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TUB DAILY GEORGIAN, IS FI'HLliILKD IX TIIK By G. & W. ROBERTSON,- AT EIGHT DOLLARS PER ANNUM, ’ I'ayaum: in advance. thi: OXi&lf VOL. XIII. COUNTRY GEORGIAN, lk> piihliKhod to line' tl) * nail: < un ol the iiuiU Three Tunes a Week (Monday, Wednesday ami Fri day) at the office of the Daily Gcuryiiui. and coni.iius all the intelligence, Commercial, Political and Miscella neous, including Advertisements, pnblulied in the Daily Paper. The Country Paper is senttoalliiaits oftlte State and Union, or delivered in l lie city, iitFlVK DOLLARS per annum, payable in advance. Advertisements are inserted in both papers at 75 cent! per square of 14 lines, for tin* first insertion, and 37 1-5 for every succeeding publication. Communications by mail must be POSTPAID. Sales of Land by Administrators, Executors and Guardians arc required by buv to bo held on the first Tuesday in the month, between the hours of If j and 3o’clock, at the Court House in the county in which | the property is situate. Notice of these sab s must In j givenin a public gavotte Sixty Days previous to the sale. ! Notice for leave to sell negroes, must be published | for four months, before any order absolute shall be niadt thereupon bv tho Court. Sales of Negroes must be nt public auction, on the first Tuesday ol'tlie uviutlij hi twe- u the usual hours ot sal--, at the place of public sales in the .e.iiynty where the letters Testamentary, of AdininiRration or Cuar- dianship, may have been -'runted, first giving Sixty Days notice thereof, in one of mo public g uott.is ofthi-. St.iti and nt tho door of the court-house, where such sale- ore to be held. Notice of the sale of Personal Property must be givei in like manner Forty days before the snL*. Notice to Debtors ami Creditors of an estate must be publialioilfor Forty days. Notice that application will bo made to the Court ot Ordinary for leave to soil land, must be published Four Months riiotnns Kyrrson. Jr. H «?Se* m&a s,oc Y &c. &c.—which romleis tho same very completo and extensive, which ho odors for sale, on accomodating terms, for cash, or town acceptances. Sulpli Quinine (Pr.) Saffron (Span.) do Morphine do . Opium (Turkey) ’ Sarspnrilla (Span.) do (Am.) Music (gr.) Mustard Seed (white) 01 Almonds do Amber (root.) Castor (N. A.) {Soda and Said. Powd. Acid Tartaric SAVANNA!!, SATURDAY MORNING, At GUST SO, 1831. NO. *01. GEORGtAN', [AS just received per recent arri-1 That pleasantly situated II als, in addition to his former in St. Marvs, lately oeeupid Jock of Dituns AND menicinks, | |JJJJ^fcJolm 11. M'lutoah, Esq.^ Chloride ot Soda. C CONCENTRATED Disinfecting Solti- > tion of Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing offensive smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroying con tagion. Prepared of uniform strength, by the New England Chemical Company, ceordingto the formulary promulgated by the philosophic discoverer, A. G/Laharra^cb. This article having been made use of, in nu merous instances, by scientific, persons of the very first st ntling, and always with certain success, the following modes of applying the Chloride, may lie relied on as proper and ben eficial. With a sprinkling of water mixed with one fortieth of Chloride, the stench cun he in stantly put down of tho fillhiest kennels, Hew ers, cess-pools, drains, water-closets,markets, ntulls for meat and fish, slaughter-houses and, in general, all places infected with animal exhalations. Fur foul ulcers, a wine glass ofCfdoride nmst be mixed with as much an fire times that quantity of pure water, and pledgets of lint must be dipped into this wash and thou laid over the ulcers. This droning to he re newed twice u day. If the sore becomes red and angry the wash of five parts water must be still further diluted ; if, on the contrary, the sore does not change its appearance, it must he dressed once or twioo with Chloride end water, half and half, so as to dispose to a slight inflammation,which is indispensable to convert fetid and running ulcers into simple sores. The healing then progresses rapidly. The moment the Chloride is applied upon an ulcer the disagreeable smell is destroyed. A fresh supply of this valuable article just received and for sale low. by LAV & HENDRICKSON. Also—The Chloride of Soda, prepared by A. G. Labarraque, the celebrated French Chemist. june 14 Swaim’s Panacea. ■J^OR the cure of Scrofula or King’s Evil. JT Syphilitic&. Mercurial Diseases, Rheu matism, Ulcerous Sores, W hite Swellings, Diseases of the Liver and Skin, General De bility, and all diseases which originate from impure blood, or indiscretion of ) outh, and where the constitution has been broken down by the use of Mercury, Arsenic, Bark or Qui nine, &c. and most internal diseases where the lungs and chest arc supposed to be affec ted, &c. &c. CAUTION TO PURCHASERS. (£p* Swaim’s Panacea is in round bottles, fluted longitudinally, with the following words blown in the glass :— “ SWAIM’S PANACEA—PIIILADA.” having but one label, which covers the cork, with my own signature on it, so that the cork cannot bo drawn without destroying the signature, without which none is genuine.