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Indian A ffaiv a.
Opinion of the Attorney General as to the
right acquired to the soil under existing
treaties with the Cherokees. Received at
the fVar Department the 2 Oth March.
1830.
CJfFIOK OF THE ATTORNEY (lENEUAcU, S.
10//* March, 1830.
Sm ; The question which you propose,
relates to the condition of those lands within
the Cherokee hunting grounds, the improve
ments on which, having been paid for by the
United States, the lands themselves have
been abandoned by the individual occupants,
who have emigrated to the Westward, The
inquiry renders necessary an examination
of those doctrines which relate to the title
of this Indian tribe to the land which it oc
cupies, and of our relations to them, as these
may have been affected by the treaties or
compacts which have been entered into with
them. .
in the very elaborate opinion delivered by
Chief Justice Marshall, in the case of John
'ton. vs. Mclntosh, re affirming the doctrine
‘asserted in Fletcher and Feck, and speaking
of the lands in the occupancy of the Indian
tribes, it is declared, that, by the treaty be
tween Great Britain and the United Slates,
which concluded the war of our Revolution,
the powers of Government, and the rights to
soil which had previously been in Great
Britain, passed definitively to these States;
that the United Slates, orthe several Slates,
have a clear (iMe to all lands within the
boundary lines described in the treaty, sub
ject only to the Indian right of occupancy.
Such, it is said, also is the doctrine which
has been held by the various European na
tions, who acquired territory ,on this con -
tinent, and who have all asserted their
right to ihe soil, by making grants ol lands
which were yet in the possession id Indian
tribes. Such, I have to remark, will more
over be found to be the spirit of ihe several
comparts entered into with this particular
tribe, if lies'’ sre carefully considered and
general expressions are interpreted as they
should be, by a reference to principles which
had been aleady settled in previous stipula
tions with them, or which necessaiily grew
out of the relations between a civilized
community, and the savage tribes which
roved within the limits ol its jurisdiction
and sovereignty. ,
In the first treaty with this tube, (hat
concluded at Hopewell, they are manifestly
considered as a conquered people, and the
terms of that instrument clearly indicate the
recognition of the principle adverted to by
the Supreme Court, in the case id Johnson
Slid Mclntosh, that a conqueror prescribes
(be limits of the right ts conquest; and that
the limitations which hutnar.i y, fortifying
itself by usage, imposes upon civilized na
tions, cannot be applied and enforced in re
lation to a savage tribe.
The instrument commences by this etr.-
phttic declaialioi.: the commissioners pleni
potentiary of the United S ales, &c. fkc.
give peace to all the t'hei"k;es, and receive
than into * hefavo and protection at the U.
States of America, on the following condi
tions.
The tribe was no longer in that state, in
which, as‘an independent and unconquered
nation, it could stipulate for itseif, that there
should be p- ice between the United States
and its people; but only in a condition to
receive this as a boon resulting from the
mere grace of the conqueror. It was a boon
which was moreover granted on such condi
tions, as could only have been imposed on
a conquered arid uncivilized people. 'I hey
were required so restore all prisoners and
property taker)'by them during the war, and
to do homage to the United Slates, by ac
knowledging themselves under the pi elec
tion of (Ins Government, and by expressly
abjuring all other protection. Whenihey
had thus humbled themselves before then
conqueror, and it became necessary to as
sign io them a country, in Which ihey might
dwell, this was not done by marking out to
the limits of a domain, which should be ap
propriated to 'hein in fie, or by any other
determinate title, and which, separated from
thi* United States, should be circumscribed
by limits which each party should be bound
to respect. On the contrary, the terms of
the treaty shew, that, like the gift of peace,
it wa.< an act of mere g.ace on th«p part of the
United States.by which abase ahd determi
nable interest was conceded, in the lands
which were assigned to them. The 4ih ar
ticle of this instrument declares, that the
boundary allotted to the Cherokees for their
hunting grounds between the said Indians
and the United States, within the limits oj
the United States of America, is, and shall
be, &c &c. The territory thus described,
was then allotted by the will of the conquer
or—it was so allotted as merle hunting
grounds, over which (he tribe was Iree to
rove in pursuit of their game, without con
ferring on them any permanent interest in
the soil itself, the fee in which remained in
the Stale wi htn whose jurisdictional limits
it w&-; and these hunting grounds were
acknowledged to be within the sovereign lim
its of ihe Lulled States.
