Newspaper Page Text
kU\ss\au Wav.
The New-Vork American furnishes the fol
lowing particulars of the present Warbe
tween Russia ami Turkey, from its com
mencement to (ho last advices. It will
be found useful both for present informa
tion nrnl future reference :---
The Declaration of War by Russia, was
issued on the 26th of April, 1828. In that
document the Emperor declares that lie will
not lay down his a-ms till he has obtained
the results which it sets forth, viz. all the
expenses and losses occasioned by the Wai
defrayed by Turkey; past Treaties ac - !
knowledgetl and enforced ; inviolable liber-!
ty to the commerce of the Black Sea , and
the free navigation of the Bosphorus; and (
finally, the fulfilu#at of the Convention of
July 6th, for the pacification of Greece.
Present prospects indicate that he will be!
able to enforce these conditions. The prin
cipal events of the War, so far as we have
been able to collect them, are briefly as fol
lows :
May 7th, 1828. —Campaign commenced.
, lime Bth. —Passage of tbc Danube, and
capture of Satounown, with 12 pieces of
cannon.
June 9 lh, —Engagement between the Rus
sian ami Turkish flotillas near’Brailow ;
the former consisting of 17 vessels of dif
ferent sizes, and the la. ter of 32. Os this
numb t, 26 were taken, sunk, burnt, or ■
stran led. Same day, a Turkish flotilla,'
with arms, ammunition,' Ik. c. was cap'ur-i
ed oil' Anflpa. on toe Asiatic coast : 1200
persons and G standards were taken.
June 11 th. —Surrender ot Isaktseha to the '
Russians, together with 87 pieces of can
non, 17 stands of colors, and a large quan
tity of ammunition.
June 15 th. —In attempting so carry Brailow'
by storm, the Russians Tost 640 men, kill
cd, including M jor Generals Wolfand
and Timotli, and 1340 wounded.
June 3l)tA.---Brailow surrenders to the, 1
Russians, on condiiioo of (lie garrison be-1
jug permitted to retire to Siiistria : 273
cannon, 612,000 lbs. of powder, and an,
tinmens * quantity of balls were taken. .
June 23d.---Surrender of Anapa (Asiatic
Turkey,) with 83 pieces of cannon, and, a
large quantity of ammunition. The gar-‘„
risoo consisted of 3000 men.
July 2d.•• -Previous i o this date,
snns had akeli 7 fortresses, vi/.. Bs*iiow,
Matscliin, Tout scha, Ilirsova, Kustendji, l
Keu/.run and Managalia---besides Anapa
on the coast of Asia.—Toultsjcha was
garrisoned by nearly two thousand men,
and had ninety-one cannon on the ram
parts-
July \slh.-- The fortress of Kars (Asiatic
Turkey) taken by storm. The g u rison,
it is said, amounted to 11,000 men, two
thousand of whom were killed, and 1500
made prisoners, including a P icha of lw-»
Tails: one hundred and fifty-one pieces of
cannon wore taken.
July 2151.---Silislria invested by the Rus
sians. -
August Tlh - In the qight following this
day. the llu-dan ll.rtma before Varna,
made an alt..ck up >n that of the Turks
and captured 14 vessels.
Aug. 20f/t.---Tlie Grand Vizier left Con
stuntinople for the army,
August 22d.The fortress of Ardaghanu
(Asiatic Turkey) surrenders to the Rus
sians.
Aug. 2tK/i.---N?ws arrived at Odessa of
the capture of Achaschil and Topsachale,
(Asiatic Turkey) together with thirty
four standards, and several thousand
pfiso nets.
September 26/A. -The Soraskier of Widdin
having crossed the Danube near Kalefat,
ami b-*ing on (lie advance, was attacked
General Geismar, and after an ob
stinate engagement was compelled to re
treat. His loss is represented to have
been Very severe. Sane day a manifesto
was issued from St. Petersburg, order
ing a new levy of lour men in every 501)
population.
October 7th.-- Varna carried by assault,—
Gai rison, including the armed inhabitants
supposed to have amounted originally 6
22000 men. When captured, was re
duced to 6000. This was one of tht
most imp arrant fortresses of the Turks
and its capture secured to the Russians i
permanent fooling on the western coas
of the Black Sea.---The Emperor, in i
Jettc to Count Diebitsch of Novembe
£O, speaks of it as ‘ that fortress whicl
Irad never seen a conqueror. From thi
date the active operations of the campaigi
may be considered as coded.
