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•1-2 o'clock on the 6th iustant, his excellency I sure a speedy settlement of tlio unoccupied !and s t.: Governor transmitted to both Houses the roi- j * u Cherokee county. Accordingly, in due time* lowing j tho Justices of the Inferior courts of the several XiScssagc: ' EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,(3A. Mii.t.kdokvii.i.k, Npvcmbcf Gtb, 1832.- ■p«7ote-C’r7«*ns—When we tifke a survey of the events of the tinning year, it produces ming led emotions of pleasure ami pain. Our actual condition and enjoyments as a people, arising from climate, soil, nod goad government, when compared with other portions of the world, ad monish us to » '.mini ami adore the divine Atuhor of our multiplied blessings. .Nothing has transpired to lessen ciw attach ment, or diminish opr cmifiden;e lh the good sys tem* of government under Vvhich we live; x V e should, therefore, cherish an increased zeal, aud «tn e.ldding hope for the perpetuation of our free tun! happy institutions. The truths ofhatorv do not authorize the belief, that we nrc to enjoy the inestimable blessings of lil*orly and free govern- ineuh founded on principle* of equal rights, with- R'nt vigilance and constant exertion on the pait ot tho poopl’,"v,ho ar;e the only legitimate sour- • ccs of governmental power. Our eotiflicis with Federal 'usurpation .arc not yet at an end; the uyoul* of the past year have afforded us new cause for disttust and dissatisfac tion. Contrary to lifts enlightened opinions, ,aud ,just expectations of tho people of this, aud every other rotate in the Union, a majority of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States have not only assumed jurisdiction in tho case of Wor cester ami Butler, but have, by their decision, nr counties were notified, aud required to execute the duties devolving ou them, in regard to receiv- I >»£. and returning the names of persons entitle;, | to draws in the Lotteries; which bavin- been done according ttiiaw, aud the ticket* having been prepared, tho Lottery commissioners were con vened, anil commenced the preparatory arraugc- ments it>r the draw ing, v.nieli was commenced on uiQ S2d day of October last, and is now in pro gress, miner tbeir superintendence. 1 deem it. unnecessary at this time to enter up on an enlarged vindication, of the-policy w hich has Leen. pursued by the authorities of Georgia on *.iiis-subject. Suffice it to say, that I have, daily increased evidence that our'policy has hccu found ed iu wisdom, justice and true benevolence, and w ill ere long, terminate iu the preservation of a remnant of these unfortunate Indians: and our Stale will bo relieved from the libels ami embar rassments of a thirty years’ controversy. It now becomes my duty to call the serious and deliberate attention of tho Legislature, to tho sub ject of the present condition of the Chcrokccs, who remain withiu our State. By our existing laws, their homes and improvements arc secured to them so longf as they may choose to remain thereon; but these laws arc by uo menus adapted to the security of their persons aud property.— Therefore special and appropriate legislation is most earnestly rccoumicuucd ; whereby these ob jects will be secured tp -them, aud their rights be as effectually shielded from violation as those of tlie white mau. It is due to the character of the frequent applic; tioiw. ajc made to the Executive togrant reprieves aud remit the seuteuces of tho Courts. Imprison ment in tho county jails, being a common punish ment, inflicted on the violators of our present cri minal laws, is found to be expensive, ami iu mn- niy cases burthensome to the counties; which tends to eucoiirage application for pardons even when there is nothing to extenuate the guilt of the offender. After tile most mature reflection, I canuot he sitate iu arriving at the conclusion, that Peniten tiary confinement is, by far, the most economical modoof punishment for crime; and from the ope rations of the, present year, I incline to tho opi- j gaRan, as authorized by the Resolution referred to. At oi early day after the adjournment of the last Lcgid.iiure, my attention tvas directed to this subjeu, and a correspondence was opened with several individuals of tfiis State, who had manifes ted cotviderable interest in advancing the cause of gencraleducation..