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Iipayp^i Mppnpip nnrgsB^gbb BHRSfe ; ******. s?Jj KiJNi£btS? PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY DWINELL & VOLUME 11. “Americans Shall Bale America.” TEEMS—$2 00 PEE ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. •****" .-- ROME, GA-, TUESDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER, 27, 1855. NUMBER o. EVERY TCESDAT MORNING. DTUXELL-J Courier [s. c. finlky. BY DWINELI, <fc FINLEY. , Terns of Subscription: b advance, nfrt hsmnt, \ ....... $2 96 sis xoxras, ..... . $2 50 Terns of Affvjirtfcinff: ^0* le(al AlwOwmattsOl be inserted tho usual ntd. Miscellaneous Advertise- taents at SI per square of 12 lines cries*, for the Ont end 50 cents tor each subsequent Inssrtton. NUMABtfdS. . The following is from the -principal amount of the weslthv and highly respectable house- of Knot. Veda A Bro. of this city, and presents ea*y d« a nt a/emiufmt cars* in els aaaah of -Dear Sir: Actuated by a Mr. H. O. >of_ > of the adlity of your great My child, three yean Md, eras suddenly attack ed with a terrible disease, which in lees than six boon prostrated it to total hrfplowuoss.— The linbs became so rigid that not* joiutcould be beat; the fimii timed black and cold and deprived of feeling; the eyes Used, ' closed aad altogether blind, following deafteees to all sounds; the spine be- i —traded aad so curved that when lying the head aadbeals only-touched.*— COT. Joiwsors MESSAGE. [The great length of this deenment, which was read before both the houses of the Georgia Legislature on Tuesday the 6th last, places it beyond our power to insert it entire, we will therefore only publish mob parts as wa deem of most interest to oar general reader*, aad give only a brief synopsis of fitch ports as we cannot copy in toll.] , _ . ■■■ ■ . jaatoea times and various rube&rient liniments applied. A consul tattoo of physicians was then brought before the Medical Society, but nothing could be •eggeeted which hud not already, been done, aad the doctor then told me he could do noth- togmore. We thea commenced applying your Tin haul freely oven the entire length of the opine, aad yon may imagine n parent’s joy, when, alter n tow appBeatiops,returning anima- ooo war apparent, and it rapidly reoo vend with the exception of the sight, which did not become ‘ for over a month. The child is now and robust as can be. Five other eases kind occurred previously in my t, all of which died, when then is If year Liniment had been need they re recovered* H. G. CLBLAND. A BAUD LUMP ON A HORSE BREAST.— Mr. H G Farrell:—I have used your Arabian Liniment with gratification in several rases, the most remarkable of which was a large lamp that appeared on my horse’s breast. It was very hard, appearing to be hard gristle. It xcmamed for nearly i year, when I applied for year Linimont, one bottle of which entirely owed it. I can recommend its* the best Lin iment I ever used. JOHN,CRAWL. Look oat for Comaterfeite ! ‘blic an eantioned against anotbc ri4 which has lately made its appearr tad W. B. FamlTs fi rahisn- Liniment, Sxacimva Dimhwist, ) Milledgeville, Nov. 6th, 1855. J Fellow Citizens or The Senate and Ho*** of Rrpreeeatatices : .Yon have assembled, as the representatives of the people, to nview the admiaistntion of tho Stole Government, for the last two years, and to enact such laws as your wisdom may dictate, to ho necessary Ibr the promotion ortho public welfare. You meet under circumstances well calculated *© awaken gratitado to Haavea. For although, the previous year was one of drought nnd comparative scarcity, and memora ble for the melancholy ravages of Yellow Fever t our principal seaport city, yet, the tempo- frown of Ptoytdeoeo has passed away, aad we bosk in his boniBcent smiles. Peaoe, aad Prosperity reign throughout our ; we still enjoy the blessing of civil aad religious liberty; all things combine to provoke ua to that riohteousness which “exalteth aNation.” • Treasury. , I herewith submit the Report of the Treasur er, exhibiting tolly the operations of his Depart ment for the last two dseal years, ending on the 30th of October. It'appears that there was at that date, an available balance in the Treasury of $90,793 24. The Western-A Atlantic Rail Road paid into fte Treasury, in 1354, tho sum of $50,000.— There were also collected from the Federal Gov ernmeat, on account of Military claims, $li,- 221 78. 'In 1355 end prior to the 1st of October the Western A Atlantic Rail Road paid in the forther sum. of $100,000 00. The Treasurer also received on account of the sale of reverted lands in die Cherokee region, sold under an net of the last Legislature, the sum of $19,302 61* Prom the sale of the State’s interest in lands, on the Chattahoochee under an met of the last session he received the farther snm of $1,993 11. Hence, for the twe fiscal years, the Treasury has received the aggregate sum of $132,626 49, from extra ordinary sources, not anticipated by the Legis lature, in the estimate of revenue. The aggre gate receipts of the Treasury, from ordinary sources, for the two years, was $939,244 02 : and the actual aggregate of disbursements, for the same time, was $946,S74 97; showing; that there would have been a deficit, without th'e receipts from these extraordinary sources, of $15,730 94. Now, the act of the 24th ofDeoem her, 1845, creates a lien upon' the Western A Allan tie Rail Hoad, and its nett earnings for the redemption of the Bonds, amounting to $125,- 500 00, which it authorised to be issued for the extension of that work. They Ikll due in July and December, 1856. But seeing that a deficit in the Treasury to meet the demand upon it must .necessarily occur: finding 'it also'imnrac* tieable to call in these Boffdaf except to the amount of $19,500 and feeling perfectly confi dent, that the future proceeds of the Rosd will bc ampljr sufficient to meet the balance of 9100, 000 00, before or at maturity, 1' directed the Treasurer to cany the monies paid in, from that »®nree, into the general fund, use them In the Pm-' mfaU the having the name ofFarveU, many it in good faith, without the knowl a counterfeit exists, and they will per “•cover their error when the sptui has wrought its evU effect*. i article is manafoeiured only by aide inventor and proprietor, and _ . ipd, No. IT Main street, Peoria, miaou, to whoa all applications for Agencies ”»* y sffaM* Be sure you get it with I toy. I have investigated this suto “® totters H. G. before Farrell's, thus—H. G. 1 examination of the President's an payment of the public debt aud in tercet, and the regular operations of the Treasury. The committee of Finance on tho State of the the Treasury, Ac., called my attention to the immense item of expenses lor tne’-serrices of Clerks in both branches of the 