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YOUTHS’ COLUMN.
ABOUT GLASS.
f*Y MRS. M. K. WINSLOW.
M Swell ft foolish little girl as Alice is,
mother; 1 could hardly get her away from
the tea store down town.”
♦•But, mother, it was so beautiful,” said the
little maiden, just returned from the rare
treat of an evening’s walk among the stores,
while looking rather reproachfully at her big
brother. “It looked like great jewels—
green, red, blue and white, only shining and
moving just like fire.”
“She means the sign above the store,
mother; it does look pretty when the gas is
lighted ; but, then, you know, it’s only glass,
after all.”
“Why only glass, my son ?”
“Why, glass is so common; just as com
mon as—windows,” said the boy, at a loss
for a suitable comparison.
“ But common things are often the most
beautiful, my dear, and in this'ease you have
put your contemptuous only before one of
the most interesting and useful thiwgs man
ufactured by men. The word glass, which
our Saxon ancestors spelt glues, was at first
given to all things that could shine. The
Germans called amher gles, the Swedes
termed gold glis, and the French called ice
glace, all for the same reason : while our
words glare, glance, glitter and glisten are
derived from the same roots.”
“ What is glass made of?” said Alice.
"Just of sand and ashes, called scientifi
cally, silica and an alkali , with something
else called a f"X, to make it melt easily—
lead, borax, manganese, or some other metal.”
“ I know how glass was discovered,” said
Torn; “our teacher told it to us. One day
some Phoenician sailors, who had a cargo of
soda, landed near the month of the river Be-
Ins. at the foot of Mount Carmel, in Pales
tine. They made a fire to cook their supper,
and took some lumps of soda to stand their
pot on. The fire was so hot it melted the
soda and sand, which ran together and thus
became glass.”
“Yes, that is the old story, though a good
many people doubt it ; but it is certain that
glass was made by the Egyptians at least
5.f.00 vears ago. or before the Hebrew's came
out of Egypt, as w’e read in the book of Exo
dus. Glass beads of ancient, date are found
in the catacombs and among the ruins of
Egypt, and, curiously enough, the earliest
glass known was that which has been so much
talked about of late, bine glass; the Egyp
tians seem to have originated no other color.
Nearly all the nations of antiquity seem to
have known about and used glass. It was,
of course, among the * spoils’ which the Jews
carried up into Canaan ; it was made in Borne
two centuries before the Christian era, and
from thence spread to Gaul or France, Spain
and Britain. The Roman glass was wonder
fully beautiful and possessed a texture more
like that of precious stones than can be made
at the present day. It was of all sorts of
colors, transparent and opaque, and used for
all sorts of purposes, the colors being given
by metal. Often two or three layers of dif
ferent colors and kinds were laid closely to
gether and heated till they at the edges,
and then the outside layer was cut into beau
tiful and intricate patterns. But the most
curious process was the putting together, ac
cording to a certain pattern, rods or threads
of different colors and shades, and combining
them in one rod, which, while it was still
warm and soft, was drawn out to any degree
of fineness. When this rod cooled, the nipees
were cut otf, on the surface of which #ould
be seen beautiful pictures, some of the lines
of which were so fine that they can only he
seen by a magnifying glass.
“In the Middle Ages, the Venetian glass
was the most celebrated. The great cathe
dral of St. Mark was built in the eleventh
century, and as its inside surface is almost
entirely covered with mosaics, chief!}’ com
posed of glass, a great quantity of glass
wr rkers were drawn together from Asia and
elsewhere, and glass-making became the chief
industry of the city. The Venetian glasses,
cups, mirrors, &e., arc all very light and ele
gant; and there were six different kinds of
work in which the workmen, who were all
placed upon the island of Murano and pro
tected bv government, excelled, the chief of
which were vitro di trina (lace-work.) latticino
(with milk-white threads,) crackled or frozen,
and avoantnrino (speckled with gold).”
“ Was glass always used for window-panes,
mother ?”
“Not so universally as it is now, and yet
more than is generally supposed. A frag
ment of a glass window-pane was found in
one of the houses of Pompeii, buried, as you
know, only seventy years after the Christian
era. During the Middle Ages it was made
for windows in all European countries, and
was especially applied to churches whose
stained or painted glass windows were among
their choicest art treasures. I think, my bov,
if you were to study the subject a little, and
learn how really valuable this ‘common’ sub
stance has been and still is, you would not
again say only glass/’
“ There is one use of which you have not
told us. mother—telescopes, microscopes, and
all that,”
“Yes, optical glasses; natural science
would still be in its babyhood but for these,
and strangely enough, they were discovered
almost as soon as glass was. A lens, which
is a piece of glass thicker-in the middle than
at the edges, wa9 found among the ruins of
Ninevah ; the Emperor Chan of China, 2,283
years before Christ, is said to have observed
the planets through a glass. Spectacles were
invented by Salvino d’Armato, in Florence,
before 1317. Cornelius Drebhei invented
the microscope in 1572, and Keppler, the
telescope, in 1571.”
