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in an exemplary manner.” Tins authority is fatiifa&ory to ihew that fach offenders ought to be fur rendered, but it by no means Rows that i their l.irrendtr is a right enjoyed by the nation ( reclaiming them, but an aft of curtefy on the, part of the nation surrendering them, and it al-j fu i'atiifadoi'ily proves, for exccptio ffobat rrgn- , Lim, that these are the only offences which will, j according to the general law of nations, author ife one nation in surrendering an exile or refugee to the justice of another nation. It will he seen, alfb, that the rule does not -embrace those often-j. ces which are mo.ft dangerous to tire particular; nation ift which they are committed, as treason,! ipurder and leditioa sncl that the inftaners, h..e tne principle, are confined to such as “ violate all public* fafety” and declare their authors to be the “enemies of the human race”—to such as trample under root the “ common fafety” cf nations. I could not be charged with a want cf candour were l to end the quotation from this author here and not to give the f.iccefiding fen tone?. What has been cited contains all that is material to'the fubjed under dlfcuSwn and fair. If gives meaning : But the fv.ccecdiug fentcnce miy be confide re and as material by those who hue ventured to ecprefn a different opinion, and,will therefore*give-it, in order to rewefn cavife rmi to iksvr that it is perfectly -confident with sLai even conjrm ViSTy of what has been fiid— Ydttel continues “’and it being proper tc convift the guilty aid to try them according t< feme Form ox law, this is a second reason why mdrf'actors cur tttital.'y delivered tip at the tie fir, cf the sidle where their crime: have been commit it}” The generality of the latter part o’ this fer.teace appears to contain'a declarntto. that it is usual with nations to deliver ujfail ma lefactor a at the and lire of the state where thri ’ crimes have been committed; but the generality of it will prove as ilrongly as any argument th: can be used, tint this is not a correft expofitio. of the author; for we all knew that it is ne : ther usual to demand nor to furrer.der all offend ers who ilv.ll hare lied from the justice of th country whole laws had beer vioL.ed by them 2t is difficult to fpeaiic or to write so as to b correftly u i lc.nloed; atfd on the other Man nothing is so cafy as to pervert the plaice’ meaning and the plaiueft words—with this ol jebt you may extrtft alliedm from the word . G*>d, and from the book of vvifdom, fay “thei h> no God !” \vheii you ought to read “th fool in his heart feith there is no God ! * Th author in this ir.il a nee is giving “ a second r. son” why such malefactors as he has before and feribed are usually delivered up at the desire o the state where their crimes have been commit ted ; far it is nr* Hated in this author direSlly nor is it in any other that it is usual to furrem and r alt lmlgfaftors at the derive of the state where their crimes have been ccmmhted, ar. he would not iviqueftior ably have laid down f important a rule in giving a “ fee and reafon’ why a certain defenption cf offender* ought t be fill-rendered. To read it literally waul, make’ it nenfenfs in logic ar.d i.i grammar, o neither cf which would it be reasonable to ;uf. pest him when speaking in his own languag. for he has not previously given any reason whi malefadlars generally, are delivered up by on nation to aaother, but he has immediately h - fore given a reason why offenders, whose criir.es violate ail public faffcty ought to be delivered. Til to the foverc-ign in whole territory thefo oifeitces, are committed, and in the lift lenience he proceeds to give a “ second reason” for the fame usage. I have not before trie or at prelent in rnv power any other than an Engliih copy of Vattcl, but I think it probable that this may