—But among those, who were believcito possess eminent qualification for this iruportait undertaking, none could be induced to engage ii the arduous and responsible labors con template by the Resolution of the Legislature. To perfbm this work to the satisfaction of the Leg islature. nd to meet the public expectation, in point ofcility, it was believed, that qualifications of & litemV character, sltbuld be combined with nion, that if the system tvere reinstated, and ap . j . propriately patronized by the Legislature, it | an extensve acquaintance with inc feelings, hnbita would he certain to defray its expenses, aud per- ! ;,nt l interats of our diversified population. I he haps, at a dav not far distaut, become a source of j peculiar situation ol this btute the habits and profit and income to the State. Should the Le- j feelings o the people—the sparcenes* of our pop- gislaturc determine to revive the system, a due “lation inoway sections-^the want ol fixed ami tempted to overthrow that essential jurisdiction j State, that this dependeut people should be pro-* oi'tho State, iu criminal casos, which has bcefi i teefed by laws as liberal as may he consistent vested by the constitution, in the Superior Courts with their moral ami intellectual condition. To regard to the reformation of the convicts, and pro filahle management of the institution, will require a further improvement of the interior buildings and work-shops, aud a more amply supply of va rious materials for fabrication. The necessary appropriation to accomplish these objects, -under proper management, could not fail.eventually, to be a measure of economy aud saving to the State. The sure defence aud fortress ol'liberty,'is the Militia the—citizen-soldier. But in no couiitry can it be reasonably expected that every citizen should he trained and ready for ihe active duties permaneit school districts, by known, and well defined boundaries—and various other considera tions—^-iiust be taken Into view, in framing a Suc cessful pfmmon School System. The Legislature of Georgia, at an early period of its Itstory,-with a spirit that deserves commen dation.made liberal provisions for the endowment of an >cadeniy in each county in the Sta:&: the application of which lias been left to the Trustees of the several county Academics; consequently, thcrehas been no Uniformity, -or geueral plan .of operation: no systematic adoption of measures, which were calculated to ensure success, alike to all. 'Notwithstanding the neglect of which'many of our own citizens, will require the most careful ‘of our own State. Iii conformity with their de cision, a mandate was issued, directed to our court, ordering si rc'visal of the decree, udder which those persons are imprisoned; thereby at- deliberation ahil prudent forecast, tempting, aud intending to prostrate the sove-j The land fund, set apart*by the Legislature, rcignty of this State in the exercise of its const!- i has Iieeil found insufficient to pay even the legal tnliounl, criminal jurisdiction. These extrao r- expenses of surveying tho public lauds. Nothing of a soldier in the tented field- Tho government relying as it does, on tho Militia, for .defence in . _ _ . - tune of danger, should unquestionably have some | Trnstess may have been, guilty, it must he ndmit- ...... L.v. ■>. «... .............. ..... * w , organization, whereby it might not only know its j ,e *V that great good has resulted to the community, afford them sut-h protection, anti to extend to them; strength, but. have; at ready command, the pow- ! host the endowment of these county Seminaries, suitable privileges, without endangering the rights j er to concentrate au efficieut portion of its martial Thebene/its nave beeninostly felt in the irntneui- iliuary proceedings of tho Supreme Court hav not liven submitted to me officially, uor have they been brought before mo in any manner, which called for ray official action. I have,-however, been prepared to moot this usurpation of Federal power, with tho most prompt mid delci mined re sistance, iu whatever form its enforcement might have been attempted by any branch of the Fed eral Government. It has-afforded me gren» sat isfnetion to fiud that our whole people, ns with tho voice of one man, have manifested a' calm, hut firm and determined resolution, to sustain the niithoritics, and sovereignty of tltcir State against this unjust and unconstitutional encroachment of the Federal Judiciary. The iugenuity of mau might he challenged, to show a single sentence in the constitution of the United States, giving power, cither ilirect or implied, to the General Government or any of its departments, to nulli fy tho laws of a State, enacted for the govern ment of its own population, -or coerce obedience, by force, to the mandates of tho judiciary of tho L'uion. On' tho contrary, tho journals pud pro ceedings of the convention that framed the Fed eral constitution, abundantly cviuco that various attempts were made to effect that ohjact, nil of which were rejected. This proves that the States of this Uuion never did, and uev-r will permit their political rights to he suspended upon the breath of the agents or trustees, to whom they have delegated limited p r ..vcrs to perform certain definite acts. J, however, deem it unnecessary . for me, at this time to animadvert on this decision of tho Supreme Court. Its fallacy, its - inconsis tence with former decisions, aud its obvious ten dency to intermeddle with the political rights of the Stntcs, ami to change our Federal system into ono consolidated mass. l>-liberit so often exposed by tho most able jurists and statesmen, thnt n largo majority of tbo people