Oct. 1 5!/i. —Blockade of the Dtrdanellei
officially announced by Admital Heyden
March J 5/A 1829.—A battle was sough
near the river Nutonebi, (As, Turk.) ii
which the Turks lost IUOU men, killer
ami wounded, and (he Russians nbou
2<>o.
March 20 Ih, —About this date Siteboli was
captured by the Russians, and immedi
ately turtilierl lor a permanent position.
April 1 \th —Three detachment* of Turk
tsh troops cross the Danube into liule
Wallachu, but are driven back, alter suf
fering considerable loss.
May 17 th. —Siiistria again invested, after
an engagement ab ut two miles distant,
m which the lurks lust 4 or 5 hundred
’■ •‘ti, and the Rissiun* about 150, Oi
v.e same day a battle was fought near
I aravadi, the I urks being led on by the
m Grand Vi/.ler in person.' Turkish los
in killed 2000, Russians, killed, 501
wounded, 627.
June 1 llh. ---Great battle near the village
of Kulawatschia, not far from Schutnla
in which the Grand Vi/.ier commanded
in person. In this engagement ami the
subsequent flight, the Tuiks lost 5900
men killed, a great number of prisoners,
43 pieces of cannon, six standards, all
, the ammunition wagons, baggage, <J-c.
i ! ami suffered a complete dispersion.
I June 50th. ---Surrender of Salistria to the
lj Russians. The garrison, consisting ot
, 8000 men, and the armed inhabitants,
consisting of 10,000, were made prison
ers of war; and among them, two three
j tailed Pachas ; 250 pieces of cannon, and
100 stands of colors were taken.
June 27//i--Er/,eroum captured by the Rus
sians. Among the prisoners were the
Seraskier and four Pachas : 150 cannon
were taken, 29 of them at Hassan-Kael. i
July 19f/t.-- Choris and Berburst, (As. Tur-j
I key) occupied by the Russians.
July Isf/i.---Two divisions of the Russian
army left Shumla to undertake the pas
sage of the Balkan.
July \7lh-ißlh l ( )lh. —The principal obsta
cles overcome—and 10 cannon, 14 stand
ards, witli nearly 4000 prisoners taken
from the Turks, who also had many kill
ed.
July 22.—1 n descending the Balkan, (he
Russians encountered a Turkish division
of 6000 or 7000 men under the Scres
j kier Abduhl Rahman, and defeated them,
taking two batteries of four guns each,
and four other pieces of cannon, 400 pri
soners and seven standards.
July 23.—Capture ol Mesenibria, with 20
j standards, 15 cannon, and 2000 prison -
! crs. Same day, Achloli was captured,
i containing 14 pieces of cannon, two puw
| der mag tines, &c.
July 24/A —Capture of Bourgas, contain-!
iog ten pieces of cannon, and abundance!
of military stores.
July 25th. —Capture of Aid os, with the!
whole Turkish camp: 600 tents, 500
barrels of powder, (our standards, four
| cannon, a great quantity of small arms,
and 220 prisoni is.
July 31 si. —lo tiie night succeeding this
day the Russians took possession fit'Jam-;
bouli, in which they found an immense
quantity of ammunition and provisions.
. Altmut the same time a Russian corpse
laffded at Lnaida, on the Black Sea, 80
| lulled from Constantinople.
August 2{)th.--- Adrianople surrendered to
i the arms of the Russians and was occu
pied by the forces of Gen. Diebitsch.
GUIINBY’s STEAM CARRIAGE.
The Philadelphia Chronicle furnishes the
! following more particular account of Mr.
II GuiCniiy’s Steam Carriage, than any v/e
f have seen.—lt is extracted from the Uni
ted Service Journal, and was published
by the Quarter Master General of the
, British Army, Sir Willoughby Gor-
( ■ dGn, who witnessed a trial of the Ma
chine on the 22d of July.
“ The carriage is not intended for the
• conveyance of passengers or baggage, but
is intended exclusively as a drug, by means
1 of which a carriage with passengers is to be
• 'drawn along the road at the rate of from 8
to 10 miles an hour.—The steam-carriage
* has four wheels, and contains, besides the
> engine, a seat for two persons, the one be
' ingthe engineer, the other the steersman.