be an error ir. the trar.flation ; for, from the case with which a smattering of the French language is attained, we get many of the bell works in that language thro* the rb-mrels of such igno rance—but read this lenience literally, and it neither proves nor llat?3 a right under the law, but a practice under the curtefy of nations— Clearly, however, there is ret even any foch curtefy known among nations. CI7IS. From the Aurora. OF MATTERS WORTHY OF PUBLIC CONSID Lit A7IOW. AS several matter* of gwat importance will come before Congress at its no'tt meeting, it may be efufe to call the public attention to foch of them as appears to be foremoft. The phrase, ‘ within our own water: is often uLd ; it is therefore necelfary it Ihould bel defined. Cogrefs ought, and undoubtly will, determine what the extent of our waters ii. Admiral Berkley's orders, dated Halifax, Jure 1 (l, n eoufrqueuce of witch the outrage! <n the Cbefipenkc was committed, under the 1 aifumed authority of searching our national, flips, as if our national mips were to be under the j orders of a Britiih Admired, fays, “The cap-1 “ tains aud commanders of His M ijefty's fltips ‘ and veflelS under my command an; therefore, I “tt-rsby required, in case of meeting the Amr.! ** rican frigate Chelapeake dt sea'an4 without the fruit: of the UAtidStates, to-ihe.v to the C ‘p “ tain ot her this order,” Stc. Now the fu‘t i.; tint Do rgtas s ( juadron did not meet the Chet.rei’r: it sea. Tnefqnairon came within our own w iters to wait Tor her mil folio red for oat to sou, Thu is an add. donid cause that Cong A Ih-Mfli! d’etenjjiutr wisat, tire extent .of our owe waters is. The arm : 1 uh.ps of fore -go nation hiy - ,i,i right m corns within o.irwate.u, with- i fi. ft obtaining onr as Ueift aud declaring their oh jefo ; but to ■ bullies of the Occam, such a Is-i-c-.y nod Uo-g. ms, . v.-.e w.Uiiii u-ietr. , peake and lay there, as if the Chesapeake belong-1 ed to the Britilh government. 1 i The last accounts from Halifax, far, that ‘“Admiral Berkley was repairi; g the V ilk; dc ! Milan frigate, and was going as soon Ss pos • “ fible to the Chesapeake to take the command 1 “ of th*- Britilh fquncrca.” i Mow, after what has pa fled, it v/oina be an 1 aft of hostility in Berkley to come within the Chesapeake, and I hope by the time he comes we {hall hays Gun Boats enough to make him repent it the fir ft calm that comes. Every ca.in is a day of triumph to Gun Boats, m.d cun— i will certainly come.- , ! When Commodore DojogLfs heard that Capt.;Decatur was preparing Gun Boats and a! Floating Battery to attack him the firft emm ; that fnould come, he tacked about and set oh. The defence of our waters together with the ] aid cf our militia, includes the defence of our towns, for if our waters arc de. ended our towns, are defended in consequence. I now come to fpeuk of a matter that has not I yet been fpeken of, and which, from the net’ - * fity of the case, requires to be taken into co fi-.- eration, which 13, To determine het fart of th. Publk Defence king to Congress and isjlLl part to the States individually- Defence ißisry. be cunprcliended under two general herds. First Mnvc.--.bie Defence, including ship and Gan Boats. Secondly—Stationary Defence, u.elaJ.in Fortifications and Batteries. The frit—Ships and Gun Boats, being co::- iiftcr.tly to the Uufted States ;.ii-:r.blcu in Con •refs, becaufo they can o? moved to the pw - teftion ‘of any of the 3talea* a-s circle.i.tsmee nay require. The fecond—Tort'ficarior.s and Batteries, he-’ : ong to the States individually, b.