'GcnvrilAnem. _ ;, by actual and' Speaker’s Warrants front 1833 down to the present'tune, including the last session. The aggregate ex penses of the Houses, per Session, on this score from 1833 down to the session of 1846-50 ranged from $4,290 00 to $8,833; the latter sum being FARRELL’S—aad his signature on the wrap- C V aR others are counterfeits. ; dbj Kendrick A Pledger, Melville G. B. F. Mattox, Mt Hickory « <. . V C. Brown. »* .. -CoosaP. O. _ Branner A Moyers, Summerville 1 the largest expenditure of any one session du° . - Battey, Wholesale Agent, Home j ring that period. For the session of 1840—50, and by icgrfarty authorized agents throughout] ths-expense for Clerks’ hire of the two Houses a « ' , . - . W " $1.8,286 00 ; for 1851-2, it was $17,212 00; “A $1 per bottle, j and for 1853-4, it was $33,156 00. The enor- AGENTS WANTED In every town, village I mods expenditure of the three last Seasons of and hamlet u the united States, in which one I the Legislature eviafe extravagance and call is not already established. Address H. G. Far- I for retrenchment and reform. *r . sled with' good reference r, responsibility, Ac. CABINET SHOP And Blind and Sash Factory !!. STANDISH fit BLAKEMAN ofjM.M. Sumter, ton tis sue to mg$ufoetare. all kinds of FUR 3 LINDS, and BI at the old stand on March27.—ly ATLANTA 1I A( IIINE WORKS. - (LATE ATLASTTA IKON- TOCKDET.) THE WESTEEIf t ATLAKTIC BAIL ROAD. ! . I herewith submit the animal Reports of the Superintendent of the Western A Atlantic Rail Road, exhibiting its operations for the fiscal yean 1954 and 1855. They show a steady and highly encouraging increase of its business and a commendable curtailment of iteexpenditores. As these documents furnish all tho data for the formation: ofa correct opinion as to what should on the j bo tho future policy oftbe Road, so for as relates fifli) AVI I (n iK* Mlrtllottnns af tla W „ u itterns oflron, Brass bich will bo warran- i and Drilling done to , 'ng of 10 feet or nn- l required. Heavy ; of wrought Iron or Steel to tbe^regulations of its tariff of freights, I «npH indulge it i no specniations upon that subject; b®t Icwe it, in all its bearings, to the wisdom of the Legislature. . It, is one of great moment, and ean only be correctly settled by facto its connection with other roads^ and the tight of experience. If you design it to be h paying road, then the policy obviously is, to adjust its freight schedule, in reference th its connection with others. If you are content that it, shall be kejpt up mainly for the accommodation of the section through which it runs, and aalho means of affording the low, with facilities for procaring the produce of the up country, without special reference to profit, iheh it may be treated and conducted as an independent -work. The road is the people’s property, constructed for their corn- disasters from. running off or cc Indus and yet the diesatisfoctiou and com platat in certain quarters, aro deep and loud. All, demonstrating that the policy of severing it from Executive control, is absolutely imper ative. Irespeetfully urge the Legislature to do it* Under the resolution of the last Legislature, for that purpose, I appointed the Hon. John D. Stoll a Commissioner, 4< to preeeed to tho State of Tenneseee, to proonro the repeal of tho law of that State, whieh subjects the Western A At lantic Rati Road to suits in her Courts, and to fix upon suchuterms of negotiation aud recipro city, as shall be acceptable to both States." As the result of his mission, I horewith submit the Message of the Governor of Tennessee, and th'o action of her Legislature upon the subject You will perceive that they, by Resolution, author ized him to "appoint a Commissioner learned In the law whose duty it shall be to confer with , the Commissioner appointed by the Governor -of Goorgia, either here (ip Nashville) or in the 8tate of Georgia, upon the eubjeot of the inter course by Rati Road between the two States, with instructions to report to tho General As- bly of this State (Tennessee) all tho legislative action that has been bad by the two States in reference to this matter, and also what further legislation, if any is necessury to preserve tho rights of the citizens of Tennessee, aud to main tain our friendly relation." After Mr. Stelt returned, he surrendered his Commission, and I appointed Wm. K. DeGraffcnried, Esq., in his steiu?, to complete tho negotiation. The Governor of Tennessee appointed Jas. A. White aide, Esq. , under the resolution abovo quoted These two gentlemen have had a meeting, but finding that the question of the jurisdiction of the Courts of Tennessee over the Western A Atlantic Rail Road was made titfhe McClung case then pending before her highest judi cial tribunal, they considered it most pru dent and respectfol to await the decision, before proceeding with the negotiation ; for tho Court might determine the question in our favor, and thus end all tribuble on this score. But our hope of so gratifying a result has failed. I understand the Court has decided against us.— Hence, if no satisfactory adjustment between the two States con he effected by negotiation it will devolve upon yon to determine the course to he adopted. A lease or sale of that portion of the Road'which is within the limits of Ten nessee, would seem to suggest itself as the most natural remedy. PFXITEXTIARY. I refer you to the Report of the Principal Keeper for the operations of the Penitentiary. The statement exhibits its present financial con dition : Resource* and Linbilitit* on 1st Oct. 1S55.* RESOURCES. To notes and Accounts $23,276 03 Of which are considered bad and doubtful, 2,702 27 $20,573 76 Cash, 2.807 80 - $23,381 5G And the Liabilities are Due Officers and Guard, $7,590 89 ' Indi’ls In’spr’s Dept. 8,483 32 1 do Bk K’p’s “ 504 95 16,579 16 it ting this subject to your consider ation, your attention-is directed to the sugges tions, under thin- head, oontoinod in the Ko- port of the " Finance Committee on the state of tho Trcnsury, Ac.,” and tho Heport of the Principal'Keeper. ' ^ \ TUB SKAT OK OOVEBStMK!?*; Tho question of tho removal of tho Heat of Government has boon agitated, from time to time, for many years. The last legislature, unwise nnd inexpedient. Its tendency is to emoseulato privato enterprise, by removing the necessity of self reliance. It will complicate the State with individual interests, whieh ex perience teHCbos to be dangerous to the public welfare. It will increase the Slate debt, and consequently oreate a necessity for burdensome taxation. The construction of the Western A Atlantic rati road, by the State, is regarded, both ai precedent and an argument in favor of direct improssod.with the importance of its final set- appropriations, in aid of internal improve tlement, referred It to tho legal voters of the ments. But licenses to be forcible, in either Resources over and above Liabilities collectable. Manufactured articles, in B. K's DepL Material on hand, P*1 K’p'r’s Dept a: $6,802 4 0 6,747 90 10,257 91 17,005 SI $23,SOS 21 it | pnipnate ior you as their representatives, • t< □ [ prescribe the ttne^of policy to be persued-. fcf Hjrisitifccessary to discuss the various plan: 0 } suggested for its- future management. Some p. S. All of the Above r „ tioal Mechanics, and give their itjdiv Maa { prepared to represent correctly, by your action attention to the business. • jan. 9, *65 j the public sentiment. Another mode proposed T Ti 1» T P I, W Y ’ I & to placeit* 'management to the bands ofa _ X 7?