— The medicine may consequently be known to be genuine when my signature is visible ; to counterfeit, which will be punishable as forgery. The PublicVnro cautioned not to purchase my Panacea except from myself, my accredi ted agents, or persons of known respectabil ity ; and all those will consequently be with out excuse, who shall purchase IVom any oth- or persons. ***—Prepared and sold at Swaim’s Lnbo- ratoVy, South Seventh Street, next dyor to the Philadelphia Baths, corner of George & Seventh Streets, and sold by every respecta ble Druggist in the United States. To avoid the many attempts that have been made to impose upon the public base imita tions ofthis Celebrated Medicine,the subscri bers have made arrangements to keep on hand,a supply direct from the proprietor. The public may* therefore rest assured that the Genuine Sicaim's Panacea can always be had at their store warranted. Alurgesupply of thisMedicine hasjust been received. Druggists and others throughout the State, who purchase to sell again, can have it at a reduced price. LAY & HENDRICKSON, Wholesale & Retail Druggists, 2 & 15 Gibbons’ Buildings. Also, afresh supply of Swaim’s celebrated Vermifuge, just received and for sale as above june 17 ltc House, under the Bluff. € 1ANDLER & DAVIDSON have estab- / fished an ICE HOUSE, in John D. Mongin’s buildings, two doors west of Abner Bassett’s ship Chandlery, where they will he prepared to deliver Ice from 5 o’clock, A. M. to 7 P. M. every day, except Sundays, on which day, tho Ice House will be open from sun rise until 8 A. M. and from 12 to 2 P. M. may 28 , The Dutchman’s Fireside. T IIOS. M. DRISCOLL has just recei ved Nob.3&4 of Library of SelectNovels, being the Dutchman’s Fireside, 2 yols. by J. K. Paulding. .i une ^ Hats ~ milREE cases Palm Leaflets, for sale by 1 jdy 2 LUTHER & CO. Pi pernio do Hydriodatc Potass Prussic Acid Croton Oil Iodine Blue Mass (Eng.) Phosphate Soda do Iron Cheltenham Salts Henry’s Magnesia (genuine) Isinglass (staple) do sheet Mezcron Balsam Fir Super Curb Soda Ergot. PBRF U M K It Y Otto of Roses Antique Bear’s Oil Ceylon Roue, Cologn, and Russia Lavender Water in cut glass and plain Bottles Honey and Orange Flower Water Extracts of Roses Pastilles Fnmantes* Macassar Oil. With a general assortment of English, French and American SOAPS 03-COUNTRY MERCHANTS, Physi cians and Planters, wiil find it to their ad vantage to cull. N. B. Physicians proscriptions carefully put up at the shortest notice, & at ull hours. Savannah, 2lsr February 1831. —The Georgia Journal, Macon Messen ger, Democrat (Columbus, Gti.) will please in sert the above, once a week for three weeks, and forward their accounts to this oftu e for payment. fob 21 Sal AratUB Flore Benzoin Castor Oil, sup’r. do. plantation use Resin of Jalap Spatula’s Piil Tiles, Patent Medicines, &c. Oil do do Bears grease (Fr&En) Florida Water Pomatum Espritde Rose Milk of Roses Cold Cream Vegetable llouge Spanish Brown do Verdigris do White Lend dry Spanish Brow 11 do Venetian Hod Crotne Yellow Crome Green Terra de Sienna Verdigris dry Paints, < tils. Glass, Ac- A c. rplIE subscribers offer for sale the follow 1- ing articles of Paints, Oils, Glass, &c. &c. at the lowest market price for caul) or credit, and have made arrangements to re- ceive fresh supplies by every arrival. Mer chants, Planters and others are respectfully invited to call before they purchase. While Lend in Oil Rotten Stone Bronze Yellow Carmine Drop Luke Copal Varnish Japan do Bright do Leather do Linseed Oil Train do Blank Lead in powderWhale do Ivory Black Sperm do very super’r Lainpdcrlb.