> The engine is upon the principle of high
pressure, and the piston works horizontally
1 under the bed of the carriage. The motion
- is given by means of a crank attached to
I the axles of the hind wheels, and is so man
‘ iged that the power may be communicated
■ to one hind wheel exi ' ’• - i>*
e tended equally to botl ireO V;i-„
u made of action is, ther thus tar differ
eut from llut which governs an ordinary
0 carrjage, as instead e being drawn for
ward* by a power in front, this machine is
oUslied forwards from I>-n ...i l»». » t
1
a
5* s -v . • I
14 ‘'a -e~ w.i . •
S ' • si • ■ ,il IP. :- lb
* ■ -'i' d .vi;:. •.--..at. ■
s ‘ > ■' ■ • can la.-c dra« » hy *
a ■ il oi i eh. • V
M ••■<■•l I
:h
15
i® ’.
■ ■ ■ ■ * be it vv ! :
’S- i
u .. t '
it
Hi
d
II
IS
i
e
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11
I ‘ ”* ' ■ ■ •• ; •• iit.i
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58 sable at every hal hour, ami a supply ol
1, coke at every hoti, so that depots of eacli
mtrot be establish'd at proportionate dis
e tances of four and eight, and five and ten
i, miles, according tethe tala of speed to bt
d determined upon. The noise of the steam
e carriage, with the passenger carriage, at
-0 tacked to it, is not so great as the noise o(
i, a travelling carriage with 2 horses. There
1 is very little or no Smoke from the burning
.of the coke. The eight wheels of the two
carriages cause less dust than would a car
; riage with four wheels and two horses. The
t danger to be apprehended from an engine
. upon the pri nciple of high pressure appears
-jto be altogether obviated by the manner in
• which the boiler is made, not in one capaci
l ous cavity, but formed of a scries of tubes
communicating with each other. The ex
pense at which this apparatus can be appli
; ed upon the road is stated not to amount to
three pence per mile. It is evident that be
fore this mode of conveyance can be bio’t
Jintouse for public convenience, depots ol
water and coke must be established at fixed |
stations along the line of road which it is|
intended to travel, and that its use must be
jconlined to that line, and to that exclusive
ly. It should seem that each fresh supply
of water and coke need not occupy above
two minutes ol time. One very serious
difficulty will be opposed to the general use
ol this mode of conveyance, in the danger
which will attend its unusual appearance
and rapid movements along a public road in
frightening horses, b >th saddle and draught.
Upon the whole the impression which this
inspection has left upon my mind, and giv
ing due weight to the many difficulties and
[accidents which must unavoidably attend
the introduction and first trials of such a no
vel and extraordinary vehicle; it certainly
appears to me that it will eventually, and
at no distant period, force itself into verv
jextensive use; and I do not see any other
jobjections to it than such as may be over
come by time, practice, and ingenuity.”
| Prom the Precurscur de Lyons, Sept. 7.
Patriotic Banquet given to General
La Fayette*
The banquet in honor of General Lafay
ette was given this afternoon in the magtii
ft cent saloon Gavat, which was beautifully
ornamented with shrubs, and contained a
, bout 500 ol the most respectable citizens.
( The bust of the triend of Washington,
crowned with laurel, was placed in the sa
loon, and the general on his arrival, was re-1
ceived with enthusiastic applause.—A band |
of music played some of the most favourite
airs during dinner. Among the most dis
tinguished guests, Were M. Condcre, De-i
puty of the Department of the Rhone,'
Messrs, de Corcelles and de Schom n, De-;
, puties of the Seine, (wo sons of Augustin:
Perier, the Consul of the United Slates,
[ and the deputies from the towns of St. E
• 1 tienie and Vienne. After the health of the
■ Ring had been drunk with much applause,
1 M. Cundere proposed “ General Lafayette.j
. Other warriors have gained battles, and
[other orators have made eloquent speeches,'
i but for civic virtues he has no equal.” The j
I General returned thanks in a very eloquent 1
[speech, from which we give the following
;;extracts ;
tj “I am proud and happy,” said the Gen
s oral, “ that my passage in this great and
> patriotic city should have afforded me cn
5 opportunity of again expressing my con
iiStarit hatred to oppression, and nay deter
• initiation to resist all the attempts made by
-.counter-revolutionary incorrigibility. (Great
. applause ) Gentlemen, you are menaced
i with hostile projects; but how will they be!
