medium, while a
little patience would have shown them
the power displaying itself by ringing a
bell. The Harvard Professors, after
five or six interviews, pronounced it in
jurious to virtue, when they had not be
held enough to determine that it existed,
much less to know what it taught. How
much even of my eight volumes of man
uscript—the record of only three years’
research—could have been rapped out,
letter by letter, in half a dozen sittings?
And Professor Faraday would not have
ascribed the movement of the table to
the magnetism of the hand resting on it,
if he had only waited long enough to
see it move without a hand’s touching it.
Such hasty conclusions are always pain
ful to me, and are never, in my opinion,
safe.
But to come to the Circles.
In the earlier stages of investigation,
the assemblage of a few persons—from
four to twelve—is very advantageous,
and often necessary. It is now as it was
of old—where two or three are gathered
together, that the spirit power can most
readily descend in their midst. It was
w hen four were together that Moses and
Elias appeared again on earth, and it is
now of common occurrence that a “Cir
cle” of a few persons greatly aids the
manifestations. •
It is generally best to have an equal
number of both sexes ; and the advent
of the power is often hastened by taking
hold of hands or lading them on a
table.
It often occurs that the display of the
power is interrupted by the withdrawal
or the addition of someone after the
manifestations begin.
So, too, it is not a little advantageous
that all the Circle should have a calm,
gentle and devout feeling; and hence it
is that music and prayer are always
beneficial, and sometimes indispensable.
Now, why is this? Who can tell so
long as we areas ignorant as we sue of
what is the power that is at work ?
We know a little —a very little—
about it, and until science shall aid us
with its researches, it is almost idle to
speculate about it. But what we do
know may aswell be stated.
Electricity is ore element used. This
we know from various experiments, ant*
the use of an electrical machine has at
times been serviceable.
Magnetism, both animal and mineral,
is another. Sometimes the uiseof a large
magnet has hastened the display, as has
the presence of those who possess much
animal magnetism.
But there is something more than
those elements, and among other things
is that which the German writer Reich
enbath calls Od or Odie force. This is
an extremely subtle fluid, invisible to
most persons—which is emitted by the
macrr.et, by ehrystals and by the human
body, being the product, in the latter,
of the chemical action of respiiaticn, di
gestion and decomposition. 1 have my
self beheld it issuing from both ends of
a magnet, and forcing itself out, like a
pale, shadowy smoke, from under its ar
mature. 1 have seen it issue from the
human head and fingers. On one occa
sion 1 saw it so plainly that in a daik
room 1 >aw my own hand in that which
issued from the head of the person who
stood by my side.
It is that which artists have so long
bceu painting around the heads of their
saints and glorified ones.
It is ever, as 1 understand it, generat
ing in the human form, and its natural
flow can be disturbed or interrupted by
strong emotion.
As we can see electricity and magnet
ism only by their effects, so we often
know of the existence of this element
only by the distress which its interrup
tion causes.
I have tried very hard to learn mere
about this, but the answer to my inqui
ries has bten that science must discover
it, and that until it does, it will be in
vain to attempt to describe it to me. —
Something has, however, beta done to
enlighten me a little. Oil one occasion,
through a very reliable medium, was dis
played the manner in which ponderable
objects were moved. I published the ac
count of it in the appendix to my fust
volume on “Spiritualism.” On another
invasion 1 saw the process of preparing
a(. trcle for manitestaticns. front each
member of it 1 saw a stream of this fluid
issue and slowly asceud to the ceiling.
At the same time, from the surrounding
spirits, I saw similar streams issue, but
ii greater quantities and with more force.
The streams united and gradually filled
the room from the ceiling down as smoke
would. I could trace it in its gradual
descent by the pictures on my wall and
the books on my shelves, and I observed
that, as soon as it descended so far as to
f nvelop the heads and brea>ts of the
* irele, the medium was irfluertceil, and
the manifestations began.
This is as far as my knowledge ex
tends, and how earnestly I would! that
they who, front their scientific attain
ments, are far better fitted than 1 aut for
the investigation, would pursue the sub
ject to a better understanding of this
mighty and mysterious power.
But from what we do know it is easy
to see how important the topic of “con-
ditiona” is, and how easily they can be
disturbed when even emotion can effect
them.
The investigator,to be successful, must
not only himself be in a proper condi
tion. but he must conform to those which
experience has shown to be necessary.
This is a stumbling block with many, but
surely it ought not to be. How can we
see without being in a condition to have
light, or hear without a condition fit for
the transmission of sounds?
And as to his own condition, of one
thing the investigator may be assured,
and that is, that he will be most success
ful when he approaches the subject with
a feeling of devout and solemn reverence.
And why not? He is talking face to
face with immortality. He is, while yet
in the mortal frame, communing with the
spirit: holy and divine. And now, as
of old, it cannot do many mighty works
because of unbelief. And to the ques
tion, “Why could we not cast him out?”
the answer is, as of old, “ Because of
your unbelief, for verily I sav unto you,
if ye have faith as a grain of mus.ard
seed ye shall say unto this mountain, re
move hence to yonder place and it shall
remove, and nothing shall be impossible
unto you. How be it this kind goeth
not out but by prayer and fasting.’
J. W. EDMONDS.
April 18, lSoi*.
rR the geaajiA citizen.
I.offer to “Annt Jennie.”
Spring Hill, April 25th, 1859.
Dear Aunt Jennie :
Do you remember what pleasant chats you
and I use to have by the warm hearth-stone
at the old homestead? And how you used to
tell me of the deep snow-, cutting winds
and ice covered lakes among the mountains
of your own native State; while your hands
all the time pressed imaginary snow halls?
And how you use to peep so queerlv at me
over your spectacles, and frown, or sigh and
shake your head when I concluded some
thrillingly romantic story about my “new
sweet-heart,” with the dark mustache and
gold-headed walking cane; and with whom
t was desperately in love, having received
assurances of “mutual attachment,” with a
stick of cream candy, and a handful of kiss
verses! And how cruelly you would over
throw- ray day dreams by your sharp sar
casms ami unpardonable ridicule, until cry
ing, I vowed by my pantelets and apron
strings, that another “sweet-heart” I would
never have ? And do you recollect asking
me, in after years, if 1 had religiously kept
that vow, and I hung my head like a silly :
thing, and stammered something about a
hail head-ache?