Such wi re the terms which the U. States,
in ihe exeicise of the rights of conquest, and
ol those acquired under the treaty of 1783,
with Great Britain,imposed upon theChero
k**es; and it wa.s upon these conditions that
a lots iribe agreed to accept, and to retain
possession of the lands, which were thus as-
UL ( |yned or allotted to them. The principle
settled uy the treaty of Hope
’ well, is fundamental. It constitutes the ba
sis of all subsequent stipulations, and fur
nishes the key, by which they are to be in
e erpreted. When, therefore, in the subse-j
, quent treaty of Holston, the < United States
\ solemnly guaranty to the Cherokees, the
lands not thereby ceded, (he stipulation
must be understood with reference to the in
terest, which, by the treaty of Hopewell, they
had in these lands; which it has been seen
was such, and qo more, as an allotment of
* them lor hunting grounds, could create. In
11 the treaty afterwards entered into at Telli
' co, the continuing force and obligation of
e this treaty is recognisei.: for the second ar
e tide expressly stipulates, that the treaties
'{subsisting between the cont-acting parties,
1 ‘ jare acknowledged to be of full and operating
' force; together with the construction and
L *jusage under their respective articles, and so
'1 to continue; and that treaty is declared to
- be additional to, and to form a part of, Hie
I treaties already subsisting., between the U.
1 Slates and the Cherokees —A like recogni
tion of (he continued force of former trea
s ties, is also found in the second treaty con-;
r,lulled at Tellico, on the 25th October,
4 1805. Except then as they were modified,
5 by the stipula’ions of succeeding treaties,[
' these earlier compacts continue in force at I
the present day. We may pass, therefore,
’ to those treaties which relaty to the cmigra-j
’ tion of the Cherokees to the lands West of
* the Mississippi, which give rise to your in-'
1 quiry.
'| As early as in the Fall of the year 1808,
| two deputations, the one from the upper,
(he other from the lower Cherokee towns,
presented themselves at Washington, the
’ first to declare to the President their desirei
to engage in the pursuits of agriculture and
civilized life, in the country they then oc-.
, copied ; Hie second, to make known to him
their wish to continue the hunter life. The
deputation from the upner towns, requested
1 from him Ihe establishment of a division
■ line., between the upper and lower towns,
lor the purpose, by thus contracting their!
i society within narrow limits, of beginning
, the establishment of fixed laws and a regu
lar government. Those from the lower}
1 (owns alleged the scarcity of game where
they then lived, and made known their
j wish to remove beyond the Mississippi ri-j
ver, on some vacant land of she United,
* Slates. In the early part of the succeeding
1 year, the President replied to these appli
cations, expressing the willingness ol the
y Government, as far as could be reasonably
? asked, to satisfy the wishes of both; ussur
fc ing to those who should remain, its patron
e age, aid, and good ueighboihood ; and giv
y ing to those vyiio wished to remove, pennis
a sion to examine the country on the Arkansas
? and While rivers, with a promise to ex
‘ change it for a just portion of that which 1
a they should leave. These transactions are
‘ io the same spirit which dictated the trea
‘ ties to woicli we have referred. They are|
the applications of a dependent tribe, to a
- nation whose protection they invoked, and
> whose right to regulate their concerns they,
. recognized. They arc registered in the
i compact of 1817, which was entered into
. to give effect to them.
Among other provisions of that instru
ment, it stipulated for the payment by the
i United States" to those emigrants, whose
! improvements should add real value to their
s lands, a full valuation for, the same, to be
s ascertained by a Commissioner to be ap-|
> pointed by the President of the United l
; States ” For all improvements which add-j
i ed real value to the lands ceded to the U.
. States by that treaty, they agreed to pay ini
i like manner, “ or, in lieu thereof, to give in
, exchange, improvements which the emi-\
I grants may leave, and for which they are to
1 receive pay. This compact moreover pro-j
vided “ that all those improvements left by
. the emigrants within the bounds of the Cho
ir rokee nation, East of the Mississippi river,
p which add real value to the lands, and for
i which the United States shall give a consi
. deration, and not so .exchanged, shall be
i rented to the Indians, &c. &c. until sur
j rendered to the nation or by the nation.”
. It was also agreed, 14 that the said Chero-i
r kee na'ion shall not be called upon for any
i part of the consideration paid tor said irn
t'provements at any future period.”
