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PAOI #0U» ©hr HvmmkM fetabll*bed 1EI MRS WILLA A. JOHNSON.-Editor A PUWUfcCT National Advertising Representative* Adt. tlrp Associated Publishers EZRA JOHNSON........Promotion A 65 West 42nd Street PUBLISHED EVERT THURSDAY New York 30, New York 1006 ADams WEST 4-3432 BROAD ADami STRM«[| 4-34SI 106 W. Chicago Washington 2, 111. St. Dial — Subscription Rates In Advanee Mr. Robert Whaley' Year________________ $4.1J Whaley-Simpson Company One 6608 Selma Ave. Six Months-------- 9IJ9 Los Angeles 28, California ■Ingle Copy ----------------------------- J M Mr. Gordon Simpson Whaley-Simpson Company Remittance made Express, 700 Montgomery St. must be by Post San Francisco 11, California Office Money Order or Registered Mail. Second Class Mall Privilege* Authorized at Savannah, Georgia SIT-IN FINDINGS (From the Louisville Defender) Eight cities in the South have ended the leaders and official groups appointed by student sit-in controversy by desegregat¬ mayors. ing lunch counters, and others have made In Winston-Salem, a mayor’s committee promising starts toward satisfactory solu¬ was successful in effecting a satisfactory tions. solution after a period of conflict, while These cities are those with white and in San Antonio, Austin, and Salisbury, un¬ Negro citizens who are “deeply interested official committees helped bring about the in the welfare and peace of the community change. Norfh and willing to work for a just solution to Most of the Carolina cities in¬ Negro aspirations.” volved have interracial committees at work This is the conclusion of a report, TO¬ on the problem, the report shows. In Flo¬ WARD A SOLUTION OF THE SIT-IN rida, Governor LeRoy Collins has estab¬ CONTROVERSY, prepared for the South¬ lished a state-wide committee and urged ern Regional Council by Margaret Price. the formation of similar local groups. The To date, the Price report says, lunch Council reports that at least ”0 Southern counters have been opened to Negroes in cities have established such community Austin, Corpus Christi, Dallas, San An¬ groups. Savannah is the only deep South tonio, and Galveston, Texas; Nashville, city which has attempted this method of Tenn.; and Winston-Salem and Salisbury, solution, though without success. North Carolina. The Council predicted a continuation of Where settlements have been reached, the protest movement. It said, “the stu¬ “there has been little solace for the South’s dent sit-ins — only one aspect of Negro prophets of disaster,” the Council reports. discontent — have been too widespread, On the contrary, the study shows that and indicative of too great impatience for no anyone to expect they will disappear as store in the South which has opened its quickly as they began. The movement lunch counters to Negroes has reported a may die down during summer vacations, loss in business. but it seems unrealistic to expect that this The report indicated that the methods dramatic movement will die easily . . . used to reach agreement have not followed before it makes widespread new gains for a precise pattern and “thus do not furnish Negroes in their drive for dignity. a blueprint available to every community.” “More and communities inevitably However, methods “do offer suggestions will be confronted more by the sit-in problem. which might be adaptable to local situa¬ look what has been done in tions,” the Council said. A at some In cities may offer other communities guide¬ several communities, merchants “me¬ lines and reassurances.” rely were waiting for someone to take The Council asserts that an ominous as¬ the lead, but no one had bothered to check pect of the sit-ins is that “scores of South¬ their attitudes.” Fitting this pattern were ern cities . . . are not even making, an Dallas, San Antonio, Galveston, and Salis¬ effort to solve the sit-in dilemma, present bury, where only slight pressure was re¬ or potential.” quired to induce the stores to desegregate “Southern white citizens.” the report and the community to accept the change. concluded, “will have only themselves to Generally, however, ‘the best promise blame if they are faced with a new rash of successful settlement has come from a of time and money consuming law suits. small interracial committee of outstanding They will have only themselves to blame citizens who are amenable to change.” if they permit the extremists to lead them These committees have included both un¬ down the path toward hate and violence official committees of civic and or church and economic damage.” ON DEATH OF A NEWSPAPER (From the St. P«id Recorder) Two nationally known Negro newspapers a broader diversification of personal in¬ have gone out of business this year. Frank terests and an inherent desire to be free L. Stanley, publisher of the Louisville of the race problem, all tend to shrink the DEFENDER and former president of the natural readership of any special medium. National Newspaper Publishers’ Associa¬ In past days of concentrated racial tion commented in a recent column on the more increasing mortality rate of both the daily residency and fewer citizenship privileges, and weekly newspapers of the U.S.