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«V.' ll* I tmmt • 111 r ~"-*»•'» • ■"* *
PC* fHE CONSTITUTIONALIST.
r Pan .voc/i thongs be and overcome us like a summer's
cltiwl without our s/n dal wonder. ”
Tin. K li’or ol (he Columbia Telescope
of (he 18 h ultimo, has considered it due to
!iis character to disavow expressly, any de
•re to promote a secession of South-Caro
(ina, 1 1 out the confederal’' 11 of the United
Stales!! !—And Inis it mine to this j that
;!:e editor of a rcspc'able journal, in (lie
ear ot oui Lord 1830, and in the 541 h year
f American Independ ncc, is brought to
(Ins necessity of avowing his creed : Iherej
appears to have been no ajfernative left the
editor, but to expressly deny any wish lo\
ru n his country. Tiiat country will !)■-;
ii. vo him si icero, when his conduct shall
i Her correspond with his professions, uml
)-.■■ will be p es‘. mud innoct until proven,
■■■wily. . j
It is a lamentable fact, and too notorious j
tube denied for a single moment, that a|
number of gentlemen ot South-Carolina ot,
high character for literary, military and ci-j
vil attainments, have, in c injunction with,
the conductors of two or three respectable
presses of (hat State, within the last four
or live years, advocated doctrines which me
at variance with the Constitution ot the U.
S ales, incompatible with the very exist
ence of (lie General Government, and at
war with the very principles which were all
powerful in bunging about our glorious Un
ion tlidoctrines are indigenous to South-
Carolina, in mi other Slate have (hey been
•Ivo".t i by a respectable number ot p ditici
ans, certainly by no political patty in any
other Slate, howiver insignificant ; must
unquestionably not by the Troup party in
Georgia —nor by Gov ■ nor Troup liimscll
VV mU'vrr claim to 01 gli aliiy or merit of
any other description, these nullification
(aims) “ South Carolina doctiines,” may
possess, be It (orevc ri in nil) Ted, Gc "gia
disci i ims any participations in having ori
ginaled or cherished them ; and when i say
Georgia, the doctrines relied upon and prac
tically enforced during the ndmioi.'iation
of Governor Troup, and which brought a-
Imut such triumphant results, are consider
ed Georgia doctrines —fortunately lor the
fame of that distinguished champion of.
State rights, his Sia U) almost unanimously
awards to him acquiescence in hi# docliiius,!
ami gratitude for the wisdom and efficiency
ot their enforcement—and his frien is are
unwilling ami will not submit.to such a ha
v ml, that his reputation should unjustly be
subj'clod to (he application ol a test, wVich
neither Ins State papers nor any political
sentiment everuvowed by him would sanction.
mi lie sequel. *t will be deQned to the
sa'i faotion ot the readers, what are the
“ Sou h Carolina d>c ( lrines” and what the
Georgia doctrines, or in other word#, what
are (he doctrim » id die Calhoun or Cou
rier ol Soudi C n lina, and win,' that e( ihe
I’t‘OUp or C ,i"• ( .»n f pipiy >i tie • 1— r..1
if die world should not p-TC-mve, in it ilmy
arc wide a t .lie pole# apart, that one *■ a
consti'u'io al. r.itioni.practicable doe
trine and tl\e ethei unconHtitu'ioiial, ir
rational and imp icnc.dde—then indeed
»ny labour will h v ■ been in vain, “ my
faith also vain” and my poll nid creed un
intelligible to myself. One hi gi# ceri.dn,
either ihe South Cai-dna docilities are noi
those ol I'r up or Georgia—oi 1 have b mi
acting- under a must stiuog’ itifaiu ni-m, m
advocati ig the principles upon which the
Troup parly have acquired am! letalned the
political ascendency in the State—for the
S ludi-Carolina doctrines as expounded by
the Senator Wayne, and the M rcury, the
'i elescope and Dr. Cooper, are jusi such 1
doctrines as I can never recogbi/..■ cx adapt-!
cd to any practical administration of the
Laws ol the Union under the Constitution.
It the people of South-Carolina be reallv
aggrieved by the operation of the Tariff
Caw, (if which I have no doub ) they are
too intelligent not to remember, that the » 'c
oml in command to their “ Magnus Apollo”
('o wit ) J. 0. Calhoun, advocated ami was
v msideied the father of the system in ISI(>,
and dial it he is not still in favour of u
protecting Tariff', he owes it to candour ami
to j is'icc to hi- S'ate, to state at what time
tie discarded die error, and by what means
■it teas made known to the public.