* I The United Slates, by force of this (rea
lty, and in consideration of the payments
* made in pursuance of it, became laud hol-i
e |ders in the Cherokee nation, within the lim-j
its ot those boundaries which were yet re
s,served to them as hunting grounds. They
*} were authoriz'd by this agreement to ex
** change the lands, the improvements on'
r j which they had paid for the emigrants, and
s to make leases, through the Agent, of such
/as they did not exchange. These eichsn- 1
‘ gesand leases gave to the parties exchange
'• ing, and to the lessees the tight of occu-{
pancy ; and that was the utmost to which
S’ Hie Indian title amounted. Did not the
0 United Sta es succeed to this title of occu
pancy ? They had the right to designate
ti who should occupy the lands on which the;
0 improvements were, tor which they had paid
s , to Ihe emigrants, either by exchanging them
wiHi those who abandoned improved lands
"I within the limits of the territory, ceded to
(them by that treaty, or by leasing them
/through the Agent, to such persons as they
1 might think proper.
, For whom then did the United States ac
. quire this right, whatever it was, to lands
t within the limits of a particular State ? If
i it be answered for themselves, the inquiry
. is, by what authority could they acquire a
> title to such lands, without the consent of
. ihe State within whose limits they are?
an<J again, were they not expressly bound
by the articles of cession between the Uni
ted States and Georgia, of the 21th April,
|ISO2, to extinguish the Indian title “ for
itheuseof Georgia?” If extinguished, did
ijntn the right, whatever it was, which was
i acquired, instantly enure to "the benefit ol
•'Georgia, as well because the United States
'ihad no right, without the consent of Geof
i gin, to acquire donation within the limits cl
I,that State, as because she had solemnly
1 1 stipulated, and fora valuable consideration
paid by Georgia, that she would acquire
F this title for the use of that State ? The
■ Supreme Court have decided, in the case bf
i Johnson vs. Mclntosh, as wc have seen, that
,jthe title to ail the lands within their boun
; daries, notwithstanding the occupancy of
i; tbe Indians, was in the United S ates, or in
i; the several States. In Fletcher and Peck,
< they have declared, with regard to lands iy
;itig within the limits of- the State of Geor
. gia, and occupied by the Indians, that the
ultimate fee was in that Slate. The pro
prietor of the ultimate fee in the soil, must,
•;it would seem, have the right to remove the
incumbrances on that title ; that is, in such
> caie as this, the right,of pre-emption of
jthe Indian title of occupancy. Whether
ithis right is to be exercised independently,
or under the supervision of the Federal Go
vernment, is a question which would depend
on the terms and validity of what is com
monly called the Indian intercourse act.
I The practice has been variant, but in the
‘most recent case of which I am advised,
that of a conveyance by treaty to certain
persons who had acquired by purchase the
ultimate fee, which the State of New-York
[originally held in certain lands in the oc
cupai cy of the Seneca tribe in that Slate,
I which treaty was held in the presence of a
Commissioner of the United States, ami
submitted by the President to the Senate,
| in the usual form, for their advice and con
; sent; as to its ratification, that body relus
ied its coesent, and in an explanatory reso
. lution, disclaimed “ the necessity of an in
iterference by tire Senate with the subject
inattei.”
i It would seem, then, that, if the Indian
i title to the lands, the improvements on
■ which were paid for by the United States,
j was extinguished by the treaty of 1817, and
[ the acts done in pursuance ot that treaty,
, that the rights resulting to the United States
! must hrive been acquired for, and must have
, enurgd to, the benefit of Georgia. Was
r j the Indian title thus extinguished ? We
.jrnust keep in mind the nature of that title ;
that it was a right bf occupancy merely, to
. be exercised according to the usages of the
;tribe. Then we are to consider, that, by
i the terms of that treaty, and the payment
.of the valuation money stipulated for the
improvements, the United States acquired
i the right to designate the occupant- of those
I rods ; to exercise the power of exchanging
and leasing them , and that they were thus
withdrawn from the dominion of the tribe.