- .* | BoardVcomposed of three Commissioners, to be rockery, and (Hass all kinds ; Oils, Cam- AH ATTENTION' is called to JTnbn benefit and therefore,- it is peculiarly ap- tbr Mill Gearing, for Merchant I propriate for you as their representatives, • to and Saw Mills, Gfo " " ^ s, and Bark'. n M tt^noon | **“* tiehould be sold, either in part or in which will *!“ 1 °7 ne " 1 >!P State, or to give its control to private individu ’ work at cash nrieefc I nfg® that it should- be leased for a L -- - — F I term of years. Thesepropositions were discus- •ed lgr niy immediate predecessor, andconaid- ered by the last legislature. They have also, toe mean time; engaged the popular mind, to a considerable extent, and you are doubtless , and Alcohol * Jani J. M. j chosen by the people. I refer to these propo sitions to demonstrate wbat I believe to be in dispensable' to meet - the .expectations of the people of the,wfi«4e State, and that is the neces sity of removing its administration beyond the m Exi arena of politics—of taking it from Executive control—of making it independent of party in- infioenees. However widely different these vfrioos propositions are, they afford conclusive While Hajl Street - iy* Mgn, Coach, Passenger Cars ‘ and Decorative Painter. - - , - . GUt Gian Door Plates •▼WenooDfthe restiessnessof the popolar mind for Public Houses I o» too subjeet. JTho sentiment is all pervading t »d to manifested in a thousand forms; that “1* is exported and demanded at your bands. How'it shall be done, is the question for your wisdom. I have so, hesitation in expressing the firm belief that it were-better to adopt any one of these propositions, than to permit the Boftu to bo jMMged under the present mode of its organization. The idea of this vast capital being subjected to the fluctuation of party poll- ties—confided to agents, who as a general role, will be changed every two years, in obedience is h 1 WISDOM’S HAIL LISE i via. Mount Hickory,Summenrtileand Try- ■jd Factory. Rome Tamdogt and Friday* at 6 , „ , JI.; retard* Wedmatdmym and Satur- to the utterence oftbe ballot' box, I one and ridiculous in the extreme. It is only tho contract j Bail Road men who understand the conduct Rome and La- [ of these great works. Politicians, who aspiro i traveling public that he is I to Gubernatorial honors, know-but little if any- i gwi Lories uud vehicles for the j thing, about. How absurd, therefore, to place If travelers. Tiiose visiting j the Executive at the head of tho Road—in leasant and opes by secure a liberal share of patrons; Jul7 ’ EUGESE LeflARDY, dVIL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL engineer, SURVEYOR AND ARCHITECT, FGSTDFFICE, ROME, GEORGIA, terest of the a responsi decessors, | been better manag the two last in every a dollar los recovered fn litigai crued within that Road has never than it bats been during d punctuality, h.enforced—not n—not—not a dollar n for damages which mm : Hence, it appears to have been managed with quite as much ability und success, as under pre vious administrations. Still, I feel constrained to say, wbat-its whole history confirms, that it has, to a great extent provedAo be a'failure. A brief glance at the causes will point out the remedy. It is the duty _of the Legislature to apply it promptly. The original design of the Institution was twofold; 1st; to substitute* efficient punishment for crime, properly adjusted to its deuieril, for the gallows in the higher, and the application of the pillory and whipping post to the lower, grades of offenses; and secondly, by connecting labor with confinement, to mako it a self sus mining system. The first object has been so far accomplished only, as to dispense with these engines of cruelty and barberism. But the. Penitentiary has failed to answer the great ends of punishment—reforming the criminal and deterring others from crime. It never can an swer these purposes under itapresent organiza tion. From the utter impossibility of preven ting inter-communication between the convicts, td the abseence of all classification of them, cording to tho moral character of their res pective offenses, the hope of reformation is una vailing—is vane and furtile. It is lather a school in which the villian learns to bo more obdurate in bis depravity, and ho who is im prisoned for an offence, not involving the darker sbades of turpitude, loses the little self respect remaining to him, by the necessary contact with his associates, and is thus ultimately robbed of this Jast trait of human redemption. The ex ceptions to this general remark, lew and far between confirm its truth- Hence, tho Peni tentiary ceases, to be a terror to evil doers. It also fails to answer tho other object of punish ment—that of deterring others from violating tiie laws of the land. The loss of personal lib- •rty, of the sweets’Sfsooial life, and the neces sity for constant tod and restraint upon tho passions^should constitute tho terrors of im prisonmenL But organized as it is, how fee- blo and impotont are these sanctions, uuder oar systemof Penitentiary confinement! It has most signally failed to accomplish tho second design gf its formation—that of bein- a self sustaining system. Tho proof of this is found in the large appropriations, which the Legislature have been compelled, at almost every session, to make for its support. There are palpable causes—-causes that meet the eyes of tho most superficial observer—whieh render it impossible for it to pay its own expenses. wall encloses only about two acres of ground; is it to be expected, that one hundred and seventy«fivo men can be employed prufila- bly, upon so small an arena, in which it is im practicable to divorsify labor? It is located where materials for manufacturing cannot be obtained without tho payment *4f ruinous nri- oes; Tiio question then aribob, what is the remody? Remove it to another rogion of the State. Con struct it upon a plan sufficiently capacious to meet all the conditions required. So arrange *•* apartments as to classify the convicts, accor ding to the moral character of tEeir offences, and