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ESTABLISHED 1799. i
HiOM ATLANTA.
| + 1
iilSLA'l’lV E PROCEEDINGS.
H 4 . r ,rented, Passed and Eot-
I X, Too®b9t Spak onlliePoUU
| ■ to the Constitutionalist.!
; I AiLiMA, Ga., January 25, 1876.
I Ri Is on the first reading :
■ Harris—To amend sections
■ l 043 of the Code, so as to re- j
rtju lges of the Superior Courts to
K ia te, so that no Judge shall hold
KiiAerent terms in the same county
Sv Mr. Dubose—To prescribe the
at which claims and iliegali-
K:.:<.i|>"sed to fi.fas, from Courts of
■Lshall be tried ; to be the
■ (v.urt if within its jurisdiction,
O, to the Superior Courts.
H,, fnliowing bills were passed :
H amend the laws of the State for
. h of the State Treasury.
■ the obligation peitaiuiug ’
■ tl ice of State Treasurer, and to
his duties.
I house.
i4 . j.jiiri on a third reading wore as
I A ilie relief of the city of Eu
an I to • xeinpt from taxatiou the
-at Eiifaula. Lost.
|T< : ■ | ll an act appropriating funds
jjll. \ ith Georgia Agricultural Col-
1, ;l |.|,-inl section 1640 of the Code,
■r ung salaries of clerks in State
I dflieos. On a call of yeas and
■ tlio vote stood ninety-one to
ISx against the bill. Lost.
organize anew county of the
ities of Habersham and Franklin.
lumber of local bills for changing
ty lines and for other purposes.
bill introduced by Mr. Turnbull
I , al the act creating aState geolo
department was made the special
r for Saturday next,
e following bill was introduced and
[or the first time:
Mr. Neltnes- To provide for coal
ition of an ordinary for services
ired by the act creating a Board of
e use of the hall was tendered the
’ention of crop reporters this after
i and evening. The use of hall
also tendered Hon. Robert Toombs
evening at 7 o’clock to deliver an j
ess on the political Issues of the ■
Publishing Sermons.
: Editor For the information of
utry Cracker," 1 will state that I
lot report the sermon which was
i din your paper of the 18th inst.,
:hat tho same, by request of the
r, came directly from the pen of
vveeney himself ; and, therefore,
■ uutry Cracker” can do so, let him
manfully to the work and point
"me of the mistakes in it, instead
’aggiug about what lie could do if
nt brains enough.
;M certainly lie a little surprised
v'i untry Cracker’s” attempt at
Dm, after confessing that he was
I very much in the mud on the sub
'if if was not for the few follow
ines, viz:
vs I.iml out where 1 heir talents He,
>( u will not attempt to fly;
1 ndmed hoist) will oftOcbate
■ !■ be tries a live barred gate.
man ive see the only creature
da', led by foily, combats nature.”
lav me to suggest, my friend “C.
tlwi I think you will be wasting
us lime when you begin to “break
'“! f" cultivate pumpkins, turnips,
■' ■ beads and crook-neck squash,
me l think the place where your
is might to bo is soft enough to
diem in abundance. And now, in
iu.'-i a, let mo advise you that in
-1 t making, under an assumed
which I must say, however, is
a l i lu priate to you—little flings at
mister of the gospel, who is cer
y your equal, if not superior, in
ii go to him and ask the
1 I iutormation, and I will assure
u it lie is too much of a gentle
withhold it. Reporter.
-•*
Present to Atlanta.
' ar, ‘ intortned that, on yesterday,
1 Nellie Peters, of this city, well
vu f°r the interest she takes in the
■Uiont for the prevention of cruelty
iimals, as well as always taking a
j llDent stand in every work for the
u oration of the distressed and suf
g, received a letter from Miss Lou
h 'f Augusta, in which that accom-
K ‘d and kind-hearted young lady
ns to the city a fountain, to be
! hi s >mo public and convenient
’* ' v here work-horses can be sup
with an abundance of cool and
vater during the warm seasan.
ns . d ;‘ : ot kindness on the part of
'hulk's will receive the plaudits of
ann- hearted person in the city,
ac suggest to the autlrorities that
n convenient and public place
ot this fountain is at the inter
-11 of Peachtree, Line, Decatur and
gtiu streets, where there is plenty
■m, and urge them to adopt this
- ii, as we have good reason to
‘bat this i 8 th e wish of the fair
due fountain, while it is not
‘ I for display or show, cost sev-
Uo, l dollars, and will be quite
‘■■ucuon to that section of tho city.
| Atlanta Herald.
fc.-. a luther American than Euro-
SwilL ; Its character and re-
U,vr, iußt occurre d at the charm
■tf "f teriug-place of Biarritz.
n S ' V’ ere was a lady in the
• and the Combatants
Fi nl), “‘;ui named LUburp. and
• “'! nobleman, the Marquis de
H - thirty-five yearn, the
H •* the Duke of Le Eoeea, a
H : about tiie persoD of Don
|fi(l.: .the duellists crossed the
IloiL l . llUo before dawn, and
, u 11)0 gray light of the early
; y “ ear t a little Spanish hamlet
HK k..'; 13 " •I’hey were stationed fif
u f , LW M U I Jart ‘ aa< l at. the second
,l uis de Sofraga, shot
boJ y from hip to hip,
Kti t hltnself and fell stone dead
■ The duel was fought
Hlthpu- being understood
■Pu 'apons were to be emptied
|: J the other was hit.
H ‘“'^ Ut -1 has a silver lining—ex
■tot tlouj. liis liuiug is copper
i ■'"-‘l'l'isiuivn Herald.
FROM WASHINGTON.
CONGRESSIONAL.
Petition for Woman Suffrage- Victory
ol the National Banks-Reduction of
Salaries Cuban Correspondence—
I ass age of the Centennial Appro
priation.