it carried into execution ? Will it be by the;
i'Chamber of Deputies ? My colleague and
j friend, your respectable deputy, M. Con
-,dere, will attest to you—and all his col- (
1 leagues who are at this banquet will also at- ;
'“s'—tli.it in the moment of digger our
„ol bo i will shew useli faithful to a •nor
-jand to patriotism. Do they wish to dissolve
y the Chamber? Then it would be the as
■ i fair ot the electors ; and certain’y they
s! would elect deputies worthy of the ncca
f of Itf’ onllon .... 1 *1- . .y, .1...
pi a\ . >■ - ', .the. j .if.- : .. : -
ii .10 stores win no ilomih i •- i ui m nil ui moo:,
tb > : the • ■ gih of every -'ivcminer;f nlv
I exists io the -ns ->:i 1 -he pu,se O! e.: »•
-'d iy/ ii ■ :ii>. >k c mpose the nation,
e; Ft V’di o vi'oii is acquainted wit- its
’ . <k. ’i! well knows > a I 1 ;.-} ad thi i.
pods mK uyerUi!l-, (-.■
v ie v tim pi I’tuit. we to prop (hefolliw
-- to -it » fp' th r-y, .i.;; p.
■. 1 :v. .did t 'H'- oily . .. an c.
j .min.-
V .»
" ■ "ty, U- '■> as-p >it v ■ v.ly , j: ed
• oil >! inII |. ,-c cajuv.neut \n ev-vi
»;natural, of evcnTs, bial rigfit
iJ Miv-iKed in .or q u<l ip.dvf. •., worst
•oon . €•• 'lira I’fi " , .....
■ ’■ ■ till apee: l>a so ;,i v- M,
*-'■ ’ 'ii ; ‘V,AV>. I'■ ' ;i
■ :,t Afbf“ ■r\ o' dip up;.'.
’ 1 said
7) vll ill . lull •- V I Ul U |)tjn '
• G' . at l.afaviute, • •The i ui- !•
s .i, • j ‘* ■* ■ f-f*’ i I(J(t. *»r ’ J wjw
j anil i
-i i: ‘ ng. n* i«v I', ot it
«-
if of the nation.”---*' To the magistrates
hi whose courage is a guaranty for the dur
• [execution of mir laws.”---" To the army
n i who. will still know how to make the honoi
eof France respected.”-—To the American
-people; they are indebted to us for Lafay
ette, but they offer Washington as the model
( of heroes and legislators.”
e The American Consul at Lyons returned
g thanks for the latter toast, and proposed
oi" France, may the relations of commerce
- and friendship which exist between her and
ejthe United Slates increase and become more
i* closely united.”
s! M. Dupasquier then gave, the constitu
i tional deputies of the Rhone, Messrs. Con
- dere, Humblot, Conte, and Jars: they have
5 faithfully performed their duty, and may we
■ hereafter give them colleagues worthy of
• them.”
i The health of M. de Corcelles, deputy of
the Seine, having been g.vcii, that gentle
jir.en, in returning thanks, said---*‘our liber
ty is n«w menaced and we must unite in
[defence of it. Let the manifestation of pub
lic opinion be a rampart before which our
enemies shall fly with terror. Let our ranks
close, if they were to make an attack, our
victory would be certain; we shall preserve &
ameliorate our institutions, and ensure also
, the happiness, the glory, and the prosperity
of our dear country.”
After several other patriotic toasts and
many elnqilent speeches, the meeting broke
U P- ’
liatfc aut\ Important.
Nrvv-York, October 24.
FROM EUROPE.
By the politeness of Captain Wilson, of
the ship Mary Lord, arrived yesterday from
London, and 23 days from Plymouth, wel
have received the London Allas, of'the 27th
September, from which we copy the follow
ing : I
RUSSIA AND TURKEY.
