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the ttwklD limes l Sentinel.
By LO MAX & ELLIS]
Volume XVIII.
Cxmes anti Btniind.
rHETm-^EKLYTIWsTsENTmEL
Is published every TUESDAY* THURSDAY and
SATURDAY EVENING,
THE WEEKL Y TIMES & SENTINEL
fa published every TUESDAY MORNING’
Office on Randolph Street, opposite the P. O.
TERMS:
TRI-WEEKLY, Five Dollars per aunum, in advance.
WEEKLY, Two Dollars per annum,in advance.
Advertisements conspicuously inserted at One Dol
lar per square, for the first insertion, and Fifty Cents for
every subsequent insertion
A liberal deduction will be made for yearly advertise
ments.
Sales of Land and Negroes, by Adminisirators, Execu
tors and Guardians, are required by law to be held on the
first Tuesday in the mouth, between the hours of ten in
forenoon and three in the afternoon, at the Court House in
the county in which the property is situate. Nostices ol
these sales must be given in a public gazette forty days
previous to the day of sale.
Notice for the sale of Personal property must be given at
least tea days previous to the day of sale.
Notice to Debtors and Creditors of an Estate must be
published forty days.
Notice that application will he made to the Court of Or
dinary for leave to sell Lana or Negroes, must be published
weekly for two months.
Citations ror Letters of Administration must be published
thirty days—for Dismission from Administration, tnomniy
six months—for Dismission from Guardianship,forty days.
Rules tor Foreclosure of Mortgage must be published
monthly for four months—for establishing lost papers tor
the lull space ot three months—for compelling titles from
Executors or Administrators, where a bond has been giv
-3n by the deceased, the full space ot three months.
Publications will always be continued according to
these, the legal requirements, unless otherwise ordered.
BUSINESS CARDS.
FEINTING AND BOOK BINDING.
HAVING connected with our Printing Office a full
and complete assortment of Book Binder's tools and
toett, and also added to our PriLtingmaterials.we arenow
prepared to execute,in good style and with despatch,every
kind of work in either branch of the business, on the best
terms.
BLANK WORK, ofevery description, with or with
out printing, made to order, in the neatest manner.
WARE HOUSE PRINTING, Receipts, Drafts,
Notes, Bills of Lading, &c., &e., executed neatly and
promptly, and bound in any desired style.
RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT BLANKS,
of all kinds got up,with accuracy and dispatch.
Bill Heads, itards, Circulars, Hand Bills.
Posters, Programmes, &c.,&c.,printed in theshoi
est notice and in the best style.
Magazine and Pamphlets put up in every style o
binding.
Books o all kindsrebound strongly and neatly.
LOMAX &. ELLIS.
Columbus, Apr il 16 1864
B. V. MARTIN. J. J. MARTIN.
MARTIN & MARTIN; - ”
Attorneys at Law,
eej-triMUßTrs, ga.
Office on Broad Street—OverGunby &!Daniel.
Columbus, Jan. D, 1857. w&twlv.
HAMILTON & PLANE,
Attorneys and Counsellors at Law,
CO jUMBUS, ga.
THE above firm have renewed their Copartnership, and
will devote the most assiduous attention to the pro
fession iu the counties of Muscogee, Harris, Talbot and
Chattahoochee, in this State.and in Russell county, Ala.
Office, front room over E. Barnard’s Store.
January 28,1857. w&twtl.
M. B. WELLBORz JERE.N. WILLIAMS.
WELLBORN & WILLIAMS,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
Clayton, Alabama.
WILL give prompt attention to the collection of all claims
entrusted to their care in Barbour county. Oct 4 wtwbm
MARION BETHUNE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
TALBOTTON, Talbot County, Ga.
October 24th, 1856. wtwtf.
W. S. JOHNSON,
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
C U S S E T A,
Chattahoochee County, Ga.
Gives his entire attentionto the practice in Chattahoochee
adioiuing counties. ap26—wtwly*
ROBERT N. HOWARD,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CRAWFORD, ALA.
September 8, 1855. —twAwtt.
S. A. M’LENDON,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Fort Gaines. Ga.
\TILL promptly attend to ailbusiness entrusted to his
care—particularly Collecting. novßwtwly
PEYTON H. COLQUITT,
ATTORN EI T LA W ,
COLUMBUS, GA.
Office, up stairs, over Col. Holt’s office, Randolph st.
may 26,1855 w4-twtf
BAUGH & SLADE,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
COLUMBUS, GEORGIA.
vy I LI, practicelaw in Muscogeeand the adjoiningcountles
Y’ of Georgia and Alabama,
ur* Office over Bank of Columbus, Broad Street.
ft'BBRT BAUGH. J. J. BLADE.
Csumbus,Ga. March 27 1857. wtwtf
ELAM & OLIVER,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
BUENA VISTA,
MARION COUNTY,GA.
W! L,practicei nthecountlesof Marion, Macon, >tewart
t'alor, Chattahoochee, Kinchatoonee. and any of the
adjoinimcountieswheu their services mav be required.
WM. THADKCS OLIVER.
NovJaber 10.
W. A. BYRD,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CUTIHERT—RandoIph County, Ga.
WILL pacti- n the Pataulaand Southwestern Cireuits.
All bisiness entrusted to his care will received prompt
attention. ma£l9—wly.
RAIFORD & BURTS,
ATa?eH.sr3BYrs at dlaW:
C U S S E T A;
Chatlahooche County, Ga.
Will practice inChattahoochee and adjoining counties
and give prompt attention to the collecting ot all caims
entrusted to their ego. pril3—wly.
E. G. RAIFORD. DUNCAN H. BURTS.
T J. GU NN,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
HAMILTON, GA.
WILL attend prompty to all busineess entrusted to him
January 26,1858—v1y.
s. s. STAFFORD,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
BLAKELY, EARLY COUNTY, GA.
ap2 wtf.
REDDING & SMITH,
Attorneys at Law,
PRESTOS, WEBSTER COUNTY, GA.’