— Negroes in cities like New York and Los Angeles (and to a degree even those of the The demise of the Los Angeles Tribune size and character of Louisville) found it marks the passing of two Negro News¬ more necessary to regularly support their papers this year. Earlier, the New York newspaper. Actually New York and L.A., Age — America’s oldest Negro Weekly supported two or more Negro newspapers quit publication, for a considerable number of years. American Journalism is a shrinking The death pattern however is in effect, field. Major cities like Brooklyn, St. the same for Negro and white newspapers. each. Louis, Los Angeles, Cincinnati and more There are fewer and fewer of Pure recently Chicago have witnessed metro¬ economics figure in both. But somehow politan newspaper consolidations. And the death of any Negro newspaper seems yet there are more readers of American to be a greater loss. Not in terms of newspapers today than ever. Seems a dollars and cents or the number of people contradiction for almost any good news¬ thrown out of work but to the cause paper to have to go out of business in this of human decency at this midway point day of high readership. Regardless, com¬ of achieving full freedom. petition and high publishing costs often For as the competing Los Angeles Sen¬ so dictate. tinel editorialized “The Tribune” was The problem is even greater for a week¬ a lusty voice for human rights and for the ly catering mostly to Negroes — a cause liberties that we all have the right to press that dedicates its very all to the expect. What the Tribune lacked in size, advancement and freedom of its people. it more than made up feu - in fighting spirit Irrespective of mission, publishing costs and that is a credit to any newspaper are no cheaper be it the smallest news¬ “worth its salt.” paper. The Tribune was perhaps the most pro¬ Newsprint, ink and type setting mach¬ fessionally non-cooperative of ail Negro ines cost the same regardless of the pur¬ newspapers. Its editors never affiliated chaser’s race. with Negro Press Associations nor attend¬ ed any conventions. In truth they were Even if a Negro newspaper has appre¬ strongly critical of most Negro publica¬ ciable circulation it still is shut out from tions so much so that Westbrook Pegler, the kind of advertising which keeps pub¬ the perrenial anti-Negro columinst once lications alive. National food accounts, singled out the Tribune editor, Almena department store copy and new car ad¬ Lomax as the only capable Negro Journa¬ vertisements. to name only a few, have list in America. yet to appear in Negro newspapers with But in spite of the kind of any degree of consistency. The metro¬ newspaper politan dailies that died, had all of these, the Tribune was, 1 for one believe, its but found need for more income to operate death is a material loss to the total civil in the black. rights effort. And 1 doubt even if the legally-integrated peoples of color in Cali¬ It is small wonder then that the Tribune fornia can afford to lose it as they strug¬ and the Age held on as long as they did gle to overcome the barriers of extralegal even though they circulated in two of segregation and achieve complete accept¬ America's largest and most prosperous ance. Although we have established stra¬ cities — Los Angeles and New York. But tegic beach heads on the periphery of thereby may be the fuudametital reason full civil rights, the war is yet to be won. for failure. The competition of living, We need every potent voice like The Tri¬ the hustle and bustle of traffic, cfcfimute bune to continue to point out the shoals ing from borough^ a^d sundry surburbs. ahead, lest our soldiers be ambushed. THE SAVANNAH TRIBUNE, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA The Government Must Not Allow Bigo try And Hate To Divide America Dr. W. E. B. DuBois A Prophet with Honor EMANCIPATION COMMISSION of the State of N.-w York in It- ». as formed to oppose discrimi¬ nation by celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the ratification of the fifteenth Amendment. Dr. DuBois is seated, center. FART 11 The following is the second in¬ stallment of four articles on Dr. W. E. DuBois by Judge Hubert T. Delany, noted New York jurist, fighter for civil liberties and civil rights. IIg Hubert T. Delany EDITORS NOTE: '(When Congressman Donald Jackson, Republican member of the House Un-American Activi¬ ties Committee, attacked the Na¬ tional Council of Churches of Christ in America, he produced | as evidence of its “subversion” a reading list recommended by the organization on Negro history. The list included the works of Dr. William Edward Burghardt DuBois. As a prominent editor was later to remark, to have omit¬ ted Dr. DuBois’s name from such a list would have been like leav¬ ing George Washington out of a history of the United States. Unfortunately and because of just such attacks on him and the things for which he stands, Dr. DuBois is not as well known at home as he is abroad. To help fill this gap in the public knowl¬ edge of this great American, we are publishing this brief four-part biography. This is the second in the series. The first traced Mr. Dubois's story his birth in 1868, just five after the Emancipation tion, through his vast achievements and his in the founding of the NAACP.) DR. DuBOIS disagreed lently with Booker T. primarily