Now, I remember all these things, right
well, as I sit to-night thinking of you, and
wishing for your dear sunny presence, and
friendly smile.
You told me once, auntie dear, that you
did not mind travelling, provided you could
have comfort and good fare at the hotels.—
Now auntie, you can get both at the Perry
Hotel: besides the kindest attention from Mr.
Coxe, the gentlemanly proprietor, and his
lady, without its being charged in your bill!
They are are just the kind of people to win
the respect and esteem of the travelling pub
lic. May they live t> a green old age, and
enjoy the reward of their generous kindness!
The hotel itself has a most delightful free
and-easy, make-your-self-at-homc appear
ance, which is very agreeable and captiva
ting to a wayjrorn traveller.
Perry doubtless has other attractions he
-ides its model hotel, but my stay was quiet
limited, and I could notice only one or two,
(that 1 saw walking aliout in broad-cloth
and patent leather !) and am unable to give
further particulars.
But O, auntie, if you ever should happen
down this way, I will take great pleasure in
presenting my clever, intelligent and hand
-omc ‘-Cousin Zeke,” to your kindly notice.
“Cou-in Zeke,” whom ilie “l<oys” call a
“capital trump,” “perfect brick,” &c., to
express their genuine admiration of his no- !
ble qualities; and of whom the girls all
-ay at the word girls, “Cousin Zeke,” j
who hail been peeping very modestly over
mv shoulder, blushes bashfully and leaves
the room: and my candle having burned
down in the socket, flickers and goes out,
leaving me in the dark.
Yours very sincerely,
Molly Myrtle.
For the Georgia Citizen.
Southern Convention*.
Mr. Editor: The editor of the Federal
Union says he has visited two Southern Com
mercial Conventions, and he th inks he never
saw much harm in the Southern Commer
cial Conventions. He thinks again, and re
solves in his mighty mind to have nothing
to do with a Southern Commercial Conven
tion. Wonder if he would not go as a Del
egate to a Northern Commercial Conven
tion? He asserts that Jack-leg lawyers and
broken down politicians alone, take the lead
and -ha;** the business of the Conventions.
Are Wra.L. Yancey. Lyons, Hilliard, Pres
[ ton, and Ruffin, Jack-leg lawyers and brok
en down politicians ? Ido say. in the teeth
of the Federal Union , that moat of the dele
gate- to the Commercial Conventions in the
South, are business men of the highest order
of practical capacity, and intellectual ad
\ ancement, and would not suffer in compar
ison with the editor of the Union, in any of
the es-entials of either intellect, loyalty to
the South, or patriotism to tin* country. Is
Mark A. Cooper a business man? He has
done more for the South by developing her
resources, than the editor of the Union can
1 ever dream of doing. Is O. A. Lochrane a
Jack-leg lawyer ami broken down politician?
Look out, Mr. Union .’ you are treading up
on tender ground! You, Mr. Union, think
the people should not assemble in Conven
tions without a iterm.it from the Legislature,
or the Governors of the Southern States.
Is that your position ? I have been taught
to believe the people had a right, whenever
they think proper, to meet in Convention,
; and take counsel as to what they may deem
best for their State, section and country, in
dependent of Legislative or Executive per
mission: for all power is of and from the
people. It is a nice idea, Mr. Union, that
the jieople cannot assemble in Convention,
without permission from their rulers and
servants; and that no body of men. selected
by the people, are or can be responsible as- j
semblies, unless they have the signet of legis
lative or executive sanction. The reason
the Southern Commercial Conventions are
so unpopular with a great many men, and
editors, in the South, is this:—There is no
State or Federal jiap for them to feed upon,
in those Conventions. If there was a pros
pect of State or Federal pap, many of these
oppo-er* would become the most ardent de- i
fenders of the Southern Commercial Conven
tions; and. like a noted auitnnl in history,
their olfactories would scent the pros|<ect of
State or Federal jiap. and welcome the de- j
lilierations that go out from Southern Com
mercial Conventions. Georgia.
For the Georgia f'itizen.
SOUTHERN CHAMPIONS.
“The whole truth summed up is, that
too many want to make notoriety as par
excellence Southern Champions, while too
few think of standing by the South in the
hour of destiny. There is a til example
in sacred history. Peter was loud in
professions of loyalty to his Master, and
even cut otFa soldier's eir in his defence,
but when arraigned before a royal court,
and surrounded by a bh oJ thirsty mob,
Peter said, ‘ I know him not.*
“ We ask the people to stand by the
Constitution and the l nion.”
Mr. Eoitor, —The above is a com
ment of the Atlanta American on an ed
itorial of the Federal Union. Peter was
converted to the cause of (’hrist before
he professed. Now, if the American
could be converted to the cause of the
South, he might profess. Peter obeyed,
toiled fr, and bore the hardships of his
cause and acorn of the Pharisee for him,
who was his friend, supporter, and Sav
iour. He stood by him up to the trial
before Pontius Pilate, and then, w hen
all had deserted hint, Peter followed hint
to the llall, and there, before that im
posing and fearful scent in a moment of
terrible fear, denied his Laird but never
deserted him, for in the very moment
the denial was made the repentance
came, and from that moment to his death
he suffered for the cause to which he had
been converted. If the American will
profess, deny, relent, and die for the
cause of the South, as I'eter did for the
cause of Christ, wc will be more than
surprised. W ill he, like Peter, follow
the South to her final trial, or will he,
like the other disciples, flee away and
not evtn so much as stay to see the end
of her destiny * Peter, of all the disci
ples, was the only one that was loud in
his profession of loyalty to his Master.