of this Union are'con firmed in the couvictiou of tin; fallibility, infirmi ties and errors of this Supreme tribunal. This hraucli of die General Government must -hence forth staud, where it always ought lo have stood, in public estimation, as bciug liable to all the frailties and weakness of erring man. Shortly after tho adjournment of the Legisla ture, in December last, I communicated, directly to the Presidentapf the United'Stales, the views of this Slate, ns manifest by her Legislature, on tho subject of our miocqupicd lauds lyiug in Cher okee county; aud at tho same time, frankly com* munieated to him my views, especially as to the necessity and importance of an immediate sur vey, and perhaps, occupancy of these lands. The Prcsidcn! has manifested equal solicitude with ourselves, to effect an amicable and sntifae- tory adjustment of ottr territorial crabarassincnts. lie has proposed to the Chcrokee-people, terms of the mo-t liberal character, with n view to in- duco them to emigrate to the West; and thereby to enable him to effect the great object of his so licitude, in permanently benefitting that unfortu nate, aud deluded race; and, at the same time, io fulfil tho long, and delayed obligations of the United States Government to Georgia, cutered Into by thu contract of 1802. Notwithstanding tho extraordinary liberality of tho propositions submitted to tiio Chcrokccs, and the kind spirit in which they were presented, the enemies of the President and of Georgia, have so far succeeded as to prevent Buy satisfactory arrangement- or troaty with them; and their reply to those liberal propositions, evinces a most arrogant and uncom promising spirit. Every day’s experience has afforded new evi dence of tho utter impracticability, mid impolicy of attempting any longer, to maintain our laws mid government over the Cherokee part of Geor gia, without an increased, and better population. Every effort lias hccu made by the Executive, to maintain'the inviolability of the laws of the State, in Chcrokco county; hut these efforts have not been attended with the desired success.- Our laws have been repeatedly violated, anil for the want of that moral force, which pervades coun ties inhabited by a more dense, enlightened, and virtuous population, tho transgressors havo some times escaped merited punishment. Our scatter- force, at a short warning—which ifi auy emergen cy might serve as a rallying point for the.great body of its Militia. It is uot withiu the range of our State government -to keep up a >tau<ling Army,;. Uor is it compatible with our views, aud policy.; Nevertheless, it is believed, that volunta- ate vicinity of these institutions, but in some in- staiitSs; Have been diffused more or less through out the counties. Our success in the application of the fund set apart /or the education of poor children has, like our Academic fund, been beneficial in those coun- thereforc remain*to discharge the various expen- punej . iioci iucicm, » nwuciru, uianviuum- -— -— -- — scs,- necessarily incideut to the preparation for car- ry associa tions of-activc aud patriotic citizens, or- } lies where it has been well managed, aud prudent rying flic lottery laws into effect. - The liegisla- gauized uuderLcgal sauctiou and cucouragemeuf, ly appjr’d, while in others there is just cause for tore will perceive the necessity of providing,-at might afford to every section of our State a rally- i complaint. It is .believed that our A Sad e line and ail early day, for the payment of all 'arrearages,' ing point, iu ease of sudden alarm from miy quar- : Foqr School fluids, might be better applied to and other espouses' appertaining to this business, ter, foreign or domestic. - ' purposes of useful education, if our present iwper- It is the more urgent that it should lie done with- ! The l'e*v returns which hove been made to this .feet system were, wholly abolished, aud a systein out delay, from the consideration,thatmatiy nee- j Department from Division and Brigade Inspec- ; of Gwninon.School education, organized and dy persons have already .performed iiinch useful; tors, and various other sources ef information, can patronized in lieu thereof. I Have examiued with labor for the public,' who have not received any f- leave do doubt of the' fact, that nur present Militia J 'care, and. reflected, much upon the- systems. of compensation. * .system hds sank .under the imperfections of its I Comsion 'school- education, adopted by tbo dififer-* While on this'subject, it may uoibc improper j own structure and organization, and unless renb- j eut States in the Uuion, aud marked the varied 1. .i,_. — i.— ..... i * ■—*—*— ■ _:.i—1.