on the question of tancy. Washington was to forego equality for educational opportunities, ing that by this route lay solution to the problems which set the Negro. DuBois was ing to forego nothing. He that right was right and should be no compromise right Instead he ca’.ltd a ing. the first of many, on the AS EDITOR OF THE CRISIS, official publication of the NAACP, Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois is shown in the office of the magazine in 1914 . group of Negro leaders met inter¬ mittently until 1909, when for the first time membership was opened to whites interested in Negro rights and Negro advancement. That was the beginning of the Na¬ tional Association for the Ad¬ vancement of Colored People. Dr. DuBois was invited to become the new organization's first executive, but he declined, shying away then, as ever, from the confinements of “deskmanship.” Instead, Dr. Du¬ Bois began plans for the first is¬ sue of the official NAACP pub¬ lication, “The Crisis.” In the first issue the following Novem¬ ber, the editor wrote: “The object of this publication is to set forth these facts and arguments which show the dan¬ ger of race prejudice . . . finally its editorial pages will stand foi the rights of men, irrespective of color or race.” IN HIS struggles to secure these rights, Dr. DuBois was to engage the enemy on many and varied fronts. He had knocked on doors and climbed tenement sttiirs in lii^ voutfa to obtain 1113 .- tenal for his early studies of Ne¬ study, to fight, to educate him¬ self and to learn.' At ninety-two he has just returned from a world tour where he was received with more popular enthusiasm than that accorded to many offi¬ cial visitors from these shores. To the world, W. E. B. DuBois i s one of the most outstanding figures of our century. Unfor¬ tunately only in America has there , been a nearly successful attempt i to conceal his accomplishments. To Congressman Jackson and i the Un American Activities Com- I mitt"!', Dr. DuBois is a danger I to the community, a man so “sub- I versive” that the mere inclusion of his books in a reading list could , mark a national organization of Protestant' churches as a sub- 1 versive group. HISTORY' WILL, no doubt, I be more accurate in its evaluation : of what is and what is not “Amer- | ican.” The youth of tomor- | row will study the life and works of the man whom the youth of to¬ day have too often been prohib- itfid from knowing. Ihe choice of the word “Col- the Lettersjo Editor • •• Alfred Baker Lewis 23 East 16th Street New York 3, N. Y. To the Editor: Herewith is an article on Civil Rights and Education which 1 hope you can use either as an article, a letter to the editor, or, if you prefer, as your own editorial. If it is too long, please use it in installments if possible. Sincerely, Alfred Baker Lewis Fooling the Voters on Civil Rights and Education The votes in the House of Re¬ presentatives on Federal Aid to Education showed how the Re¬ publican leaders in Congress play fast and loose with both educa¬ tion and civil rights. We need more funds for educa¬ tion because the school population is growing and more young peo¬ ple stay in school and college long¬ er than before, making a great¬ er number of classrooms a neces¬ sity. Also, we need higher pay for teachers to attract and keep good minds in that, profession. All this puts a heavy strain on local school districts, and even on states, to finance the needed additional edu¬ cational expenditures. school districts with the proportion of children have a low taxable capacity for one reason other. ‘'The kids are where cash ain’t,” as one homespun sociologist put it. Federal Aid to Education is necessary answer. But reactionaries on economic is¬ sues are opposed to Federal to Education because the Federal tax system lays stress on taxes and corporation profits ’s which are paid/ on the b .V people with the largest and who therefore are best able nay. State and school district venues on the other hand largely from real estate vhich bear most heavily on ' aml smal1 home owners, from sales taxes. Spies taxes, bear most heavily on people with iinall incomes. Expenditures domestu. ... service* for trips ;md for investment, all of Vhich are expenditures made much ored in the title of "the organiza- tion to be known as the National Association for the Of Colored People was extremely deliberate. It crystallized for all time Dr. DuBois’s broad approach to the Negro’s problem at home and the needs and hopes of sub¬ jugated people everywhere. From the beginning, Dr. DuBois ized that in a world dominated by a philosophy of white supremacy, peoples of color all over the world were similarly victimized. Not then and not now was Dr. DuBois P*ey to the easy reverse prejudice that has separated many Negro leaders from the popular move¬ ments of the period. The vastness of his vision was symbolic of DuBois’s approach to all of the struggles with which he became involved. From the very earliest days. \V. E. B. DuBois seemed immune to that political and so¬ cial myopia that mistakes the tree for the forest. THIS CAPACITY was no doubt one of the qualities that led to his greatness, but it also brought him many personal disappoint¬ ments. A man far ahead of his time is a delight to his