Washington, January 25.— Senate.
A petition was presented by Sargent
signed by a large number of women,’
j asking that a government be organized’
| in the District of Columbia to confer
1 the right of suffrage upon women Re-
I ferred to the District Committee.
Senator Sargent presented a peti
, tion to allow women iu the Dietrict of
Columbia suffrage. He said the move
ment was making progress. He knew
no better place to make the experiment
than the Capital, of the country. Re
ferred to the District Committee.
The bill creating a Alcoholic Commis
sion passed. Booth, of California, and
Witheis, of Virginia, voted with the
Republicans for the bill.
Citizens of Wisconsin petition for the
abolition of the Senate of the United
States. Referred to the Judiciary Com
mittee.
Gordon introduced a bill for the re
lief of Win. S. McComb, of Georgia.
Adjourned.
The Appropriation Committee have
struck out appropriations for seven
clerks or the House, and reduced the
salaries of members of Congress from
85,000 to 81,000, and proposed to make
a redaction of teu per cent ou all civil
Government employes.
House.— ’l ife Committee on Ranking
and Currency reported adversely ou
throe bills repealing ten per cent, on
the tax of State bank notes. This is
an important victory for the national
banks.
The Judiciary Committee reported a
bill reorganizing the Judiciary of the
United States. Recommitted.
r lho Committee on Appropriations
decided to reduce all salaries, com
mencing with their own.
The Cofnmitteo on Edficatiou and
Labor considered the bill reimbursing
William and Mary College, Va., for
buildings destroyed during the war.
No Southern nominations.
The President replies to a calPof’ the
House for correspondence between this
country and European nations, other
than Spain, regarding Cuba, that there
is none. Correspondence on this sub
ject with other Powers was in the
shape of a note to American Ministers
to j R esent to the several Governments,
and was not a correspondence between
this nation and other powers.
Mills, of Texas, offered an amend
ment authorizing the Governor of
Texas to appoint two commissioners
from that State in place of those acting
under a former appointment, but on a
point of order the amendment was
ruled out. Mills explained that Texas
desired to be represented at the cele
bration, but that she would not be
represented by two such gentlemen as
those who had been appointed.
The amendment offered by Sharkley,
of Pennsylvania, for free admissions
on tlio PovtrlL O 9 J wlj oud a/11 CUI
Thursday, was rejected.
Several other amendments were pro
posed and rejected.
The committee then rose and report
ed the hill to the House with a recom
mendation that it do pass. A large
number of requests to print speeches
were granted.
The bill was passed bv a vote of 146
to 130.
The House committee agreed to re
port a bill allowing criminals to testify
in certain cases. The object is sup
posed to be to learn what Joyce knows
about whiskey frauds.
The Diplomatic Committee approves
of the reduction of salaries proposed
by the Appropriation Committee for
diplomatic and consular service.
Remodeling Uncle Sam's Judiciary
System.
Representative Knott to-day report
ed from the Committee on the Judicia
ry a bill to reorganize the Judiciary of
the United States, the main features of
which are as follows : A Circuit Court
shall be held in each Judicial District
of the l uited States at the same time
and place at which a District Court
shall or may be held, and such Circuit
Court is established in every district
where no such court now exists, and
shall belong to the circuit in the terri
torial limits of which it is embraced.
The several Circuit Courts shall have
and exercise no jurisdiction in cases of
appeal or writs of error allowed, or taken
or issued out alter the lirst day of
September, 1870, but writs of error,
appeals and reviews in bankruptcy
cases, may be had as heretofore, pro
vided there is established in such of
the tcircuits a Court of Appeals with
appellate jurisdiction of all casts aris
ing in the several Circuit anil Districts
Courts. The Justices of the Supreme
Court assigned to the circuit, the Cir
cuit Judge and the several District
Judges of the district composing the
circuits, shall be Judges of tiie Court
of Appeals. No Judge who has heard
a cause in the court below shall sit in
the Court of Appeals upoij the hearing
of the same cause, or be consulted,
or give any opinion to the other
Judges iu relation thereto. The
Court of Appeals shall also be
a court of record. The decision of the
Court of Appeals, upon questions of
law shall, in all cases, except as pro
vided, be final and conclusive; but au
appeal may be taken to the (Supreme
Court, Appeals iu chancery shall be
a l '.owed from the Court of Appeals to
the Supreme Court, iu cases where the
matter iu controversy exceeds SIO,UOO,
in the manner now provided by law for
directing appeals in like eases from the
j Circuit Court. The Chief Justice and
other Justices of the Supreme Court
may attend uuy term of the Circuit or
District Court within his circuit, and,
when so uttendiug, shall sit iu aud pre
side over the court.
Texas Pacittc Railroad.
The Senate Coinmiteee on the Pacific
Railroad had a meeting this afternoon,
for consideration of the pending bill in
aid of the Texas Pacific Railroad. Col.
Thos, Scott,, President of the company,
’addressed the committee on behalf of
the enterprise, explaining the provis
ions of the bill, which merely asks a
guarantee of Interest on the bonds ac
tually necessary for the construction of
the road, and insures its prompt com
pletion. His address was extremely
earnest and practical, and embraced a
full presentation of the national ben
efits resulting from the establishment
of a competing line to the Pacific, j
available at all seasons of the year, and
traversing a region where the natural
advantages of climate and soil wifi in
sure population and the development
of all the elements of wealth.
Judge Keunard, of New Orleans, on
behalf of the Committee appointed
by the recent National Railroad Con
vention, made an eloquent appeal for
the building of tfie road, pointing out
the imperative public necessity that
underlies the demand by the people <?f
the Western and Southern States, par
ticularly for the execution of the enter
prises, Mr. Huntingdon and Judge
Browu, of San Francisco, both repre
senting the Central Pacific Company,
wers present and submitted the objec
tions of that corporation to the build
ing of a competiqg line. Col. Scott re
plied fully, answering the points made,
and vindicating the merits of the pend
ing proposition. The Committee ad
journed to meet again on Tuesday
evening next, for the further considera
tion of the subject.