John professed his love silently for his
Master. Peter and John were the only
ones of the disciples that professed loy
alty to and love for their Master. It is
remarkable. The two disciples that -pro
fessed loyalty and love for their Master
never deserted him. The other disci
ples did not place themselves in a posi
tion, where feaiful circumstances might
work a denial of their Master, hut, like
cowards, did flee away and leave him to
the mercies of his enemies. The Amer
ican talks about standing by the South
in the hour of her destiny. \\ ith the
American, when will the hour of her
destiny come ? Already she is upon her
trial. Have you followed her to the
Federal Hall, and there said you knew
her not ? The Government has decided
that her property in slaves is so infa
mous that it cannot be bought and sold
in Washington City. W ill the hour of her
destiny be when Federal legislation shall
prohibit the buying a negro in Virginia
and selling him in Georgia? Will it be
when Federal legislation prohibits and
pronounces the Internal Trade of your
property, as she has the external trade
of your property, murder and robbery?
Would you prefer to see Slavery sur
vive the l nion, or the l nion Slavery?
Would you let Slavery slide, that the
Union might he preserved? Southern
Commercial Conventions have done much
good. They have brought the people to
gether. They have given the South an
idea of her importance to the commer
cial world. They have shown her the
path to greatness and independence, by
pointing to and teaching her the advan
tages of diiect trade. They have stimu
lated Southern energy. They have con
tributed and are contributing to the de
veloping of Southern resources, and wiil,
if persevered in, make her the most rich
and exalted of the earth.
BERRIEN.
FOR THE G.V. CITIZEN.
To “ A Planter” of the Savannah Re
publican.
Mr. Editor:
In a former article, I asked “ A Planter,”
of the Savannah Republican, “llow came
the negro here?” lie did not, or could
not answer the question. The great er
ror into which “A Planter” hasfallen, is
this : He thinks the wars among the differ
ent tiibes in Africa were produced by the
Slave Trade. The African Slave Trade is
the effect, and not the cause of the wars
among the tribes in Africa. The first we
can learn or know of the African Slave
Trade, is, I think, in 15G3. Sir John Haw
kins in that year, on the coast of Africa,
bought some two or thiee hundred negroes
from one of the conquerors, that the negroes
might not be slowly sacrificed according to
the cu3tom of the conqueror, for they were
always deprived of life in some way. Hu
manity prompted the purchase. A moral
motive and cause sent the negro from Africa
to Hispaniola and the United States.
Another error of Planter is, he jumps to
the conclusion that every negro biought
from Africa was stolen before he was sold,
and murder and robbery committed before
the negro was possessed and put aboard of
the vessel. Ihe chiefs and rich natives of
Yoruba and Adamawa, own a great many
slaves: Sometimes a single person owns
and holds a thousands slaves. They raise
them lor sale as they do in Virginia and
Maryland. The negro fellow in Africa often
exerts himself to obtain an extra number of
wives, that they may have “pickaninnies”
(children) to sell. So you see, Mr. Planter,
the purchase and sale of a negro in Africa,
is not always the result of murder and rob
bery. You lay the negro in Africa has in
herent rights; grant it—then, if you please,
suffer him to have his own laws, in accor
dance with his own inherent rights , and do
not let the moral or immoral regula'ions of
Africa distuib your tender soul. Do not go to
Africa. Stay at home—attend to your own
business, that you may promote the happi
ness of your ‘-fellowcreatures” and country
men.
Planter represents me as having said—
“ That if it be right to purchase slaves in
Virginia, it is equally proper to gel them
from Africa.” I said to such thiug. Here
is what I did say on that point: “The
people of the South ought not to be denied
the right to buy the negro where they can
buy him cheapest, whether it be in Vir
ginia or Africa.” I never used the word get,
for that might imply other than a purchase.
Planter says the law’s prohibiting and
making the buying and bringing of negroes
from Africa murder and robbery, were pass
ed mainly through the agency ot “ Southern
statesmen and Southern opinion.” Outside
of Virginia, and Mr. Jefferson’s opinions and
followers, I defy Planter to point to the
Southern Statesman, of distinction , who,
either in the convention that adopted the
Constitution, the first Congress, or any Con
gress thereafter, that ever denounced the Af
rican Slave Trade as infamous. On the
contrary, such spirits as Jackson, Baldwin,
Rutledge, Holland. Randolph, Geo. M. Troup,
Lowndes, and Barter, afterwards Judge of
the Supreme Court of the U. S., said there
could be no distinction between Slavery and
the Slave Trade; that if one was infamous the
other was infamous.
Planter says where slavery has been “an
tahlished ,” and in force, God has acknowl
edged, recognized and made rules for its
government The diilercnce between Plan
ter and myself on that point, is this: I as
sert that God himself established slavery,
for he told Ham, that his children should be
the slaves of slaves. The Jews were per
mitted to enslave the Canaanites, because
they were the offspring of Ham—and
because they were heathens, and would be
benefitted by being moved from a savage
to a civilized condition. Right here, I wish
to say to Planter, the permission gives by
God to the Jews to enslave or get the Ca
naanite or heathen, was to Jewish slavery
what the African slave trade is to the Uni
ted States slavery. The right to buy the
heathen roundabout was the external trade
of Jewish slavery, just so is the African
slave trade the external trade of United
States slavery. Instead of God’s making it
murder and robbery to buy or get the Ca
naanite; he permitted His chosen people to
ensluve them; nay more, he commanded
them to enslave the heathen round about—
Planter ought to spend some of his denun
ciations on the divine statute, giving the
Jews the right to carry on an external for
eign slave trade. God said that a man's
slave should be his motiey, and if the master
inadvertently killed his slave, the blood of
the master should not be shed, for be was
h : s property, meaning thereby, he was to be
dealt with as he would be if he accidentally
killed his ass or horse, and to be punished as
he would be if he designedly killed his ass
or horse. The right to hold property in man
is of divine origin, divine establishment and
I divine recognition.
It is a little remarkable that the external
irade of Jewish slavery hvd no restrictions
throw-n around it. In no country where the
right to hold property in man has been per
mitted, and at the time of the existence of
slavery in that country, whether in Hindoo- i
stan, Egypt, Assyria, Judea, Greece or Rome
has either the external or internal trade of
! slavery been pronounced murder and rob
bery, only by the United States.
As to what William the Conqueror did,
i and whether or not the title is good to ma
norial estates, has nothing to do with the mo
rality or immorality of the slave trade, and
the result and product of that trade in the
United States.
