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VOL. II.) ATHENS, GEORGIA: PRINTED BY ALEXANDER M’DONNFLL, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4, iso. ( From Mitchell's Tour t Niagara.) Reajons for fufpofmg that the great Lakes of North America were ori ginally comfefed of Salt water . The remains ef marine animals througout the continents of the earth hive long been cited as proofs that the ocean foranerlly covered them; fithcphytrus and tcft’ccous fub ftances are fo numerous and dilhn guifhable, that in the prefent cafe the mind is eafily led to this conclu fion. They abound the greater part of the way from Cayuga to Buftaloe and Erie through the coun tries of Seneca, Ontario, GennelTee and Niagara, a diftance of more than one hundred miles. They ere found dfo in Montgomery, Madifen, St. Lawrence, Oneida an.d other counties. At the remarkable fuiphurcus fpring in the town, of Ptlphs, eleven miles Northweft of Geneva, they appear like coralines and madrepores. On both fides of the GenndTee and Tcnewanto fi vers, they reieisibie marine fhefls, while, on the Eaft and Weft baoka of Niagara river, they affurae, in addition to the already enumerated forms thefe that have ermnectifly been called wafpfaefts and honey combs. In fomefcafes thefe calcar eous pet**ifa£tions are blended with py rites j and in others, they are impregnated with a petroleum or bituminicus matter called Seneca oil. On viewing thefe appear ances, the mind recurs t© the un.sf cenamed time when oceanic writer or the primitive globe rolled over this land, and afterwards on the emergence of the latter, withdrew to valleys and lower The faiine waters were thus collect ed in the places they have /ince occupied, while the upland became bare and dry, on the fubfidence of the deluge. It may therefore be reasonably con cluded that the inferiors lea, now mi fc ailed lakes, were originally filled with fait water. Their pre lent frefnaefs, on this fuppcfiti©o, is the confequence of the dilution they have undergone, changing them from briny ftas to frefb. lakes. 1 o underftand the fubjeft, let On \ Erie and the Upper Lakes of i- : ith America, he compared with the colkThons of fak water, In the other pens of the world. The Cafpian is naturailjf fait, and retains that quality he erne there is no out let, the waters it receives by the rivers and rains are fo nearly bal anced by that which goes off by evaporation, that this refervoir has never burft its boundary. The like cbk*rvatin applies to the Lead Sea 1n Syria. The exhalation from its fur face Gems to be flip plied from T ’--c irfiux of the Jordan. And ‘•her* has bsen no ft fficient accumu '3tion to force a psifage out. Ihe Mediterranean has a communication Foreign Correspondent * ** v*'. GEORGIA EXPRESS. MANY SHALL RUN Tft AND FRO, AND KNOWLEDGE SHALL BE INCREASED. with the Atlantic, Sc its faltnefs.is preferved by the fupplies it re ceives through the Herculean Straits near Gibraltar. The fame remark may be made concerning the Euxine j though the large and numerous freffi rivers which empty into it, co-operating with its more Nor thern and cold ficuation, impel the faline part of it through the Terra cian Bofphorus and Straits of the Dardanelles into the Archipelago. Should the fup.pl y through the Danube, the Dnieper, the Dmefter, the Don and other tributary rivers be mere cor. fide table than the quantity carried off in vapor, the Black Sea muft find a difeharge in to the Egeaa, and a diminution of its faltnels by dilution with river water, be the confequsnce. It is accordingly well underftood that the Euxine is undergoing the frUh ening procefs, which has long ago been completed in the great Ame rican lakes. The Mexican prefents a cafe, which ftrengly corroborates tins doftrine. Of the two lakes which impart health and conveni ence to the city of Mexico, the up per one is frefh & the lower fait.— The fait is not a muriate, but a carbonate of feda, like that of the Nitrian pools of Egypt s the argu ment lofes none of its force on that account. . Two /beams which enter the upper lake have wafhed out the alkali, and carried it down to the l®wer bafon. From this latter in dry feafor.s, more water goes off by exhalation than come in by the cur rent. Exten&ve ffioals are left bare and enarufted with aikelinc cryftala which the natives gather and fell, when from copious rains this lower lake rifes above a certain height, it overflows as fome other ponds are known to do, and finds an occafion al outlet. The inland Gas of North Ame rica differ from all thofe cafes, ex cept that of the upper lake ©f Mex ico. They are unlike the Cafpian and Judean feas, becaufe thefe latter have no sutlers. They vary from the Mediterranean and Euxine intf much as their fupplies are abundant, and the outlets of the American lakes pals along fuchdeclivities, and are fo rapid and precipitous, that the current always lets vehement one way, and wholly prevents a re flux, and they can fcarcely receive a more apt and happy illuftration than the Mexican lakes afford.