I Were these rights, thus acquired by a con
tinued exercise by the Indians, of their
original right of occupancy ? Quoad these
, lands, was not that right necessarily extin
guished and gone f
i By the fifth article of the treaty of 1819,
between the same parties, it is stipulated
that the leases made in pursuance of the
preceding treaty, should be void, and the
United Slates agree to remove intruders on
jthe lands reserved for the Cherokees ; but
| this atipulation.it is believed, did not affect
| the right# acquired by the United State by
I that treaty, nor is it considered that the
iterm intruders oould be applicable to the
lessees of the U.iited States, if any such
(here were, who had entered by virtue of
leases made in pursuance of that treaty, so
long as those leaes continued m fore**. It
was not, 1 think, intended by the United
Siates to relinquish the rights, which they
had acquired, and paid for, under the treaty
of 1817, and which, by force of the articles
of cession with Georgia, if for no other
cause, enured s to the benefit of that State.
1 pass then to the treaty of 1828, con
cluded with the Cherokees West of the
Mississippi, in which it is stipulated, that,
to every Cherokee yet within the limits of
I the States, who may emigrate therefrom,
and join his brethern West of the Missis
sippi, the United States will make “ a just
compensation for the property he may aban
don, to be assessed by persons to be ap
pointed by the President of the United
:States. ’’—The term “ property which he
may abandon” seems to me to relate to his
fixed property-* that which he could not
with him; in a word, the land and
improvements which he has occupied. On
payment for these, the United Siates would
1 think, acquire rights which would be in
consistent with the continuance of the right
|of occupancy theretofore existing in the
tribe, and whatever right was thus acquired
by the U.iited States, would, in the terms
of the articles of cession before referred to,
enure to the benefit of Georgia.—The prin
ciple which is embraced in the first of
these propositions, is recognised by the
tieaty of 1817 ; and although the claims
acquired under that treaty were adjusted
ami settled by the compact of 1817, yet the
United States were, 1 apprehend, free to
apply the same principle to future acquisi
tions, made with the assent of the particu
lar occupant*. To have relinquished the
right so to apply it, would have been to a
bandon the policy by which, both before
and since, they have endeavored to pro
mote the emigration of the tribes dwelling
within that btate ; of which abandonment!
the result wmld be, (hat when even a ma
jority of any tribe had been gradually with
•■' \ T
1 drawn and had received from the United
• State* compensation for Iheir respective
, claims, the remnant, however small, would
r extend their title of occupancy over all the
1 lands lying vvi'hin the limits originally al
f lotted to the whole tribe. Such, at least
/since the year 1808, seems not to have
s In-en the. understanding, either of this Gov
• eminent, or of the particular tribe where
I rights are involved in this inquiry.
r 1 am, respectfully, Sir, your obedient
u servant.
e JN. MACPHERSON BERRIEN,
e Hon. John H. Eaton.
f Department IVar.
t
i
‘ Nkw York, April Ifcv
f
ii Very from ¥*nro\ie.
>! VVe are indebted frt Captain Delano, of
■jthe packet ship Columbia, which lef' Ports
• mouth at noon of the Ist April for the Lon
i don Courier of the 31st March; and to T.
■jW. C. Mo< re, Esquire, of this city, a pass
» enger, for the Times of the same date.
! 1 Parliament was engaged on the 29th and
1 30th in debates on the Corn Laws. The
I Paris papers of 29!h had been received. The
’ expedition against Algiers under General
. Bounnont, was expected td be ready by the
• 15th. The Dauphin would "proceed to Tou-
I lon to superintend the embarkation of the
■ troops.--The Fiench will probably meet!
• with a warm reception, as the Dev’s for-
V r esses have been rendered impregnable by
> European engineers. His army of observa
• tiun consists of 85 000 men, 30,000 drilled
•in European tar ics. The Algerines it i«J
: said were full of spirits, and speak of the|
■|jmnduct of the Turks at Acre as proof
>td their ability to cope with the sabre a-:
r gainst the bayonet, with any troops. The)
I Dey says in case of attack lie will send the>
( Women into the interior, take in two years
provisions into the city, and defy the whole 1
■ power of France.
Up to the last accounts negociafions were
■ going on in France for the re-entry of M.