FOREIGN DISPATCHES.
THE TURKISH INSURRECTION
RAMPANT.
More Hostilities —Death of Insurgent
Leader—Servia aud Montenegro in a
Ferment.
Constantinople, January 25.—An of
ficial dispatch has been received by the
Porte from tiie Ottoman Consul at Ra
gusa, which states that a severe en
gagement occurred near Trehinge on
the 18th and 19th, between the insur
gents and the garrison of Trehinge,
who had made a reconnoitring sortie
from the towu. This official dispatch
is in contradiction to other accounts
which announced that the Insurgents
were beaten, and retreated with the
loss of their chiefs killed.
Ragusa, January 25.—Baervich, the
Insurgent leader killed iu a recent
battle, was buried here. Six hundred
insurgents, municipal officers of Ra
gusa, and deputations from several
districts iu Dalmatia, followed the re
mains.
A ienxa, January 25.—Insurgents, ap
preheuding Audrassy’s note will lead
to forcible intervention, compelling
them to lay down their arms, are re
doubling their efforts to improve their
positions. A brisk renewal of lighting
is expected.
Vienna, January 25.—The affairs of
Servia are increasing in seriousness.
Parties of the Prince of Montenegro
and Prince Karagergwitch have a ma
jority, both in the country and the
Skupstchina, and are almost decided
to get the aid of Priuce Milan. The
Priuce recently, in conference with the
President, Senator and others, said he
knew no resource, and must resign.
He declared a coup d'etat impossible,
because he held no money. He con
sulted six colonels regarding the feed*
ing of tho army, who informed him at
least one-half of the officers were un
trustworthy.
Foreign Powers and the American
Note.
Berlin, January 25.—1 t is stated
that European governments have re
served their replies to the American
Note on the Spanish-Cuban question
until they have had an opportunity of
exchadfeing views ou the subject.
The Archbishopric of Vienna.
Vienna, January 25.—The Wiener
Presse reports that in a consistory held
at the Vatican yesterday.. Monsitpyw
ivutschler was preconized Archbishop
of Vienna, in place of liauscher, de
ceased.
Denial of the Mobilization of the
French Army—Works of Art for the
Centennial—Election News.
Paris, January ‘2s.—The official jour
nal contradicts rumors that tho reserve
will shortly be called out, and also the
intended Mobilization of the territorial
army.
A commission, appointed to examine
the works of French artists, for exhi
bition at Philadelphia, have completed
their labors. They selected six hun
dred and seventy pictures, including
the “Declaration of Independence” and
“Surrender of Yorktown,” by Charles
Edward Armaud ; “Old and New Cali
fornia,” by Barthahli ; a portrait of
Washington, by Princetian, aud several
works by Jean Pierre, Alexander Anti
gua, Jean Yictor Adam, Auguste Alex
andre Philip, Charles Blare, Brest and
Alfred. Also, one hundred sculptures
and sixty engravings and designs.
The Daily News, in its Paris special,
says the evening papers state that, at
a Ministerial Council, M. Buffet submit
ted to President MacMahon tho com
plete returns of elections for Senatorial
delegates. These returns havo been a
wonderful long time coming to baud
and being refused to tiie press for pub
lication, Republican journals draw the
inference that they cannot bo favorable
to tiie Prime Minister’s policy. It will
be scarcely possible, before the decisive
day of January 30, to know which party
is victorious.
Death of a Famous Horse—The Eng
lish Money Market.
The famous race horse (Hadiateur,
which won the Derby St. Leger two
thousand guinea stakes and the Grand
Prize of Paris, in 1805, is dead.
It is now thought on the Stock Ex
change that the bank rate will be re
duced on Thursday. The Tunes, iu its
financial article to-day, says the money
market remains inactive. Business
consists chiefly of loans which yield
better profit and quicker returns than
discounting bills of Exchange, conse
quently discount is quoted in several
quarters above the actual market rate,
which is not above 33* per pent for
three mouths bills. The Bank of En
gland is doing no discount business at
all. The inclination of Continental Ex
changes continues favorable to Eng
land, in consequence of large purchases
of stock here for the account of conti
nent® dealers.
Erie Railroad Commissioners—Cen
tennial Articles—Rismark to Be Sup
ported.
The Dundee Advertiser says O. G.
Miller and Robert Fleming, of Dundee,
have been requested to undertake the
reorganization of the Erie Railway. It
was resolved upon a .recent London
meeting that they accept and start for
New York on Saturday.
Amsterdam, January 25. — King Wil
liam formally opeqed at the Cristal
Palace temporary exposition articles
destined for the Philadelphia Centen
nial.
Berlin, January 25. —It is stated that
the National Liberal party will give
Bismarck full support relative to the
Arnim clauses in the penal code,
Havre, January 25.—The Lamerique
is fully repaired and sails for New York
next week,
Successful Revolt In Honduras.
Panama, January 16.—'There has been
a successful risiug at Gracias under
Gen. Medena against President Leiva,
of Honduras.
Berlin, January 25. —1n the Reich
stag, a bill granting aid to Philadel
phia passed on the second reading.
A graye commercial crisis is an
nounced at Rija, which will probably
react at St. Petersburg.
Bucharest, January 25.—The Minis
ter of War asks for au additional quar
ter of a million sterling, for army
equipment.
AUGUSTA, GA., WEDNESDAY, JANUARY, 26, 1876.
MJtfE NATIONAL RANKS.
Why the Rich Become Richer and the
Poor Poorer—Rome Startling Facts
aud Figares.