Hostilities have ceased in the fcast. This
event was announced in the greater part of
our impression last week, and is confirmed
by all the subsequent accounts, but none of
them afford any information beyond a mere
fact of an armistice having been concluded
on or about the 29th ult. The first accounts
which came through Berlin, state that in
consequence of an earnest representation of
the Reis Effemli. the French Ambassadors,
and General Muffling, concerted together
as to the means of averting the calamities to
Ibe apprehended from 'he appearance of the
• Russian army before Constantinople. They
had, accordingly, a conference with the Reis
lElfendi, early on the 24th, which ended in
[plenipotentiaries being appointed, with lull
[powers to treat respecting the indemnities
[to be conceded to Russia for the expense of
the war; and in the mission of M. dc Ros
ter, the confi lenliai secretary of General ■
Muffling, to accompany the Turkish pleni
poten taries to the head quarters of General
Diebitsch, with a joint representaiion of
.the Ambassadors to the Russian General,
pledging themselves for the pacific disposi
tion of the Sultan, and urging the necessity
of an immediate suspension of hostilities.]
■ The Plenipotentiaries anil M. de Ruster,
• reached Adrianople on the 27th August, and
on the 29 h, General Diebitsch gave orders
[for the cessation of hostilities on the whole
line of the Russian operations. It has since
been stated, that the Sultan was so anxious
to conclude the armistice, that he left the
terms entirely to the Emperor of Russia ;
and the delay in the publication is attribu-i
ted to its having been sent to St. Peters
' burgh for ratification. The other reports, j
iin contradiction tc the statements are, that
[General Diebitsch had left Adrianople on
’ the 26th, to advance upon the Turkish capi
tal: and a Frankfort piper of the 20 h insf. i
states, on die authority of a letter from Vi
'enna, of the 15th, that the armistice was
i concluded on the 30th ult. in the camp of
t ; P,u s »..:n O' ■ *"»forc Constantinople,
it is remarkable e Prussian Suite Ga- 1
zelte, .of the lOlh ir.si is wholly silent upon
the subject.
The Hamburgh papers publish the follow
ing conditions, as forming ,ie preliminaries
mtu-i..;. greed upon between Rus
an h
so!t-r<d i ; . t than as mete specu
' btic ■ ; V, 'ailachia, and Bui
[•gam are to 1*“ placed under i:, * sovereign
[ ty and protection of the Russians, The un
conditional emancipation of (Lcsfee is to be
[ lecogai/ed, and us territory to he enlarged.
•several fortresses on the Black Sea, taken
'by Count Pt^kewitsch, are *o be ceded.
■m
in-.l the Mr lean is to be secured u
•the demolition ol several pi the ibi tress- s
u> B’.sp.'orus. A pecuniary indemnity 01.
■■ vgr f m!a I r t j •• - •, • ■ of i--1a 1
• # CnflSlUCfft^lOtt ( i'ii'
: -’> oeaves ot tl.c war and as the dullan :e
--i'. ves his mcap.i iy to comply with tb ■
matt (I at pn-s-im. - • -.rity fur the tur mv .
.iC'lt H t.H u> 0 i\ 4 i >
, Ad • . Pv '••.:■ nurj,, «{■• ■ ~
•he must cordi;.' ■. i.ie'-uandu;;; e- oe
• tween the _ Russian c-abinet and the new
hi' rtkh luiinstrv. Tlic force under the im
me iat-e order ol Gen. Diebitsch it vssc rt.
• it aau nut to ;!'• ■: 00 emo.
GREECE.
AU*u>:r an A> ;• >i, dated A ... .", in
tillin' ’$L ' *f i t 1 1 1 i‘•i. I < .>!! ‘ m v jgjjjk v \
hiß.i*' a* Ue-iii '.uiu,
\ csni... • r; i ! ..,nr
’*■ • - ‘ •• ...
Itencluiji; Majv • ..vi 1145 , - \
C*[Uv» v : V* . a>k 1 w{i| I. ) lilt* tldict T [tat |i<
9, Major was assassinated by a treacherous
e Tuik who accompanied him, in older u>
possession of his papers, which were
ir given to a person towards the discharge of
n certain debts which he had emit.at. 1 in
-France. It is added, that it was - app d.
d coftiiivance by the French consul -t Trip; !i
in the escape of the individuil with the
d papers, wliich excited the anger of (he Pacha
(1 of Tripoli, led to the dispute between the
eiFrench Consul and the Pacha. He this as it
J may, it is stated as certain that Major
e Lain’s papers are still in existence.