&llbpuperGuni Amber • Burnt Umber “ Arabic Rose Pink Sp’ts. Turpentine Dutch do “ Wine Spanis White Gold and Silver Leaf Parit do Do and do Puper Turkey limber Gum Shellac Red mid White Chalk Paint br’slis,Sash tools, otnice& Rotten Stone Carnol’s Imir pencils Chinese Vermillion Varnish brushes,&c. Red Lead dUO boxes 8 by 10, Ohv 11 Si 10 by 12Gla.se LAY & HENDRICKSON, march 16 33) Cloths. Ons-iineres. Vestimrs. & made to order by WILLIAM O. PRICE, MERCHANT TA YLOR, at the SAVANNAH CLOTHING EMPORIUM (on the Iiay, opposite the Exchange) where may be 'found a eue.su, fashionable and well made as sortment OF SEASONABLE Raid;) Made Clothing, and every variety of FANCY ARTICLES Just received by tho late arrivals and offer ed at the lowest rates, n.X HIS ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLE, Pot Cush, or approved City accepts nets. Savannah, June 14,1831. 170 Notice. PFllIE co-partnership of CHICHESTER 1 & SCRANTON is this day diwlved by mutual consent. All persons having demands against tho concern, will present them for payment to Alonzo Scranton, who is duly authorized to settle the business of the con cern ; and all those indebted are requested to settle their hills without delay. ALFRED CHICHESTER. ALONZO SCRANTON. Savannah, May ~lth 1630. DRAPER «fc TAILOR. 03* The undersigned respectfully announ ces to the friends oft lie late firm ofCiiicii es ter & Scranton, that he will continue the business at the old established stand, Young’s buildings, corner of Bryan & Whitaker-slu., where nil disposed to yield him their patron age, will find tho same splendid assortment of goods, fashionable and durable, the same taste m cutting and making, and the same dispo sition to please and accomodate the public, that lias ever characterized the establishment, may 30 ALONZO SCRANTON. To Let, That pleasantly situated House ' (l by terms up jdy to Mrs. King, St. Ma rys, or iu Savannah to WM. ROSE, june 21 75—of Holol. Gainesville, Ga. THE subscriber is about huil- j ding un addition to his House iu Gainesville, hv which lie will he rA-iv^Sa, enabled to accommodate double the number of persona that he can at present with convenience. He will as heretofore re frain from making any promises whatever, and wishes* only for that patronage which Ilia house may merit. He takes tins as the first opportunity of tendering to his friends and the public generally, leu acknowledgements for so liberal a slnucofthe passing patron age. J CLEVELAND, may 10 140—{3mo For Sale. The subscriber offers for sale, Ins lot, with the improvements thereon, consisting of one two sto- r\j and two one story DWELL ING HOUSES, in good repair, with out buil dings. Tho situation is a very plotted t one, being on the east side of Washington Square, immediately opposite the residence of Maj. M. W. Stewart . The lot contains several excellent fruit trees, grape vines, &c. For furl her particular, apply on the premises, to may 30—\ JOHN DENNIS. NcwYork Cheap Wholesale Cloak, Slock .‘J- Clothing Ware house. REMOVED. T HE subscriber has removed his catablish- mennVom No I8.j Maiden Lane, to the spacious store, No. 138 Pearl Street, over Messrs. Hyde, Cleveland &Co. where I10 will keep constantly on hand a much more extensive assort meat than Ibinterly. The style, make and materials of the Cloaks will ’ greatly unproved and will be sold at about the same low prices as those of the last sen son. He has also on hand a large assort ment oflow priced clothing,made in good stile expressly for tho southern and western trade*, that will he sold nt about the usual prices of the most inferior quality. Also, an assort ment of Stocks, with many other desirable ar tides. Those who will take the trouble to examine this Stock of Goods, will probably satisfy themselves that they cannotsdect. tin- same amount from any stock ill the city that will l»e a safer or more desirable purchase. For sale by F. J. .CON A NT, N<». 138 Pearl-st. Now-York. Terms—fi months for npproved Notes.' payable at Banks .n good standing in any part of the country—8 months for city uccentan ces or 5 per cent discount for cash. In all cases when the time ^extended, interest will ho charged at the rule of 6 percent per an mtin. Any Goods purchased at this establish ment that do not suit, the market, for which they were intended, will be exchanged for o hors upril 12 116—f3rn Factorage and Commission 13u 1 si ness. nnllE subscribers have formed a onpnrt- .1]. norship under the firm of MALONE &>■ SI,STARE, fertile transaction of a General Commission Business in this City, and will be prepared to make advances on produce con signed to them for sale. They will also pay particular attention to the receiving and for warding Goods to tiie interior. R. MALONE. II. SJSTARE. Savannah, 30/A June 1831. 