After this explanation, if it b - made in
such in inner .. to be c< mpfiheeded--
the people of dial pa liotic Stale will be
forced to the ei ((dry---lor what purj s• i»
all this exci emeu, ? \\ Wort- an* the op
pressiw s, ami by whom hare tiny hicn rm
posed '/ \\ ho is ii that is must clamorous
for the rights of th ■ State, amt why d a we
not hear oilier Slates, Georgia, Alabama
North Car lina and Vegiih, similarly ex
cited May U not be some deep intrigue
on fool which a lew a-eiMtig politicians are
direc ing i .s-ead ot the pimaient g.od n|
the Mute ? do we not ; e peace and plenty
"herever we turn our eyes-- is not tlie Go
vernment one of our own choice / Toe
answers to these several questions will giv
.a quietus to the “ nu!liUcatiuii party”—-the
game that is playing in Soum-Carolina is
a parent to every one, and tjie actors i:i it,
nst sooner or later bins!) to ten -pec; the
i -etrines they avowed, and (he arguments
by which they were defe, ded—the veil will
s abe dropped anu the native deformity
«'* ( nulliticalois exposed to (tie frowns of
mi i.ul.gnunt pr^ple —already do we hear
ini' dec 1 it-;. louts —a little longer forbear
e and all w-il b- right ! It .w superla
tivc y ridiculously 1 furbearanc • from what?
M'ui tureuts ore worse than idle, they are
weary, stale, Hat ami unprofitable.”
• I have said that a number ol gentlemen
distinguished for literary, military and civi
attainments, in South-Carolina, have fm
e several years past, advocated doctrines it
regard to the construction of the Constitu
> tion n( tin; United States—directly al vari
( ante with tiiat Constitution—incompatibU
with the very existence of the General Go
vernmont, and at war wi>h the p iociplei
1 1 which were all powerful in bringing ebuu*
lithe union o( these States under tin; preset!
i Consii utioii'—at this lime, I will content
myself with rctering the reader for evident*:
liof to* :.e charges, to the Constitution ilselj
to the i xposilion of that instr ument by Mad
ison, Hamilton and Jay, in the “ Federal
ist,” to the numbers of" one ol the people”
i-i U : it—generally ascribed to Mr. Me-
Doth ', to the speeches of Smith of South
• Carolina, and Livingston of Louisiana, re
cently delivered in the Senate of the Uni
-1 ted States-—and lastly to the common-seTse
understanding ot the people, of the United
States, since the lomuiion of the Consti
tution.
I As die leading object of this address, is
to prole . t toe docti ines of Governor Troup,
tiom amalgamation with the nullification
d- etrines ot a few infatuated politicians ol
South Carolina, with a President of a Col
lege at their head—and to record a proles>
against the sisterhood attempted to be for
ced upon us by claiming a unity of senti
ment on tiio subj ct of Stale lights with the
i roup party, winch is now the Georgia par
ty, it will be proper in tin; first place, !o
poii t nut llie difference between the rela
tive situation of South Carolina with the
General Government now, ami mat ol Geor
gia 'anii that Government timing the, ad
miois'ratioii ol Gov. Troup—and finally tu
sin w vvhit are the political doctrines now
held by the “ nullilication party” of South-
Carolina—-and what arc those ol the “ Troup
pai y ol Georgia which were proclaimed by
I* v. Troup,” iciied upon by the people ol
G' rgi» in 'heir contest wiiii the General
Government, during the administrations ol
M i roe ami Adams, which have been the
me n s ol securing to us all wc claimed—
and naught: but strict jusiicedol we claim
—and which have been practicably recog
nized as orthodox, by the present adorn,is
(ration ot the Government ol the Unitec
States,
| 'll.eStatc of South-Carolina in reality
presents no oth- r aspect so far as the ob
noxious Tariff Laws are'the subject of com
plaint, in her r«‘ia ions with ihe General
Government, than any other of the Anti
i n ill States, unless indeed, it may vyitli
sonic plausibility be urged, that in conae
” qucnce ol her wealth and commercial im
-1 parlance, u great?i amount is pai Iby her o
■ the import dudes than any other State ; bu
■ this consideration is so (ar from justifying
: the leading p mitiun in ihe cru-udu against
the common head, which she lias assumed- •
1 that it is ratii‘’i in my v"*w 1 1 he question,
an ■ ■ in* t.: against her pretensions, for
(!i moe ihe Stan; iel,itiu.ly possesses the
be. ter i- she able to bear the oppressions ol
(In I aril! Laws, in d the less reason and
•jprnvocati o I-»r cm * * (---and when it m
* m siil"ri-*i too, ih i perhaps no Sta'e in the
Uonni has b en m e ably and clficiontly
'pie*enlid in Cm gross for the last ten
.' ■ ;; ’ H I one I her distinguished sons,
i n-u I y a m tuber ol the Cabinet, is now
1 j Vies I* esident of die United States- -is it
i no! a matter ol some surprise, that when
pother Slates are comparatively passive, un
der the burthens imposed on us by the Ta
rllt L ■ ws, (lie S lie id S-uth C.iroluta a
lone should •< move Heaven and K.irth”
with (1,.- loudness and bitterness of menace,
rant and vociferation, as if the I'm iff Law
jwere especially designed to bear upon her.