to secure absolute prohibition of social intercourse among them. Locate it at m point where material of all kinds cau bo procured cheaply, and build it of stone and iron. Now is tho most favorable time to apply this indispensable remedy. The present wall and buildin. s are all dilapidated and tottering, and they offer hourly temptation tb the devouring element. Something must bo done, and dune now. The present structures are incapable of such repairs as will render them*sohifliiia'for too pUrposos desired. The wbolo concern must be rebuilt, if you intend to continue tho insti tution aud make it wbat it ought to be. By removal, you can remedy another great evil. You can locate it at u point, at which, heavy operations in, irou and stone may fur nish employment for the convicts, and thus dispense with the common branches of the mo- cbaiiie artn. On this acora tbo present system is most detrimental. So far from retarding, the State nhould «o shape her policy, ai to cii- courage industrious and honest won to engago in them. But what is tiro effect of the present Penitentiary sy#tem? It degrades them, by turning looso annually a corps of graduated villains, half skilled and too depraved, in most instances/to perforin according to their ability, who will Work al reduced prices, and thus moot |kp honestonecbanlo with ruinous -competition, zn arranging a Bittern-,of Penitentiary labor, reform should not be disregarded; bat, situa- ahght ted iur tho iustltution now Is. it is lmj»raotlcablo. State, and required them to indorse on their tiokete ** removal” or “ no removal,” and " if to be removed, where,” The following is the official voto, on tho first Monday in October last, according to tho officiul returns on file in tho Executive Department: No removal, 49,. 781; RefBoval to Atlanta, 20,337; to, Macon, 3,802; to Thomasville, 1; to Savannah, g3; to Marietta, 4; to Gordon, 1; to Fort Valloy, l; to tiriffiin, 313; to Wavnesborougb, 1; to Rome, 4; to Madison,*6j to Stone Mountain, 4; ti Indian Springs, 2; to Sandersville, 5; to Barncsvillc, 1; to Iiootensville, 1; to Augusta, 1: to Clarksville, 1; to St Simon’s Island 1; to Lumpkin, 1; removal to no place designated, 852; scattering, 14, The aggregate vole upon the question of romovnt is S4,326, of which 49,781 wero for “ no removnl” and but 34,545 for removal to all other places, lienee, it np. pears, that the majority for "no removal” over alj others, is-15,246. The Gubernatorial vote, at the late election, was about 104,250, showing that there were about 19,705 legal voters who did not.vote on tho question of removal. Hence, if it bo a fair construction, as it would seem to , „ be, that their failure to vote is expressive of their contentment with Milledgeville as tho scat of Government, it is evident, that tho pop ular wilt is overwhelmingly opposod to its re moval. If tho Legislature should concur in this view, then, it is due to tho public as well ns to the citizens of Milledgeville, that you should, at once, by decisive action, put a quie tus to the further agitation of the questioiff Not tlic least effectual mode of accomplishing this object, will bo to make necessary repairs nnd additions to yonr public buildings. The State House should be repaired and suitably enlarged. The square should bo graded, clear ed of tho Arsenal Magazine and the four Chur ches, upon just compensation to the respective denominations, set with shade trees, and en closed by a substantial iron fence. The-Exec utive Maoeion, also should be thorougly repair od and refurnished, and the lot surrounded with an iron enclosure. By resolution of tho last-Session, I was 're quested to furnish to each branch of the Le- islature, the amount of the original cost of the public buildings at Milledgeville, exclusive of tho Penitentiary and Lunatic Asylum, and what amounts is necessary to so repair them as to make them suitable for the purpose for whieh they were intended.’ This resolution passed just at the close of the session, and consequent ly, conld not be responded to, before its adjust ment. I am nnable, even now, to give a full reply. As far as can be ascertained, the pub lic buildings, including State House, Execution, Mansion, and out houses, the Arsenal and Mag azine, have cost, first and last, about $300,000- 00. I have engaged Messrs. Sboll A Fay, pro fessional Architects, to furnish information on the second branch of the resolution. They have already submitted to me a rough sketch of the additions and improvements to the State House which are necessary, and they author, izo me to say, that tho whole can be completed for $125,000 to $150,000. They aro now en gaged in making the necessary drawings and estimates of the expense; and at an early day, they will bo ready for transmission to tho Le gislature. The State House is entirely unprotected, against the ravages of fire. You should nu tborize tho construction .of a large cistern on either side, and the purchase of a Fire Engine. This precaution is highly iuiportaut, and, cost what it may, it v/ill be wise and provident econ omy. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS- STATE AID. If we look to tho geographical position of the State, it is not singular, that she has taken the lend of her Southern sisters, in works of Inderna! Improvement. She occupies the gap between the Southern spur of the Alleghany monntains and the Atlantic and is therefore the portal through which tho travel and pro- , ducts of the great vallep of the T7t3£ must find their transit to the "highway of nations.” Such a position fixes upon her a heavy, but glorious responsibility, involving a mission for the future, worthy tho. most comprehensive grasp of enlightened' statesmanship. Ou tho other hand, her varied and inexhaustiblo min oral and agricultural resources, afford a perpet ual stimulus and prompt to constant efforts to secure the m^dns of theif development. Theso considerations create a two-fold obligation upon the Legislature; the one, to adjacent States— the other, to her vast internal interests. Henco, to comprehend fully their legitimate scope of action, tho Legislature should assume a lofty stand point from which they can survey tho whole field. Holding in her hand the key point of view, when wo consider the circnra stances which prompted that ma_ joct. At that time, there wot not wYatl 1r Georgia. Private capital refused to be thus invested, because experiment had not shown either the practicability or profitableness of such works. Besides, the region which it pen etrates. though abounding in agricultural nod mineral fertility, is mountainous and difficult of access. It was socially and physically sev ered from tho lower region of the State and advantageous markets for the products of its industry. On tho one hand, railroad' enter