Editor Constitutionalist: I desire to
submit for your consideration a few
figures to show what a stupendous
fraud has, and is now in operation, sap
ping the very life blood of this whole
country in the workings of the Na
tional banking system, which has been
legalized and fastened by the United
States Government for the last teu
years.
In the presentation of this matter I
propose to be very brief, leaving the
whole subject with you for investiga
tion, conclusion and remedy; my main
object beiug to convince your readers
by a simple calculation what an enor
mous rate of interest our Government
Is paying the capitalists of the country
who have engaged iu the National
banking busiuess.
As I understand it, every national
bank having obtained a charter has
tiie legal right of issuing their own bills
to within ten per cent, of the amount
of bonds purchased aud deposited with
the United States Treasurer, to secure
the hank’s issue. Now, suppose a na
tional bauk obtains a charter for $600,-
000, on which the bauk issues bills for
85-10,000 (within ten per cent, of the
amount of bonds), you will see the
hank has but 860,000 invested, having
gotten hack $54,000 of their capital of
$600,000. Now, these bonds, at six per
cent, 'interest, give $36,000 per annum,
the amount obtained by the actual in
vestment of but $60,000, skuw.ng the
rate of interest to be sixty per cent
that is saying nothing of the $540,000,
aud the additional interest this amount
could he loaued for or otherwise in
vested. Or, if the banks choose, this
$540,000 could also he invested in bonds
and an issue of $486,000 of bills ob
tained. Now the bank has $1,140,000
of bonds, aud $486,000 of currency. De
duct the capital on hand—s4B6,ooo
from the original capital of $600,000,
and there will bo only an actual invest
ment in bonds of but $114,000, by which
investment the bauk obtains interest
on $1,140,000 worth of bonds at six
per cent., making $68,400 interest. This
increased investment shows the same
rate of sixty per cent, interesl, without
the necessity of loaning a dollar or the
employment of a clerk to conduct the
busiuess.
operation.
United States Bonds bought $600,000
United States Bonds bought 540,000
1,140,000
.06
114,000)68.40.000(60 pr ct
68.4
issue of currency 540,000
„ 48’,000
Due the bank in bonds 114,000
1,140,000
Original capita1.........:.' 600,000
Capital on hand 486.000
Amount actually Invested $114,000
1 am aware the calculation sffbmit
i'.u to uuii cumeiy appricauro uowTu i,iie
working of the national banking sys
tem, since the law has been changed in
reference to reducing the rate of in
terest to five per cent, on the bonds,
and making both the principal and in
terest payable iu gold, aud the appre
ciation iu the value or United States
bonds. But you will observe that tho
reduction of one per cent, on the bonds
is more than compensated by making
the bonds and their interest payable in
gold, and that the legalized woi kings of
tiie bank and tho high rate of interest
is fully maintained, and that this state
ment is wholly applicable to the na
tional banking system as it did exist
(when the bonds reached par), and the
Government has actually legalized the
capitalist of the country to plunder
the people at the rate of sixty per cent,
per annum on the amount of the na
tional issue. Phocion.
CRIMES AND CASUALTIES.
Con Bagration—Railroad
Forgery—Murder.
New York, January 25. —The loss on
the sugar refinery burned at Hastings,
on the Hudson river, yesterday, is esti
mated at from SIOO,OOO to $125,000. It
is said to have been fully insured. This,
with previous fires at Hastings, has
thrown nearly the entire laboring popu
lation of the place out of employment.
Amherst, N. H., January 25.—The
hotel was burned. Loss, $50,000. It
was occupied by Jerry Goodwin and
owned by Mr. Shaw, of Bostoh.
Ogden, Utah, January 25. — The Cen
tral Pacific trains are still blocked. The
Northern roads have been blocked by
snow since Friday.
Boston, January 25. — 1 tis believed
that neither the Daily News nor the
Boston Post is affected by the trans
actions of Hon. E. D, Winslow. It is
thought his forgeries reach SIOO,OOO.
Winslow with his family decamped last
Thursday.
Winslow probably left on Friday on
some steamer. The Journal estimates
the paper discounted for him at over
$200,000. He was educated for the
ministry of the Methodist Church;
served as Chaplain in two regiments
during the way; was qlso Chaplain in
the navy, and has since officiated In
several churches. He was formerly
publisher of Zion’s Hei'ald , and was
member of the Legislature in 1872-73
and ’75. It is stated that bofore his
disappearance he made several efforts
to negotiate paper, but the endorse
ments were detected as forgeries, aud
he was threatened with exposure.
Worcester, Mass., January 25. —
Lucius W. Pond has been sentenced to
fifteen years’ imprisonment.
Saratoga, Jauuary 25.—J. W. Fowler,
who was waylaid, clubbed anif robbed
of a considerable sum, is dead. No
clue.
Sancook, N. H., January 25. — Four
wooden blocks of stores were burned.
Loss, $35,000.
Minor Telegrams.
New Yubk, January 25.—The Hebrew
congregations meet to-night, to take
steps for the establishment of a Hebrew
College.
St. Lpujs, January 25.—The value of
tiie Carondelet’s cargo was SIOO,OOO.
The sugar and salt are ruined. There
was no insurance on the boat.
S\n Francisco, January 25.—The suit
of Warmser Bros,, of New York, vs. the
Bank of California, was decided in fa
vor of the bank.
Buffalo, January 25. — John Stellwa
gen, private banker, suspended. Lia
bilities not known.
Paris, Ky., January 25.—A number of
business houses suspended. It is
thought fifteen to twenty business
houses in the city and coqnty are im
plicated in the efash.
Washington, January 25.—The steam
er Alaska sailed from Lisbon for Libe
ria January Ist.
NOTES ON UNIVERSITY EDU
CATION.
I.