Now it is veiy generally, though not univer
sally concrd d, ilntthi Tariff Law of 1828
is Ihe most oppressive and obnoxious to
the Southern Stales, of any laws (hat have
been passed since th a formation of the Go
vuiniiU!nt“--HiuJ in iins opinion I Concur.---
Nay, I would go further and declare it to
he my sincere and deliberate opinion, that
Congress oas exceeded dieir powers in en
acting the law, though it has been after a
severe struggle that Mr. McD ffie has at
gd), for the first time / believe, in his
j recent speech on the suhj ct in Congress,
p onounced it unconstitutional; while in
almost the same breath, in his report
as chain))))) ol the committee on ways
ami means, on the constitutionality ot
th Bank i f the United Stales, he finds no
d Hi oily in cutting that Oordion knot, and
considered the Hoik n perfectly conslitu
'omul, innocent, and useful sort of thing.
Now the, politicos - who mus can seriously
pronounce the chartering of a U, u ,k of the
U. Slates constitutional, & the Tariff Laws
unconstitutional, (I care not if they be
■expressly lor the 'protection of domestic
1 oi inufai. lures,) may find proselytes in Kd ;e
--ti Id, bu: cannot certainly expect them in
any other section ol the Union— the doctrine
oj implication has only to be fairly applied
in each qotsiion and the conclusion is the
■’ *(tuie—cither both are unconstitutional, or
i both not. Mr. McDuffie says, the Bank of
~!h,- United States is constitutional. It fol
• jews, il my position as to their identity be
’ J ls '* *bat the lanll Law is also constitu
-1 lioiia! lar be it from mo to consider
eiti.er ol them so ; I was taught in another
I school, by a liferent system. Thus \ have
rjdisposcd of s> uili-Carohna al present, and
• j lake in hand her lovii g sister Georgia.
i no Staie ol (~ nigia, all things conslder
’ rd, has more claims on the attention, for
-1 b arance and good will of the Federal Go
, aerniiieut, Than any other Stale of the
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jtectuig domestic hkiihimo
escaped violent opposition '•n il subsequent*
; ly lo the Tariff of 1823. The State of South
(’aroliua—No, I will not wrong that pat
|,riotic SUte---tiutli will better justify the
statement thus -a few aspiring, restless,
politicians el South-Camlina,
for ihc accomplishment i i > ml- best known
Jto themselves, have been laboring to taise
I oil the passions into exertion, to e li». all
lt jt-We parly spirits ol the Southern feiaus in
to a ernsade as unholy in its in ans, as
" clangerous in its purposes, against the
(union of (he States— True the} have not
. openly avowal this purpose, but luuv sd-j
* d in in (he affairs of men are the real
e motives of action avowed-- in the sacred
I ,iame ol .ib r y every page of history in-
I sci ib. s the bloody record of revolu ioiis, :
j which have been produced by tho-e w,o
( protess tin- gicutest attachment to me rights!