179—u Cutlery- &■o. A c. A N assortment of fine Cutlery, such as— Rogers’ Pocket, Pen and Dirk Knives ; Wnstenhoim’s do. do..do.; Rogers and Pren tiss’ superior Scissors ; all very superior and new patterns. Roger’s Damascus nnd Silver Steel Razor* J. Barber’s old English do.; in double and sit. glo cases. Emerson’s Elastic and Prcntis’s 4 sided Ra zor Straps. Gli ss, Metal nnd Wood Shaving Boxes ; Bone, tied and Metal Handle Lather Brush es ; English and American Shaving Soap ; in great variety. Gentlemen’s Morocco Shaving Cases for travelling, a new article and very neat. Also, Gentlemen's Travelling Mirrors. Addison’s Ever Pointed Silver Pencil Cases, with extra points. An additional supply of the above articles, just received nnd for sale nt low prices, by LAY & HENDRICKSON, 11*00 PE WA R D ” lyf/TEL be given for talcing and securing the tt following described negro fellow*.— . -, , , • , -p. . a . .i ■ i, <}i , i,' i ting t ie oss of said deed, and praying the They went oil on the night ot the 21st J*eb- .. , . ... , . *. • ; n..„. establishment of the said copy m lieu of the Original A |>l,'usinga|>pi , nnim , (>is the first Lpltri' of Ureommowlntion. ■MXltH. VINCDNT’H (irnuiun Oowlnml'a 1,01:011 is the most pleasant and elleot* uni Remedy for nil Complaints to which the Face and Skin are liable, by removing every kind of Coarseness, Eruption, and Unplea sant Appearance, nnd rendering the Skin Clear, Smooth ami Transimtent. This elegant, safe, and mild preparation, for the cur<‘ of all cutaneous disorders, Ibrthe removul of nil eruptimu .from the Ihco nnd Hkin, and for improving the most delicate complexion, stands ns a discovery without ils equal in I lie annals of medicine :—its success has been found adequate to its merits ;—the recept ion which it has met with in tho fash ionable world, the many thousands of rank and distinction who have adopted, continued and recommended its use, could not hut prove nn intiecinont to contemporary jealousy.— Like other inventions of merit nnd importance in the medical world, it has been assailed by weak but mischievous imitation. To prevent being so imposed upon, observe the Name M E. Vincent on tho Label. The most tender Lady or Child mnv nt nil times mil ko use ofthis Lotion with tllcgrnn- test safety, nnd a few weeks application will restore oven the most inflamed Face to ncool nnd oLar transparent beautiful wliilo nnd red. A more innocent nnd salutary remedy is not to he found in all nature. It stands unriyiil- I'd fur clearing the Fane and Skin from nil Eruptions, Freckles, extraordinary Redness, EffectsofSurfeits, Heats,and Tumours, Scor butic Impurities, and dryness of the Skin, all Blotches nnd I'iniples, from whatever cause arising, hard lumps or Knobs in tho Skin, the Greasy or Oily Appearance, livid and siclly Paleness, Thickness, and Opacity, nnd for denning and improveing the Complexion. A good appoornnee is certainly one eft hose advantages which is silently operating in onr favour over'' moment ofour lives, even in onr absence; while a forbidding visa go, yr one marked with disease, is more forcibly nct.ing, and unfortunately in a much greater variety of wavs to our disadvantage, than' is general ly apprehended. Persons who regard either what is due to themselves, or the favour nnd opinion of the world, wlm can distinguish between the come lines i .."health and the deformity of disease, and who can weigh tho advantages which be long to nrid are inseparable from an engaging appearance, to w 1 icli tlmv themselves have by nature the strongest claims, are seriously assured that, those advantages are to lie oh- mined by the use of this Lotion, prepared bv Mrs. Vincent, sole proprietor of Dr. Gow- hnitl’8 M S. Receipo. Contrast the ruddy vigour of health, anima ting the vivid tints of henuty.w lb tliolangonr of apparent sickness ; let us consider what me the advantages of one above the other, even in the common and ordinary concerns of life, which indeed have eventually decided the future fortune of thousands, by a pleasing •ippeurati e at. first sight, which arete obtain od by the use ofthis Lotion, prepared by Mr*. Vincent, sole proprietor of Dr. Gmvlund’s MS. lteceipe ; and every bottle of the genu ine is signed M. E. Vincent. A fresh supply o»‘ this superior article ju«t received and for sale by july 10 LAY HENDRICKSON - - - rivn Doi, I'nti) li|l||i-«r ill IhUI) |,:i Strayed ON Sunday Evening the 19th current, from Savannah, a large Bay and small Boy HORSE; the »j> latter with a blaze in his face.