CTWiU practice in PatauU Circuit and adjoining counties
L. R, REDDING. A. J. SMITH.
Preston, February 1,,1858—w6m,
SAMUEL H. HAWKINS,
ATTTORNEY AT LAW,
AMERICUS, GA.
WILL practice in the counties of Sumter, Webster
Terrell,Lee, Baker, Worth, Randolph and Cal
houn.
Reference —Ingram,Crawford & Russell, Columbus.
Col. Henry G. Lamar, Macon Ga.
Mr. W. L. Johnson, Americus.
May 12,1857 —tw.ii
JOHN V. HEARD,
ATTHKNEV aT law,
Colquitt, Miller Cos., Ga-
January 20, 1857—wly.
GRICE & WALLACE, ’
AiromisiYrg i\ir JhMS*
BUTLER, GEORGIA.
iTTILLqive prompt attention all business entrusted!: to
VV them.
VV L GRICE. WM.S. WALLACE.
December I —wtf
WILLIAM GORDON,
ATTORNEY AT LAW
.NEWTON, ALA.
M/ILL attend promptly to all business confided to his
’ ’ care in the counties of Dale, Henry, Coffee and Pike.
February 27,1858 —w6m.
WM. M. CHAMBERS. WM. M . ROBBINS. J. A. ROBBINS,
Chambers, Robbins & Robbins,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
EUFAULA, ALABAMA.
WILL practice in the counties of Barbour, Pike, Henry
Coffee, Pike, Dale and Russell. fob I—wly
THOMAS A. COLEMAN,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CUTHBERT, GEORGIA.
WILL practicein the Pataula and Southwestern Circuits.
Refers to Hon. David Kiddoo, J. S. C. P.C. Cuihbert.
February 24, 1857, wlv
TOBMAS W. (BDI3B,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
PRESTON, Webster Coanty,Ga.
WILL practice in’the counties of Clay, Chattahoochee,
Webster, Early, Randolph, Stewart and Sumter.
Particular attention given to collecting and remitting.
January 27,1857 —wtf.
PARKER & PARKER,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
COLQUITT.
Miller Connty, Georgia.
WILL give their entire attention to the practice in South
western Georgia; will also jfive prompt attentton to the
collection of all claims entrusted to their care in the ‘ollowint?
counties: Baker,Calhoun,Clay, Decatur, Dougherty, Early,
Lee,Miller, Mitt hell, Randolph, Terrell and Worth.
February 1, 1858 wtf.
R. A. TUMIPSEED,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
C U T HBER TANARUS,
Randolph (County, Ga.
HAVING removed from Cusseta, to Cuihbert Ran
dolph county, will give prompt attention to all busi
ness entrusted to his care. ap27—wtf.
NOTICE.
IS given to all persons that lam determined not to pay,
unless compelled by law, a note which I gave to Mr-
Francis B. Lewis for S4OO, dated in January last, and to
become due Dec. 25th next, or Ist January next. The
consideration of said note has failed.
April 20—w3t ITHAMAR TATUM.
Eastern Bank of Alabama.
BOOKS of Subscription for Istoek in the EASTERN
BANK OF ALABAMA, will he opened on the
first Monday ol May next, at the following places, to w it:
Eufaula, Clayton, Abbeville, Tuskegee, and Glennville,
and will be kept open for ninety days, unless the amount
015300,000 be sooner subscribed. Ten dollars per share will
be required to be paid in cash at the time of admitting . the
subscriptions:
E. B. YOUNG, )
M A. BROWDER, O
HARRELHOBDY, §
A. C. GORDON, II
WM. H. CHAMBERS J- S’
H.D. CLAYTON, . 5’
L. F. JOHNSON, g
J. M. RAIFORD, j 3
M. B. WELLBORN, J ‘
March 29,1858 —wlm.
Rock Island Paper Mills.
Columbus, f?a., April 2d, 1858.
Subscriptions foi an extension ot the capital stock of
this Company to the amount of Fifty Thousand Dollars
Cash, will be received on application to
aprilti w3t JOHN G. WINTER, President.
A CARD—NEW FIRM.
C. F. NEUFFER,
Successor to
EL E. DIBBLE,
HAVING purchased the stock and leased the
Store lately occupied by H. E. Dibble, in the 4ES&
HAT and CAP BUSINESS,
Would respectfully inform his Iriends and the public that
he has made arrangements with a New York house where
by he will be supplied with a general assortment of the
latest style of
Hats, Caps, Trunks, Valises, Carpet Bags,
Misses’ and Children’s Goods. Also a fine assortment
of
Gent.’s Furnishing Goods,
For which a liberal share of patronage is solicited.
C. F. NEUFFER,
At the sign of the Big Hat, Broad st.
Columbus, Ga., Feb. 12 1858.
A Medicine that never Debilitates
DR. SAND FORD’S
INVIGORATOR,
OR LIVER REMEDY,
IS N ARTICLE THAT EVERY BODY NEEDS WHO IS
not iu a perfect state of health, for the Liver is second only
to the heart in our human economy, and when that is derail*
-*ed the whole vital machinery runs wrong. To find a medicine
peculiarly adapted to this disease has been the study of one
of the proprietors, in a large and extended practice lor
the past twent y years, and the result of his experiment isthe
Invtgorator, as a never-failing remedy where medicine has
any power to help. Asa liver remedy It has no equal, as all
testify who useit.
4 lady writing from Brooklyn, says: “Wou'dthat I could
express-in this short letter the value your Invigorator has
been to me (n raising a large family of children, for it has
never failed to relieve all all affections of the stomach, bowels
or attacks of worms. If mothers had th remedy placed
within their reach, and were taught how o useit, a tearful
and untold amount of agony might be saved.
One of our prominent bankers says, ta Five or six years ago
1 found myseif running down with a liver difficulty; resorting
to your invigorator, was greatly relieved, and continuing
for a season, was entirely restored.”
A clergyman called at our office the other day and said he
had given a Door woman a bottle,who was suffering very bad
ly from the Liver Complaint, and before she had taken the
whole ot it she was at work earning bread for ner family.
A gentleman, recently from t .e west,says, whitest Chicago,
hew satt eked with a slow, lingering lever, that battled the
still of physicians, .but the Invigorator cured him In a few
days.