of the pe. p v, but who, al er successlul ie 1
■ Isislance to established authouy have eo
slaved theii Idluw-beings and brought in
finitely greater c.lambics upon them th.tnt
I those from winch they had been delivered—,
ami aUh mglt in chari’y I am bound to rc-j
jlicve oji infatuated nuglumuis from desig is;
' -so criminal as to
j *' Hring blood and destruction so in nee,
- i Ami dreadful o \rcts so familiar,
y, Thai inothnis -h«U but smile
! When they behold their mluntsqunrlered by the hardof man ”
• Yet that the inevitable consequence of
’ (lie prac.ic al t -st of their principles must re
• suit in revolu'ion or intestine war, none can
; seriously doubt, when il is remembered too,
* that one of the master spirits of Ih.spoliti-'
' cal whirl rind, a few years ago, while
1 writing under the signature of “ One of ihr
■| People,” avowed sentiments cxultingly, as
’(entertained by Mr, Calhoun and himself,
11 which were as utterly at war with the pre
sent orthodoxy of South Carolina, and as
‘ subversive ol the first principles of Slate
! lights, as can be possibly im g'nied. How
1 unfortunate for some great men that princi
ples are not in their nature as mutable as
•linen —How fortunate for the cause of vir'ue
' sin! the people that principles are uniform
1 and immutable, whatever maybe the ab
' orations of “man, proud man J” Toe doc -
1 trines avowed by “O le ol (he People” have
j been adverted to, not wilh a design tore-!
jvive unpleasant reminiscences or to unclose
wounds which time has heah'd, but with a'
; single eye to the expose of the absurdity of
j the nullification doctrines, even upon their;
(own principles, I shall avail myself of a
‘| few excerpts from that source, without
'(committing my own opinions on the correct
jness of his positions, 1 need not say, as I
(do, once for all, that I believe (hem general
1 ly erroneous—-Hear “ One of the People,’'
in 18-21, after the Tarilt Law’s were in full!
‘(operation: “If there is nothing in the. orgi
’! ni/.ation ol .the General Government which
is calculated to render it an object of sus
picion, still less is there in the subjects to
j which its powers extend.” Again. “So !
’ j far, therefore, as we regard the charactei
■;ot the powers exorcised respectively, by the
(General and State Governments, the latter!
have much the greater power (o injure the!
people—in fact the powers of the General.
1 Government are almost exclusively protec
tive.’ Again, in reply to the charges made
■ by the *• Trio,” against Mr. Calhoun, that
lie was “ a Rank man,” the author of (he
■ scheme of internal improvement,” the pro
' lector of domestic manufactures by increas
es,” and “(he advocate of liberal
ftion and implied power.” “ One of
pie” says: “ In the impartial judg- 1
after ages, which will but confirm
non already made by his country,l
lures with which you have associated •
G and with most of which il is real
ified, will be looked upon as so many
inis of his wisdom and talents ; he
in the first a decided advocate of
IV, the Bank, Internal Improvement,
1 Taxes, when necessary, and liberal
ies in construing the Constitution for
set ul &. national purposes---and now
‘wrong the, honorable men,” I will
tit some explanation of the opinions >
Calhoun were made as follow- : “He
ed that the manufactures had rnea- I
sustained the war by their enter- •
that they had powerfully operated in |
the hostility of the Eastern States i
measure. In addition to this, lie <
ined, that, upon an enlarged view of
ilpoli y, it was expedient to encour-Jt
a certain extent, the manufacture of, c
Hides which are essential to the de- t
I the country in time of war.” t
ie Geneial Government is as truly r
imminent of the whole people, as a b
iovernment is of a part of the peo- c
the Senate is chosen by the State »
Pure, because the people of the United t
delegated that power to them, and:a
virtue ol any inherent rights which!f
possessed as Slates-- the Slate Guv- I
nts too are die absolute creatures of s
*"p.e, and have no political powers, a
l‘ gated to them by their respective s
lution, and consistent with the Con-[«
on ol the United Stales.” “ The "
, as political bodies, have no original l ;
nl rights —that they have such rights b
ilse, dangerous, and anti-republican e
plion, Which lurks at the bottom of c
reasonings in f vor of Suite Rights.”,H
ake a case that has already occurred**
itional Legislature chaiter a Bank l(
:r great national purposes; the na
judiciary decide that the act creating
trporatioti is constitutional and valid
State authorities decide that the ac
.corporation is unconstitutional am
and attempt by the Legislative act t(
oy the Bank. Here you see the gov
-lent ot a single State rising up agums
. the government ot all the States, and at
- tempting to resist that government. iNov
- let me ask you. jv’lnch ot the parties to thii
; contest is more worthy of the confidence o
, the people < f the U. Slates, the General Gov
, e'Mnent. or the Stale Government, which i
i,created by, and responsible to, not more that
> one ’weetieth or thirtieth part of their num
i her f” “li we can more safely trust the ruler!