— They were seen on Sunday the 26th instant, at Muirliall Plantation, belong ing to James Brown, Esq. near tho seven mile stone on the road to Darien and went otf I here from the same night in company with a Roan Filly belonging to him. Ali expcncos will he paid with a reasonable reward for delivery of the Horses and Filley or either of them, by application to Mr. Brown or at this office. .1 mic 30 l)<‘ I .<■) Montc.rut’s C 4 01,UM HI A N Vegetable Specific, for the J cure of Consumptions, As'hma, Phuiri *y, Spitting of Blood, and Pulmonary affec- ion-r of every kind, the most valuable reme dy ever discovered for the cure of Consump lions and all diseases of the breast and lungs leading to Consumpt ions. To all afflicted with these troublesome nf feet ions an immediate use ofthis highly cele brated Specific is only necessary to convince the most incredulous of its possessing quali ties, superior to any other medical pre;>ura tion yet discovered. Since the discovery of this invaluable medicine, numbers have ex perienced its salutary and happy efiects. Its mild nnd gentle operations are much extoll ed by those who have used it. In all cases of coughs, colds, asthmas, and other con sumptive affections by the use ofthis article they have been enabled to defeat an enemy whose attacks would otherwise Imvc been fdlowed h\ the most alarming consequences. This Specific has relieved and cured tho most violent cases in which other medicines have failed to give any relief. It operates by gen tle expectorations, and may be given to in fants and clnldieti with the greutost safety. A fresh supply of these celebrated Cough Drops, just received and for sn,le by LAY & HENDRICKSON, july 14 Agents, Gibbon’s Buildings. Chatham Superior Court, May Term 1831. O N tho petition of Elias Bliss, setting forth that ho watt possessed of a certain original Deed from Mary Wilkinson, copy whereof is annexed to his petition, nnd sta- ruary last, in n small two or three on rod Can oe, that bus formerly been painted red, with dark colored gunwales, Say one hundred dollars for GEORGE—he is' about thirty-five years old. about six feet high, dark complex ion, walks very erect, and steps brisk, was purchased some years ago from Mr. Dun ham, near White Bluff. He is an artful and cunning fellow, and will probably endeavor to escape from whoever apprehends him, by feigning a fit, or some other sickness. Ale®, 859 each for YORK & SOLBY or SAULS- BURY. York is twenty two or three years old, five feet eight inches high, stout made and very black skin. Sobly is about twenty years old, near bix feet high, smooth face, dark complexion, and large under lip. These last two fellows have lately been purchased from Messrs. Bryan & Screven, of Chatham Coun- ty, and arc from Wilmington Island, where they are acquainted, and at several places on the Carolinuside. -Adam, one of tho gang, has lately been ta ken in the neighborhood of Wilmington Is land. All reasonable expenses will ho paid exclu. sive of the reward, on application to either the subscriber or Elias Fort., Esq. of Savan nah. ALEXANDER ATKINSON, july 19 Camden County. Hay, Oats and Corn. 4 CONSTANT supply of Hay, Oots and Corn, on bund and for sale by MICHAEL DILLON, july 5 Telfair’s wharf. On motion of Richard R. Cuyler, for peti tioner, It is ordered that the said copy be esta blished in lieu of the original deed at tjic next Term of this Court, unless cause ho shown to the contrary before that time. And it is ordered, that this rule be published in one of the gazettes of Savannah, once a month for six mouths. True Extract from‘lie Minutes. BENJAMIN B. KTURGE8, july 21—$6m Dop. Clerk S.C.C.C. Notice. I TIOUR months after date application will bo ni.de to the Inferior Court of Chat ham County, when sitting for ordinary purposes, for leave to sell i lie real estate of Joseph Da vis, deeoa ed, late of Chatham County for the benefit of the heirs and creditors. SAMUEL C. HOUSE, july 14 Administrator. Notice. A FTER four months from this datenppli- . cation will he made to the lion, the In ferior Court of Chatham County, for leave to sell the lot No. 237. Henry County, contain- ing 202} acres of land, the same being real estate Ifelongingto the estate of Robert Mitch- ol, deceased. july t ( ) PETER MITCHEL, Ex’or. l Just Received, X C/iSKK London Porter, for sule by *) ifjrSG E NS WORTH & WAY Blit. CALHOUN'S ST VTUMUNT. From the Pendleton S.C. Messenger, Aug.3. Mr. Symmes :—I must request you to per mit me to use your columns, an tho medium to make known