prise needed the stimulus of enterprise; and on tbo other, the* North West was incapable of do velopment by privato capital. Hence, the enterprise; and if no other advantage shall ever be realized, tho enhanced value of the lands of Cherokee Georgia amply remunerates the State for the outlay, and vindicates the far sighted wisdom of its projectors. The justifi cation of tbo State was the necessity of the case; but where tho necessity does not exist, the reason for the policy does not obtain. But viewed in another light, the building of the Western A Atlcntic railroad by the State does furnish sound reasons why other sections may ask, with proprioty, her fostering Sid, in tho form of a loan of her credit- That- work cost not less Jthan $5,000,000. The region through which it runs wgathen very sparsely populated and consequently contributed a com paratively small portion of the expense of its construction. Middle and Southern Georgia bore the tax, they bne it generously and pat riotically. It is, therefore, not arrogant nor unreasonable to nsk, in return, such aid from the State, os wit) develops other sections and hrinsr thorn Within roach of advantageous mar kets. Tho request woiili ? rtn »® with the force of an appeal to the magnanimity of those, wuo are the special beneficiaries of this large State 'beneficence, to practice the spirit of enlighten ed reciprocation. There are those, whose pa triotism and intelligence are entitled to great respect, who earnestly advocate the policy of the State aiding works of internal improve ment, by issuing her Bonds for a sufficient amount, per mile, to purchase the rails, to all tail road companies which shall bare comple-. ted the grading Ac., of their respective roods, and made thorn' ready for laying the super structure. Bat I regard it wild and hazardous^ and the adoption of such a measure, os the worst calamity that conld be indicated upon the State. If there conld possibly be any necess ities which would justify it, they certainly do not exist in Georgia. Railroad enterprise, with as, doos not need, stimulation, bat rather wholesome and judicious direction.' Such system as that however, wonld multiply those works—or attempts to construct them—indefi nitely; and the sequel would be a crushing State debt, impaired State credit, ruinous de preciation of State Stocks and general paraly sis, in all the departments of business and la bor: State, like individuals, will retard their progress, if they endeavor to advance too rap idly. A system of internal improvements should be rather a growth, developed and gradually matured by tbo action of social and commercial progress, than the artificial result of restless, inipotient, and ill guided, but well- meant legislation. Let us shun both Scylly and Cbaribdi8 and move cautiously through tho strait between the two extremes. to be Applied to the -upport of its prolessor in the State (Juivereity. But this is inadequate. To rendor the apartment efficient and useful, the Legislature should Hot only increase the sura to the extent of an ample endowment, but also make a suitable appropriation for fitting It up with ample means of instruction, illustration and experiment. Tbo appeal upon this score, will not be iu vain. It is the first movement, in Georgia, in favor of Agricultural education, hitherto more neglected, although more impor tant than any other branch, The Professor may produce annually his eourse of Lectures, and delict his class with tho theory of Agricul ture, but he must hove tho means of illustration and experiment to unfold Ifi relations to, and dependence upon, Mineralogy, Geology, Bota ny, Chemistry, Natural History and Mechanics. Agriculture is the most important, because it is the foundation of all other pursuits. It supplies Commerce and Manufactures, in all their Various and ntnttipHcd departments, with whatever imparts to them activity, prosperity and vitality. Uence the indispensibility of its being directed and dignified by. the tight of science and the devotion of educated mind. EDUCATION. Our political system is based upon tho-max im, that the people are capable of sell govern ment. This presupposes intelligence, to know how to govern, and virtue, to give that intelli gence proper direction.—Hence, the impor. tance of a system of public education to en lighten the intellects and moralize the hearts of masses. Tho importance of this subject is paramount and should bring into requisition all the wisdom of tho Legislature; whilst the thwnsifisdS or poor emiaren within tno State, RETAIL LICENSE. It is painful to4be patriot and. Christian to witness the ravages of intemperance. Like war and pestilence, it leaves in its pathway its millions of victims slain, lamentation and wo. It poors desecration and contempt upon all that is hallowed'in domestic'life, and that is sacred in the rites of oar holy religion. The good mar* naturally enquires for a remedy. He looks back upon the past—eloquence and ar gument have grappled with it, social organiza tion has oxe-ted its combined instrumentality, Christianity has wept and prayed over it—and yet the evil continues. Losing sight of the po tency of moral suasion, losing faith in the ulti mate triumph of truth and virtue, and impatient for summary relief, be feels that legislation mast come to the rescae, by prohibiting-the sale of intoxicating liquors. This leads ns to search for the delicate line which defines the legitimate sphere of the civil power. The Leg islature is the gnardian of the general welfare. It is the duty to seeqre public peace and tran quility, and to protect persons, character and property. But why? Not because religion enjoins, but because the interest of the body social demands* it. Hence, social aad civil necessity only should both prompt oZd 2‘frit legislative action ; the promotion of the mor ality which religion inculcatetf mast bo an in* cidental result, not the primary object This is the true criterion to guide the law-making power. To transcend it is fanaticism, because it is th4 recognition of a principle, which wonld justify the civil authority in taking charge of the consciences of men and enforcing moral reforms by law, which can only ^legi timately done by appeals to reason. Hence, the danger and impolicy of attempting to aid the temperance cause by legislative prohibition of the traffic in ardent spirits,. It is not only wrong op a principle of legislation, bat the pab- lio sentiment being adverse to it, the law wonld not bo enforced, intemperance would be ondi- minished, and the social evils aggravated, which it wonld design to suppress. It does not follow however, that there are not abases connected with oar retail license law, whieh are within the legitimate reach of the Legislative arm. Whoever will examine the criminal dockets of oar coarts; will see abun dant proof, that tho system needs the restraint of a more rigid and wholesome police. It is the fruitful soot ce of crime against life, person, property and the public peace; and therefore, it Is the duty of the Legislature to apply a remedy. I have given this subject much re flection aud am satisfied that, if the existing law> could be sternly enforced, most of the'evils connected with car license systam wonld cease. Why are they not enforced ? Is it because publio sentiment is opposed to them ? Is it because the penalties are too severe ? By no means. 