'ot our choice than those who are not the ro
i lf>s of our choice, the question is answered.’
; ( “Kor my own part I can conscientiously say
aod | stand upon constii u<ional grounr
when I say so, that 1 have, as a citizen ol
he Union, precisely as much confidence in
■•the General Government as I have in tin;
Government of my own State, and infinitely
more so than I can or ought to have in the
ij-gev foment of the other States.”
Upon the. discretion of Congress, in lay
ing and collecting taxes, and raising and
Nop*-.rung armies, t ere are no restrictions
but those imposed by nature. Congress may
i| ti*h ih se powers to the utmost verge in
dicated by the physical capacity of the
country, they may, upon the slightest occa
sion, and for the mo 4 unwise, improvident,
and wicked ends, draw from the people, (of
(ho States too!) the utmost farthing that can
be spared from their suffering families to
fid the national coffers-and call out the
last man (hat can be spared from raisin o '
toe necessaries of life, to fill the national
armies, and fight the battles of ambitious
| rulers—and all this, however inexpedient,
unjust and tyrannical, they can do without
transcending (he limits of / heir constitu
tional authority ///” And again---" For if
aher the national judiciary hive solemnly
affirmed the constitutionality of a law, it is
;still to be resisted by State mlers. the Con
•ititu'ion is literally at an enf/*--a revolution
in the government is alieady accomplished,
mid anarchy wears his horrid sceptre over
die broken altars of this happy Union.”
I now invite every man of patriotism, in
telligence, and candor, in the United States,
(,o apply these doctrines embraced in the
ton g ing ex 1 1 acts to the present pi etensions
of the nullificators of Soutli-Carolina, and
jal ) (he arguments by the same gentleman,
j as chairman of the committee of ways and
>eans, on the suhj-ct of the United Stalcs
Bank, and then advert to his speeches at
public dinners, in his own district, and in
] Congress for the last five years, including
die one recently delivered in Congress on
die iat ill Question, and say how he can
face his constituents in his present dress,
without laughing outright at-the palpable
’inconsistencies between his opinion at one
tune and at another, or in other woids, be
tween his theory and his practice.
II ivmg been led out of the track (raced
jout for my government in this address, by a
I recurrence hi valuable reminiscences, 1 re
sume the ch, in of the comparison wilh which
I, set oui, between Georgia and South-
Carolina, in their respective contests with
the General Government—The doctrines
jmisnamed in Congress, *•. Suuth-Carolioa
doctrines,” but which I understand more
justly to be entitled to the appellation of the
j nullification doctrines of a discontented fac
tion in South-Carolina, ( suppose to amount
ito this, to wit :
! That after the Congress of the United
| States have from time to time been engaged
in discussions on the constitutionality, die'
I necessity, expediency, kc. &c. of the Tariff
: Laws, and passed by respectable majorities,
various laws of that cliaiacter, ail of which
, iiave received tlie solemn sanction of our
j most esteemed Republican Presidents, in-
J eluding General Jackson, who is certainly
not considered the best expositor of the
Constitution, of ail his predecessors ; the ;
S ate of South Carolina, though represented - 1
in Congress agreeably to her relative im - |
jportanco in the Federal scale, having one I
jof hei distinguished sons in the Cabinet, and
et'j >ying from a variety of associations, the
good wiil of the President of the United
States himself, declares it to be her right
und duty, by Convention or by the Legisla
ture, under the Constitution, to declare the
law unconstitutional,, and therefore void,,
andsd no force or binding authority on the
people of South-Carolina. If (his be the
true exposition of the Constitution of my
country, I pray to be delivered from so con
temptible a Government, in which the un
natural in mster is produced of laws with- -
out sanctions, and a nation without a head—
the veriest anarchy in the universe---lesr>
to bo respected than the sanctions which,
regulate the meanest Hamlet, and more ts»
be contemned th.an (he most attenuated
cob-web that bestrides (he air. This is not
a pretence ol the rigid of revolution for in
tolerable oppression. No—it is avowedly
a resort to constitutional means, and in con
