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8 § mt\Cs gjcpartment. ENIGMA—No. 81. BIBLICAL. lam composed of 17 letters : My 4, 10, 14, 3, is a word in Gen. iii, 4. My 14, 2,3, 5, 15, is a word in Rev. i, 3. My 4,5, 15, 12, 2, is a word in Prov. xv, 2. My 6. 16, 13, 12, a word in Job. x, 4. My 13, 6, 16, 8,8, is a word in Lev. i, 4. My 17, 15, 1, is a word in Jer. vi, 5. My 1,6, 15, 10, is a word in Luke iii, 10. My 10, 11, 9, is a word in Matt, xi, 6. My 9,2, 11, 4, is a word in Dan. vi, 20. My G, 7, 12, 6, is a word in Num. xxx, 4. ’ My 1,2, 7,1, is a word in Gen. xl. 1. My whole is one of the Ten Command ments. “Paola.” Answer next week. Halcyondale, Ga., 1868. ENIGMA—No. 82. SYNONYMOUS. I am composed of 31 letters : My 2, 11, 18, 25, 30, 7, is to abhor. My 19, 1, 21, 4,5, 17, 30, is to over come. My 12 11, 14, 7, is a letter. My 3,6, 8,8, 3,1, 6, is small. My 14, 9, 10, 16, is an anecdote. My 15, 6, 29, 15, is tall. My 28, 22, 19, 23, 17, 28, 26, 22, is an incursion. My 24, 7, 17,28,31,20,31, 7, is to waver. My 13, 9,2, 2,9, 27, 25, is brave; Ny 24, 23, 5, 10, is to pull. My 16, 2, 16, 1,9, 20, 14, 16, is to raise. My 29, 1, 28, 12, is to win. My 4,5, 26, 31, 7, is to cite. My whole is a Poem by Carrie Bell Sinclair. “Paola.” Answer next week. Halcyondale, Ga. 1868. SQUARE WORD. 1— The Land we Love. 2 Every Thing. 3 Place for the Bottom Rail. 4 Upper seats in a Theatre. 5 Disagreeable. Quilp. Answer next week. N. 0., La., Oct, 1868. Answers to Last Week’s Enigmas, Etc. —To Enigma No. 77—Mecklenburg Female College Magazine—Macon—El len—Cork—Leg—Beef—Maize—Guage —Lime. To Enigma No. 78—William Ewart Gladstone —Wrong—Emma—Willow— Saw—Trenton—Rome —Sorrel—Alarm— Agent. To Enigma No. 79—Saint Bernard Convent —Annie—Train —Satanic-Robe —David. To Enigma No 80 —“Here lies Caro line of Brunswick, the Injured Queen of England—Charles Dickens —Washing- ton—Aquarius—Luther —Noun—Four— Arnold—Gold—Queen —Brief—June- Soul—Ensign—Georgia—Dinner—Draw ings—Fife—Bible—Week—Creek—Hen. To Correspondents.—l. B. wants to know why Bishops are called suffragans. They are called so because they have suffrages or votes in Provincial Coun cils. [Prepared for th Banner of the South by Uncle Buddy] hAMILIAR SCIENCE. WATER —CONTINUED. The cause of petrification is found in the fact that, while water runs under ground, its impurities are held in solution by the presence of carbonic acid; but, when the stream reaches the open air, its carbonic acid escapes, and these impuri ties are precipitated on various substan ces lying in the course of the stream. These impurities are especially carbonate of lime and iron. Water cleans dirty linen, because it dissolves the stains, as it would dissolve salt. Soap greatly increases the cleansing power of water, because many stains are of a greasy nature; and soap has the power of uniting with greasy matters and rendering them soluble in water. Rain water is soft, because it is not impregnated with earth and miner als. It is more easy to wash with soft water than hard, because soft water unites freely with soap, and dissolves it, instead of decomposing as hard water does. Wood «shes make hard water soft, Ist : Because the carbonic acid of wood ashes combines with the sulphate of lime in the hard water, and converts it into chalk; and, 2d: Wood ashes converts some of the soluble salts of water into insoluble, and throws them down as a sedi ment, in consequence of which, the water remains more pure. Rain water has ah unpleasant smell when it is collected in a tub or tank, be cause it is impregnated with decomposed organic matters washed from roofs, trees, or the casks in which it is collected. Melted sugar or salt will will give a flavor to water, because the sugar or salt being disunited into very minute parti cles, floats about the water and mixes with every part. Hot water will melt sugar and salt quicker than cold water, because the heat, entering the pores of the sugar or salt, opens a passage for the water. Sea water is brackish, Ist : Because the Sea contains mines of salt at the bot tom of its bed; 2: Because it is impreg nated with bituminous matter, which is brackish ; and, 3d: Because it contains many putrid substances of a brackish nature. The water at the equator contains more salt than sea water in the higher lati tudes. This is explained in this way: Owing to the greater heat of the sun near the equator, the evaporation