To the Editor of the Constitutionalist:
I avail myself of your invitation to
open this subject for the earnest con
sideration of all interested in it—and
who is not? What thinking man will
underrate its vast importance? While
these notes are not written with any
special reference to any particular in
stitution of learning, yet iu practical
illustration I may, occasionally, point to
existing schools; and, as a citizen of
Georgia, to the organization of our
State University, which, among us, is
looked upon as the standard of highest
education within the State. At the
conclusion of these notes I shall sign my
name, and trust that any one dissenting
from them, in any point, will do like
wise. While I have much to learn on
this subject, still there may be some
Ideas found worthy of further consid
eration and practical adoption by those
who have been charged by tiie people
of Georgia with this great trust; and
if fco, the purpose for which I have
taken up the pen would he fulfilled.
WHAT is .a university ?
The ideal of a university is an insti
tution of learning, whore every science
(or knowledge) is represented in the
persons of its professors by the most
eminent expositors of such science or
knowledge to be found in th 9 State or
country where tho institution exists.
It is an institution, where everything
good, beautiful aud true, has been
carefully gathered and preserved;
where everything known to mankind as
Truth, in whatever department of
human knowledge, is represented by
authority uot to be questioned or con
tested among learned men. This is its
highest type, the first claim of a Uni
versity. It thus becomes a store-house,
a living magazine, where everything is
to be found that has been of value in
the progress of humanity; where every
thing is discarded which is specious,
fallible, untrue —it is, iu fact, the ideal
of hninan conservatism.
But,'as knowledge, all sciences, are
constantly progressive, not only must
known facts be carefully preserved, but
newly ascertained facts weighed and
judged before admission; this criticism
leads fs insensibly to setf-c, reation, and
discovery aud invention. The monas
tic institutions of the middle ages had
no facilities for this latter and most
important mission of a University. It
draws the line of broad distinction be
tween them, aud the highest institu
tions of learning, and of universities in
general, of the Nineteenth Century. A
great revolution was neeessary to bring
about this broad distinction. This rev
olution was tho Reformation. It has
destroyed the rigid, cold dogmatism of
the schools anterior to it—and made of
them the living representatives of
knowledge, the workshops of the hu
man mind of our days.
Of course, universities must he, and
always have been, different, according
to the ago and nation represented by
ty*oP a'counfry Is‘lflS
age and nation, aud the test by which
we judge of the amount of intellectual
ity at work in them. Now, these ideas
will, perhaps, be better illustrated by
comparing tho university systems of
the great nations of Europe. I will
follow in tho leading thoughts the mas
terly exposition of Professor Sybel. Iu
each country a different organization
will be found and somewhat different re
sults attained.
universities.
France has not a single institution
which embraces higher instruction in
all its different branches. We have in
Frauce schools of law, of medicine,.of
theology, of belies-letters—nil distinct
and independent of each other. Then
we have the special schools of technolo
gy, a great number of schools where
the practical man is educated, and in
these Frauce stands deservedly high.
Some of them may be compared to opr
normal schools—the others mai*e their
main point tho solution of tho tjues
tion how to prepare the scholar inoat
quickly for some practical sphere in
life. Mr. E. liffhan gives a clear picture
of the way iu which the College *f
Fiance or of the Sorbonne conceive
their mission of highest university ed
ucation : “The lecture-room of a Paris
ian professor is opened gratis to tiie
whole public; he does not know how
many scholars desirous of learning,
how many superior critics, hovy many
idlers in want of amusement ho may
hav ernong his her era; he does nut.
know whether ho will have before him
to-morrow a single one of those wiio
hear him to-day ; consequently every
lecture must be a rounded-off whole,
and written with a view to rhetorical
effect, such as a highly cultivated aud
spoilt public demands. If this is done
by a mau or genius, whq at the sani<?
time possesses 4 large amount of
thorough and methodical learning, the
results are brilliant masterpieces of
oratory and learning, uot be equaled
by anything either in Germany or
France.”
Precisely this system, which obtained
when the ancient Italian aud German
universities counted their hearers, who
flocked from all parts of Europe fo
them by the thousands, instead of now
by the hundreds, may still he witness
ed any fine moruiug in the old cobble
stone paved courtyard of the Sorbonne.
It will strike you as a queer mediteval
picture, to see the citizen, the yoqug
and the old student, all going at the
stroke of the bell to hear a brilliant
lecture ou the Qoldeu Age of France,
or the structure of the earth’s erust—
and at the stroke of another bell, pour
ing out of the hall aud warmly discuss
ing, with gesticulations, what they have
just heard, 'ihon, at the great stone
gates separating info the gi eat throb
bing heart of Paris, it is an interesting
and inspiring picture; but it is not
what university educations means now
adays.
For it is by no means a scientific
school in the real sense of the word.
There is beautiful imhetical form in
what is said; the lecture |s a complete
litorary production—faqjflegs elegant
—a masterpiece, jf you please; the re
sult of long and laborious study, doing
an infinite credit to the professor, per
haps of great historical or scientific
results—but what does the student
gain? “Ife does not become in the least
acquainted with the mental operations by
which the results haw been obtained!
The student hears, for instance, all the
facts concerning Ctesar. (In Yale the
professors take their Seniors to the
New York theatre for their critical
knowledge on Roman history; the stage
manager is their Curtius, or Momm
sen.) But he has not the slightest no
tion of whut philological and historical
studies may be necessary to under
stand all the facts about Ctesar.” The
university is no longer a place where
the tree of science Is constantly put
ting forth new shoots, aud bearing new
blossoms and new fruits, but the ker
nel is regarded less than the shell.
“There is great danger,” says Renan,
“of Frenchmen becoming a nation of
orators and editors.” What hope is
there, we may pointedly ask, of any of
those students, under such a system,
giving us any new facts übout the Gold
en Age of Frauce, the earth’s crust,
Cicsar, or Alexander the Great?