In the first place, the Britons were not
looked upon as savages. Wdliam conquer
ed Briton, and as a consequence, Briton and
its subjects became his subjects. Who in
the United States, but Plauter, has raised
the question of title to the master of the ne
gro in the South. The African slave traders
never did, to my knowledge, conquer Africa,
and, like William, place their countrymen in
possession of the African’s estate.
I honor Planter for his candor and bold
ness, when he decounces the internal as well
as external trade of slavery as wrong—for
he is consistent, and knows, as I have said,
no man is honest who denounces the pur
chase and sale of a savage in Africa, and at
the same time defends the purchase and sale
of a human being, civilized and chris
tianized, in Virginia or Georgia. I believe
the purchase and sale of neither wrong.
Planter says that the slave trade in the
Southern States is a necessary evil Now,
what is a necessary evil? Is it necessary
that an evil should exist in the trade of pro
perty, that the property may be beneticial. —
Now, an evil, whether it be unnecessary or
necessary, is a wrong, and no combination
of circumstances can make a wrong right.
Planter would say that a harlot was a neces
sary evil; that is, one woman’s virtue must
be sacrificed that another woman’s virtue
may be saved—that one woman’s virtue
must be lost that another woman’s virtue
may be preserved and appreciated! God
deliver my country from the teaching of such
ethics.
If ihe buying of a negro in Virginia for
gain le an evil, it is an evil independent of
any necessity. There are high and respect
able gentlemen who buy and sell negroes
alone for gain, and they aie not, as Planter
says, without caste and social position at the
South. If the negro is property, like all
property, he is subject to the rules of trade
only. Planter abhors the means by which
slavery was introduced in the United States.
Ido not. He denounces the thief, but holds
on to, and defends the thing, and \\s product,
stolen. You hate the means through which
the gain or money comes to you; yet you
retain and defend the thing stolen. I am
not the son of a Northern man, neither were
my ancestors Northern. Yet, sir, I would
feel as proud to hail from thl land of War
ren, Green and Stark, as I am that I came
from the lands of Henry, Sumter, Holland,
and Marion, for the glory of all these are the
Northern as well as the Southern mar’s
heritage. I am no political adventurer. I
seek neither political place nor preferment.
The only aspiration I have is to transmit to
my children and posterity, untouched (if I
could) those great constitutional rights and
privileges which were secured to my sec
tion, and the whole country, and which you
and I bavs enjoyed.
One favor I have to ask of Planter : Will
he use his influence and induce the Savan
nah Republican to republish his first letter,
and my reply, in the same copy of his paper.
If he will, and it is done, I will have them
copied into the Georgia Citizen, it I have to
pay for it. If the Republican lias not a copy
of my reply, the Citizen will, v.ith pleasure,
furnish one to the Rt publican. Then the
reader can determine whether or no I did
“ / content myself%dthon (not icing the arguments
adduced in your first letter'.”
GEORGIA.
For the Georgia Citizen.
PROF. MORRIS'S GRAMMAR.
1)k. Andrews:—l propose in this article
to resume the review of “ Black Hawk’s”
“reply.” As I introduce hint for the third
time, the public will not fail to recognize
the same arrogant spirit, and (as a necessary
consequence) the same infelicity of criticism.
I bespeak, for his arguments, a careful inves
tigation. Mr. “ Black Hawk ” contends,
with his usual indiscretion, that the word
“maiden ” has a corresponding masculine,
and suggests “ young man ” as the proper
form of the word in that gender. The fem
inine form of young man is young woman,
but a young woman may not he a maiden.
Before Mr. “Black Hawk” can synonymise
the meaning of these words, the most prom
inent distinction of female character will
have become defunct. 1 hope lie w ill re
consider his discovery, and in the meantime
correct his dictionary.
His next point is: “ Once more, page 9,
the Professor .-ttys —‘The same word can
not stnncl before, and in place of, another,
at the same time’.” After carefully sepa
rating this passage from the context, and
retaining just so many words us would suit
his purpose, he advances to the comjiound
Pronouns, and endeavors to expose un enor
mous discrepancy. 1 will remind him that
the sentence which lie extracts from the Oth
page, belongs to the o th page, and is a stric
ture upon the common analysis of certain
simple, not com pound, words. Against words
of this class (Adjective Pronouns), the a
| hove quotation from the Grammar remains
i in full force; and whoever attempts to con
trovert the principle will jeopard his repu
tation for the dullest acumen. This, that,
these, those, &c., are familiar instances of
what are called Adjective Pronouns. But,
I ask, can they be both adjective and pro
j nominal, in the same construction ? Are
i not adjectives and pronouns entirely antipo
dal in their character ? I defy Mr. “ Black
Ilawk” to inform the public, for what nouns
I the above adjectives can stand; or, on the
other hand, what things the above pronouns
) (for they are called by both names,) can de
> scribe ! I appeal to the sober judgment of
the community: is this abomination longer
to be endured 1 Prof. Morris has instituted
the reform; and the experience of hundreds
1 of cases demonstrates its complete success.
A moment's reflection will show that the ef
fort could not fail to triumph. Prof. M.
has discarded this flagrant misnomer (ad
; jective pronoun); and under the appropriate
name of “ Definitives ,” has grouped the words
in question, with “articles.” I will not stop
to criticise the latter term.. Suffice it to say
that it has no meaning at all; and for that
reason, if no other, should bo rejected. The
reason which Prof. M. adduces for this clas
sification. is irresistible. “The” is called a
distinct part of speech, on nccount of its pe
culiar office: but it is obvious that “ this,
that, these, those,” &c., perform the very
same office with still greater energy. It is
plain, therefore, that the latter words have
even a stronger title to the same distinction.
Thus our author has disabused the science
of an unpardonable outrage, and has substi
tuted a mose scientific technicality.
“Black Hawk” reproaches Prof. Morris
for the emanation of his work from the
Northern press. All the previous editions
of the work were published by Southern es
tablishments. But there was a large class
of his fellow citizens who would cast aside
with contempt, a book that could boast no
higher nativity than Lafayette or Charles
ton ! Very frequently these drivelling crit
ics would add that the author was afraid to
submit his Grammar to the ordeal of an ex
amination in New York! Besides, his ad
mirers, confident of his success, recommend
ed the policy of establishing his system in
that metropolis of learning. Under these
circumstances, why should not Prof. SI.
have complied with the advice of his friends,
and silenced the taunts and the jeers of his
enemies? He went; and the results nre al
ready known to the public. The Public
School Committee of New York, in their
official capacity, gave the author a cordial
recommendation ; and a reference to some
of the leading journals of that date, will
show the popularity which the Grammar
enjoyed throughout the city. And does its
success in New York affect its Southern ori
gin ? It is still a production of the “Sunny
South,” and it is the more valuable from
having triumphed over the severities and
hardships of the frigid zone.