-canfe they c.iy ’ tot be moved and are particularly for tne benefit if the place where tiiey are creSTd. When this divilk>n is made, Defence will go tfily on ; but at present it is fonts what in a ate of confufion. We have projectors who .reject without sillier calculation or judgement, ;id then expeft that Congress v.ri! do the work. The annual revenue of the United States is bout twelve nr 11 ion dollarsarifing iiom imposts. V great part o{ this is appropriated to pay the itereft cf tht National Debt, incurred by j ae war and the additional debts contrasted uring the un-vife admini(hrt>on of John A iants; .another Fart is applied to pay off tile jpital of that debt, and when these things are lone and the current expetiees of the genei'd •;overament defrayed, there is net fuSseiency left r o conftrufl even the p.eceffary quantity of de* ence our waters require, ctherwife than doing tby decrees. It is therefore better that the and works be left to the States individually, for f eongreis were to do it, they mail lay cu cow axes for the purjjofe. AN OLD FRIEND CF ’VG. Foreign A T em. O T A RIS, June 12. YtHcrday ct 3 o’clc-l; in the sf:cr soon, in execuiii'n of the .Triers <>{ his majeily the emperor and king, hi serene highness the prince arch chan* cellar of the empire, repaired to the ftna'e. His serene highness was received with tie usual cere ip ony, and having taken his feat, laid ; Gentlemen , I bring you a meffoge from his rm jefty the emperor and king, and let *e s patent, given the 28th May lull, in the imperial camp at Finkenlicin. The fe letters confer the title of he reditary duke of Dantzic on the n.ar (hal Le'ebre, praetor of the senate. The me {face further enhances the high diftinSion bv the noble and af fctling expohtion of the motives that have ciett ririned it. The military career of the marshal I.efebrr, so long illustrious, will be forever memorable by tie fitge of Dantzic, and by the brilliant fuettfs which has terminated it. I His m a jelly could not recompense’ in a m ure worthy manner, ancient and nu.nc-rous forvices, at the fame time j that it prepares just f l.j kts of emula tion to thpfe who wilt one day Suc ceed to the digni'y which the marihal foe be ore has just received. Aucr .verds were read the following nil [ran the minutes of the secreta ry of state. no n our imperial camp of Firt flenitem, vlay 28, 1 boy. Kapokon, emperor of the French snd k.iag ot Italy We h ive cktrecj, and do decree as .olio .a: | The serrate shall affcrable tVie iijli’ ‘of |une, in the usual pluce ol its tings. (Signed) NAPOLEON. We luve decreed and do decree as follows: < ! Our cousin the arch-chancellor of the empire shall prefsde over fe nate, which (hall affemhle the i nh of lur.e, in the usual place of its finings. , (Signed) NAPOLEON. M>Jptge oj his may fly the Emperor and | King. sevatops, j By our dec’-ers of the 30’h March in the y ar ISO 6, we have irtfli-Uted ’ Duchies to recompense i!ie great fer | vices, both ci> il and mil taty, which [may be.rendcred us, to give frefh Hays jro our throne, and to incircle our crown with new luftre. It belongs to us, the care of secur ing ihe fia e and the fortune of tne a Indies which devote them ft Ives en :r? I/ to our f.r. its and vho cor.ffant / faciihce ,t!r:ir inter-: fts to ours.— i he pertnanrtu honors, the I *gi ii-irate lonoruble and glorious fort utic tnat vifh to give jh-ife who have tead-sreo ts eminent !. rvice-, whether iu thcci /il or m'SiUry career, will cotilrajt i h the illegal hiddenJhamefal fortune at ihofe ; who rn the eXercifs ot -theit hinPtions only L*ek. their iutereil -m ----iec-i df'keeping in view that of out people <n i tne good ot our service.