“ I should like to see glass made.”
“ Yes ; some time 1 will take botkyou and
Alice to a glass-house; the process is very
interesting. First, the ingredients are pul
verized very finely and baked. Then they
are melted together, and the melted mass is
either poured into moulds and pressed into
shape, which is an entirely American inven
tion, or hlown into bubbles and then shaped
by the skill and taste of the workmen, and
tilien, every article must be annealed —that is,
gradually cooled to prevent their flying to
pieces when anything touches them. Some
times the glass is made very tough by plung
ing it into hot oil while it is still warm, in
which case it may be dropped on a stone floor
without receiving any injury. There are six
kinds of glasses made, each requiring a pecu
liar fabrication and a peculiar building and
furnace. These are bottle,crown, sheet win
dow, plate. Hint, and colored glasses. You
would be interested also, I think, in the pro
cess of cutting or engraving glass. Former
ly, this could only be done with a diamond
or very hard steel point, and under the pres
sure some of the very finest ami heaviest
plates would develop a crack or flaw which
rendered them useless; but reeentl3 r a pro
cess has been discovered called a sand blast,
by which fine, sharp sand is blown steadily
against the glass ; the curiosity is that a piece
of lace fastened on the surface will not be in
jured, while its pattern will be distinctly cut
upon the smooth, polished surface.”—A T . Y.
Observer,
THE FARM.
SWAMP MUCK AS A MANURE.
Perhaps no subject connected with agri
culture of equal magnitude, has given origin
to so much talking, opinion and guessing, as
that of swamp muck, especially in regard to
its nature and intrinsic value as a manure.—
Supposing, from this condition of things, that
there must he same violation of chemical or
vegetable law cither in its preparation or use,
to give rise to so many views, .1 concluded to
add my humble stock of knowledge on the
subject in the form of a few hints that may
assist someone who is seeking light on the
subject.
Swamp muck of which we have thousands
of acres lying waste in this country is of a
black appearance generally, but not always
destitute of vegetation. It is an accumula
tion of vegetable matter in a more or less de
composed state, chiefly of coarse, swampy
growth, rich in carbon, and while in process
of decay seldom supports the growth of the
higher order of plants ; hence their general
barrenness. The decay of the primary plants
under these conditions, creates quite a large
per centage of crenic acid, which permeates
the whole mass and is directly poisonous to
the higher orders of plants. The presence of
this free acid is indicated by the reddening
of the vegetable blue when introduced into
it. Crenic acid, in common with all acids, is
poisonous to all our higher class of plantlife.
It is well known that plants have not the
power of discernment between hurtful and
harmless elements of food ; hence acid will
enter the circulation with ease, spreading
death through the whole. Unfortunately for
plant life, it partakes of whatever is placed
before if, with no evidence of approaching ill
until the final succumbing of the plant. This
is a point that cultivators often lose sight of;
there is often as much diversity in the consti
tution of plants in this respect, as there is in
that of animals.
There is a fundamental principle in every
system of manuring that ought always to be
strictly adhered to. In fact, all manuring
ought always to be guided be vegeto-cheini
cal rules with a clear knowledge of the com
position of both soil and manure, as well as
the nature and habits of the plant under cul
tivation. And here I may add, the simple
fact of the diversity of opinion among culti
vators on many of these points, show that
these principals are surely violated some
where. as the vegeto-ehemical laws upon which
they are based, are as reliable and unchange
able as those of mathematics. They never
permit the least violation ; they are in all
cases, “yea and amen.” Here, doubtless,
upon close examination, will be found the
starting point of the numerous opinions of
practical men.
But to return to our muck. In all cases
the acid ought to he first removed. This is.
probably, best done by throwing it out into
small heaps and allowing all the water to fil
ter and draw off. When it becomes as dry
as possible, mix thoroughly with it, caustic
lime, and turn the mixture over occasionally
to more thoroughly incorporate it The lime
will neutralize the acid and assist in the de
composition of the tough fibrous roots of the
plants still remaining in the muck, thereby
fitting them for plant food.