< ! succfss of each, and .although the experiments. ed population of good character, who now inhah- B'tfiis county, have often found themselves desti tute of security from thu depredations of dishon est men; and when they have sought protection froln thu- laws of the land, they have often found those laws availed, and perverted by combinations of such characters, aided by the device and coun sel of those, whose enlarged acquirements should have directed their influence in aid of the cause of justice, and the supremacy of the laws. Legal and pettifogging subtiltios. in this couuty, s^ein measurably to have triumphed over equity, and u fair administration of the law. - Not only the Supreme Court of the United States, hut the Superior, and even the luferior courts of our own ritatc, htjvcso far aided in over turning our laws and the policy of our Stale gov- vcrninent, ns to dcclaro them unconstitutional, ami or ter the(QpchXrgo of prisoners arrested and confined under their provisions. Nevertheless, amidst all these irregularities, strifes aud ilisor- ders, there is much cause of sincere gratification, that the events of the year have produced nothing more seriously injurious to the interest and char acter of the i?'tate. The survey of tho county of Cherokee, in enn- fonnity with, ntul ondt r Ibo provisions of the sev- craetsoftiie Legislature xvi:hrt:it any -eriotisob-tac the law din to remark, that the Executive has uot only been embarrassed on account of the inadequacy of the land fund; but from tho improvidence of the last Legislature, iu providing the means at the Treas ury to meet their several appropriations.. The* appropriations for tho past political year greatly exceeded tho available means at the Treasury.—*- This omission of jhe Legislature was discovered at an .early day after the adjournment of their last annual session; and -after due consideration, it was determined to endeavor tosustau the oper ations of the Government by other incaus than that of atl extra session of tho Legislature. I therefore applied to the Directors of the Central Rauk, laid before them the situation iu which the Executive was placed, aud desired-to be inform ed how far that institution could, consistently with its charter, accommodate the <Jovermncnt.* The Directors, without hesitancy, manifested every disposition, to grant any accommodations, which might he legally extended. And by an arrange ment agreed upon, the Bank has taken up and paid oil the -Executive warrants, whenever the means to meet them were not found at. the Treasury; which warrants have been takeu up try il*o ‘JWrtsurrr.-nsfirst as the means were receiv ed at that Department. Thus, through the agen cy of the Bank, I have been enabled, so far to meet the appropriations of tho Legislature as to avoid the deprecated necessity of convening an extra session. But doubts being entertaiued, as to the competency of the Bank to meet the entire demands authorised by‘the Legislature, »I have therefore been placed under the necessity of dis* criiuiuatitig between appropriations made for the indispensable operntions-m the Government, aud mitior and individual iuterests. The report of the Directors of tho Ceutral'Batik, which accom panies this message, will exhibit the extent of the accommodation which has been granted to this department.. From this, statement the Legisla ture-will bo able to asccrfaiu-the-extent of tho deficit, which has accrued at the Treasury, to meet the Executive'warrants which have beeu- drawn on the several appropriations for the cur rent year. -Whatever legislation may he neces sary to remedy the omissions of the last session, upon these several subjects, commends itself to your immediate attention. The act of the last Legislature abolishing the Penitentiary system in this Slate, -iu connexion with the fucts, of tho institution bring embarrass-, cd with debt, almost destitute of materials to car ry on the different branches of manufacture, and the interior buildings and workshops bciug in an unfinished and unsuitable Condition, to aid.the im- C ortant objects of good government and useful asiiiess; all combined to impress upon the pre sent mnnagers of the institution, a spirit of des pondency. Nevertheless, I am highly gratified to have it in my. power to present to the Legisla ture, demonstrative cyidenee of the spirit ami a- bility with which the institution has been man aged during tho present year. It will be seen by the reports of the'liis|ject8rs, herewith transmit ted, that the labor of tlie convicts will more than defray ihe ordinary and current expenses of .the J ,'car. The internal police of tho institution, has loeii such as t<» prevent escapes, secure the health and comfort of tho convicts, and at the same time, itis believed, that iu many instances, refor mation has been effected, and iu some, that it will prove to he permanent. As far as the means of the institution would justify, ■ a proper forecast ha„ been directed to the procuring of an ample supply of timber and other materials for manufacture ; hut tho appropriations of tho last Legislature were nearly exhausted at once, in tho payment of debts against the institution, con tracted in tho year 1831, for building and various articles’of supply! Thtfoulstanding debts due to the Penitentiary, is a subject which deserves special attentiou. Be tween fifteen arid twenty thousand