—” .Vi ho tit doubt., the cooicienciouliii L of having done our duty, ami t e be nefits attached to our citeeni iuttice tn keep a good Fieiic; -nan in the pain <>f honor, but the orcei oi iocirry is ie* conftituied, that b> apparent (iiltinc ; 1 turn, o a 1 rge lotum , ra attached a ‘coniidcration and a luhre whh which ,w“ dt fiie tfiujTe of our iunjehis to be ; fur rounded who are great by their rai ments, their ii rvieesand their ebarader y the hr it gift. • t man. He who has molt second and us in the fid (tag ofo ir t ign us Who alter hav ing r, ndered let vices in every circ.utn ha- c* t Ihi mrii vty career, has ju’t an Hi and his name to a aremorable ieige, to which he has difplayeta talents and a hi illi nt c> oa„ , as Appeared to me rit an .liulfii us diftindionj we are <U fil'djsati'o of confecraiing an epoch o ‘rmorablc to our arm-, and by let- ters patent which we ftbvc charged >ur coufm the ar h chanrd'or ro com- j ir.unicate to }00; we i avecre ated oui j coufi 1 ihe ma< ’ ul and ee.iatus l.e-t fehvre duke ol Dantzic. May this i title borne by his and feendants, retrace j :o them the viitues of th ir father, I and may tlrey acknowledge themk Ives j unworthy, if ever they prefer the cow ardly repose and i Tends ol the great city, to the perils and noble ciaft of camps; il ever their fiilt fcrttiine its cease to be for the country and for us, I may none of them terminate his ca- j reer without having shed his blood for: the glory and honor of our iupvrb France; may they in the name they hear, never fee a privilege but duties towards our and us, on theie conditions our protection ar. I that of out fuccetfors will diftingmih them at all times. S na'ors. We feel a sentiment 01 j faiisfaflion in thinking that the fir ft | letters patent, v.htth in conlcquence of our jtnatus confulturn of the 14th Augoft, 1806, ought to be inscribed on yottr regdlers, consecrate the ser vice of your praetor. Given in our Imperial camp of Finekenftein, the 20:h Aky, 1807. NAPOLEON. NORFOLK, Atiguft 4. On Sunday lait, the Britiih teamen and offi cers taken fome time ago at Lynnhaven I Jet, ’ were sent on board the Triumph. Age .rieman who went down with tlie prisoners, and who was or. board, informs, that there are five or fix runaway negroes on board, which would be given up on proper application being made for them. August 5. Capt. Stewart, oi the schooner Beilona, from Antigua, informs us, that just as he was about departing from that ifl.i id, intelligence ct the - ‘ -a.d and Cfofopeake was received, The people of the Gland appears# afrch upo 1 the fubjedt. Flour ruxe iiiunedi,cly one dollar and on half ger barrel. UEV-YGVK July 30. On WedneHay lad hi ho!y of a ynunq !”snin, icntefl’y or-’ fll and, wa- fond dead on tne tin.re 1 at Whec iawk, rear t"-.e monumojt ‘ten. Information was imm:c'.atriy given to the Coroner,.nd the body wa* conveyed to the City of ! 1 r r.y w’ -re n inaue l was hr u- O *aiftfnati, a : it appeared that h - hadihot ! hnf .f through t< e head with a bah fruit a ‘a ge horfemm s pM which tore oSF part < I hi< ear. Hi n.rjdr wa j V. RERT2I.I.. a fore gner, about the ;-e of aa y^JB -v/,) letters were found t 1 hi’ p eket, o.:e ; d<h ac 1 to the periba who mi. lit Ft .and hs b .'y tne th r'o a ernti. nxa -at Brooklyn. In the e letters he fi.ni 3 his intention of tlefttoyiog himfetl—t at i c .. Si.iet y ~j tjfc and could 1. -t bear lbs idea if lii beioV. and ( vi-.om Ls Hi'-S bis Matiica) being in ho a ms. of 3-vn ‘ur. In cr.e of the letters i. hi- •:'!, bequearh i;- f.vo rfcird-. Os his property to Matii-a, and be rF a . der to the family of the ;-ent *maa above n. m tJ. ; j he letters are dated the s?7t*s iwkar.f, and ; t - l r>r).,jed he perpi trated t e hntr.ti Jee-i eh as d,y. On Monday aft moon he was seen e r the monu ment wi h a book :n h: ftatid, and c b :g ’{bfe. 1 i drew it- ha i-vir his eyes, ‘lbcfc i~. y, as (Ouud i.a, ihe by his file, tnd was ti.c *’ borrows of VVtrter.” It lay open at the place where Wcrtrr write* to Ch.irlorti-—“ “Ty are .* s.i etyck it tt r ■■welvt ■ I g-> 1 i-tte, Cla .cl.-/ . 1 Ft-euetV . hat ad Lveral ocher p-df gs i t the cor d ponding with It’s Uah-.pp} fitualiu , iV;r m.