is great er, and when the sea water is evaporat ed the salt is left behind. Rain water is not salty, although most of it is evap orated from the sea, because salt will not evaporate, and, therefore, when sea water is turned into vapor its salt is left be hind. Running water oscillates and whirls in a current, Ist: Because it impinges against its banks, and is perpetually di verted from its forward motion; and, 2d: Because a River, at its centre, flows faster than at its sides. This is because it rubs or impinges against its banks, and is delayed in its current by this friction. NITROGEN AND AIR, Nitrogen —Nitrogen is an invisible gas which abounds in animal and vege table substances. The following are its peculiar characteristic* : Ist: It will not burn; 2d: An animal cannot live in it; 3d: It is the principal ingredient of com mon air. Nearly four gallons out of eve ry five of air are Nitrogen gas. “Nitro gen,” that is, generator of Nitre; also, called Azote, from the Greek words a , privative of, or to deprive of, and zoe, life. It was disc6vered in the vear 1772, by Rutherford. Nitrogen, like hydrogen, is not capable of sustaining combustion or animal exis tence, although it has no positive poison ous properties. It has neither color, taste, nor smell. W e are, doubtless, un acquainted with many of its uses; but its presence in the atmosphere counteracts the evil effects of pure oxygen upon the human system; for, if oxygen were in haled by a humau being, or animal, for any length of time, it would cause inflam mation and finally death. Nitrogen gas may easily be obtained thus : Put a piece of burning phosphorus on a little stand, in a plate of water, and cover a bell-glass over it. (Be sure the edge of the glass stands in the water.) In a few minutes the oxygen of the air will be taken up by the burning pbosper us, and nitrogen alone will be left in the bell-glass. The white fume which will arise, and be absorbed by the water in this experiment, is phosphoric acid—that is, phosphorus combined with the oxygen of the air. ' Air . —The elements of atmospheric air are Oxygen and Nitrogen, mixed to gether in the following proportions : About four gallons of Nitrogen and one of Oxygen will make five gallons of common air. The air we breathe is al most wholly composed of Nitrogen. Nearly four-fifths being Nitrogen and one-fifth Oxygen; but Nitrogen is a gas which cannot support animal life; where as, the air, or atmosphere which we breathe, is a thin, transparent fluid which sur rounds the earth, and supports animal life by respiration. There is so much Nitrogen in the air, in order to dilute the Oxygen. If the Oxygen were not diluted, fires would burn out too quickly, and life would be too rapidly exhausted. By diffusion, is meant that process by which gases and liquids, when in contact, pass through each other and intermingle. This law of diffusion performs this part in Nature : The accumulation of gases unfit for animal and vegetable life is, by diffusion, silently dispersed, and the air is kept comparatively pure. If it were not for the law of diffusion, on lighting the first fire the Oxygen of the air would separate from the Nitrogen, and a uni versal conflagration would ensue. By this law of diffusion, Carbonic acid, which is necessary to vegetable life, is diffused throughout all the particles of air. Its effect upon respiration is to free the minute cells of the lungs from the Carbonic acid which they contain, else death would ensue. Air is material; that is, it is composed of matter. We do not seethe air in the room, because it is transparent; but we miiis m ii® wwim, feel it, when we run or fan ourselves, and we hear through the medium of the air; therefore, it is material, or composed of matter; for matter is that which is perceived by our senses. Air is not in visible; for, although we cannot perceive it immediately around ns, when we look up into the firmament illuminated by the sun, the air appears of a beautiful azure. This is the mass of the atmosphere. Dis tant mountains appear of a blue color, owing to our viewing them through the atmosphere We cannot see the air immediately around us of the same beautiful azure, because so small a portion of air reflects little or no color, while a mass would be capable of reflecting a beautiful tint. So it is with a small quantity of sea water dipped up in a glass ; it would appear perfectly