Now, do we not find something like
this great defect existing in France
prevalent among us ? Are not we, too,
in great danger of becoming rapidly a
nation of political orators and essayists?
ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES.
How is the case in England ? There
are in Germany preparatory schools for
every university, having the singular
appellation “gymnasium,” a mental
training school ; we, too, haye in this
country, schools very much like them,
which wo used formerly to caJi classical
schools, out of which the colleges have
grown—in reality, now, an English uni
versity is neither more or less than
such a school, or gymnasium, or col
lege, if you please—of which, also, there
are hundreds to be found in France.
If, then, T were to be asked what rela
tive rank do English universities hold
among the universities of the great.
European nations, I would unhesitat
ingly reply the lowest. And it is pre
cisely these English models of Oxford,
and of Cambridge, in their organiza
tions twenty-five years ago, which we,
in tho United States, have made the
models in our owu university organiza
tions. In the English universities—as
with us—the tutor has taken the place
of the professor, with only this differ
ence, that there lie is called a tutor, or
master, and not a professor. This
tutor does the hard, heavy work
the professor is very much like a
professor in the College of France,
or the Sorbonue. He delivers during
the session a course of ten or twelve
finished lectures. The leading object
at Oxford is—as with us in the old col
leges—not to fit the scholar for some
active duty in life, nor to awaken a de
sire for special scientific researches,
“but to develop and shape their general
mental power—the faculties of think
ing and of speaking; to obtain ease of
combination, correct judgment and
facility of expression.” In fact, the
same objects contemplated in the Ger
man gymnasia or American colleges,only
more fully developed to suit the age of
students, who are generally older than
in the German or American prepara
tory schools. “The course of studies
embraces ancient languages, mathe
matics, some history, certain reflections
called philosophy and a little theology”
—the teacher asks questions, the pupil
answers from the text books; then he
writes compositions (essays) which are
corrected (criticised) by the teacher;
very great attention being given to this
subject; but if one would ask “for the
amount of original knowledge which
forms the basis of those essays it
would be found to be extremely small,”
Such a youug author will discuss, for
example the laws of Solon, as he finds
them expounded in Grote; he has made
a clever use of the material, put it, per*
haps,
.A'ome independent m'lnouglitTlias*
always been fettered to Grote and wiU
most likely be so all his life, l’attison
remarks—like Renan—that English
universities seem only intended to pro
duce ready writers of leading articles
to newspapers, “The quality of the
teacher is naturally in| accordance with I
the prevailing tendency of the students.
There are among them a large
number of well informed pedagogues ;
but, as regards the true development
of science, it takes place in England
anywhere hut in the universities." Rut
in England the insufficiency of this
system has long since beeu acknowl
edged, and were }t not for the immense
money power which Oxford and Cam- I
bridge wield, by moans of their exces- j
sive endowments, tho system there
would ere this have been enlarged and
changed. In the meantime, all over
the United Kingdom rival institutions
of learning have sprung up, some of
which haye lpore or (ess followed the
same plan—\yith only this difference,
that they admit in thejr cnrijetilq sub
jects which fft the pupils for the more
active duties of life. But a real uni
versity is not to be found in England
any more than it is to be found in
France.
GEORGIA GENERAL NEWS.
After an experience o f several years,
I am convinced that the uuuua'l ses
sions of the General Assembly are un
necessary, and therefore un onerous
tux upon the people. One regular ses
sion every two years (Would answer
every purpose and suvo at least one
hundred thousand dollars to the State.
In the present impoverished condition
of our peop|e this would be a great
savjug. —linn. F. Walsh.
|&take |t teg years, Patrick, and the
people will rise up and bless you !j
John Robinson’s Circus did not ex
hibit in Atlanta, because the State,
county and city tax footed up S7OO.
A man in Atlanta has opened a
“ beanery,” and furnishes food, such as
pork and beans, meat qnd bread, fried
liver, sausage, etc., for ten cents a plate.
A few items from that lively journal,
Ifio Savannah Morning News : And now
it is claimed that the stamp of civiliza
tion is tho postage stamp.
A court Ims decided that if a woman
hands money to her fiuabqnd she can’t
get it hack- This, however, is no news
to many-
Strange as It may appear, there are
some bold mosquitoes lingering in this
section yet. Last night they were quite
lively.
Tlio sensational Savannah corres
pondent of the Columbus fimes has
not yet come .forward with his proofs.
\\ lieu the star-spangled stockings
come into fashion iu July will it be in
order for the fair ones to sing “Oh say
can you see by the dawn’s early light?”
If you want a letter mailed iu a hurry
hand it to a friend on tfie street who is
holding a hof argument. He will put
it |n his pocket and carry it around for
three months, and then hand it hack
for you to freshen up the dqte,
Two noble b|oqqs, \yho flad heen
tampering with the potent corn juice
tpo long, were before the yes
terday, and were fined $5 each.
No patriotic subscriber has yet pro
pounded the inquiry why we havo’t a
special correspondent stationed in Fair
mount Park, near Philadelphia. The
truth is, the correspondent refused to
go-
Nothin’ to ’irn, at all events —Pious
Old Party—“And now, Mrs. Stubbing,
I’ve one important question to ask.
Does not Satan oft times tell you that
you are not a Christian Mrs. Stub
bins—“Yes, ’e do so.” P. O. P.—“And j
what say you to him on these oeca- I
sions?” Mrs. S.—Well, I say, whether I
I he or no, it can’t possible be none of
’is business.”— London Fun. I
$lO A YEAR—POSTAGE PAID.
THE AMNESTY BILL.
( Ex-Senator Pugh Esteems it a Disgrace
td Exclude Mr. Davis from its Pro
visions.
(From the Cincinnati Commercial.!
In conversation with a reporter of the
Commercial a day or two since, on the
subject of the amnesty bill, the Hon.