H. C. TURNER.
Brooks Cos., Ga.
* For the Ga. Citizen.
The Indian Spring.
This is a white sulphur spring. Its largest
commodities 6f mineral contents, are Mag
nesia and Potasium, some lime, and a trace
of lodide of Potasium. The gases are Nit
rogen, Oxygen, Carbonic Acid, and Hydro-
Sulphuric Acid. It is located in the county
of Butts, Ga., about 32£° north latitude; is
10 miles north of Forsyth, on the Macon <fc
Western Railroad, whence most of its
visitors are conveyed bv stage to the spring.
It is 24 miles cast from Griffin, 10 miles west
from Monticello, 40 miles north from Ma
con, and 28 miles south from Covington on
the Georgia Railroad. It is situated at the
foot and cast side of an elevated ridge, over
shadowing a beautiful and picturesque val
ley, hemmed in by hills on every side. Its
elevation above tide-water is about 1400 feet.
This spring bursts with unusual boldness,
for the size of its volume of water, from
rock lined apertures, and empties at the foot
of a crevice into a beautiful, natural formed
basin in the large rock from which it issues.
The temperature of the water is 62° Fahren
heit ; and remains uniformly the same, du
ring -winter's blasts and summer’s heat.—
Yields about one gallon per minute. This
quantity is not perceptibly increased or di
minished during the largest spells of wet, or
dry weather. There is no discolouration of
the water during the longest wet spells, or
other evidences that it becomes blended with
common water percrlating through the
earth.
This water is most clear and transparent,
and deposits in passing over rough surfaces,
a white precipitate, composed in part of its
saline ingredients. Its taste and smell, fresh
at the spring, are that of all waters strongly
impregnated with sulphuretted Hydrogen
gas. When removed from the spring and
kept in an open vessel fora sufficient length
of time for the gas to escape, or when it has
been heated or frozen for this purpose, it be
comes essentially tasteless ami inodorous, and
could scarcely be distinguished by smell or
taste, from common limestone water. Its
cathartic activity, however, is rather increas
ed than diminished when thus insipid and
inodorous. It does not lose its transparen
cy by parting with its gas. as many other
waters do; nor does it deposit its salts in
the slightest degree when quiescent—not
even sufficiently to stain a glass vessel in
which it may be kept.
This spring is among the most ancient wa
tering places in Georgia. It has been a pop
ular and profitable resort for invalids for the
last forty years, having heretofore, as now,
enjoyed a high reputation alike for the vir
tue of its waters, and the excellence ot ac
commodations which at present afford ample
and comfortable entertainment for a thous
and or more persons, at the hotels, indepen
dent of the private residences of the place,
whose population now exceeds three hun
dred inhabitants.
The effects of the water in disease prove j
, that it is highly medicated, and when used
internally, the consequences are such as
might l>e expected, from a knowledge of its
constituent parts. But thechemical compo
sition of a mineral water can lead to no very
certain conclusions as to its medicinal pow
ers; its most potent part may be incapable j
of analysis, or destroyed by the process; and
its mere properties cannot be developed
by analysis—the only sure test is experience
of the actual effects when applied to the dis
eased human system. When taken internal
ly this water is anti-acid, mildly aperient,
and freely diuretic and diaphoretic; and
stimulating in a greater or less degree. Us- !
ed as a general bath, the effects ex
cell all expectation. It equalizes an unbal
anced circulation, and thereby restores the
different imjK>rtant parts of thesystem, when
torpid—that natural and peculiar sensibility
upon which their capacity so perform their
several functions, and the benficial action of
all remedies depend; it relaxes contracted
tendons, excites the action of the absorbents,
promotes glandular secretion, exerts a mark
i ed ard salutary effect upon the whole biliary
system, and often relieves in a short time
excruciating pain caused by palpable and
longstanding disease .of some vital organ.—
When drunk at stated intervals, and in pro
per quantities, it produces a moisture of the ‘
skin, and increases the flow of urine. If the
stomach is in a good s'ate it gives additional
appetite, and imparts fresh vigor to the whole
system. Its operation upon the bowels vary
at first, but after a more protracted use, it
will generally be found to regulate and in
crease their healthy action.
In chronic affections of the kidneys and
bladder, rheumatism and gout, in mercurial
sequcele, haunorrhoidal affections and in some
of the chronic diseases of the womb—in ‘
! jaundice, dyspepsia, and diarrha*a, it is a
most valuable remedial agent.
It is used successfully for the various dis
eases for which sulphur water is recommen
ded, and is believed to be superior to many
others in certain forms of female afflfttions
connected with obstructions—and in the va
rious diseases of the stomach, liver, spleen,
nervous diseases, affections of the skin,
chronic irritation of the bowels; diseases of
the urinary organs, diabetes, amenorrhea,
dysmenorrhea, and leucorrhea, the effects
have been as remarkable as they were
1 prompt and happy.
Considered as a remedial agent, or as a
: comfortable and pleasant summer retreat,
this watering place offers very high induce
ments to the seekers of health, and the vo
taries of pleasure.
For the Georgia Citizen.
Wheat—Three’Crops from one Sowing.
An experiment has been successfully made
by Mr William A. Klder, at Indian Spring, iu
Butts county, in the growing of wheat, which
is deemed as remarkable as it is extraordinary.