colorless; yet, the deepest part of the ocean appears of a dark green, approach ing to a black. Sir David Brewster has shown that the blue color of the atmos phere is due to reflected light. It absorbs the yellow and red rays, and reflects the blue, [From tlie N. Y. Turf, Field, and Farm.] THE SCHOLASTIC YEAR- With the decline of the Summer solstice, every department of business life reopens with fresh energy. Whilst so much attention is bestowed in the public prints upon places of amusement and noting articles of luxury or utility, the higher life of the Literary world should not be neglected. The influences that form the mind of Youth take precedence in importance of more ephemeral subjects. The rising generation, who are to form the bulwark of the Nation, and constitute themselves the heads of families, and, in many in stances, to become rulers among their feflow-citizens, demand that the influences calculated to render them worthy of their positions, either in private or public life, should be carefully weighed, and respec tive advantages considered. Advance ment is the watchword of our epoch— Education the basis of all future great ness, This principle is fully recognized by the American people, and our Public School system, with some few inevitable disadvantages of promiscuous association, places it within the compass of every guardian of children, to give to their off spring, or wards, the privileges common to the poorest. For this, the State laws make provision, and the people arc universally taxed for the common benefit of all classes, Submitting to this con tribution for so worthy an object, there are many who prefer to choose those Academic Institutions that are known as more select and equally thorough in course of studies. At the head of the Institutions of Learning, in New York City, stands Columbia College, which has, for years, been patronized, not only by resi dent citizens, but many from afar send students to participate in the advantages it offers. Columbia College, the ancient seat of Learning, in New York City, is located in Forty-ninth Street, near Fourth Avenue F. A. P. Barnard is the Presi dent, and H.Drisler, Professor of Greek, with C. Short, Professor of Latin, and the other branches of Science, filled by Fran cis L. Vinton, Theodore W. Dwight, Pro fessor of Municipal Law, and Francis Lie ber, Professor of Science. These; with many other names unnumbered, add dig nity to a University that is justly the pride of the Metropolitan City of the United States. Attached to Columbia College is a School of Mines, in which whole process of disintegrating minerals, of obtaining their respective metals, and determining their value, is scientifically demonstrated. Owners of metallic ore send their speci mens for analysis to this Department from all parts of the United States. This scientific branch of Metallurgy is, to the owners of land, a most valuable aid in determining the hitherto undeveloped resources of tracts of wild property, that might be appreciably enhanced in value by proper examination of its constituent parts. Equally deserved encomiums might be passed upon St. Francis Xavier’s College, in Six teenth Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. This Literary Institution, in corporated with the privileges of a Uni versity, by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, embraces a course of studies divided into five distinct departments. The Past Graduate, Under Graduate, Grammar, Commercial, and the Preparatory. It is a Day College, afford ing the twofold advantage of a complete Classical and Commercial Education. The low terms of this Literary Institution, sls per quarter, is one advantage, and the learned character ol the Reverend Professors, whose services are voluntarily devoted to the cause of Education, is sufficient guarantee of the perfection of their system. Manhattan College is under the control of the Christian Brothers, and the object of this Institution is to afford students the means of acquiring the highest grade of University Education, by combining the advantages of a College and Polytech nic School. The course'is most thorough, and, before securing any degree, the Classical Student is required to translate, with facility, the Greek and Latin Au thors, and to speak the latter language fluently and well. The term, per session of ten months, for board and tuition, is S3OO per annum. Other