Oneof our city merchants said, whileon a visit ‘to ’Troy, a
few days sinee, he was attacked with bowell and st mach
disorders, so as to confine him to his room, he sent to the drug
store for a bottle of Invigorator, took one dose, which relieved
him so that he was ableto. attend his business.
An acquaintance, whose business compeis him to write
most of the time, says he became so .weak as to be unable at
times to hold his pen, while at others sleep would overpower
him but the Invigorator cured him.
A gentleman from Brooklyn called on us a week or two
since, looking but the shadow of a man, with his skin yellow,
pale and deathlike. He had >eenfor a long time suffering
from Jaundice and Dyspepsia, and unable to attend to his bu
siness. We saw him again to-day a changed man, and to use
his expression; he has not seen the bottom of the first bottle,
and further adds, “it saved my life, fori was fast going toa
consumptive’s grave.
Among the hundreds of Liver remedies now offered Ito the
public, there are none we can so fully recommend as Dr. San
ord’s Invigorator. or Liver Remedy, so generally known now
throughout the Union. This preparation tis truly a Liver In
■igorator, producing t e most happv results on all who use
it. Almost innumerable certificates have been given of the
/rest virtue of this medicine by those of the highest standing
. n society, and it is, without .doubt; the best preparation now
before the public.
SANFORD & CO. Proprietors, 345 {Broadway, New York.
So and by Pemberton, Naekolle fc Cos, and by Dan forth &
Nagel Columbus. mar^-w&twm.
“the union of the states and the sovereignty of the states.”
COLCMBDS, GEORGIA, TUESDAY MORNING, MAY 11, 1858.
SPEECH OF HON. ALFRED IVERSON.
In the U, S. Senate on Pacific Rvil Road bill,
April 14 th 1858.
Mr. I. said : —Mr. President, I gave notice yes
terday of my intention to offer some amend
ments to this bill, and I rise now for the purpose
ofsuggesting them. Before I present the amend
ments, however, I propose to submit some remarks
upon the general merits of the bill, as well as up
on the amendments which I shall submit.
All agree as to the policy and importance, if not
the necessity, for a railroad communication between
the Atlantic States and the Pacific coast. The
very large and increasing travel of our own citi
zens between the two sections, the rapidly grow
ing population, wealth, and importance of our Pa
cific possessions, soon to form several powerful
and flourishing States of this Union ; the immense
amount of mineral wealth which those and the
intermediate regions contain, and which is to be
extracted from the bowels of the earth for the ben
efit of the whole people of the United States : the
increasing demands of commerce and social inter
course between the two sections ; the necessity ot
protecting this vast region from the invasion of
hostile nations, with which we may hereafter be
at war, requiring the rapid and speedy transporta
tion of troops, supplies, aud munitions of war,
from point to point—all conspire to urge the spee
dy construction of that channel of communication
which shall be the cheapest, quick s!, most certain,
and secure, between the Allantic and Pacific pos
sessions of the United States. It is true that we
have now the transit routes by the way of Panama
and Nicaragua, and may in the process of time
have others through the Central American or
Mexican States, but they are of the United
States and nearly entirely by sea. IVhilst in peace
our people who travel by them are subject to the
capricious and arbitrary exactions oi the foreign
nations through which they pass ; in time of war
all the troops, supplies, and munitions of war which
we might find it necessary to send to the pacific
coast for the defence of those States, would neces
sarily encounter great danger from the enemy’s
ships, and fleets, rendering the transportation ex
tremely hazardous and costly, if not entirely im
practicable. These routes may be temporarily
used as a matter of present necessity, but they can
not be relied upon for permanent purposes.
The vast interest which may be at stake in the
event of war, and which may depend upon a spee
dy and safe communication within the limits of
our own country, make itimperative that such a
communication should be established at the earli
est practicable period. It is also true that we have
several wagon roads, between the confines of the
Atlantic States and the Pacific, over which people
may travel, emigrants may find their way, mails
may be carried, and even troops and munitions of
war may be transported ; but the delay and enor
mous expense of these routes render them highly
inconvenient in time of peace, and utterly useless
in time of war. The only speedy, cheap, and cer
tain communication for travel, mails, commerce,
troops, and military stores, is by a railroad—a
railroad which would convey any amount of pas
sengers and freight, which would carry all the mail
matter of the United States ; which would trans
port any number of troops or seamen front its
terminus on the Mississippi or Missouri river to
San Francisco in five days, and for at least one
third the cost of the present routes. The impor
tance and necessity of the work must .be apparent
to, ar.d conceded by, all honest and intelligent men.
How and when is such a great work to be accom
plished ?
The average distance from the Missouri or Mis
sissippi river (the probable eastern begining ofsuch
a railroad) to the Pacific ocean, is about two thou
sand miles. I need not stop to enumerate the ob
stacles to be overcome, and the difficulties to be
encountered, in the construction of the road. It
could not cost less than fifty millions upon any
route that has heretofore been surveyed, or that
is ever likely to be discovered. Upon some of
them it would cost double that sum. Such an
undertaking is scarcely within the power of indi
vidual enterprise and means. If there was an
abundance of capital, and no want of public spirit,
still no company of individual stockholders could
probably be found who would be willing to under
take such a gigantic work, to expend such a vast
sum, and run such dangerons risks in its construc
tion, for the uncertain profits which would arise
from it,Jat least for many years ol its early existence.
It may well be considered certain, therefore, that
without the aid of Government no Pacific railroad
can or will be built for a half century to come.
When the vast uonntrj Wmca, the piescui in
habited portions of the United States on the east
and west, stretching from Nebraska, Kansas, Ar
kansas, and Texas, across the great plains and
the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and Calfornia,
shall be settled up by whites, and shall furnish trav
el and mineral or agricultural products for railroad
transportation, then, and not till then, will indi
vidual wealth and enterprise be bold enough to run
the iron horse between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans over any route within the United States.—
The important, pressing, and contrcling exigencies
of the Federal Government and the people of this
country cannot wait upon so slow a process. Time
is important. The demands of public service are
pressing. The great interests of commerce, of
civilization, aud of progress, are calling loudly and
sharply for action.