ID- Vdlele into the Ministry. The Quoti
'{dienne was in his favor, and the Qaz tie do
1 France opposed; but the latter in n ply to
i an intimation that it had thieatened io at
tack the Ministry if Villete should join it,
I states that h would not. The Ministry were
. tn iking preparations for a new election oi
• Deputies, when the present Chamber
: have been dissolved, Which, itdoubiless will
t be, and (hey calculate on a more "royalty
return” than even in 1827. Dismissals of
» Councillors of Stale, Prefects, &c. were in
• contemplation, preparatory to the election,
t The present Ministry, says the London
’ l imes of 31st March, “ate determined to
F m..ke no concessions—they are resolved to
J grant no commissions of enquiry either com-
I mercial, legal, or political—they regret that
! the schools of the Jesuits have been si*p
-5 pressed, and the small ecclesiastical semi
-1 .names regulated. They would have revised
• the laws of the pi ess, and the regulation for
[securing the purity of the electoral liets.”
i Mr. Callaghan had been elected a member
■ Parliament from Cork, by a majority of 16
■.votes i ver Mr. Newenham.
j Accounts from Constantinople of 26th ;
/February, represent that the Russians were
/preparing to move behind the Balkan. The
ijPacha ot Egypt was on the best terms wiih[
t; the Porte ; he would not join the Fiench,
i against Algiers, but was strengthening his
t army and navy. The second indemnity
/due the Russian merchants had been paid!
the Porte, with a large deduction in conse-'
: qu-nceof punctuality of the Porte and the;
s influence of Halit Pacha at St. Petersburg,'
i In the House of Lords oh the 29th M.arch,
F Lord King introduced a number of resolu
tions condemnatory of the pdtcyof high
■ duties on the importation of foreign Corn.)
i The Times of the 31st in commenting on
these resolutions, says of them, that they
are " resolutions which, if tru h or sound
i reasoning were to rule at all times the judg-!
nient of that illustrious assemb'y, might
[have met from their Lordships with a less
■ ambiguous welcome.” The resolutions
i|Were negatived.
.! In the House of Commons on the 30 h
f March, the Chancellor of the Exchrquer
, said he should take the most convenient
• day after the Easier recess, for considering
•a motion offered by Mr. C. Grant for ike re
eduction of the sugar duties. Returns of
• exports of British, and imports of Foreign
! wool, were ordered on motion of Mr, Frank
: land Lewis.
i The Times of the 30th says, " nearly all
I the Country letters received this morning
I speak of a growing improvement in the
i manufacturing districts, ami the gloom
I which lately prevailed respecting the state
■ of trade in the city has almost wholly dis
appeared.”
‘| A letter from London, of March 30th,
/says—“ The'Grain and Flour markets look
( well. American Flour is worth 29 to SOs.
i per barrel.” The Corn Exchange report,
however, represents the market as dull, at
F a decline of 2s. per quarter on wheat, oats
: and barley.
tj American Stocks at London, March 27,
I Four and a half per cents, 91 ; Fives, 97 ;
/Sixes, 91 a 92. New-York Fives, 102 a
•S. Onio Sixes. 110 ; do. Fives. 99 a 100.
• Penn. Five, 98 a99 Lou. Bonds, Wil
■json’s 101 a 102 ; Hirings 100 a 101. Bank
/Shares, 25/, to 15/, 5, Div. from J in. 1.
New Dollars, at L >ndon, March 30, 4s.
: 8 7 8.
London Corn Exchange, March 31.
; The arrivals this week have been plentiful,
and many of the samples remaining unsold
[at the dose of Moftdoy’s market, caused a
■ reduction oq thit of full 2«. per quarter
•f! • %
in wheat and barley, Oafs having net with
but little demand, also received a reduction
of 2s per quarter. To-day trade is very
dull, and Monday’s reduced prices can
scarcely be maintained. No alteration in
flour.
Liverpool. Markets, April I,
The sales of Colton last week (including
; those at public auction) amounted to 24 24t>
'(bales, via. 200 Sea Island at 13$ a I6d ;
! 90 Stained, at 7 a 9£d ; 8300 Upland* at
6 3 8 a 7i ; 6800 Orleans, 6760 at 5 8 a
Bsd. 40 n\ 2d ; 1120 Alabama, ai 6i a 7$ 1; %
6930 Brazil and other loreign povs.
At auction, on 28'h, DUO Sea Islands, at
15 a 134 ; 1.50 do. 7 to 12j.