T,he removal of the acids present in the
muck, is the first step absolutely necessary in
its manipulation for manurial purposes, and
this may be accomplished by other agents as
well as lime. One of the very best methods
is to dry it and then use it as an absorber in
night soiling horses or cattle, thereby saving
the posphat.es as neutralizers. This requires
more time and labor, but it will insure a val
uable manure. But in this operation keep in
mind the principle involved.
The better to impress upon the mind the
poisonous nature and action of the weaker
acids on the life of the higher class of plants.
I will relate what I have seen. Several years
ago. a little periodical was published in Cleve
land. 0.. in which appeared an article strongly
recommending a process for the extirpation
of the cureulio from the plum. This process
was to bore holes in the trunk of the tree and
fill them with vinegar. Several of my neigh
bors tried it, and the result was the expulsion
of the insect and the death of tlie tree. I
have also seen the speedy death of bushes
and choice flowering plants follow the empty
ing of pickle jars aaound them. So that,
from what is known, there can be no doubt of
the deleterious effects of the acid which ex
ists in swamp muck, and until tiiis is neutral
ized it can not be safely employed as a
manure.
Air-slacked lime may be used for this pur
pose, but in this the caustic action on
the undecomposed part is lost; by' using the
| caustic both, these essential ends are secured
! and an exceedingly valuable plant food is
obtained, which must be admitted to occupy
a high place among the fertilizers for all ag
ricultural purposes, and which will fully re
pay all the labor and expense incurred in se
curing it.
In preparing muck, the chemical principles
referred to, must never be lost sight of, and
the two essential things, neutralization of the
acid, and decomposition of the decayed vege
tation, must not be sacrfficed to convenience
or supposed economy. Thus it has been
suggested that gas lime would be cheaper;
but the use of gas lime as a simple manure
or as a neutralizer of the swamp acid, must
always be attended with uncertainty. Ow
ing to the numerous gasses present, and the
uncertain character of their action on plant
life, every step must be regarded as an ex
periment in the use of lime. In laying out
a walk through the lawn on the grounds of a
residence on Euclid avenue, it occurred to
me, from what I knew of the nature of gas
lime, that it would make a good foundation
for m} r walk. After digging out some four
inches of the sandy soil, I laid in some two
inches of the gas lime and covered it with
earth. This experiment succeeded, for it has
remained free of weeds and grass for twenty
five years, and still remains in the same con
dition.—J. Lung Cassells , M. D. t in Practi
ced Farmer.
IdPEvery young man who wants to get rich
quickly by his own honest efforts ought to go
to Texfis. There is the case of one y r oung
man, of twenty-one 3’ears of age, who went
out there a y'ear ago, and has already’ become
>he owner of a fine stock-farm, the stock con
sisting of four mules, eight horses, fifteen
head of cattle, one wife, seven children and a
mother-in-law. There is nothing conceiva
ble—except his ready-made family, per
haps—to keep that young man from getting
rich. —Courier t Tour.
TEMPERANCE COLUMN.
More energy is probably manifested in the (
temperance reform now, than at any time
since its beginning. There are more socie
ties now than ever before ; some of them are
the following: Sons of Temperance, Friends
of Temperance, Good Templars, True Re
formers, Womans’ Christian Temperance
Union, Red Ribbon, Blue Ribbon, &e., &c.
These are only a few of the great number of
unions—each of which supplement the work
of the others, The numerous petitions from
the Temperance Societies and Churches,
show the sentiment manifested at this time.
These movements are encouraging to the
true reformers. Senator Morrill, of Vermont,
and Congressman Frye, of Maine, each in
! their respective halls, have introduced bills
! providing for a Commission of Enquiry con
! cerning the liquor traffic in the United States.
The object of the bill, is, to get officially, the
effect that the traffic in, the use of, and man
ufacture of alcohol has upon the government
at large; its relation in a financial point of
view, and its effects upon society and the
morals of the whole people. To accomplish
this, the bill provides for the appointment of
disinterested parties to compose the Com
mission of Enquiry, who shall have the pow
er to summon witnesses and make thorough
investigations in various portions of the
Union. In other words, a committee ap
pointed to investigate a subject that many of
us believe is a fraud upon an intelligent
Commonwealth. This bill has passed the
Senate twice before, but failed in the House.
It is thought that the Senate will pass the
bill again, making the third time.
lion. H. W. Blair, of New Hampshire, has
introduced a bill in Congress to amend the
Constitution of the United States, so as to
prohibit the sale, manufacture and importa
tion of alcoholic liquors in this Union after
the year 1900. twenty-two years hence. I
say, taking these facts into consideration,
that the “signs of the times” arc encouraging.