formity with the Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions of J 9B and ’99—Oa a dispas-f
sionatc examination of those resolutions, I
am pursuaded that (he nullification, there
supported, does not justify the application
made by the Sou h-Carolina nu 11 itiers—and
were it as palpable as the meredian sun in
favor ol the tiu I!iliers, the case would not
be altered- -the “ magic of a name,” how
ever elevated in the temple of fame, cannot
consecrate error, nor screen the convicted
traitor from the nunishrnent
Hit puuiwimeni aunexen to ms
.. crime, by the omnipotent voice of a violated
o Constitution and Law,
i-j “ Ami n .v look on this
g I In? Georgia controversy with the Gene
l.;ral Government will strike every reader as
-t one of its own kind, unlike any other that,
d has occurred in the history of the republick,,
o and it is due* to the picture also to premise*
.. (hat Georgia refused obedience to no Gene
i{‘raL Laiv of the United States, as will be the
[.'case in the nullification system, should it be
w put to the test —(he attempted abrogation of
is,'he freaty of the Indian Springs of 1825,
>f hy the lieaty-making power, could only be
considered as a special Law , exclusively ape-
on Georgia , and in no wise imerest
n ing to other States of the confederacv---and.
(.(whether the rights of the State as claimed
■S hy Uov. Troup- were strictly rights ornot,
(. the integrity of the Union was not endanger
»*.eel---it was most strictly a question between
1 1 two independent sovereignties—e ach posses
d 8 > 'g tights, which it would have been as
,f puerile as it would have been dangerous to
n :comprornit-—lndependently of the constilu
e tional founda ion upon which the State re
y posed in that eventful struggle, I contend
e that the acts of Mr. Adams, and his ad
visers had been so palpably erroneous, and
■-jthe lights of the State so wantonly sported
j with, that the State would have been justs—
s fied, so far as the principle was concerned,
y in recurring to first principles and resisting
. the execution of (he, law—-which would have
e been not in accordance with the constitution,
.(but perfectly in unisomviih the rights, which
no people ever should, and which the people
fj°f this country never have parted with, the
f right to resume their powers when intolera
-0 ble. oppression justifies it. What then was (he
cjquestiun between the General Government
• and Georgia? The story has been often (old,
[(but it can loose nothing by repetition—lt has
sinot yet palled upon the public taste.
>1 The General Government in 1802, enfor
ced into a solemn compact with Georgia, to
extinguish the Indian titles to all the lands
f lying within her limits, so soon as it could
(be done “peaceably & on reasonable terms,”
1 many opportunities had been omitted by the
• Government to fulfil this pledge to the
i State, or at least much solicitation on the
*| subject hail not been evinced; the State had
r remonstrated, petitioned, urged, entreated
land invoked the Governmentfrom time to
time tor a period of twenty years, to comply
,| with the obvious requisitions of the com'-
-• pact and of justice—at length in Febmary
> 1825, a Treaty was entered into between
1 the United States and the Creek nation of
, Indians—-by which Georgia became pos
sessed of the lands ceded by said Treaty,
• which in purl discharged the compact with
t the General Government to Georgia—-the
V State held no property by sounder titles
I than the lands thus acquired-—for when it
iiis considered that the objections to the va
-1 jlidiiy of the treaty which caused Mr. A
• dams to resolve to refer it again to Con- 1
' S'ess, were presented in their boldest relief
■ previous to its ratification— by the Senate
,in the first instance, after the presentation «
Mo the Senate by Mr. Monroe, and approv- ;
I d by M r - Adams, who can doubt, the
i perfect right the State had, to stand upon
- her sovereignty—-and refuse to any tribunal
\ on earth, the right to sell, or otherwise dis
pose of the property of the State---for the
;( State or its citizens iiad no better right to
S|:my property real'or personal, than she had
in the land then lately ceded for her use,
by the treaty of the Indian Springs.— In
'lthe ascertainment of (he question at issue
[between the General Government and Geor
i gia, 1 consider it unimportant at this time
of day to recount all the subjects of com
-1 plaint which the State had against the Gov
ernment, the insults offered by Gen. Gaine*
and 1 iraothy Pickering Andrews to the