How is this great, essential, necessary avenue of
trade and travel to be opened, and in the shor
test possible time ? It can only be done by the aid
of the Government. It may be done, in my opin
ion, by the legitimate and reasonable aid of the
Government. In the bill now under consideration,
there are two modes by which governmental aid is
tp be given to individual enterprise in the construc
tion of this desired work—one, a donation of pub
lic lands; the other, a mail contract for a term of
years, with certain amounts of payments in advance
to be refunded back to the Government in railroad
service.
It is proposed to make a donation, to any pri
vate company which may engage to build the
road and carry the United States mails, troops,
&c., of the alternate sections of the public lands for
twenty miles on each side of the road. This would
give the company ten sections on each side, or
twelve thousand eight hundred acres for each mile
of road constructed. I do not object to the quan
tity of land proposed to be granted. Running, as
the road will, for four fifths of the way, or more,
through an uninhabited, and much of it a sterile re
gion, the lands would be worth nothing to the Gov
ernment or the company, with the road, at least
for many years to come; and if the road adds val
ue to the lands granted, the remaining lands re
served by the Government will also be enhanced
in value, so that nothing will be lost to the public
Treasury by the operation.
I know, sir, that many persons deny the power
of Congress to make these grants to railroads.—
Whilst I have great respect for their opinions, I
cannot concur in them. I have not, and never
had, any doubt of the constitutional power of Con
gress to make these grants. The power is given
in the Constitution in express terms:
“Congress shall have power to dispose of and
make all needful rules and regulations respecting
the territory or other property belonging to the
United States.”
It may sell, or lease, or give ; if it sells or leases
it may fix the price and prescribe the terms; it
may sell for cash, or on credit; it may sell at pub
lic auction, or private sale ; it may, iD short, make
any disposition of it which, in its judgment, may
be for the interests of the United States. The only
limit to its discretion is the obligation of good faith
as a trustee to the cestui que trusts of the property,
to make the best bargain it can for the benefit of
the owners, within the bounds of honesty and fair
dealing. The public lands, either in the States or
Territories, are held by Congress in trust for the
several States, or the people of the United Slates.
The power to dispose of them has been conferred
upon Congress; it is the duty of Congress so to
dispose of them as in its judgment will most con
duce to or promote the interests of the Government
and people.
The whole matter is within the judgment of Con
gress. If it judges unwisely, if it acta corruptly, if
it fools away the property, the remedy is in the
hands of the people themselves. They can dismiss
the agents and appoint or elect new ones; they
can pass sentence upon their unfaithful servants
at the ballot-box, and intrust their interests to sa
fer and wiser and better men. But whatever may
be the temporary evils in the management and
disposition of the public domain, consequent upon
or arising from the weakness or corruption of those
who are intrusted with its management, the power
to manage, control, and dispose of it, within a
sound discretion, is distinctly conferred in the con
stitution upon Congress. When, therefore, it is
proposed to make a grant of land to a railroad
company in advance of its construction, the only
question to be considered and determined by Con
gress, the trustee, is as to the policy and expedi
ency of the grant. Is it the best disposition, all
things considered, that could be made of the lands
in question ? It is cer'ainly the fact that, in al
most every case where lands are thus given, either
the road, without the grant, would not be built at
all, or would linger for many years in its construe
tion. In the meantime, the lands are unsalable and
unsold. Without faciihies for travel and transpor
tation to market, emigration is slow, population is
sparse and poor, and the country remains unset
tled and uncultivated. Make the grant of laud,
and thereby secure the early construction of the
road, and the country opened up by it rises at once
into importance and notice. Emigration becomes
active, population flows into it, the lauds rise in
value, and the Government sells its reserved sec
tions for as much or more than it could got for the
whole, without the road, and sells them sooner.—
Does any injury result to the cestui que trust by
the operation ? Is one dollar taken from the public
Treasury ! Does not the Government obtain a full
and fair price for the whole of the property ? Such
is the direct result. And look at its collateral ef
fects. The road is built, an avenue of trade, com
merce, convenience, and travel is opened; popula
tion flows into the adjoining country; property
rises ; agriculture, commerce, and the arts, increase
the wealth, promote the prosperity, and add to the
power of the State. The benefits of the operation
are ramified and incalculable.
Whiie, therefore, the power clearly exists, the
expediency and propriety of making these grants
cannot, in my opinion, be for a moment doubted. —
1 believe that it is expedient, proper, wise and neces
sary that the power should be exercised in the
present case, and I am willing to vote a donation
of lands to the extent indicated in the bill, provided
the other provisions of the bill shall be so molded
as to suit my viewsofwhat is necessary and prop
er to be done.
The other mode of giving governmental aid to
the great object proposed by the bill before us, is to
make a contract with the company that undertakes
to build the road, to carry the United States mails,
troops, seamen, munitions of war, <Yc., for a period
of years, and at a certain late per mile per annum,
and to advance to the contractor equal portions of
the aggregate sum, as each section of twenty-five
miles of the road is completed ; the sum thus ad
vanced, with interest, to be repaid to the Govern
ment in service performed under the contract. It
is scarcely necessary or proper to assert or argue
that the power to do this is within the constitution
el competency of Congress. The power to estab
lish post offices and post roads is especially grant
ed to Congress in the Constitution. The power to
cause the mails to be carried on these roads, and
to and frotr these offices, is not only a proper but
necessary incident to the specific grant. Con
gress, in its discretion, instead of employing its
own carriages or wagons and horses, hiring its
own drivers and agents, has considered it more
economical, and in all respects wiser, to contract
with individuals tor carrying the mails, under such
rules and regulations as are established by law.