'Bat it is because their violation is covered io secrecy and darkness, so (hat they escape discovery and detection. The grand de fect theirfore, is apparent It lies in the fact, that the existing law requires the Clerk oftbe Inferior Coart of each County, to .grant-as a matter of coarse, a license to every man who complies with its precedent conditions. Henco in too many instances, bad and unprincipled men obtain permission to retail, who defy the restraints of law, if they can conceal ita viola- which opens tho Atlantic to tho West, the State should so use her power, a3 to force, by a com pulsion mutually and advantageous, tho travel aud produce which seek the ship, to become tributary to her own weakb, prosperity aud greatness. Looking to this, ns tho light to guide her general policy, she should likewise, as tho proximate motive of action, keep in view tho development of her natural resources, and the advancement of tho people, in all the “'.Omenta of the highost and best civilization. Hence, tho paramount necessity of defined and well regniated *y»tem in oflr scheme of In tcrnal Improvements. It does not follow, that a charter for a railroad must bo granted as matter of course, when asked. An enlightened Legislature, comprehending fully the system, its ccsigu, and what is Best calculated to ad vance tho general wilfare, will inquire wheth er the charter asked, is in harmony with -that system, what will bo the bearings of itsconnex- ions without the State, what is its effect in de veloping our resources and what its relation to other works und^r which large interests have become involved and vested ? Tho system in Georgia though in its infancy, is yet sufficiently advanced to indicuto tho ultimate shape which it is likely to assume. On hor eastern border she has throe points, which have formed and are seeking to form connexions with the vari ous sections, internul und external, whoso pro ductions will foster their growth und prosperi ty. These points are Augusta, Savannah und Brunswick. Tho two former are connected by Rouds completed, with Tennessee und Alabama; and tho Iuttcr possessing a harbor unsurpassed by any on the Atlantic coast, south of tho Chesapcak und bunked by uu extensive territory, covered by the best pine field iu tho world, and of wonderful agricultural facility, seek a con nection with tho vast region tbut skirts the Gulf of Moxico. In a word, these three cities form the bqsis of our system, and the lines through tho Statu which connect or propose tu connect them, with hor own great divisions within, and exhuustiess fbuders' without, con stitute its frame work os skeleton. Its sym metrical completion Mhullbuth coniine and lim it the poiiey of legislative action. It will be most speedily accomplished by privato capital aided by the loan of Statu credit. Sueh char ters, and such only, as may bo required fur no- cussnry intermediate connections aud facilities, should be grunted, to fill out the system; and these should be constructed by uunided private capital. But tv complete the skeleton of the system, so us to extend an arm into each of tho gruud geographical sections or divisions of the ritale, she may, with propriety and wisdom, lend her credit, under socuritic* und.guurantoe0, which will place her beyond tho contingency of ultimate liability and loss! To that extent tho Legislature -may go; but to that extent only should it go, and with ail considered cau tion and, well guarded prudence. Tho direct appropriation of money or Sub scription for Sloek, by tho Stale, to aid'in tho eonstructioirof railroads, is eonsidorodtto be too indigent to provide for themselves tho bless ings of education, hat who must bavsrit, as an indispensable qualification for good citizenship, should awaken an enlarged and benevolent lib erality. The returns for 1854 show that 42, 467 belong to this class’, yrho are entitled to participate in the pittance of S23,3SS provided for their benefit. . The-considerations which should promgt to efficient action are apparent to every reflecting mind. “They are such as challenge the attention of tho highest states manship. IVe see them not only in tho ne cessity of education to the perpetuity of “pop-, ular libercy, bat in the thousand social hissings which it confers. It- promotes pulic peace, gives security to property, diminishes crime, lightens the expense of. administering the laws, stimulates enterprise, directs industry and cap ita), and hastens the march of civilization. The difficulty is, net to determine what ought tb be done, but-bow it shall bo done. Tbo sub ject becomes more and more embarrassing, each successive year, because the increase of poor children renders the amount of money adequate to the emergency, rnoro difficult to £- raised. Hence, if the I'C^.ciurnre ever intend to oorne u- rmiy and fairly to the high mark of enlightened duty, it would seem that the time has arrived, when they should initiate a system capable of gradual expansion and self-susten- tation. I shall venture no specific rccommen- dation. I prefer rather to submit the great subject to your wisdom, animated, ns it must be, by patriotic desire, to promote tho happiness- aud prosperity of the- State. But if Ieould com maud the power to awaken the proper spirit and excite tho proper liborulity, I wonld make the uppoal with an urgency which should be overwhelming, that the General Assembly will not rise, untill it shall have redeemed tho high obligations of the present, to future genorutions, Georgia is in advance, in material prosperity and improvement; sho is in the rear, on the subject of common schooll education. Tho ship, driven before the wind, may sail rapidly, for a time, without a helmsman, but such will be recked at last. Education is to State pro gross what the helmsman is to tho ship—tho more rapid her career, without it, the sooner she will bo stranded. In this connection, tho State Univorsity is earnestly commanded to\your fostering care.