my sentiments nn the deeply important question, of the relation, which the Hlatos nnd General Government hear to each other, nml which is, at this time, a subject of so much agitation. Ii is one of tho peculiarities of tho station T occupy,that while it tieeessarilv connects its incumbent, with tho politics oft ho day, it of- fords him no opportunity officially to express his sentiinontH, except, accidentally on nn e- qual division of t.lic body, over which he pre sides. lie is thus exposed, ns I have often xperienced, to have his opinions erroneous ly nml variously represented. In ordinary cases, I conceive, tho correct cotirso to he to remain silent, leaving to time nnd circumstan ces, the correction of misrepresentations ; hut. there am occasions so vitally impor'ant, that n regard both »o duty ami character would seem to forbid such a cotirso ; end such, I conceive, to he the present. Tho frequent allusions to mv sentiments, will not. permit me to doubt, that such also is the public con ception, and that, it claims the right to know, in relation to the question referred to, the o- pinions of those, who hold important, official siaticiiiR; while on my part, desiring to re- noil her unmerited praise, nor blame. I feel. 1 trust, the solicitude, which every him- 'stand independent tnan ought, that my no ti ll incuts should ho truly known, whether they h- 1 such, us may ho calculated to recommend them to.public favor, or not. Entertaining these impressions, I have concluded, that it 'R mv duly to make known my sentiments ; and 1 have adopted the mode, which oil re flection seemed to he tho most simple, and best calculated to effect the object in view. 'Phe question of the r< l ition, which the States and General Government hour to each o'her, is not one of recent origin. From tlm cmmencpment. ofour system, it. has divided public sentiment. Even in tho Convention while the Constitution was struggling into ex istence, there were two parties, as to wluit this relation should lie, whose different, senti ments, constituted no small impediment in forming that instrument. After the General Government wont into operation, experience soon proved, th t the question hnd not termin ated with the labours of tho Convention.— The great struggle, flint preceded the politi cal revolution of 1801, which brought. Mr. Jefferson into pawn'-, turned essentially on it; and the doelrinnsnnil arguments on both sides wore embodied nnd aiilv sustained ; on the one,in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, and the report to the Virginia Legislature ; and on the other, in therool'os ofth»» legis lature nf Massachusetts nnd some of the otlii States. These resolutions and this report, w'th the decision of the Supremo Court, of Pennsylvania about tlv* same time, (particu larly in till* ease of Cobhoft.. delivered bv Chief J st : oe M'Kenn and concmred in by th whole bench,) contain, vvliat. 1 believe to bp, the true doctrine on th s im -orfanf. sub ject. ( refer to them, in order to avoid the necessity nf presenting mv views, with the reasons in suponrt ofthe n, in detail. As mv ohjpcl i« simnlv to state my opin ions, 1 might, pause with t his reference to documents,that, so fully and ably state nil of the points immediately connected with this deeply important subject; but as tlu re are .many, jvhomnvnot have the opportunity, or leisure to refer to them, and, as it is possi ble, however clear they may be, that different persons may place d.flernnt interpreta'ions on heir meaning, I will, in order that my sen'intents may h" fully known, and to avoid all ambiguity, proceed to state Biimmarily the doctrines, which I conceive they cm brace. Their great and leading principle is, that the Onoriil Government emanated from the people of tho several states forming distinct political communities and acting in their sepemte and sovereign capacity, and not from all ol’tlie people forming one aggregate pol ti- cnl community : flint,the Constitution of the United Etales is in ficta c.omonet, to which each State is a party, in the character alrea dy described ; and that the several States or parties, have a right to judge of its infractions and in c.nRes of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exersise of a power not delegated, they have the right, iu the last resort, to use llie 1 ngmige of the Virginia resolutions, “to interpose for arresting the progress c.j the evil, and for maintaining within their res pective limits, the. authorities, rights and liberties appertaining