Has any one else ever tried it in Georgia ?
lie has now growing on his plantation, near
the Spring, and with a fair prospects of harvest,
ing an ordinarily good crop. a field of 20 acres
of wheat, which is the 3rd successive crop
made upon the same field, since it was first
sown by fcim in that grain, in 1860. In that
year the ground was prepared and sowed and
a good crop harvested in 1857. After cutting
and gathering it, the field was pastured with
horses, eattl j and hogs, until the fall, when in
November of that year, without resowing, the
laud was turned up by the plow and from the
wheat left on the ground of the previous crop a
good average yield was harvested iu the Spring
of 1858, as good in quality and quantity as was
usually made in the neighborhood. The field
being pastured as before was again ploughed
iu iu November 1858, without resowing. He
has now on this field the 3rd crop maturing
which will probably yield an equal turnout, to
either of the previous years, no seed having
been sown on it since the tall of 185 G.
This remarkable result, of 3 crops from a
single sowing, made with no labor or expense,
except the ploughing the field and harvesting
the product, goes far to establish the singular
hardiness of this grain, as well as its great per
tinacity to vegetation and reproduction, even,
when exposed to the severest cold, freezes,
rains, and all other elements of this climate
calculated to destroy its vegetating capacities.
The winter of 1856 & 7, were perhaps, as no
ted for their coldness, freezes and the like, as
any known to the oldest inhabitants of Georgia;
whilst the best winter and Spring have been
equally remarkable for mildness and rainy
weather. If this experiment is something new
to our farmers as it to us, may it not elicit en
quiry and the facts given induce others to try
it; and with equal success? What a saving
of labor and expense in the rearing of this val
uable article of consumption; besides, what a
benefit would result to the lands of this coun
try, if our farmers could, from one sowing,
raise a succession of Wheat crops and pastures,
by simply turning them over every fall with
the plough. OMNIBUS
GEORGIA CITIZEN.
MACON, MAY 11, 1859.
Change of Days of Publication.
For the greater convenience of our sub
scribers, we shall hereafter, issue the Semi-
Weekly Citizen on Tuesday and Thursday of
each week, and the Weekly Citizen on Satur
day.
To Correspondents*
IfesT Two communications from “Aunt
Jenny” received and placed on file for our
next Weekly issue.
(£2PG. N. N., Savannah. The paper has
been sent regularly. Know not why you
have not received it, unless some of the P.
(). fraternity have got to like it as well as
your home folks. Have duplicated the last
! two numbers to your address. Hope you
will not again have to complain on that
score.
Life’s Resolve,” by R. S., on file for
j examination.
Thanks.— We are again under obliga
tions to the polite Agent of Hamden’s Ex
press Cos., of this city, for a copy of the New
York Herald, one day in advance of the
regular mail.
Fire Risks.— We invite attention to the
Card of M essrs. Ayres, Wingfield & Cos.,
Agents for the London and Liverpool Life
and Fire Insurance Company, with a Capi
tal of Ten Millions of Dollars. These Agents
confine themselves to Fire Risks only. The
Company which they represent is a very
solid one.
New Pur lic at ions.— We are indebted to
the publishers, Messrs. T. B. Peterson &
Bros., Philadelphia, for a copy of several
volumes of their cheap editiou of Walter
Scott's Novels, to-wit: The Antiquary,
The Abbot, Waverly and Old Mortality.
They come to us through Messrs. Richard’s,
Book-Sellers, Cotton Avenue, Macon.
The Kexxesaw Gem. —No. 3 of a Quar
terly publication of this title has reached us
from Marietta. It is the production of the
Young Ladies of Marietta Female College,
and is “devoted to improvement in Compo
sition, the promotion of Female Education,
and the elevation of Woman.” Terms $1 00
per annum, in advance.
Fire in Dooly. —A note to the Editor
>
from Montezuma, .states, that on Saturday
last, while the wind was blowing a gale, one
of the negroes of Maj. Reuben Wright, very
imprudently set fire to some rubbish, for the
purpose of clearing out his patch, w hich fire
was communicated to a tree near by, and
tbegee to some corn peDs of Msj W's, con
taining over one thousand bushels of corn
in the shuck, all of which was totally con
sumed, notwithstanding every effort made to
save the property.
The People Moving.
The proceedings of an American meeting
in Crawford county, will be found in to
day’s paper. The resolutions adopted and
the Delegates appointed to a Congressional
Convention of tin* 3d District, are both of
the right stamp. We think, however, that
the place selected for the meeting of the
Convention is not what it ought to be. Del
egates from Harris., Taylor and Talbot, who
would have to reach Forsyth by Railroad,
through Macon, will not find Forsyth so
convenient as Macon. Besides, Forsyth and
Bi.rnesville have had the Convention for six
years past, if we mistake not. and therefore
should give way to the general convenience.
We amend, therefore, by proposing Macon
as the place for the meeting, instead of For
syth; a motion in which our Crawford
friends will doubtless cheerfully acquiesce.
“Phojbub! What a Name!” —A cor
respondent of the Lumpkin Palladium re
commends a person by the name of Richard
A. Turnipseed, as a suitable Democratic
nominee for Congress from the 2d District.
Said correspondent further alleges that Mr.
T. is of the South Carolina stock of politi
cians, but does not inform us whether he is
a “ Rutabaga ” or “ Flat Top.”
4th District. —Col. Slaughter, one of
the editors of the Atlanta American, having
been spoken of as a candidate for Congress,
in opposition to the Hon. Mr. Gartrell,
in the 4th District, the Lumpkin Palladium
says: “Should he run, his opponent need
only to refer to the old files of the Tuskegge
(Ala.) True Union, to spike every gun he
may attempt to fire. Old Documents are
dangerous things.” If the Palladium means
by this, that politicians who change their
party relations, are incompetent to office,
what will he do with Toombs, Stephens,
Hawkins, Crawford, andeven Gartrell, him
self? Slaughter has not changed in his ex
treme Southern Rights’ views we apprehend,
and if not, he is the man to run against
Gartrell.
What is the Policy of the “Opposition?”
The question now on the tapis, with the
quondam American press of Georgia, is as
to the best policy to be pursued in the com
ing canvass, by those opposed to the present
State Administration. Some of our cotem
poraries are in favor of a Gubernatorial
Convention, merely to consult together and
keep up an organization, without putting
up a leader to lead the army. This we con
sider child’s play. What is the use of an or
ganization, without we prepare to go into
battle for our principles ? None, whatever.