Institutions, of equal merit, might be noted, both public and private, but of all under the influence of those last named, none is more deserv edly popular than St. John’s College, at Fordham. The romantic location and picturesque scenery of Westchester County render it a most desirable home for youths whose parents prefer they should be somewhat isolated from their city home, and yet contiguous and easy of access. For young ladies, the fashionable Academies offer, in their respective prospectuses, their usual advan tages, and the established reputation of such well-known Institutions as the Rutger Institute for Young Ladies, and the Academy in Twenty-third Street, be low Seventh Avenue, under Mile. M. B. Tardive!, require no encomiums. The well-known capacity of Mile. Tardivel, as a successful Instructress of her own sex, is sufficient guarantee that every advan tage is offered to those parents who desire to give their daughters a finished educa tion. French has now become so popular in American circles of the highest tone of fashion, that it is generally the language of the drawing-room, and, as heretofore, in Europe, universally used in diplomacy. Americans have been noted abroad, as being very quick in apprehension of this language, which the native Angles of England find it difficult to master. Paris ians wonder at the superior facilities of Americans in this respect, which may be justly owing to native quickness of intel lect, aided by that vivacity of manner which more readily assimilates with the liveliness of French manners and expres sions. The last named lady, Mile. Tar divel, has in her Select French and Eng lish Day School, in Twenty-Third Street, 240 west, a thorough system for the acquirement of the language. A native of France, the French language is made the medium of ordinary intercourse, ex cept in those branches strictly English, whilst in all other foreign languages, les sons are given at a moderate charge. Those who have tested the advantages of the thorough system pursued by Mile. Tardivel, warmly endorse the method pursued in cultivating, not only the men tal capacities of her pupils, but in draw ing into exercise the better disposition of their natures. Among the references of M’lle Tardivel may be found such well-known names as S. L. M. Barlow, Leonard W. Jerome, Esq., Richard O’Gorman, General Taylor, Isaac Townsend, B. Cutting, Isaac M. Wright, N. P. Ilosack, and T. F. Meagher, with many others too numerous to in clude. This Institution is particularly noticed as affording to young ladies who hold positions in society a certain oppor tunity of securing that finish of manner, which can be best imparted by closer in timacy in a chosen circle, where the ad vantage of acquiring the habitude of French conversation can be readily im parted Aware of the importance of the early formation of the car to a foreign language, and the singular aptitude of young children to acquire the sound more readily than those advanced, Mile. Tar divel is willing to admit all over five years of age; though, as the school is not of a strictly primary character, but em braces the superior courses of instruc tion, it is in deference to this considera tion that the privilege is extended to the young. It would not be difficult to pre dict, with the growing popularity of the French language, that, before many years, its use will be as universal in the salons of the refined Americans as it is now in every court circle in Europe. An Irish Judge tried two most noto rious fellows ffir highway robbery. To the astonishment of the Court, they were found “not guilty.” As they were being removed from the bar, the Judge, address ing the Jailor, said : “You would greatly ease my mind, if you would keep those two gentlemen until 7 or half-past 7 o’clock, for I mean to set out for Dublin at 5, and I should like to have, at least, two hour’s start of them.” All remember the wish of Sydney Smith, in hot weather, that he were able to strip himself of his flesh, and sit in his bones. We heard an amendment to this the other day, where a person, who was suffering very severely from the heat, said that the Rev. Syduey’s wish was a good one; but he would go further—he would have the marrow taken out of his bones, so that the air might draw through!” W\t anti pnmot. What makes the sun rise ? the East, of course, stupid 1 The more a woman’s waist is shaped like an hour glass, the quicker will the sands of her life run put. “Many a young person haz died old bv living a long time after they waz dead, and many an old person haz died before their time cum, by being dead while they waz living.