dollars of un available debts appear to be duo to the institu tion; most of which were contracted previous to the year lj329. A portion of these debts lias been placed in disbands of attorniesfor collection, all' of whom have not yer accounted satisfactorily for the amount thus placed iu their hands. I herewith submit to the Legislature, a document exhibiting nil the information I have been able to collect on this snbject. At present it is believ ed, that tho fiscal transactions of the institution, arc. conducted with system, skill and prudence; which will hereafter prevent any material l«»-s, if.tho present regulations are continued. The hooks and accounts are kept with great accura cy, and credits arc extended with the caution, which will in future, prevent tho accumulation of bad debts. From the indications of public opinion, itis be lieved, that the abolition of tlie PeniteMiuy sys tem hns not received the'opprobation of amajori- bas been completed 1 ty of ibo people; and I feel assured-that the ex- or difficulty; and in i pericncc of one year, trader ottr present code, has vated by legislation, uiay be considcidd- as nearly extinct. Under these circumstances, it becomes highly necessary that the Legislature should take this important subject iiito- serious consideration, aud provide bv law sonie plan of organization, in lieu of that which has practically become obsolete of oilier States, may afford niuch light to direct our course, yet I am fully convinced, that, to en sure success* iu om‘ community, we shall fiud it necessary to adopt a plan, which shall be based upon-tbe actual condition of our own population, As the distribution of the public arms under the and hot flatter ourselves, with the idea of success law of the United States, for arming and equipping | by merely following the footsteps of others, whose the Militia, is made among the States according j habits and modes of thinking are so*very different to the relative strength of the Militia, ft is a matter! from our ow n. The State of New* York, as well of interest to obtain accurate retiirns of the force df| as the New England States, which have succeeded the State-^nml the disorganization of our system-* best hi difiusiug the blessiugs of- education to their, is such, as to render it impossible to aaCeitaiu the! whole people, have all maintained the righrand entire strength of the Jlilitia of the State. 1 con-j duty Of legislature to provide for tlie education aider' it highly important, that the effective of their entire population. Aud for tbo purpose strength of the Militia, should at all times he of effecting this object, the entire property of the benefit no become restless and dissatisfied, unless they are made to participate in the benefits as well as the burthens of the system. One of the most formidable ob jections to the present system, is that the roads al ter being made good are not kept in repair; and from the nature of our soil, and the presen t plan ol constructing our roads, unless repairs at the ptop- er time, and in the right mode, be strictly attended to, they must necessarily soon fall into a state of dilapidation and ruin. It is the incumbent duty of the Legislature to provide a remedy Tor this evil, which, if neglected, will most assuredly de stroy tho whole system. Only provide for.keep- ing the road3 in complete order, which are once made good by the State hands, and in less than twenty year3 Georgia v.*ill have the best roads ot any State in the Union. It is submitted to the Legislature, whether it should not he made tlie duty of the County authorities, in which roads are constructed, by the State hands, to receive such to ads from the Superintendents, and here.ilterbe compelled to keep them in as good oruer as when received. Upon all -the roads constructed by the State hands, such provision should be made by law,"ns would ensure the keeping in good re pair, of all uccessaty bridges and causeways as well as the roads. Some arrangement should bo made which will ensure si general-diffusion" of the benefits arising from the system, to every section of the State. And to prevent the conflicting claims of- different communities, from euibaim- sing tho operations of the Superintendents, and throwing more titan a just share of responsibility on tliom. I would deem it most advisable for tho But on the other ad, the rich are seldom satisfied with equal pro- tion aud equal benefits. Their inordinate iviugs for governmental favor aud pfotectiou iave already produced the most alarming results • mch as threaten the destruction of the Federal a citizen of this Free couutry. hand, tection cravings for governmental favor aud pfotectiou have such Union itself. The laws of this State, upon most subjects of general iuterest, have become so multiplied aud complicated, and in some instances, contradicto ry in their provisions, as to render a faithful, just and uniform administration of them exceedingly difiicult, if not impracticable. I would therefore submit to the Legislature