The demand throughout the week was
steady &a further improvement ol 1-8 per
lb. on prices of all descriptions was nadily
f obtained from the limited stock ut Uplands
. and comparatively high prices asked, buy
. ers turned more attention to leans, thw
. sales in which were more weighty than i»r
.jsume time past. The Sea Islands often il
; at auction brought pi ices fully us high as the
('preceding business by private, but neatly
.one half were withdrawn ;<he stained s.dd
fat higher rates, owing to the trifling qa .n*
11 tity cow in this market. About 1000 Ame*
~ncan and 600 Brazil were taken on specu •
. laiionduring the week, and the import
.in same period was 26,001 bales; since
ithe Ist January the supplies fur this port
■amount to 182,250, against 156,750 to
same period last year ; fiom the United
States the increase i5,'23,500 bales*
Thus far, this week, the demand for Cot
jtun has been- languid, and consutnets arc
( endeavouring to purchase on lower terms
than last; the sales for five days past are
jcomputed at 11000 bales.
| Turpentine— 411 bids of superior quality
I brought Us. 4UI. per cwt. The Graiii
Market was very lively last week, and an
advance of 2s. 4 3s. per qr. was realised for
j Wheat, but.this week prices have given way
Is. a 2s per qr. and the transactions mode
rate. Flour in bond continues to be pur
chased freely; considerable sales have been
' made for the articles tp,arrive, a.t.27s a 275.
i 6d. and yesterday 30s. per bbl. wag paid foe
,1800 bbls. Tobacco—The-sales last moivh.
, were 624 h!ul4. say 328 Va. Leaf, 210
! Stemmed, 32 Kentucky Leaf,and 54 Stem
s mod—rnearly the whole have been taken toe
Ireland and home consumption, and in
1 prices there is no change. Our present:
' stock consists of 5750 hhds. against 7770 out
: the Ist April last year.
i| Liverpool, March 31.
The sales of cotton to-day are 500 Or
-1 leans at 6j to
-1 bamas, at 6 5-8 to 7 1-8.
j £ Liverjjool paper.
London, March St.
Twelve thousand tons of shipping were
contracted fur yesterday’ in London, to con
vey stores and troops from Toulin to Al
giers. The price oftVred, we understand,
is 15s. pet ton, to commence after the ships*
‘ arrival at Marseilles, should she be approv
-1 ed of, after undergoing a survey in that
P orf * ;rt
j. We hear that an offer has been made to
I the Thames Tunnel Directors to advance
them 200,0001 at 12$ per cent, first, and
I then to divide equally with the old proprie
tors. This we think must ultimately be
submitted to, as few would lend money for
leas on such a precarious speculation.
Sunday Times.
1 Braham. —This great vocalist does not
[•intend to accept any engagement in Lon
don this season. We hear that he actually
netted, after all his expenses were paid, up
wards of S’OOO/. by his tour in Scotland
;and Ireland.— lbid.
Great Cori/lagralion.—Thvrc was a great
fire at Bergen (Norway,) on the 26ih of
February, which •* destroyed, according to
accounts f. ora 112 to 120 houses,
besides many warehouses—l6o families are
! without shelter. The sufferers by the firo
! were partly the richer merchants. Tho 1
(houses and warehouses destroyed were iu
, su red for 55,000/. sterling, but persons well
. informed, estimate the damage at twice that
amount.”
i, France, —-The Standard, of the, evening
; "f March 31st, the latest London paper in
the country, says, the French Ministers are
1 detenn ued on « dissolution of the Cham
bers, and their influence will be avowedly
(exerted to obtain majorities in all the Elec
toral College. Their partisans complain
;of former remissuess in this respect. K- e
!rJ body, says the G.zette de Francd 8
1 “knows, that under the Ministry of Coil
cessions, the public functionaries had en
tirely withdrawn their i.ifljgnce from the.
‘electoral combat, and that monarchy hav
-1 ing ceased to act in the Colleges, democra
cy remained in possession of the field of
battle.” The fault apparently will never
,be committed again. If the Ministers suc
ceed by this, or any odier means, in, obtain
• ing a majority in the Chamber of Deputies,
the measures which they will adopt ire to
• be decisive enough. The G z*tle de France
: calls for a censorship, the re-es ablisunent
nos Jesuit schools, and small seminaries, a
j revision of the electoral laws, &c. This
• however might be a dangerous experiment;
i Some think that M. de Villele will C ome
linto power ; but though he is unqoes'i na
bly an able man, he is not trusted'by toy
party. However, his own .predict! a if, -v
-remembered. Three tor fmir years ago . n
, the opposition to hUi.Mipisj,rv; { wis "
I lent, he said, *■ Let itkeyn*as f - ~.e
1 Jacques de Vilieie -,,:a ■
r ["I will die minister.]