— Jonh Billings. While a country parson was preaching, the chief of his parishioners, sitting near the pulpit, was fast asleep; whereupon, he said : “Now, beloved friends, I am iii a great strait; for, if I speak softly, those at the farther end of the church cannot hear me, and, if I speak too loud, I shall wake the chief man in the parish.” A French description of the people of Bavaria: “The Bavarians are a happy people. They have money which brings happiness, and a King who makes music. They drink much and often, and smoko as they drink. They sleep long, eat fiv<* times a day, and make love between their meals.” A fellow stole a dog, and upon beino' detected by the owner, promised to return the animal next day. The individual received a package at the appointed hour, on which was written, “This is your dog.” On opening it, the astonished man dis covered ten pounds of freshly made sausages. A New York tradesman having throe customers, a father and two sons by the name of Wheeler, and fearing a confusion of accounts from their different orders, solved his difficulty by styling the stein parent “Stern Wheeler,” the eldest son “Side Wheeler,” and the youngest, rather a fast youth, “Propeller.” A cockney Baronet sat near a gentle man at a civie dinner, who alluded to the excellence of the knives, adding that “articles manufactured from cast-steel were of a very superior quality, such as razors, forks, &c.” “Ay,” replied the Cockney Baronet, “and soap, too—there’s no soap like castile soap.” An old Aberdeen Laird’s wife, when other ladies were enriching the tea table with broad descriptions of the vices of their several spouses, said her own “was just a guid, weel-ternpered, couthy, quiet, innocent, daidlin’, drunken body, wi’ na ill practices about, him ava !” Quin was once at a small dinner party. The master of the house pushed a delicious pudding towards the wit, and begged him to taste it. A gentleman had just before greedily helped himself to an immense piece of it. “Pray,” said Quin, looking first at the gentleman’s plate, and then at the dish, “which is the pudding.” The Rev. Dr. MacLeod and Dr. Wat son were in the West Highlands together on a tour. While crossing a lock in a boat, in company with a number of other passengers, a storm came on. One of the passengers was heard to say, “That the twa Ministers should begin and pray, or we’ll a’ bedrooned.” “Na, ua,” said the boatman, “the little ane can pray, if he likes, but the big ane maun tuk’ an oar Henderson, the actor, was seldom known to be in a passion. When at Ox ford, he was one day debating with a ici low student, who, not keeping his temper, threw a glass of wine in the future Actor's face ; when Henderson took out his hand kerchief, wiped his face, and coolly said, “That, sir, was a digression ; now for the argument.” An old-fashioued Clergyman, named More, was riding on horseback one stormy day, enveloped in a loose riding cloak of large proportions, and having a broad scarlet collar. By the action of the wind, the cloak was tossing about in all directions, when a gentleman rode up on a spirited horse, which shied, and al most threw the rider. “That cloak or yours would frighten the Devil,” said the gentleman. “You don’t say so,” replied Mr. More; “why, that’s just my trade.” PADDY TO HIS MISTRESS. Arrab, Kitty, I love you to madness, I swear by this cross, o’er and o’er— If you let me, I'll kneel down with gladness. And your beautiful self I’ll adore; The ancients, we’re tould by Heroditus, Used to worship eowld statues of stone, Then, surely, less guilty and odd it is, To worship the rale flesh and bone. When Paris loved Leda's fair daughter, (Oh, he was the broth of a boy,) Away from her husband he brought her To lofty and wido-streeted Troy; But I don’t intend to carry You over the ocean for to roam— But, darlin’, I’d ask you for to marry, And be Queen of your own little home. Y’ou tell me wait till the Shrovetide, But, to waste time, you know, is a sin, And, always, in Summer, the love-tide, Far stronger and warmer, sets in. Och ! look at the birds in the bushes, (> how each has a husband, though coy; Then, Kitty, away with your blushes, And make sure of your own little boy.