George E. Pugh expressed hitnseif in
this wise:
“I think it would be very ungraceful,
a very disgraceful act, to except Jef
ferson Davis from the bill of amnesty.
According to the law of nations in
Yattel and Judge Story, amnesty fol
lows, of course, upon the conclusion of
au internal war. Mr. Davis, not to give
him any higher title, has occupied many
of the most eminent stations in this
country, and iu the eyes of tho world.
He is a man of perfectly pure character,
respectful in his behavior, irascible in
temper, but kiud to those who know
how to deal with him. He is a man of
religious sentiment, strictly devout ac
cording to the faith of the Protestant
Episcopal Church.”
Reporter—War not Mr. Davis early
in the field as a secessionist V
Mr. Pugh—He was not of his own
opinion in favor of secession. He be
lieved in the right of it. So did I, and
so do I now, not as a right stated in the
Constitution, but reserved. And it is
not anew claim. In the first legal dis
cussion of the forms of the Constitu
tion of tlie United States, by William
Rawie, of Philadelphia, it was distinct
ly asserted. It was asserted by the
State or New York, at the time of her
ratification of the Constitution. It was
stated by John Quincy Adams in his
speech on the commemoration of the
Constitution. It was stated by Virgin
ia at the time when she by a small ma
jority accepted the Constitution. It
was asserted by the State of Massa
chusetts at the time of the annexation
of Texas. It has beeu asserted by
every convention of the Democratic
party down to the year 1872, and It was
never denied but often asserted by tho
conventions of the Whig party.
Mr. Pugh alluded to the great debate
between Webster and Hayne, and re
marked that when Webster a year later
engaged fn a debate with Calhoun, suc
cessor of Hayne, Webster was out into
mines-meat. Calhoun was the Vice-
President at the time of the first argu
ment, but he resigned his office.—
Hayne’s father was seized by the Brit
ish and hanged as a rebel during the
war of the Revolution, and that circum
stance gave the family importance in
South Carolina. It was the influence
of his name and family whloh put him
iu the Senate. To get rid of him they
put somebody to fight Webster—Cal
houn was the man—and he resigned
the Vice-Presidency for that purpose.
Hayne was elected Governor of South
Carolina, and that vacated his Senator
ship. The second debate was perfect
ly cruel. Calhoun broke every bone in
Webster’s body. Of the resolutions
which he proposed, every one was
passed in the Senate by a majority of
more than two-thirds. I know it to
UienTwh&T ’Jijpfa&c r prd]T^3q r 'Bgafif
by Jefferson Davis, except tho modifi
cation, or addition rather, in respect
to one, and to a resolution not includ
ed by Mr. Calhoun, and they passed
the Senate,
The reporter referred to the stric
tures of journalists and others on Jeff.
Davis.
Mr. Pugh replied; It la simply idle
for geptlernen to put on vast robes or
piety aud integrity, and to deny that
which they kuow themselves to be
guilty of. Jf guilty it is, let us all say
it. Those who think otherwise at pres
ent ought to confess their sins and
make an exhibition of penance. For
myself, I am not convinced and remain
of my opinion. The right of every
State to secede is not quenched by her
lack of povyer, but remains and will
forever remain, the right of her people.
Why, what are those poor people to do
ip the Dapubiap provinces? Robes
pierre, Dan ton, St. Just, and others,
reserved the sacred right of insurrec
tion, which it would be very well now
for the tax-payers of Cincinnati to as
sert, and I think we are iu the place
where we need it.
Reporter—The fact that Davis was
not one of the earliest advocates of se
cession will be new to a great many.
Mr. Pugh—Walk Mr. Davis, to my
personal knowledge, was not iu favor
of secession at the time at which it oc
curred. He was so situated, however,
by lips relations to the crisis of the
year 1800, that he had to follow the
lead of those who had been hi*
posers. Indeed it was a singular spec
tacle that Robert 'Toombs, Senator
from Georgia, who had been a Union
man, so-called iu 1860, led the oolumu
of secession in 180 U, whereas Herchel
V. Johnson, who had beeu a secession
ist in 1860, allowed himself to be pro
posed, and did serve as a candidate for
the Vice-Presidency under the lead of
Stephen A. Douglass. I believe if
Davis had been left to his own judg
ment tlm Southern States would not
have seceded. I found that opinion not
merely on his pnblio speeches as re
ported at the time Ip the (\tnyressional
OloUe and made elsewhere thau in
Washington, but on my personal ac
quaintance. The Hon. Mr. Blaine, of
tiie State of Maine, having been
Speaker of the House of Representa
tives, and proposing himself as a can
didate for the Presidency of the United
Status, besides his extreme folly of in
tending to insert into the Constitution
a proposition concerning the education
of children—a question with respeet to
which the Government of the United
States has no possible or decent juris
diction— qqw proposes to except Jef
ferson Davis from the act of universal
amnesty,
Reporter—What, do you suppose the
effect of such a proposition would he, if
adopted?
Mr. Pugh—To exalt Jefferson Davis
to the highest point of admiration
throughout the civilized world. If the
proposition should prevail ho would he
represouted as oppressed, aud iu his
person all the oppressed throughout
the world wifi appear by statues, by
pictures, by poetry, epic aud heroic, to
tho disgrace of our country. I speak
for our oouutry, not merely for Jeffer
son Davis. We oannot afford to dis
grace ourselves in that fashion.
This ended the interview with Mr.
Pugh.
Meeting of Railroad Men.
New York, January 25.—A meeting
of Stockholders of the New Orleans, St.
Jx>uis and Chicago Railroad was held
here to-day, Hon, Henry Day presiding.
The Board of Directors authorised the
issue of £s.ooo,ooopreferred stock, with
which to cancel income and equipment
bonds, of the Mississippi Central Rail
road and to pay the floating deht of
the Company, which in round figures
amounts to 81.500,000, They were also
authorized to issue $3,000,000 bonds to
better equip the road.