Government can establish a Pacific railroad as a
post road; it may establish post-offices on the
route to be supplied with mails. It has already
post offices on the Atlantic and on the Pacific side
of the Union to be supplied with mail service.—
Congress may, therefore, make or authorize to he
made a contract for the transportation of the mails !
upon the road or roads to be constructed across the I
continent; may stipulate the price and other terms; I
may make a contract for one or more years ; and
may pay at stated periods, after the performance of |
the service, or in advance of it if it shall consider j
that to be the best for the Government and the |
people. It is for Congress to decide upon, and to
instruct the execution by law, the terms and con
ditions upon which this public service to be per
formed, and which in its judgment, will best pro
mote the public interests. The power is unlimi
*=j, * t,j. ti,p nhlivation of stood fottJ>
viding for the protection and promotion ottlie pub
lic interests, by as speedy, cheap, and safo trans
portation of the mails, and other Government prop
erty, as possible.
With the power clearly existing in Congress,
who can doubt the propriety, expediency, and wis
dom, of making a contract for carrying the mails,
cfc., and advancing reasonable amounts to the
company from time to time, which, with other
Government aid and their own private resources,
would enable them to prosecute a work of such
vast and paramount importance ?
Entertaining no doubt, myself, I cannot hesitate
to authorize such a contract, with necessary and j
proper conditions and restrictions, as will, in my
judgment, go further to promote the great object in
view than any other step which Congress could
constitutionally adopt.
It may be asked, if Congress can aid in the con
struction of a road by a donation of public lands,
and by advancing money upon a mail contract, j
why may not Congress build the road, on the Gov
ernment behalf, by an appropriation of money di
rect from the national Treasury ? I answer that
the power to dispose of the public lands is specifi
cally granted in the Constitution; the power to
provide for mail service and other public transpor
tation is necessary and proper to carry specific
grants into effect. But there is no power granted
in the Constitution to Congress to build railroads,
construct canals, improve rivers, or appropriate
money for these object. Congress cannot appro
priate money for the construction of any work of
internal improvement which is not absolutely nec
essary for the Government use, or to execute some
other specific constitutional grant of power. Ido
not consider that there is such an absolute necessi
ty for a railroad or roads across the continent, either
for the transportation of the mail, or the Govern
ment troops, military stores, and munitions of war,
as would justify Congress, under the Constitution,
in expending many millions of the public money,
and undertaking the construction of such a road by
its own means. The mails may be carried, as they
are now carried, either by the isthmus routes or
overland in wagons and carriages. Troops, sea
men, stores, and munitions may be transported by
the same routes. It is true, that the process is so
slow, hazardous and expensive as almost to make
the construction of a railroad a necessity ; hut still
not of such pressing and obligatory character as to
draw therefrom the right, under the Constitution,
to build it at Government cost; and, even if the
Government had the power, under the Constitu
tion, to construct the road at its own expense and
under its own supervision, it would in my opin
ion, be highly injudicious and inexpedient to do
so. The reasons against such an undertaking
by the Government are too numerous and too ob
vious to require mention here. The most ardent
friends and wildest enthusiasts in favor of a Pa
cific railroad do not propose or press its construc
tion by the Government. Such a scheme does not
deserve to be considered ; it is utterly out of the
question. Any road or roads which may be de
manded by the great interests of the country, must
be constructed by private enterprise and managed
by individual capacity.
The Government should only lend its aid in
such form and manner as the Constitution justi
fies and the national convenience and ability may
permit. Possesing, as I think it does, the rightful
power and the pecuniary ability to give its aid in
the manner and form, and to the extent proposed
by this bill, I am willing to adopt the general prin
ciple of governmental aid in securing the accom
plishment of the great national object of a rail
road communication between the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans, within the territory of the United
States.
But, sir, although I am in favor of the general
principles of the hill under consideration, 1 am op
posed to the bill itself as it now stands, and canno
give it the sanction of my vote, without materia
alterations. The bill, as it now stands, provide;
only for one road, and circumstances which nous
necessarily arise will control its location. The bil
itself prescribes that its eastern terminus shall not
be south of the mouth of the Kansas river, whilst
its western termination is to be San Francisco.—
Where else can the road be located, with these
tei mini, than along one of the northern routes
which have been surveyed? Nor does it require
any great degree of sagacity to understand that it
location along one of these northern routes will be
controled by the great and all-powerful interests of
the wide-spread net-work of northern railroads
which cover the surface of the earth between New
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, lowa,
Wisconsin, will beat and bear down all opposing
rivalry, and force the location of the Pacific road
on such route as their interests shall dictate.—
That route must be one at least as far north as the
thirty-eighth degree of north latitude, and vety prob
ably will be still higher up. The railroad, there
fore, provided for by this bill will be a northern road
having its location on a northern route—making
connections with a northern system of roads, pour
ing all its Pacific travel and trade into the northern
States, and emptying all its rich fruits into the lap
of northern cupidity and capital. The southern
States of this Union will have little interest in such
a road. Like a large and flourishing tree, cov
ered with ripe and rich fruit, it will be surrounded
by a dense throng of eager northern gatherers, who
will clutch all its choice productions, leaving only
a few decayed and worthless morsels to their south
ern friends, who stand afar off, on the very
outside of the circle of greedy expectants.
Sir, the public lands which will be given to thi*
road were purchased by the money and blood of
the South as well as of the North. They belong
as much to the South as to the North. The large
sums of money to be appropriated in aid of this
road are to be taken from a common Treasury, to
which the South contributes Iter full share. The
South is entitled to a full participation in all the
benefits which are to be derived by the aid ot the
Government from the .proposed pathway across
the continent to the Pacific ocean. The amend
ments which I propose to offer to this bill look to
this object, and are intended, and 1 think calculated
to secure it. Whilst they concede the aid of the
Government to the fullest extent, in the shape of
public lands, to a northern route, they also con
tribute the same amount of moneyed assistance, in
the form ofa contract for carrying the mails and
other property of the United States to a southern
route.