Again, some are in favor of Congressional
Conventions in the 3rd and 7th Districts,
but not in the others, to bring out opposi
tion candidates for Congress. This will lead
to a disjointed and unprofitable canvass—to
heat and vigor in some districts, and luke
warmness and inactivity in others—a kind
of guerrilla warfare, with dozens of small
captains, but no general-in-ehief to com
mand, concentrate, and rally the forces to
the contest
And we notice that one of our timid Edi
tors almost gives in his adhesion to the im
maculate Joseph, as the same Editor afore
time gave in his quasi allegiance to Buchan
an, before Fillmore was nominated for
President. Another says it is “almost fac
tious” to oppose Gov. Brown, because “he
has done his duty to the State,” &c. These
gentlemen had as well go over, at once, to
the Democracy, for such admissions in favor
of the accidental Governor, will utterly neu
tralize all subsequent efforts which they, in
obedience to party drill, may hereafter make
in favor of any opposition candidate.
For our part we will never consent to
support Joe Brown for re-election under any
circumstances. Our own self-respect as well
as our profound contempt for such a “small
potato” politician, both forbid. If there
fore the quondam American, now “Opposi
tion” party do not put up a candidate in op
position to Brown, should he be the Demo
cratic nominee, we shall feel absolved from
taking any other part in the balance of the
struggle for Congressional or Legislative
honors than our private inclinations may
dictate. In other words, we go in for a tho
roughly organized canvass for all the offices,
from Governor down to constable, or for
none at all. As our party, the American,
has been dissolved, and we have not yet
joined the new antagonism christened “op
position,” we shall, therefore, wait to see
“what will turn up.”
New Railroad Enterprise.
AVe have received the following letter from
a respectable citizen of Alabama, on the sub
ject of the construction of a Road from Ope
lika, Ala., to the Tennessee river, which is
now engaging the attention of the people
along the line indicated. AVe are informed
that Rev. J. R. Slaughter of Tallapoosa,
and Dr. Griffin of Talladega, will compose a
part of the delegation that will visit Colum
bus, Savannah and Macon, with a view of
soliciting the co-operation of the capitalists
of these cities in an enterprize which Mill
open up anew channel of trade, much of
which will find an outlet through our city to
the Atlantic sealwiard. The advantages of
the proposed Road are briefly stated in the
letter of our correspondent, to which we in
vite attention:—
Opelika, Ala., May sth, ’oh.
Dr. L. F. A\ t . Andrews. Alacon, Ga:
Dear Sir —A\ e have a Railroad enterprize
in hand from this place (Opelika) to some
point on the Albania & Tennessee River
Road—distance about 80 miles, in the direc
tion of Tuscumbia on the Tennessee river, at
the west end of Muscle Shoals in said river.
The distance from this place is about 200
miles. The Road is designed ultimately to
be run to that point, (Tuscumbia.)
The project is certainly a very meritori
ous one, and if built Mould penetrate some
of the best mineral counties in the South,
and probably equal to any in the known
M’orld, containing coal, iron ore, marble,
slate and lime in the greatest abundance,
sufficient to last for ages. And nature has
done much in furnishing facilities to work
and appropriate them to the uses of mar..—
There are also many farming districts of ex
cellent land on the line of the Road, pro
ducing corn, wheat, oats and cotton in great
abundance, and M-aterpporerM r er sufficient for
any demand of manufacturing purposes.
It is supposed that this Road Mould, if
built, form a connecting link between Sa
vannah as a shipping point, and the North-
Western States, via Charleston & Memphis
Road and the Tennessee river,and Mould con
trol and introduce to our Roads much of the
trade and products and trade of the Nortli-
AYestern county.
An engineer has examined the country for
the Road, so far as the first division of the
Road—Bo miles to the Coosa river and the
Alabama and Tennessee river Road—and re
ports favorably.
The friends of the Road are in earnest, and
are doing all that they can to raise funds to
accomplish the work, and their efforts seem
to be highly favored so far.
There is a delegation appointed from the
counties of Talladega and Tallapoosa in this
State, to visit Columbus, Alacon and Savan
nah, to lay the subject before the people of
those cities, and to solicit their aid in the
work. They will be in Alacon about the
18th or 19th inst. They are not acquainted
in your city, and as 1 hrve had some ac
quaintance with you in Columbus, 1 prom
ised that 1 M'ould inform you of their inten
ded visit and their object.
Anything thaf you can do in their behalf
will be highly appreciated.
Yours truly, J. C. W. R .
American Meeting in Crawford.
At a meeting of the American party of
Crawford County, held in the Court House
in Knoxville, on the 3rd inst., on motion
of S. T. Feagan, Esq., Col. N. 11. Mobley
was called to the chair, and H. A. Troutman
requested to act as Secretary.
The Chairman briefly announced, that the
’ object of the meeting was to select Delegates
to attend a convention of the American par
’ tv of the 3rd Congressional District.
On motion, a committee of nine, consist
ing of Messrs. John F. Troutman, Isaac
Dennis, Giles Chapman, Marcellus Myriek
and others, were apj>ointed by the chair to
! to select suitable persons to attend said Con
vention, and to draft resolutions expressive
\ of the sense of the meeting.
The Committee after having retired a few
minutes, reported, through their chairman,
Mr. John F. Troutman, the names of the
following gentlemen as suitable Delegates,
viz: S. T. Feagan, E. G. Oliver, F. A. An
sley, and Col. Thomas llaines. Also the
following resolutions:
Resolced, That the American party of
Craw ford county, have still a deep and abid
ing faith in the wisdom, patrotism, aiul in
tegrity of the principles as contained and
1 set forth in the platform of said party in the
Macon Convention of 1857.
Resolved, That in the measures therein
1 suggested, we can only hope for the preser
vation and maintenance of just and equita
ble rights under the constitution.
Resolved, That the corrupting influence,
and wasteful extravagance of the present
Federal Administration, in the enormous
expenditures of the people’s money, appeals
to honest men of all parties and sections to
combine for the accomplishment of its over
throw, the defeat of the corrupt party that
placed it in power, and now sustains it.
Resolved, That we cheerfully anu fully
commend the manly, noble and patriotic
course of our able Representative, the Hon.