— Their original faltnefs may there fore be conceived as having been fudjeffed to inceffant dilution, and the frelhened waters as having left their refer veirs never to flow back. Under fuch circumftances where the fait water was conftantly going forth and the rrefh water running in, it muft neceffarily have happened, that the former would gradually be exhaufted and its place occupied by the latter. Thus, it may be con- ceived, that the ancient faltnefs of our lakes was loft. When howe ver we furvey the marine exuviae on their fhores we can with difficul ty refufe full credit to thefe evi dences of the former ftate of things. When alfo we refleft that Erie abounds with Burgeons, who never vific the ocean, we muft conclude that a fiffi, which uftd ca migrate fiom fea to river, and from fait to feffi, has gradually been weaned f om his marine habits, and become a peiLA frefli water animal. The Salmon of Ontario is believed by feme to be a witnefs of the fame faft. Since the tranfitien, it is faid he has acquired the faculty of living without brine, and become content ed with the unfalted water of his mtive lake. LONDON Augustus. By the new Swedifh conftitution, waich has. lately been made public atStockholm, in five fheets quarto, the king is to be affllted by a coun cil of date, confiding of nine mem bers, by whole advice he makepeace or war, and tranfafts all important affairs. All public offices muft be filled by natives. The king has the fupreme command of the land and naval forces. The royal age of maturity takes place at twenty.- Should the male branch of the toyal family becom extinft, the council governs until the dates are con voked. No prince royal can marry without the confent of the Bates. , August 29. The people of England are at length beginning to awake from the delufive dream by which they have been amuled for the lad month. The expedition, as we predicted, and as every perfon of common un derstanding might have forefeen, is about to return, without having ac complished the avowed ohjed for which it was prepared. Whether a difference of opinion among the fupertor officers does ©r dots not exiftj whether col. Congreve did or did not tome hme for order?, with refpedi to the ulterior objefts of our armament, we will not un dertake to fay -but this wc know, that our force has lingered before ficondary objects, until the grand primary objeilt of the expedition is believed to be now unattainable.— Thus ends the conqueft of Holland, and expuifion of king Louis. Even Flufiling, aimoft the firft fruits of our efforts, is already threatened, cz compelled to (land on the defenfivc! When we look back even but a few weeks, and reflect on the op probrious calumnies, with which every one prefuming to doubt the full fuccefs of the expedition, was leaded, we furely may be excufed for exclaiming—what infatuation! The accomplilhmert of the ulte- (No. 75. rior objefts of the expedition feeras to be completely given up, and the belief is now’ very generally preva lent that the operations of the ex peditions in Holland are at an end. r l he aimoft univerfal queftion now is, where does the expedition go next—fome fay to Sicily—fome to Cadiz—others to Lifbon—Peijt/’wt? it will puzzle ©ur v ters to know where to feno| U e ra p t ,. We now relinquifh all hope 01 ‘lne' 1 power of England being ufu3lly dl re<fted by men who have fo repeat edly exhibited proofs of utter inca pacity in that refpedL In what part of the peninfula the late Sir A. Wellefley will receive the notification of his exaltation to the rank of Vifcount, is uncertain— for brilliant as is the luftre reflected on the Britilh army and command er, by their gallant defence at Ta lavera—they have retreated—are retreating—and muft retreat, before a difeipiined and experienced force, of acknowledged numerical fuperi oricv. From Germany, we are without intelligence. Amongft the next that is received may be anticipated peace between France and Auftria ; and long before Chriffmas, we ap> prehend, that neither on the Great Feninfula, nor on the continent c£ Europe, with the exception of Gib raltar, will there be one Britiffi re giment, Laft week William Conftable & Richard Cockcroft, two manufac turers, were apprehended at Hull, for preparing to leave this kingdom for America, The dominions of Hanover, to the amount of two millions oflivres yearly, have been diftributed by Bonaparte among his generals and rninifters, The following have the largeft grants: —■ Bertnier, Bernadotte, Mortier,’ Duroc, Key, Angereau, Maffena, Caulincourt, Davouft, Gault, Lefe bvrt; Lebrun, Beffieres, Junot, Vic)or, Fcuche, Cftampagny, De eres and Creteto Glasgow, Aug. 24. Extra?, of a letter from a gentleman at Dornoch y to bis friend in Glaf gozt'y dated v/tb Aug. 18(59, re ceived m town yefterday. “ I have to relate one of the meft awful and the moll melancholy ac cidents that ever occurred in this part of rhe world. Laft Wedneiclay being the fair-day ar. Tain, the fer ry boat in croffing from that fide to the fouth fide, funk, and the whole on board perifhed, amounting no upwards of 120 fouls, among whom were Sheriff M £ Cu!loch, Mr. John Lnfiie, merchant, and Label his lif ter, Szc. There were upwards of 20 from the town and 63 from th * Parifti. It is eafier for you to conceive than for in: to deferibe the awful fi liation of the whole