There is another serious objection, to my mind,
to this one-road project of the Senator from Cali
fornia. The circumstances and causes to which I
have alluded, and which will inevitably control the
northern location of the road, will throw the lands
to be granted, and the money to be advanced, into
the hands of a northern company of jobbing specu
lators. What guarrentee is there that the road will
ever be carried to the Pacific ? They commence
the road at some point on the Missouri river; they
locate it through Kansas, Nebraska, or other hab
itable territory of the United States, and construct
it as far out west as the country is worth anything
and will afford renumerating travel and trade ;
they get the lands donated by Congress— twenty
sections for every mile of road finished ; they re
ceive the advance of $12,500 per mile for mail ser
vice ; and they complete two or three hundred miles
of road, get from two to three million acres of
valuable land, receive in hand a like sum of mon
ey, and then cease its further construction ! Sir, I
entertain very grave doubts whether, with all the
proposed aid in lands and money, any company
will ever be found to carry out the great leading
object of the bill—a railroad connection with the
Pacific coast—over any of the northern routes.—
The distance from the Missouri river to San Fran
cisco cannot be less than two thousand miles: the
road cannot be constructed over any of the routes
heretofore surveyed, or that can be selected, at a
cost of less than fifty thousand dollars a mile, or
one hundred million dollars. The average cost of
railroads in the northern States of the Union is not
less than forty thousand dollars a mile. How much
then, will the road cost, traversing desert plains
and crossing lofty mountains, covered with snow
for a great part of the year, and through regions
inhabited only by savages and wild beasts?
Ifit should cost only a hundred millions, would
it ever pay ? Would the stock ever draw a divi
dend? What shrewd, intelligent Yankee will ever
undertaking? I do not say, sir, that a northern
road is impracticaple. Money can overcome all
obstacles. A road may be built even on the most
northern route, but at such an enormous expense
as would render the stock utterly worthless. Ido
not believe that such a road as the bill contemplates
aud must inevitably produce, will ever reach the
Pacific ocean.
But, sir whether this be so or not, whether a
road will ever be built on a northern route with
the proposed aid of the Government, I think justice
demands that equal provision should be made for
a connection over a southern route. I feel very
confident that, with the Government aid proposed
by this bill, a road located either upon the thirty
second or thirty-fifth parallel would be certainly
and speedily constructed. I am not prepared to
institute an extended comparison of these two
routes. I believe a first-class railroad might be
built on either ofthem, with the assistance from
the Government which is suggested in my amend
merits. The route on the thirty-second parallel
would have the advantage of being much shorter
in distance ; for I consider the completion of the
road now under progress through Texas, from the
neighborhood ol Shreveport, in Louisana, to ElPaso
on the Rio Grande, a distance of seven hundred
miles, as a fixed fact. The munificent grant made
by the State of Texas to that road, of twenty sec
tions ol land and $6,000 in money to each mile,
will insure its rapid construction and early comple
tion. From the Rio Grande to the Pacific, a dis
tance of seven hundred and fifty miles, is the only
portion which would have to be provided for and
constructed by the Pacific Railroad Company,
which would contract with the President for its
construction, and the transportation of the mails
and other Government property. No road on any
other route can be accomplished short of two
thousand miles. On the thirty-fifth parallel, the
road must begin at Memphis, or some other point
equally distant. It would have to be constructed
through the entire State of Arkansas thence up the
Canadian river and on to the Rio Grande at Albu
querque, and thence across to the Pacific. Never
theless, I am much inclined to believe that, with
even this disparity of distance, over which the
road would have to be built, the upper route on
the thirty-fifth parallel is the cheapest, safest, and
best route. The whole route from the Mississippi
to the Colorado traverses a comparatively level
country and elevated and healthy region, abound
ing with wood and water, and containing a large
quantity of valuable lands both for agricultural and
mining purposes. But whichever of these routes
is best, or whichever may be selected, it is certain
that either is practicable, and at a cost far below
that or any northern route.
I feel assured that the donation of public lands,
and the mail contract proposed by mv amendment,
will secure the construction and completion of a
road over one or the other of these routes, and
within the time limited by the bill.
Now, sir, I am unwilling to vote the large amount
of aid in land and money contemplated by this bill
on any single road, unless the locality be fixed be
forehand, and a practicable, certain, and just one
selected. lam willing to provide for the construc
tion of two roads—a northern and southern road.
1 am willing to make the same grant of lands to
each. lam willing to authorize the President to
enter into a contract with both for the transports
tion of the mails, troops, munitions of war, and
other public services—one to take the mails and
other transportation of its section: the other to
carry them within its own limits. Let the North
take her lands, her contract, and her route, and
build her road, if she can. The South will be
content to take the same advantages, and, I trust,
would make a manly effoit to accomplish this, the
I greatest enterprise of the age. If she fail, the fault
and the loss will be hers.
1 proceed now, Mr. Presidsnt, to read the
amendments which I intend to offer to this bill;
and I suggest to the Senator from Missouri [Mr.
Green] whether it would not be better for him to
withdraw his amendment at present until the sense
of the Senate is taken on the propositions which I
shall submit. The proposition which I shall sub
mit, as I have already stated, looks to the forma
tion of two roads, one north of latitude 36°, and
the other south of that parallel. My proposition
is that the contractors, or the company, or whoever
may undertake to construct these roads, shall se
lect both the eastern and western termini, and shall
select the route over which the roads shall be con
structed, Doubtless the contractors, whoever they
are, will be controlled by their own interest, and
will seek the best practicable route. So far as
carrying the mails and other public transportation
is concerned, I propose that each of these roads
shtrtf have its share of the public business. I pro
pose that all the mail and other public transpor
tation lying most contiguous to the northern route
shall be by contract sent over that route, and all
lying most contiguous to the southern route shall
be, by the contract to be entered into, transported
over that route, on such terms as the President in
the contract shall designate under the restrictions
and limitations contained in the bill.
I move to strike out the first section of this bill,
and insert this as the first section :
Be it enacted tpc., That the President .of the
United States shall, as soon after the passage of
this act as may be convenient, cause advertisements
to be asserted in two newspapers in each State
aud Territory, and in the District of Columbia, for
a period of not less than three nor mote than six
months, inviting sealed proposals for the construc
tion of a northern Pacific railroad, to be located
within the United States, and north of the thirty
sixth degree of north latitude, the termini and
route thereof to be selected and determined upon
by the contractors : Provided, The eastern termi
nus shall not be east of the Missouri river; which
said proposals shall stipulate for the construction
of said railroad and for the performance of the
public service herein required, as follows :
Then I take article one of the bill as it is, as to
the time in which it is proposed to construct and
finish the entire road, and leave the seeond condi
tion the same: and then, instead of the third artic
le as continued in the bill, I propose to insert as
follows :
At what rate per mile per annum, not exceeding
$250, it is proposed to transport over said road the
United States mails for all that portion of the
United States more contiguous and convenient to
said road than to the southern Pacific railroad pro
vided for by this act; the same to be carried both
ways under the direction of the Post Office Depart
ment for the period of twenty years.