— By reference to the set of 1785, “for the more full nnd comploto establishment of a public seat of learning in this State,” it is' quite evi dent that our forefathers designed to erect University of the highost character. It is ap parent, from the proarable to tho bill, and from the vory liberal endowment for whieh they provided. In view of the paramount impor tance which they attaqhod to liberal education, as a means of sustaining and porpotuating free government, they felt tnat it was a humiliating acknowledginontoftbe ignoranco or inferiority of our own State, to send our youth abroad to others, for its acquisition. If this wero true in 1785, tbo poiiey which they then deplored is still more to be deprecated npw, when, by sondingthem to other States, they are surroun ded by prejudices and influences against- our domostie institutions, calculated to give an uu- wholesome direction to their sentiments. Tho original design of the founders, of our Stato University ought therefore to be oompleted and perfected. It shall be so ondowod, and furnish ed with all the facilities for the prosecution of scientific research as to enable tlft devotees of learning to ranch the highest attainments.- non. mow suppose tho retail traffic were con fined to melt who would respect nnd faithfully obey the laws for' its regulation, it is' not evi dent- that the great mass of existing evils that -afflict society would ceaso ? The remedy then, is to confine the granting of license to such men. How con you affect this ? Withdraw the granting power from the Clerk, and vest it in the sound discretion of the Inferior Court of each county. As the guardians «f the. gen oral welfare, they will exclude vicious , and corrupt men from the.traffic, and confide it'toHbosu whose known fidelity to the laws of the land* will be a guarantee for well regulated, and or derly bouses. I feel confident, that this change iu the license law, would vindicate itself, by the benefits it would diffuse, and meet a sustaining response in tho public sentiment. °' Sovernl other professorships should be created, and atnpfo appropriations tnudo for auoh> corn- talent pens&tlon as will command the high: to fill them. -* - ■ By theHMVality of the Into Dr. WtiQntn Tor-, roll) an agricultural chair has been csurolished and $20,000 donated, tho interest of which is ' '• • • -w > FEDERAL .RELATIONS. I herewith transmit resolutions and acts of the Legislatures of the various States which have been forwarded in this department They either concern directly or indirectly our Feder- al Relations; and some of ilium are'of a'charac- ter w“ il | tn( ic r 3 it doubtful, whether a proper, self-respect should not have.dictated their si lent return to tho scarce whence they etnina- tcd. Bui it is deemed best to err on tbe.side of courtesy, and viewed in connection with the present political coudition of our country, they suggest matter of the gravest import for your, consideration. In ISijO, tho people of Georgia, responding to a Proclamation of their Chief Magistrate, met in Convention, for the purpose “of deter mining the course which the State would per- sue, in reference to a series of Acts passed by the Congress of the U. States.. known as the ‘Compromise measures.'” All those measures, “directly or indirectly affected the institution of slavery,” but were designed to form a con nected “scheme of pacific adjustment." Whilo Georgia found in it ‘^matter for objoetioh and matter for approval,” still, in a spirit of devo tion to the'Union, she calmly considered in Sovereign. Convention, whether, “co/utifent with her honor.” she “could abide by the general scheme ofpassification/'and whether her in terest lay in adhoronco to it, or in resistance-” The result was, that whilst sho did not wholly approve,” yet she would “abide by it,” as a perminent adjustment of this sectional contro- veasy. But she did so upon terms. She put the world on notice, that she “will and ought to resist, even (a* u last resort) to a disruption of every tie that binds her to tho Union, any fu-' ture action of Cougress, upon the subject of slavery in tho District of Columbia, .or in places subject to the jurisdiction of Congress, incom patible with the safety, domestic tranquility, the rights and honor ofslaveholdiag States; or any aot suppressing tho slave trade belwoen tho slaveholding States, Or any refusal to admit, as a State, any territory hereafter applying, because oftho existence of Slavery therein, oc nny act prohibiting tho introduction of slaves into tho territories of Utah and New Mexico, or any not repealing or materially modifying tiio laws now inforee for the reoovery of fugitive slave*.’” It was hoped that these measures would prove what they were promised to be, a final adjust ment of the slavery agitation, aod that the country wouid henceforth enjoy repose. It was hoped, that making so. large a sacrifice, involv ing a surrender of all participation, ou the part of the slaveholding States, in tho vast ter ritory of California, the spirit of free soil ag gression would bo nppensed. It was hoped, that tho exhibition.of such disinterested devo tion to tho Union would provoke a cordial ro- giprocatiou on the nou-slaveholding States; dml restore ihose fraternal relations, between the two great sections of the Confederacy, which Georgia ifi the estimation of Mankind" prompted tho magnanimous compromises of idieuti -i: ! , tho Constitution. But this hope has not beetjj'preser realized. The agitation continues. The slerirt cloud still obscures the glories of our political firinameut and. threatens to discharge its thun der on our beads. The laws now in foree for the recovery of fu gitive Slaves, have.not been repealed or mate rially modified. But itisCobStantly threatened. The Convention of 1850, expressed the deliber ate opinion, that “upon the faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave Laic, by the proper au thorities, depends the preservation of our much loved Union.” IIow- contemptuously bos the declaration been treated in some of tho non- slaveholding States! In Massachusetts, Vor 1 mont and other States, nets havo been passed, virtually nullifying the law. In some instan ces, it has been executed, and with great diffi culty in every instance where it has been. A slave escaped from Maryland into Pennsylva nia His owner went to recapture him: was butchered, and the Courts failed to execute the few or punish the crinfs, A slave escaped from Virginia to tho city of Boston. To affect bis recovery, the President hid to order tho army and navy to protect the Marshal, at an expense of mere than $100,000, Such are specimens of the manner in which tho Fugitive Slave Law is-enforcod, although tno Georgia Convention declared, that the Union]depends upon its faith■= ful execution. A case forTeststancc however, is not made until it shall bo repealed or mate* •fially modified by Cougress. Therefore, as no redress can bo bad, constantly with the Con stitution, in the adoption of retaliatory measures - let ns “in patience possess our