These measures are wholesome, beneficial,
practical, economical, and we earnestly hope,
probable. Total prohibition is bound to
take place, sooner or later, unless this tidal
wave of Temperance begins to recede. In
dications to this effoct point to the contrary.
Our people are on the high road to civiliza
tion ; and as our nation becomes more en
lightened, the Temperance movement will
take higher ground. Temperance is closely
connected with morality and religion, and as
the one advances, so will the other follow in
its wake.
When we speak of Prohibition, from all
hands the cry comes, our liberties are endan
gored. But such complaints only come from
those that have a greed for gain and a mor
bid appetite for drink. They tell us, moral
suasion ! moral suasion !! is our remedy.—
Granted, this is good in its place; but its
power is wholly inadequate, when you place
in juxta-position avarice, appetite and gentle
suasion. Common observation support*, this
proposition. We have abundant proof of
this in our own midst. Some would not quaff
the bowl, but ah! the temptation cannot be
resisted. The inebriates in their sober
thoughts, make good resolves, but the bars
to good society cannot be overleaped by the
weak ones.
We close on this line of thought by saying
to 3’ou, please give a few moments of impar
tial thought to the subject of Prohibition. It
is the object of the friends of Temperance in
this county, to push the work of reform for.
ward. The fruits of our labors are already
visible ; and as we have put our hands to n
noble work, we must never look back.
The column in the Forest News has been
gratuitiously tendered for another year ; for
this kindness we are thankful. It is propos
ed that stale essays and speeches be omitted
in this column, and probably the suggestion
is good. .In the place of these lengthy es
say's and speeches, let us have short original
pieces from different parts of the county ; also,
short letters from our friends in adjoining
counties; short items on any phase of the
the Temperance question are solicited from
those that will and can write. Interesting
extracts will supply the want or original mat
ter. We hope the Editor will give us a short
sketch now and then on this line. Others
who are not abstainers are invited to help to
benefit mankind. To those not aecostomed
to writing long articles, we would suggest
short paragraphs on the various points of
alcohol, reform and Prohibition. S.
—
We begin to regard our government in the
days of 1866-70 as very saintly, patriotic,
forbearing and conservative after reading the
record of the South Carolina plunderers. It
is true our fellows managed to run the state
in debt twenty or thirty millions, and proba
bly stole half, but then they did not rob in
such a magnificent and open way like the
South Carolina thieves. They did no! spend
as much for carpets or go it on as high a horse
in the way of liquors and extras. Dewecse
told Gov. Vance that when he and about a
dozen or other bummers went to New
York about 1868. that they had the most ex
pensive suits of rooms at one of the horels.
and that they liquored freely and often on
the best wines and brandies, and, he added,
“every cl—n cent of it came out of the pock
ets of the people of North Carolina.”—Wil
mington [N. C.) Morning Star.
C3PAnderson to Judge Whitaker: You
are about to act upon the fining of twelve
persons. lam in your power. God knows
that lam innocent of the charge. This is a
cruel persecution under the forms of law.—
I am ready to receive your sentence.
There is something queerly out of joint in
the idea of glorious old fulminating, rampant
Bob Toombs sitting down for two blessed
years to the quiet official work of a Georgia
Governor —the Georgia of to-day— at home—
among her friends, and bo9S of her own
premises. —Eastman Times.
BP* A. H. Brock, at the P. 0., keeps a fine
assortment of splendid Cigars.
1878 1878
♦ 1 tlanta Constitution
For 1878
Will maintain the reputation it has already won
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Jonksvijj.e. Mich.. Pec. 27. 1877.— Messrs.
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•lan 10 At \ enable Corner.
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of l niversa 1 Interest. It includes Agricultural.
I Biographical. Historical, Religious and Miscel
laneous Works, with Size, Title and Description
jof each Book, Specimen Pages and Specimen II
; lustrations. Sales made from this Prospectus
when all single Books fail. Also on our
Nearly 100 STYLES of PREMIUM
Fine 'RihlfQ engl,sh *
AMILY GERM AN,
Protestant and Catholic,
j Awarded Superiority over all others, for their in
valuable Aids and Superb Bindings, at the Grand
CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, 1870.
©STParticulars free. Address
JOHN E. POTTER & CO., Publishers,
Sepl Philadelphia, Pa.
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c rht? People’s Journal,” Portland, Maine.
September loth, 1077,
PER MONTH made selling the Gy-
JTT ™ rescope or Planetary Top, Buckeye
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COOKING
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