biogra¬ pher. But to live with head and heart in the next century is not an easy accomplishment. DuBois’ vision of real equality between all races brought him into conflict with many Negro leaders of the time. Booker T. Washington, then at the height of his prestige, dis¬ agreed violently with DuBois’ mil¬ itancy. In so far as Washington urged improvement of the Negro’s working conditions, DuBois and the Niagara movement had supported him, but when he expressed the view that Constitutional rights might be traded for white favors, Washington began to lose ground. Now, half a century later, there is hardly a Negro leader who would n,ot say that DuBois was correct in his insistence upon ab¬ solute equality. Still there are many now, as then, who are re¬ luctant to give Dr. DuBois the public credit which privately they canoot refuse to acknowledge. His continuous militancy together with his outspoken endorsement of policies which made common cause between the Negro and men everywhere, who were the vic¬ tim of injustice, made DuRoi a convenient target for the enemies SATURDAY, JUNE IS, 1960 by people’with small incomes than by people of wealth, escape the sales taxes. That is why reaction¬ aries oppose social welfare expen¬ ditures by the Federal Government, since the wealthy would pay a heavy proportion of the cost, and argue instead for state and local expenditures for social welfare purposes such as education, since then the poor will pay most of the cost. When the bill for Federal Aid to Education comes up in Congress the Powell Amendment is offered to prohibit any school district which fails to desegregate its schools from getting Federal funds. Congressman Halleck of Indiana, the Republican floor leader, and many other Republicans seem to think they can deceive Negro vot- ters by voting for the Powell Amendment, but they really want to defeat the bill by insuring that the Southern Congressmen and Southern Senators, when the bill j comes before the Senate, will vote against was with adopted the the help bill. and added of The Congressman amendment to the bill, \ Halleck and other Republicans. It should be clear that the only way any Congressman can be honestly for the Powell Amend¬ ment is to vote for a Federal Aid to Education bill with the amend¬ ment as part of it. When the bill came to a vote in the House with the Powell Amendment included, Representative Halleck, the Re¬ j publican floor leader, and 75 other . Republicans WWIWI who had voted vutvu JUI for the amendment, voted against the bill with the amendment as part of it. In accord with the alliance bet¬ ween the reactionary Republicans and the reactionary Southern De¬ mocrats, 97 Democrats, nearly all from the South, also voted against the bill. But this time the re¬ actionary coalition failed in the | House. 192 Democrats plus 44 Re- { publicans voted for it, and the bill and the Powell. amendment • were passed 0 f course the bil! mav still J* | defeated in the Senate, or parsed " after conference with the Senate without the Powell amendment, ' But wise . voters will remember how , the Republican leaders and a ma- j I jority of the Republican congress- men tried to fool them. j of change. In that respect the cl current jibes of the House Un- 14aitIV i American Johnny-Come-Latelv? , A . w *,„ Activities , Committee* v , (rs a WHEN DR. DuBOIS first be¬ came editor of the NAACP’ts of¬ ficial publication, THE CRISIS, his work enjoyed a wave of suc¬ cess far beyond his fondest hopes. By 1913 when the 50th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation was celebrated, there was cause indeed for celebration. The NAACP was a going organization to lead the strugg-le for future progress, and Dr. DuBois had established a journal to give voice to that leadership. Dr. DuBois was, of course, in the forefront of the anniversary plans. The movement to’ mark the Negro’s fiftieth milestone in his journey from constitutional slavery to national freedom, began with an appeal to Congress for an appropriation. Despite popular support and although the bill passed the Senate, it was effec¬ tively blocked by the House Fi¬ nance Committee. Efforts were then directed to obtain support in the various state legislatures. RECORDS of New Y T ork’s par¬ ticipation carry a meaningful message for today. In 1863 the Democrats of New York had op- post , d the North’s position in the Civil War; had indeed opposed the war itself. By 1913, however, it was the Democrats whose voices were raised the loudest in praise of the freedom won by the war they had opposed! In 1863 the Republicans on the other hand, had invited the Negroes to join the war for freedom, hut by 1913 they had reversed their position and called for the abrogation of the Fourteenth Amendment. In 50 years New York State Demo¬ crats and Republicans had re¬ versed their positions on civil rights for Negroes for reasons of political expediency. One party had seceded from slavery, the other had rejected emancipation. Dr. DuBois, as a member of the Com¬ mission, wrote die Souvenir Jour¬ nal of the New York Commission celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, In that journal is the .significant statement: “The Negro Freedman, in celebrating hi; release from CocLuuccl on page Seven;