souls,” trusting that the' patriotism oftbe North may yet be rallied to the rescue. The compromise measures of 1850, estabLh. ed the principle, that the people of the territo- tories shold determine the question of slavery for themselves, and that hereafter, such territo ries should be admited, as States into the Uu. ion, with or without slavery, as they should de; cide. The test Congress passed an act to or ganize territorial governments for Kansas and Nebraska, in which this principle was practi* colly applied; and by the repeal of the Misson- rr prohibition which it contains, it opens these territories to the'slaveholdcr, with his property* The late elections in Kansas show, that a ma jority of the people are in favor of adopting slavery as a part of their domestic system; and tho indications are, that she will probably apply daring the ensuring Congress, for admission to the Unionosa slaveholding State. This brings up the paramount ql^ation-of the day. LddiU ing.to the elements of the next Congress, it seems, that tho anti slavery free soil sentiment is in the ascendency, and that her application will be rejected. This therefore is tae condi tion of affairs—on tho one hand, we see the threat, and the power to execute it. to refuse the admission of this territory into the Union, “because of the existence of slaverylhorein on tho other, Georgia .stands pledged to resist such an act, “even (as a last resort) to a dis ruption” of tho Union. . How then, can we secure tbo admission of Kansas as a sl.ivhold- ing State, without reserting to this fearful ulti- matum? It can only be done by an uoflinch: ing adherence to the position which the State has taken. ' Sho is the centre of the column of her Southern confederates, they will rally ar ound sustain her. If she falter?, all is lost.-- The determination to resist is settled— the manner is not. The Convention failed to spe cify in this particular. It being the province of tho sovereignty, the Legislature < annnt sup ply the omisssion. I therefore recommend you to provide by law, for the calling of a State Convention, in the event of the rejection of Kansas, “because of the existence of slavery tboroin,” to deliberate upon and de termiue the time and mode of the resistance contemplated by tbo 4th resolution of tho.Convention of 18- 80.’ The benefits of such action by tho Legislature are apprent. .Should tbo contingency arise afteryoar adjournment, it would make tho call on an extra session absolutely necessary. By providing for it now, you save a heavy expense to the Treasury. Another advantage will bo the conviction oil on the minds of the peoplo of non-slavoholif- ing States, that Georgia is in earnest. This is important, for they do not believe it. Their frecsoil presses and speakers ridicule the idea, that we are the least serious in our avowed de termination to resist. We feel and know that we are; and ai-wsaftet .of more_»ood fai’ 1 whooKj jmfessird them, ere tiraiT delusion be tray them to extremes, froffi whioh there is fid retreat Such action moreover, will furnish tiie sound Constitutional men of the-North, with the most potent argument by which to appeal to tho pa- triotism of their fellow citizens. It will firr. S' the attention of nil thinking minds, an 1 reuse, to the highest degree, -thatdovotiun td the Un ion which animats the bosoms of masses in eve ry section. If will “strengthen the knees and ^ hold up tho hands” of thitt intrepid band of Northern patriots, who, both in an out of Con gress,are willing to shield by tho South in this portions struggle. If we fail to maintain our position, they fall,- we strike from them the- prop that supports them; they will be overwhel med for folly, If they attempt to vindicate our rights,wfterwe have tailed to bdfrle'f&r tm-i^ Nor^ouldsuch action by the Legislature, be ' of a throat -tu the non slaveholding States. That would be as deroga tory to the dignity of Georgia, fist it would be wounding jo her price. Bat in the words of the Convention of 1850, “we should address io them the language of calm and frank remons- tance, rather than ofdefinanee or menace. Wo* would recall them to the faithful discharge of duty as confederates, by an appeal to their rea son and their moral sense,” If, after all, the appeaf.ln the form suggested, should prove un availing, wo should have tho proud satisfaction- of having plancod our State triumphantly in the right, and of casting upon them the fearful responsibility of driving her to her fearful ulti matum. Let mo not be understood as counselling rash and precipitate action. The call of such a Convention, should it become necessary, not, as a matter of course, lead to disunion. It might bo within the scope of human wisdom-to doeise other means of redress. It would cer tainly be their duty, as it wouid bo their desire; if possible, to do so. “Disruption” should in - doed be the “Jast resort.” Still however, if they should, after nluturfi deliberation, become satisfied, that dissolution would be tho only remedy, it could not, in the vory nature of tho cause, bo carried into instant effect. It would require several months, and during that timc>~the reaction in the non slave holding-Slates might be so decided and saluta ry, as to evince, a sense of returningjustiee an $ of reuo'wed fealty to tho Constitution. Indeed wo already see the indication ofa favorable rea ction, -whieh encourages the hope, that the pa. triotism of tho North wilfsave us from) ifio nev- essity of resorting to tho ultimatum of the Georgia riatform.” It is ovincod by the re- cout eloctions, and has boon brought about by the noble and self-sacrificing States. All ev ents, the Convention would not act hartily.— Whilst they would proceed with tho firmness- of unalterable purpose they would also act with well cousidared prudence and caution. Ttoey would not adopt an ordinance for immediate aud unconditional disruption; but provide fo’r it to tako effect at a day future, sufficiently re mote to admit of this reaction. - In tho moafi time the popularelections will have transpired ifi the non-slnvuholding States; another Congresi may have assembled, who, upon roconsiderMion; and seoing the position of Goorgia, and the per il of tho Union, may admit Kfinsfis as a slave- holding State. Let the ordinance of resistance therefore, bo framed ko as to allow time for reac tion, if neetf Do, and to bo null and void upon tho admission of Kansas by a specified duy fu ture, bnt'/to take offuet ipso facto upon its final rejection. This would present the most power ful appeal to non slaveholding States, in favor tho* rights of the Southland the Unoin.— A.bo.v<r all. it would make thorn responsible for 60S, and vindicate the position of >d. I (ton; believe this to be the best wry to vo the Union. - It is as a loVor of the Uuidti»