to them.” This right of'interposition, thus soiemly asserted by the Slate of Virginia, he it called what it may, slate right, veto, imlificntion, or any other name, I conceive to be the fundamental prin ciple ofour system, resting on facta histori cally as certain ns our Revolution itself, and deductions, ns simple and demonstrative, as that of any political, or moral truth whatever, nnd I firmly belie o that on its recognition depends, thestubility and safety ofour politi cal institutions. I am not ignorant, that those opposed to the doctrine lia^e always, now nnd formerly, regarded it ill a very different light,as nnnrchi- cul nnd rovolutjonnr). Could I believe such in fact to be its tendency, to me it would be no recommendation. I yield to none, I trust, in a d< epand sincere attachment to our politi cal institutions, and the. union of tlieso States. I never breathed nn opposite sentiment; but on the contrary, I have ever considered them the great instruments of preserving our liber ty, and promoting the happiness of ourselves and our posterity ; nnd next to these, have over held them most dear. Nearly half my life lias passed m the service oft lie Union, nnd whatever public reputation Tliuvo acquir ed, is indissolubly indentified with it. To bo too national has, indeed, been considered by many, even of my friends, to he my greatest political fault. With these strong feelings of attachment, I have examined with the utmost care, the bearing of tho doctrines in quet tion ; and so far from anarchical, or revolutionary, I solemnly believe it to be the only solid foundation ofour system, and ofthe Union itself, and that the opposite doctrine, which denies tho states the right of protect- ing their reserved powers, and which would vest in the General Government, (it matters not through what Department,) tho right of determining exclusively and finally the pow ers delegated to it, is incompatible with tho ' sovereignty ofthe States, and of the Consti tution itself, considered as the basis of a fede ral Union. As strong as this language is, it is not stronger than that used by the illustri ous Joffersoti, who said, to give to tiio Gune- ral Government the final and exclusive right to judge of itH powers, is to make “ its dis cretion and not the Constitution the mea sure of its powers ,” nnd that “in all rases of compact between part it having no com mon Judge., each party has an equal right (o judge, for himself as well of the opera tion,as of the mode and measure nf redress." Language cannot bo more explicit; nor cun higher outhority ho adduced. 'I’liut different opinions are entertained on this subject, 1 consider, hut ns nn additional evidence ol’tlie great diversity of the human intellect. Had not able, experienced arid patriotic individuals, for whom I have tho highest respect, taken different views, I would hnvn thought tho right too clear to admit of doubt; hut I am taught by this, as well ns by many similar instances, to treat with defer ence, opinions differing from my tnvn. The error may possibly ho with me ; but if so, J. can only say, that after the most mature and conscientious examination, I linvo not been able to detect it. But. with all proper defer ence, 1 must think, that, theirs is the error wlm denv, wlmt seems to he an essential at tribute of the conceded sovereignty of the states; nml who attributed to tho General Government u right, utterly incompatible with what all acknowledge to lie its ’jmited and restricted character; nn error originating principally, as I must think, in not duly re- iluoting on 'he u-turn ofour institutions, ai.d nn what constitutes tlm only rational object of nil political constitutions. Jt h <s been well said by one of the most sagacious men of antiquity, that the object of n constitution is to restrain the government, as that of laws is t o restrain individuals.