the expediency of pro viding by law, for a general revision of tho stat utes of this State; embracing in a compact form, tho several statutes relating to its civil polity and internal administration; the whole to be consoli dated and arranged in appropriate chapters, ti tles aud articles: simplyfyiug the language there of, aud all omissions, and other defects supplied hy the compilers—the whole of which should be submitted to the Legislature for revision, adoption or rejection. Itis believed that oilier Slates have succeeded in similar efforts to the one now pro posed—aud why may not we succeed ? We havo competent individuals who could discharge with ability, the arduous and responsible duties con templated—men of experience, geueral science and elevated legal standing.- Wbilo I eritertaiu the highest respect and confidence iu the General Assembly of tliis State, I consider its structure aud furmation such, as to exclude the hope of ef fecting the very desirable object herein eontcin- plated, by the ordinary proces of legislasion. A revised code of our present statutes, embracing their present substance in a concise, perspicuous Legislature to define and jioinr am tho principal and simplified form, can only 1)6 obtained from roads which shall have the preference in. order of j the labor of patient research, and uninterrupted known—thnt there should be at-least one company of well trained volunteers, in each county in the Slate, aiid . iu the populous counties, peihnps more—that provisions should be made for arming aad training all such vpfenteer companies, ami thnt they should, at all times, hold themselves iu readiness to obey the calls of their country ■» canse.of alarm or danger—anil furthur, that pro vision shriuld be made for enlarging such Volun teer forcP, whenever the-situation of the country luajr ‘Tj—*—-»>•- ii-.,—-f-parionre has demon strated, that it these views stiuulU lie miupteu, it will be indispensably necessary to make ample provision for preservation, sale keeping anu 'due return of the public arms when called for. Unless this object can be effected, it will be worse than useless, to attempt to carry into effect, the plan now suggested. 1 have ascertained that .most of the public arms, which hare been drawn from our Arsenals, for Volunteer and other service sine? the*yeaf4ClS, may be considered nr lost to the State; and those which are -riot entirely lost, are .chiefly in a ruinous condition. In many instances l find.bonds on file in tills Department, for the safe keeping and return of the arms, dips distributed, when called for; hut in most cases, the makers of these bonds,*it is presumed, are now dead, remo ved or insolvent, and -the companies dissolved. Since I entered npon the duties of this office; I have received various communications, from highly respectable .individuals, some written, but mostly State—uo matter in whose possession it was found —has been made subject to taxation,.for the edu cation of alb—thu? regarding tlie childreu of tho whole community as being under the care of the government. Whatever advantages' may have been derived by such legislation, aud the estab lishment of such principles, in other States, I feel assured that such principles ayd such legislation are by no moans suited to the-feelings and habits of our people. ~ri—— 1 ‘-7 ;—: 1 It is believed that no legislation upon the sub- jwx.% «<* g*Mwrul tMlueatlnn, linu ovPI* tv tllO Kpf 101110 can be successful, which does not receiveihe ap- ; probation ofthe people aud excite inquiry, interest and zeril among the great body of the community. Let tlie people ouee turn their earnest attention to this.subject, and they will very soon become con vinced of the great importance and 1 necessity of their individual exertions to..-retire the benefits of education to tlie rising geneaiiou. Upau’ diio re- fle’etiou and full examination, the people tvillhe- come-couvinced, that the proper education of the rising generation, is dire.ctly and intimately con- nected with the interest, happiness and prosperity of thpir country aud thejperpetuity of our present civil institutions; and good form of government. The neglect of educating- our childreu will inevi tably tend to the decline and fait of our Republic Our government is based upon public opinion; and -that opinion to bo salutary must be enlight ened. Let that knowledge, which accompanies time. 1 respectfully -submit' to the Legislature whether, under alt the circumstances, it might not be expedient, to provide for the increase of labor ers. The settlement of the Northwestern section of the State, will loudly call for road improvement in that quarter. We may anticipate the day when Georgia-will enter the list ofcompciitors for the most splendid and magnificent works of inter nal improvement; when, with pride, ive may point to her Karl Roads, Canals aud Turnpikes But before the accomplishment of these grand oh jtels, to which nature seems to have invited the baud of art and industry, our teiritory must be