THE LAW OE INSURANCE.
The following bill was introduced bv
Hon. Wm. M. Reese:
An Act to regulate the Law or In
surance in the State of Georgia.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the Gen
eral Assembly of the State of Georgia
That every incorporated company indi
vidual, firm, or association of individu
als, or joint stock company residing out
of the limits of the State of Georgia
shah, before receding a license Tfom
the Comptroller-General to insure prop
erty in this State *rom any kind of loss
deposit with the State Treasurer bomk
of this State, which, according to the
acts and resolutions of the General
Assembly, are valid, and which amount
according to their face value to thirty
thousand dollars, which bonds shall be
receipted for by the State Treasurer
and specially deposited by him in the’
vaults of the State Treasury, and when
ever such company, or person, or Per
sons, or association, or joint stock com
pany, cease to do business in this State
ami have settled off all claims against
them as hereinafter provided, said
bonds shall be delivered up to the prop
er party on presentation of the Treasu
rer's receipt, when said bonds are so
deposited, the owners of the same shall
subject to the notices hereinafter pro
vided for or given, bo entitled to coiieet
the coupons and. use them. For the
bonds so deposited the faith of the
State is pledged that they shall be re
turned to the parties entitled, or dis
posed of as hereinafter provided.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid, Wheneveranv
loss insured against happens and the
same is not settled, and suit is begun
for the collection or the same, the
plaintiff, in order to insure hi’s re
covery, may give notice to the State
Treasurer of the pendency of said suit
and of the amount claimed, after which
time the State Treasurershall be bound
to retain, Bubjeet to the order of the
Court trying said suit, a sufficient
amount to pay the judgment in said
case. When said suit is ended and
the amount ascertained for which
said party sued may be liable is not
paid in ten days, then said plaintiff
may file an application with the
Judge of the Superior Court where the
case was tried for a receiver to take
charge of so many bonds as shall
be necessary to satisfy the aforesaid
judgment. When said receiver is ap
pointed by the Judge, who shall always
require bond and security of him for
the faithful performanoe'of his duty
said State Treasurer, on his applica
tion, shall deliver to him bonds sufti
cient, according to their market value
ir in his custody, to satisfy said judg
ment. Said receiver's reoelpt shall be
a complete discharge to said Treasurer
and the State, of Georgia. Then said
receiver shall apply to the Judge of
said Superior Court Tor a proper order
of sale, and in pursuance of said order
shall sell said bonds, after deducting
such expenses and commissions as
shall be allowed by said Judge; he
shall pay over to the plaintiff oi his at
torney a sufficient amount to satisfy
Bn> "t W.Rulnif "i’ue -nkff aFerwaw W
celver ho shall pay the samo to the
agent of the company, taking his re
ceipt for the same, which shall be filed
and recorded with the other papers in
the case. If there are conflicting claims,
then the State Treasurer shall deliver
over to the receivers in the order or
their applications the aforesaid bonus,
and if there is any contest between
creditors which cannot be settled in
this mode, then the party not receiving
sufficient bonds through the receiver
appointed in his behalf may become a
party to the other case and make
known, his claim to the other receiver,
by making affidavit of the claim and
filing with him, and then ths receiver
shall report such claim to the Judge of
the Superior Court appointing him,
who shall by order provide for a bill or
interpleader as in cases in equity.
Seu 3. And b > it further enacted, by
the authority aforesaid. That when any
party insuring desires to withdraw from
the State, and will satisfy the State
Tre murer that all suits pending against
such party, and of which notice has
been given, have been fully satisfied,
or whenever no notice of claim lias
been given, as the provisions of this
act require, then said Treasurer shall
return to said party the bonds so de
posited. Whenever, by means of the
provisions of this not, the amount of
bonds so deposited are reduced, said
Treasurer shall at once notify the
Comptroller-General, who shall give
notice to the party depositing, and re
quire more bonds to bo deposit
ed, so as always to maintaid the
original amount; and if the party so
notified by the Comptroller-General
fail to comply within thirty days, the
license to insure in this State shall be
revoked, and all oon tracts of insurance
made by such party after such failure,
s.hail be null and void, and said Comp
troller-General shall at the same time
give notice, by publication in a news
paper published at the capital, the fact
of suoh failure and revocation, of license;
the costs of which publication shall be
paid out of the contingent funds in the
State Treasury.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted. That all
laws and parts of laws in conflict with
act, be and the same are hereby re
pealed.
Is the Centennial Year to be Used
for Lying ? — The story of the Tribune
aud elsewhere that the Clerk of the
Committee on Ways and Means of the
House has a child named John Wilkes
Booth is simply untrue. Tho Clerk of
that committee had a son born
in 1860, who died in 1872, named
John Wilkes after a brother and
uncle, who bore the honored name
of the great English commoner;
but has not now, nor ever had a child
or anything else named John Wilkos
Booth, although his child was some
times jocosely called Booth, because a
neighbor had a child named Abraham
Lioooln. The Clerk of the Committee
on Ways and Means has not heretofore
deemed an explanation or dec.ial ue
oessary so long as the shafts -jf calum
ny and slander were leveled only at
him and his dead child., but when the
Chairman of the Ways and Means Com
mittee and the Democratic party are
censured ou a baseless and malignant
falsehood the Clerk of that committee
has felt it his duty to lift the veil and
give the faote.
When a man with his hair banged
and his hat cocked over his off-eye
comes up to the door-keeper and says:
“Mizzer, Ish thiah Soody and Mankev"s
’vival meetin’?” they don’t attempt to
convert him, but call a policeman to
labor for his reformation.
At the funeral of a woman a neigh
bor in attendance, feeling it necessary
to say something sympathetic to the
afflicted husband, kindly observed :
“You’ve got a splendid day for the
funeral,”