— Tito remark is correct, nor is it. loss true, where the Government is vested ill a majori ty, than where it is in a single or a fuw indi viduals ; in a republic, than u ijiounrchy nr aristocracy. No one can have a higher res pect for the maxim,,,)hat the majority ought to govern, than I have, taken m its proper sense, subject to the restrictions imposed by the GonstUution and confined to subjects, in which every portion of the community have similar interests; lint it is a great error to suppose, as many do, that the right of a ma jority to govern is a natural and not. a con ventional right ; and, therdfore, absolute nnd ilimited. By nature every individual has the right to govern himself; and Govern* ments, whether founded on majorities, or mi norities, must derive their right from the as sent, expressed or implied, ofthe governed,& lie subject to such limitations, as they may im pose. Where the interestsare the sumo, that is where the laws that may benefit one. will honefit all, or the reverse, it is just and prop- er to place ihoin under the control ofthe majority; hut where' I hey are dissimilar, so that tho law that may benefit one portion, may ho ruinous to another, it would boon tlii’ contrary uniuJt and absurd to subject them to its will; and such. I conceive to he the theory on which our Constitution rests. That such dissimilarity of interests may exist, it is impossible to doubt. They are to he found in every community, in a greater, or less degroo, however small, nr homogenous; and they constitute, every where, the great difficulty of forming, and preserving free in stitutions. To guard against tho unequal ac tion ofthe laws, when applied to dissimilar and opposing interests,‘in, in fact,what, main ly renders a constitution indispensable ; to overlook which, in reasoning on our Consti tution. would be to omit, tfio principal ele ment, hv which to determine its character.— Were three no contrariety of interests, noth ing would ho more simple and easy than to form and preserve freo institutions. Tho right of suffrage alone would bo a sufficient guaranty. It is the conflict of opposing in terests which renders it the most difficult work of man. Where the diversity of interests exists in separate and distinct classes of the cotnmu- n ty, as is the case in England, and was for merly the case in Sparta, Rome and most of the free states of antiquity, the rational con stitutional provision is, that onch should he represented iu the Government, as a separate estate, with a distinct voice, and a negative on the nets of its co-eslatos, in order to- choc k their encroachments. In England tho constitution lias assumed expressly this form; while in the governments of Sparta & Romo the same tlfing vvns effected under difforent but not much loss efficacious forms. The perfection of their organization, in this par ticular, was that which gave to the Constitu tion of these renownod States all of their celebrity, which secured their liberties for so many centuries und rn pod them to so great a height of power nnd prospori'y. Indeed, a constitutional provision giving to tho great & separate interests ofthe community the right of Holf-nrntectiou, must appear to thopc who w ill duly reflect on the subject, not less es sential to the preservat ion of liberty, than the right of suffrage, itself—they in fact have a common object, to rfibr-t which, the one is as necessary as the other ; to secure respon sibility, that is, that those who make and execute the laws should be. accountable to those, on whom the laws in reality operate; the only solid and durable foundation of lib erty. If without the right of suffrage, our rulers would oppre.-sus, so, without the right of self-protection, the major would equally oppress the minor interests ofthe cominuni- t.v. The absence of the former would make the governed the skives ofthe rulers, and of tho latter, the feebler interests the victim of the stronger. Happily for up, we have no artificial and separate classes of society. We have wise ly exploded all such distinctions; but we art* not, on that account, exempt from all contra riety of interests, ns the present distracted and dangerous condition of our country, un fortunately, but too clearly proves. With us they are almost exclusively geographical, resulting mainly from difference of climute, soil, situation, industry, and prudence ; but are not, therefore, legs necessary to bo pro tected by an adequate constitutional pro. vision, than where the distinct interests exist in separate classes. The necessity is, in truth, greater, as such separate and dissimi lar geographical interests, are nioro liable to come into conflict, and more dangerous when in that State, than those of any other descrip tion ; so much so, that ours is the first in stance on record, where they have not form- mr.d in an extensive territory, separate and independent communities, or subjected the whole to despotic sioau. That such may not bo our unhappy fate also, must ho the sincere prayer of every lover of his country. So numerous and diversified are the inter ests of our country, that they could not be fairly represented in a single government, ojv