-i-ied by him with a pea. PETERSBURG, (V.) -’"V-ft % . V.'c are iitf rtnetl tha; B oner Bcv. ind:A and for Tieah 11 against he United State-, a.i. ed n Kicti mond on We-Jo-fd y morni- g v 1 tier a gti rd af feVen m n, and hit e Ins been fv.ruifbtd with t e la.re spa-tiue ts In the tVu’.teti .f.ry nit * ng fit’.ce :cu, ied hy - aro 1 hu.r; thje. Uiur b • rein v.d to ;i-j *am- r ru. 1 n opp fi e the : win t -vera. V.V lea-a fart tie-", f-.at t e trial of 15 r.* wai peft i r.neJ to i jiJay [this d-vj -home ari*oj - eats w..s 1 ii.te iv: rtd to b'tnvde between the Court and tfie C- -i 1.1.i r.s to predv.ce .n t-af!y t(?-miia**oa of this I inter, ii.i.g triri—-but without elf A. ‘in. bar w s 01. mbe reiufttrcci by aidt.iouJ Com del on tue pjri of Curr. | I ... a- han liayton was fnppofed to be in tieiie'gh- I'-orhi nd of Richmond} and it w-seonj Clured won and rein .i to real •’ until t.etme of ids tn-', in ‘-rdfr av .id the !• rmrs of imp fer.m.at-- t; ‘ would iae.. titfiver hiuiTeit up to the civil. ttdi CHARLESTON, Angnfl 15. The following letter has just been re-erivefi by be Governor and Commanc’er ii Cm-.*'.of this State, from the Secretary of the D-'p?.. tiaeat of War of the United States: V/ar D£?o.rtmsht, An ere, ft 2d, 130?. To bis Excellency ihe governor cf Ts State of South Carolina, Sir, - ’ • 1 am direft-vd by the Preadeat of theU.ff* ted States, to urge on the governors oi tnerU pefiive Rates, the .importance f eacoui aging, by all the mans the/ polices, lacb. volunteer associations as are coc-empl ited by the aft f Congress, pafleu the £rth day of February left, ar.d when organized, to be received as a pan of the quota of militia, recently r.eq.u.cd to he Lid in readiness at the ihortcil notice. The present fit aat ion cf ov.r cc v .: try c: Is loudly for the patriotic exenioi s ,1 ns citbei.% in the prompt adoption of i-.-ch r -c.ifur s as v..l moft effedtud’y enable us to meet the refultoia 1 .ts event, which appears to lnein ct its peac*. Under such circutnftances, : c mu 1 be piefomed with due encouragement, the whole number • volu teers, contemplated by the abc.-g mentio..* j ed aft, may be induced to tender their forvice* ito their country ; and your excel:- icy will rea* ! dily perceive the importance of foch a body of I men, at the actual comineacefljent of war, vv’toi j term of service will afford ample time for vailing 1 and organizing a regular so: -e for tuki.-.g tbe . fie’d, in place of such as may net be intlfoed -o become a part of the regular arm y. As it must be highly probable - tor.t'futh vo lu ;t-;r corps will be compe..’d f our molt active, intelligent, patriotic, and'lp:nted you tg citizens, |they will undoubtedly, in the event of a war, (land on high ground as candidates for officers , in the .regular army, whenever such an am /. feaH be considered necelfary; and from the ’ well known military ardor, wuich pervades a,l ! parts of Our country, iiiere can pe ha doubt ot. \ the readiness of alr ncient number- af our or. ; jtens to offer their Cervices to tiicfo country-at, the prelent time. j - I have the honor to be, ve r-fpjcLfo’.ly, ’ your fexctlii-Rcy's xibifoir. t fouvani.. . j 11. DBAS.BO Rif. ’ Extra3 rs a h-terfrvn iht HavanaAs, date ‘ Jj . Jj/ lo,lod i, to ii gm..r.: 1a >y c.ty. * “ Unfortunately, fir, I am under the difa- * greeable necelS y to infirm you that the ye!Io .fever and black vomit rage violently among l j I the crews of our vefieis, a id so ne of the 510-1 zens of the U sited States ivs-j at.- uaw in tin* ‘ city. j “ I have not heard that tV'.j other clefs of people than the citizens of the United States have been attainted with this horrid d.Temper. Whether it is owing to their intemperate man ner of living, which has been tom times carried to encefs even here, and in the moft fatal season of the year, is what 1 cannot undertake to f y i , but I fear that example andaad will -.ot teach many of my countrymen tube mire nw* and r te even in tfos critical mjn.-'nt than at an/ other period.” CORN, For Sale at Wtvne’s wharf, by PHINL2Y & BARNETT. Attguft 4 St id