R. F. Trippe, during the whole of his Con
gressional career, and it is with feelings of
unfeigned regret that we learn of his rumor
ed intention to decline a renomination for
i Congress.
I Resolved, That wc would suggest to tb,
party in the different counties composing
this Congressional District, to meet in Con
vention in Forsyth on the Ist AVvdnesdav i ri
( July, to nominate a candidate for Congress
The resolutions having been read, it w,,
moved and seconded that the report of the
committee be adopted: which motion Wa .
unanimously curried by the meeting.
E. G. Oliver. Esq., then moved that a copy
of the proceedings of this meeting be f ur .
nished to the 41 Journal k Messenger.” ai „j
“Georgia Citizen,” accompanied with n re
quest for publication. Carried.
There being no other business under con
sideration, the meeting adjourned.
N. H. MOBLEY, Chin’,,.
11. A. Troutman, .Sec'3'.
For the Georgia Citiztn.
Third District.—Dr A. J. Simmons of
Monroe.
Mr. Editor:—A large numtier of men, able and
otherwise, of beth parties, have been already
recommended as competent to represent this
District in the next Congress. Without dispar
aging the claims or merits of any of these gen
tlemen, let me earnestly suggest the name of
Dr A. J. Simmons, as possessing in a high de
gree, the talents necessary to fill the station.
He is favorably known to the citizens of a large
portion of the District, as a man, who l>v the
native vigor of this intellect, the inhereut force
of his character and untiring er ergy, lias risen
without the prestige of ancestral name, tr the
aid of influential friends, to the highest honors
ol his professioc. lie has from the first been
a firm and consistent American. He has been
of immense service to his party. He has never
sought office and consequently has never be
come obnoxious to any set by dirty intrigue.
His uniform courtesy and fine social qualities
have made him universally popular. His nom
ination M’ould, therefore, be equivalent to au
election, and in Congress, the South would
have no bolder or firmer defender of its rights
than I)r. Simmons. Mant Americans.
For the Ga. Citizen.
Col. A. G. Faenbro.
Alany of the friends of this gentleman
believe him to be the man for the times, and
beg leave to suggest his name to the people
of the 3rd Congressional District, as one
evert’ M ay’ qualified to serve them as a stand
ard bearer in the approaching canvass. He
is so well and favorably known as a true pa
triot and statesman, that his past hi-torv
and present availability is a sufficient guar
antee as to his future usefulness. Let 11s try
him, says OLD UPSON.
National Labor Congress.
RE OPENING OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE.
To the Editor of the New York Herald:
Washington, April 18, IBOD.
The great National Peace Congress, about
to assemble in Europe is to have offered for
its consideration one of the most important
subjects ever brought before an assembly of
nations, being no less than the re-opening of
the African slave trade.
An association has recently been formed
in this city having for its object the organi
zation of a National Labor Consress, to
meet at the same time and place as the Na
tional Peace Congress, the design being to
obtain an expression and community of opin
ion, and to influence the Congress of nations
in the re-establishment of the slave trade.
One delegate from each of the fifteen slave
States, three or more from Cuba, and as
many from Brazil and other slaveholding
States of America as may be thought pro
per, together with delegates from France,
Spain, Holland and England, and perhaps
other nations of Europe, will compose the
National Labor Congress. An agent of this
association sailed a few days ago to Havana,
Cuba; another was also despatched to Rio
Janeiro, Brazil, to bring these States into the
organization.
That these delegates, when assembled,
will represent truthfully a majority of the
people ol our Southern States and Cuba, and
and also a majority of the people of Brazil
and other slaveholding countries of America,
and that a large party in France and Spaiu
and a considerable number in our Northern
free States, and even in England and other
countries cf Europe, are really at heart in
favor of the revival of the slave trade, can
not reasonably be doubted; and that the
subject, in view of its vast importance in the
affairs of the world, will receive due con
sideration in the deliberations of the Na
tional Peace Congress, cannot reasonably be
denied.
The arguments to be offered to the Con
gress in behalf of the re-establishment of
the trade are to be the usual ones of the
want of laborers in the Southern United
States, in Cuba and other West India Islands,
and in Brazil, for the production of the great
agricultural commodities of corn, cotton, su
gar, tobacco, rice, &e., &c., with which to
supply the consumers and manufacturers of
Europe and America and the commerce of
the world. That the trade would transport
millions of human beings living in a state of
naked barbarism and precarious existence,
without laws to protect life and happiness,
and to transplant them into a civilized coun
try, protected by law, and where life is se
cure ; where their labor, directed by science,
would assist in making the wilderness to
blossom like the rose and bring forth abun
dantly, both to their own and the world's
benefit; and above and over all, that it
would snatch millions of men and women
from n land of heathenish darkness and
transplant them into a land of Christian
civilization and enlightenment. And further,
that the legal establishment of the trade
would remove the now clandestine traffic
and the horrors of the <; middle passage, “ snd
make the transportation of Africans by
steamers to the shores of America as safe
to health and life as the migration of whites
from Europe to the New World.
These are a few of the principal arguments
that will be offered to the Congress in favor
of the re-establishment of the trade. That
they are powerful ones, and difficult of suc
cessful overthrow, most persous will readily
admit At least, the subject is of an im
portance demanding the serious considera
tion of statesmen in both hemisphere?.
That the efforts of the National Labor
Congress, ar.d the friends of the revival us
the slave trade, will be crowned with suc
cess at this time, cannot be predicted witn
certainty; but the circumstances are deci
dedly favorable to their triumph ultimately
is exceedingly problematical, and therefore
the friends and enemies of the revival ot the
trade, both in Europe and America, should
prepare for a thorough and vigorous contro-
versy on this subject Let all the arguments
on both sides be fairly stated; and if, in the
opinion of the civilized world, the re-open
ing of the trade would be a benefit to whites
and blacks; to agriculture, manufactures
and commerce —a benefit to both Europe
and America, and to the world —then ■> l
the trade be revived. If, on the contrary,
the trade be pronounced inhuman, barbarous,
opposed to civilization and Christianity, and
calculated to injure both whites and blacks,
to retard progress, and above and over all,
there lie a dread of Africanizing America,
and thus destroying Caucassian supremacy,
then let the project be utterly and positive-