A. nobleman, high in the confidence of (ho
. Emperor of Brazil, has been charged with a
. mission of great importance to this and other
e European courts, and only awaits ih arrival
e of the Queen of Portugal at Rio Janeiro to
f proceed on his misson.
[ London Mamins' Herald.
f [from the London Mias, of September 27.]
-| It gives u» sincere ratification to posse.-s
-the means of confirming at Its* the an'icipt
i lions which, through! every vicissitude of ilie
- campaign in the east, we have persevet iugly,
r entertained. It will be in the reme nb ace
j of our readers, that while some journals in
r this country, and others upon the Continent,
[vilified the designs of the Emperor Nicholas,
, and declared that his ultimate object was the
r dismemberment of the Tin kish empire, we
jconfidenllj maintained the policy of his in
i tenti ns, and asserted, even during tiie most
. unpropilious periods of the war, that a ne-
|gotiation would be finally arranged. Many
of our cotemporaries were zealous in deny
ing; all agreed in doubting the probability
and authenticity of our statements; but we
derived our information through channels of
unquestionable character, and relied unhesi
tatingly upon authorities, which, although
necessarily secret, Were above ail suspicion.
Facts have now borne us out. As we were
'the first to give an assurance that peace was
at hand, we are the first to announce the im
portant intelligence that peace is ratified. *
We refer to a detailed account of (his satis
factory event in a [(receding column; and
. pledge ourselves to the fidelity of the com
munication which vve now exclusively make
, to the public.
The basis of the settlement is the Treaty
of Ackerman ; and the Emperor, determined
to make no exorbitant demands upon the
nearly exhausted resources of Turkey, has
merely required an indemnity for the ex
penses of the war, into which he was original
ly plunged by what now appears to have been
ithe obstinacy of the Ottoman. 4000 Cos
sacks accompanied the. Turkish Plenipo
tentiary bearing the instrument of peace,
sigtied by Count Diebitsch on behalf of hia
royal master, back to the city of die Seven
l lowers ; and it is said that they were dis
patched with the double view of at once con
firming the tidings and protecting the re
presentative of the Sultan from the blind
I violence of the Mahoinedan rabble, who
living, like all other rabbles, upon convulsion,
might be disposed to murmur at the resto
ration of social security. VVe may add, that
this intelligence appears exclusively in our
tolunuis, and has not yet been communicat
ed to government through any official o:
private channel.
Loneos M ARKETS, Sept. 27.
Sug’ar.—-The’demand tor plantation Su
gar has rather fallen oil’ within the last two
or three days, but still there is a fair propor
tion of regular business transacted, so that
prices remain firm. The very large stock
on hand (end most materially to prevent any
favourable change of moment in the prices.
The markets were pretty fully attended this
.morning, Low refined goods are a shade
higher, the demand having increased.
S Coffee.— The plantation of Coffees offer
ed this week have fully supported (he late
advance in prices. Foreign Coft’ee is neg
lected. ° 8
Cotton—~l7\vi information of the destruc
tion of the crop of Sea-Island Cotton has
had scarcely any etlccl on the prices.
There is a steady demand for Cotton at
former prices.
Money Market, Sept. 27. The news of
she anriis ice between (he Russians and the
lurk', infu:ed fora day a spirit into the
stock market (hat has rot been witnessed
for a long time. Consols for account went
ipi y oil' o and at one period there
• ' pectation that they would
ri ' M ' ■*itioipati«n, however, was
i' / ic - i ,rv te price went back to 89 ;
last and only price quu
e’ t Thursday. Nothing can
the apathetic state of the
1 -he : ct, that during the whole
ig days, all the bargains
price. The premium on
7i to 72. The current
the Stock Exchange is 3 1
oral improvement-in thi.'
. Brazilian, Portuguese -
Bonds have all advanced*
usiness has been done ft"*
*t for the last two day#*.
ks past.
• —Consols opened thi*'’’
39| for the account, and •*
le at 89 7-8. Very littlb
an transacted in the for
the bonds maintain%ii- J
yesterday. *
lie following are this
sols 89a 5-8 ; New 4
chequer Bills 71 a 72,
ount 89 | 7 8.
-Consuls closed at 89
1 mg are the last ■■ntfjifc “
Brazilian 64 ; D .owl*
> ''iexican 18 7 8; pm'i
: e 44; Pru»s.a.* a4 ;
•' Si-. •■■■. 101.