And then I adopt the terms and language of
the bill as already reported. I propose to add
another section to come in at the end of the bill,
after the northern road is provided for, and all the
other provisions of the bill are adopted by the Sen
ate as reported by the committee.
And be it further enacted, That in tire adver
tisements provided for by the first section of this
act, the President shall also invite proposals for
the construction of a southern Pacific railroad to
be located within the United States, and south of
the thirty-sixth parallel of north lattitude, the ter— )
mini and route triereof to be selected and deter
mined upon by the contractors: Provided, The
eastern terminus shall not be east of the Mississip
pi river, and that the President sijall enter into a
like contract for the construction 5f said road un
der the same provisions, conditions, limitations and
restrictions, and with the same advantages as here
inbefore recited and made applicable to the said
northern Pacific railroad, for the transportation of
the United States mails, troops, seamen, stores,
munitions of war, and all other public service for
all that portion of the United States more contigu
ous and convenient to said southern road than to
the northern Pacific railroad provided for by this
act.
It will be perceived, Mr. President, that I pro
propose to provide for two routes, and to make a
donation of public laud to the extent of twenty
sections per mile—ten sections on each side of the
road ; and also to make a contract with each com
pany for the transportation of the mails and other
public property of the United States, under the
same restrictions and limitations as to prices that
are already prescribed in the bill under considera
tion. But, instead of advancing $25,000,000 to
the road that is provided for by this bill, I propose
’ of $12,500,000 to each road, so that the aggregate
sum will be the same, $25,000,000, as proposed by
the bill; that is to say, I give to the northern road
the donation of public lands, the whole which is
provided for in this bill; I give to the northern
road a contract for carrying the mails, munitions
ot war, troops, of the United States to the
extent of $12,500,000 ; and propose to advance to
it, in United States bonds, as each sectitn of twen
ty-five miles is completed, $6,250 a mile, instead
of $12,500, as provided by the bill. The contract
is to specify that, when the road is completed for
twenty five-miles or more, or finally, the company
shall be entitled to the transportation of the mails
at a rate not exceeding two hundred and fifty dol
lars a mile.
It will be perceived that the bill itself, which pro
vides for only one road, agrees to give to the com- *
pany the contract for the mails at a price not ex
ceeding five hundred dollars per mile per annum.
I propose to divide this mail contract and to give
not more than two hundred and fifty dollars a mile. ]
I think that is ample. I believe that is the maxi
mum sum that is given on any railroad in the Uni
ted States for mail service even of a more intpor
taut character than is intended to be supplied by
these roads. I think the Government does not
pay more than two hundred and fifty dollars a mile
upon any railroad in the United States for mail
service. If it does, it is under extraordinary cir
cumstances, and it is not of a general character.
Then I propose to let these roads take the business
which appertains to the particular section in which
each is constructed. My opinion is that with this
aid from the Government and with a contract of
this sort, whatever may be the fate of the northern
road, which I consider exceedingly doubtful, not
withstanding all the power of the Government and
all the aid which may be brought to bear, I believe
at least, that the southern road can be and will be
constructed ; and I believe that the southern routes,
either the thirty-second or thirty-fifth parallel, are
the only routes across the continent that ever will
be used for a Pacific railroad. Still, however, I
am not unwilling to give to the North the oppor
tunity of constructing their road and the same ad
vantages and the same privileges and the same
gifts which I propose to the southern route.
Oscar W. Mason, alias Mason Thomas, the kid
napper, lately arrested in Richmond, was arraigned
in New York on Monday and held to bail- in the
sum of SIO,OOO, and George Anderson, the negro,
in SI,OOO, as a witness. In default, both were
locked up.
On the thirty-second degree of north latitude let
us see the feasibility and probability of the con
struction of the road. There is already a railroal
now in process of construction, and more than half
completed, from Vicksburg, in Mississippi, to
Shreveport, and thence to the Texas line of Lou
isiana. The means are already provided for the
Completion of that road. That is a link from the
Mississippi river. That road then connects with
the great Texas road, a branch of the Pacific rail
road, which is now in process of construction, and
to which the State of Texas, as I have said, has
granted a donation of twenty sections of land and
$6,000 per mile in money. This, I think, will se
cure the construction of that road. I understand
from good authority that the company have al
ready constructed a sufficient amount of road to
secure the valuable grant.
The construction of that line of seven hundred
miles by private enterprise, I consider settled be
yond all dispute. The only part, then which will
have to be constructed by the new company—a
Pacific Railroad Company—will be from the Rio
Grande, at El Paso, (where the Texas road inter
sects that river,) to some point on the Pacific
ocean—San Diego, San Pedro, or San Francisco,
P. H. COLQUITT, Editor.
as the interests of the company may hereafter dic
tate. If that route be adopted, the amount which
will be called for from the Public Treasury, under
the operations of my amendment, will be far less
than upon any other route. If the route on the
i thirty-fifth parallel be adopted, the road must be
commenced at the Mississippi river, for, although
they are roads chartered in the State of Arkansas,
and one from Memphis, by way of Little Rock, to
Fort Smith, which will be the route this road
must necessarily take, if that parallel be adopted ;
although work is now actually in progress on them,
and a road is being built from opposite Memphis,
on the Mississippi river, to Little Rock, contem
plating to go higher up, to the extreme confines of
the western part of Arkansas, at Fort Smith, yet
still I do not believe that company, with the aid
in public lands which has been given to it, will be
able, for many years to come, to construct that
road through the State of Arkansas.
If my amendment passes, the probability is that
the companies which are interested in the work
through the State of Arkansas will join any Pacif
ic Railroad Company which may be formed in the
construction of this great work, and the interests
of the two companies will be combined. That
road, under the provisions of thi amendment, will
be commenced at Memphis, will run through the
State of Arkansas, thence up the Arkansas river
until it meet the Canadian, and thence on to the
Pacific. This is the most eligible route, in my
opinionion, and probably it is the cheapest route
which can be found between the Atlantic and Pa
cific oceans. lam satisfied that if either of the
twosouthern routes be selected a road over them
must necessarily, and will at no distant day be
constructed.
I believe, sir, that it is just and due to the south
ern people, that we should have the aid of ffie
Government, if Government aid is to be given at
all for the construction of our own road. It is certain
that if tins passes in the form reported by the Sen
ator from California, the South will never have any
interest in the road which is to be constructed un
der it ; and it is unfair, it is unjust, it is ungener
ous that the public Treasury and the public lands,
which belongs as much to the southern as the nor
thern people, should all be taken to promote the
interests, of the North. Sir, already complaints are
uttered, and justly uttered against the vast dispar
ity of public expenditures in the two sections.—
From the formation of the Government to the pres
ent time, where one dollar of the public money has
been appropriated to be expended in the southern
States, at least five dollars have been expended in
the northern and western States of this Union.—
The Senator from Alabama [Mr. Clay] says ten ;
I said five, to be within the bounds of reason. It
is very probable that at least ten to one have been
expended in the northern States; and now it is
propose to build this great thoroughfare across the
continent, which is to pour such an immense a
mount ol richas into the lap of the country which
it taps, at the partial expense, at least, of the Gen
eral Government and of the public Treasury. Sir,
I object to the proposition; I think it is unjust and
unfair to the southern portion of this Union that
the benefits of this Government shall be conferred
exclusively upon the other section. I am willing
to adopt the principle of the bill, and to give public
service to two roads, and let each section then take
its route and build its road if it can. With these
views, which I have expressed rapidly as possible, f
j shall offer the amendment when I get the oppor
tunity to do so.
President Huchanan—Toombs and others.
The President had a grand serenade recently by the Ma
rine Band and salutes from the Cannoniers ot Washington,
with their,'artillery. Two thousand persons were supposed
to be present and speeches were made by the President,
Mr. Toombs, Clay and ethers,
We give below the speeches of the President and Mr,
Toombs, Mr. Stephens was serenaded but declined from
indisposition to address the multitude.
THE PRESIDENT’S SPEECH.
Gentlemen: I feel very much honored by
the kindness which you have displayed in coming
in such respectable numbers to give me a sere
nade, I have long been acquainted with Wash
ington. I have been intimate with my fellow
citizens of this city for a longer period than many
of you have lived, and I have never received any
thing but kindness, attention, and good will from
the population ofthis District. [Cheers ] I thank
you most cordially that the kindness which your
fathers have extended to me still lives in the breasts
of their children, and I hope when I leave this city,
lAff'tfflelflionate regard which I shall
endeavor to deserve. [Applause.] This is a great
occasion on which you have assembled. It is far
above men. The best interests of the country
were involved in the long contest which has so
happily terminated. [Applause.] I hope and be
lieve that the result will tend to promote the peace
and prosperity of our glorious Union, [chetrs;]
and, of ail the people upon the face of the earth,
the people of Washington are the most interested
in preserving this uniiy ot interests which has ren
dered us glorious abroad, and successlul and pros
perous at home. [Cheers.] I do not think that it
will be becoming in me to enter into any discus
sion of the great question which has so happily
terminated. I therefore must conclude these brief
remarks with again repeating to you how hartily
I feel your kindness,and how gratefully I shall
ever remember it to the last period of my existence.
[Cheers.]
Tlte President, having retired, again approached
the window, and remarked there were several
gentlemen with him. He did not know whether
his friend Toombs would be willing to speak or
not. Immediately there was a loud and prolong
ed call for Senator Toombs, who came forward,
and, so soon as quiet was restored, spoke as
follows:
mr. toombs’s speech.
Being introduced by the distingushed patriot and
Chief Magistrate who has just addressed you, as
well as encouraged by your complimentary notice,
I suppose I must join my congratulations with
yours upon this auspicious occasion, which calls
for rejoicingjthtoiighoufthis broad land. After a con
test of ten years, growing outfofsectional difference,
we have yesterday in the House of Representa
tives and Senate passed a measure, and I doubt
not it will be confirmed by the President of the
United States, of great permanent peace for our
selves and our children after us. [Applause.] This
is a pacification in which there has been no dis
honor anywhere, in which there has been no con
cession by the North to the South, or by the South
to the North, but in a spirit of brotherhood and pa
triotism they have come together and settled their
sectional difference upon a sacred, and permanent,
and fundamental ground of public principle and
public honor. [Applause.] Therefore, as there
is a triumph nowhere, there is a sting nowhere, and
we see nothing in the bright and brilliant future
but peace and harmony, and prosperity to the glo
rious organization of the democratic party who
have brought the country sale through ail its strug
gles. Therefore, gentlemen. I have a right to
rejoice. Let us all rejoice. Let the voice rever
berate from the hill tops and through the valleys
all over this land—from the Atlantic to the Pacific
from the lakes to the Gulf—that there is peace,
throughout all the land of America. [Applause.]
And who are there to oppose it; who shall raise a
voice to destroy it ?—[a voice in the crowd: “No
body”] Where shall it come from ? It can only
come from the disappointed cabal—the coalition
who traffic in public safety, public honor, and they
will Sink in glorious obscurity while the star of
America shall rise and shine transcendent now
and forever. Great cheering
£iF”Said Mrs. Philanthropy, the other day, ac
costing a precocious urchin in the street, with a
wardrobe remarkable for its ventillating advanta
ges, ‘Bubby, why don’t you go home and get your
mother to sew up that awful hole in your trowsers?
‘Oh, yeou git eout, old ’ooman,’ was the respect
ful reply, ‘our folks are economising, and a hole
will last longer than a patch any day.’
The old lady’s honest sympathy was wasted,
while the youngster beat a hasty retreat round the
corner,
Number 19