settled, and the natural resources of nur State de Vcloped, which' alone can give the true inde^i rt> direct these great works. For the present, let our expenditures be chiefly confined to our great market roads, and let every portion of tho State participate.in these bonefits. Let our roads be di rected to our tdwn3, at the head of navigation; and where it is practicable, let our Rivets be imprdved, nofouly fron/thence .to the Ocean, but as far in to the interim as can bo effected by reasonable ex penditures, in the removal o! inconsiderable ob structions. I consider it an object of great im portance, that the falls of the Chaiahoochec from West Point*to Columbus, should, if practicable, bo surmounted by the band of art; so that our ri sing population, on the borders of that-noble Riv er, may enjoy the immense benefits which would flow to them through that channel of commerce In confarmity.with the provisions of a Resolution ofthe last Legislature, authorizing the appoint ment of a competent Engineer to examine and report to the present Legislature upon the practi cability and probable expense, of rendering the Chafahoochec River navigable from West Point in Troup county, to the town of Columbus, an 'ar rangement h**d been made, by tiie selection of an individual, highly rccompicnded for his qualifiea- tions,,by whicli it was expected,.that the present Legislature would be furnished with the desired in formation. The Correspondence .herewith sub mitted, will shew the cause of tho disappointment. The circulating medium, or currency of our errantry, having long since been' changed from «-ninu. having nn intrinsic value, to that of paper, purporting to bo the representative of the precious metals, it becomes the incumbent duty of the government in authorizing the issue of such paper, to guard well the interest of its citizens, against the frauds aud devices, which experience reflection; based upon talents aud qualifications of the first order. Tho territory embraced iu Cherokee county slioufd be divided into Counties of suitable size and form, to promote the convenience of that portiqu of our population who may inhabit that section of the State; and the organization of such counties should be provided for without unneces sary delaj’. The situation of the public proper ty embraced iu the fractional surveys, requires immediate legislation, which will place that por tion of the public interest beyond the probability of tresspass or intrusion—I would therefore re commend that said fractious be disposed of with the least possible delay, aud bo made available fot public uses. The various acts and resolutions of the last Le gislature, requiring Executive action, have bqen carried into effect, or are in a course of execution, with the exceptions herein before pointed out. An abstract of warrants drawn 011 tlie Treas urer during the political year 1832: a list of Ex ecutive appointments made during the recess of tlio Legislature, and ths reports made to this De partment, by the different Banks, accompanying this message. Various resolutions passed by the Legislatures of several of tho States, upon sub jects of general concern, are also herewith trans mitted, A beautiful Map, Atlas, mid well executed sta tistical view of the State of Maine, has, by tho direction of tho Legislature of that State, heeu presented to Georgia, iua manner worthy of that patriotic State. And as the organ of Georgia, when acknowledging such favors, I cannot .avoid .feelings, of inorlificatiou, thnt we arc no-better prepared to reciprocate such kind attentions. „ I might here close this communication undet 1 the-conviction of having submitted for the con sideration of the Legislature, the most important subjects which trill require their atteu.ion during the present session. But at a time like tho pre sent, when our couutry is agitated from its cen tre to its circumference, upon subjects of vital importance to the cause of liberty and. the,per petuation of our civil institutions. [ deem it to ho a duty attached to the trusfwhtch I occupy, to £lvc a free and frauk avowal of my ; sentiments upon the exciting subjects before us—regarding alone the iuterest of my couutry. .Upon all subjects relating to the usurpation* 6f the- Federal Government, and especially upon has demonstrated, .arc too often practiced by cor- that "of the Protective Tariff.systcip, great una- porations, possessing Banking privileges, with | nimity of opinion prevails .throughout, this, and power to throw into circulation an unsound and j die southern States -geiiCrally.They -never will ■!-•* of that 1!i-- '::>!! coV-. b '■ to me by strengthened public opinion in favor of th6 iusti- ! nave not he rated move forward in that I tntinn! i-t line, which I deemed best calculated tocu-j A general disposition seems to pervade the tire loss. The arms thus scattered over the coun try, as hell as many iu the Arsenal at this, place, will new be of any public value, until provision is made for collecting, cleaning, and repairing them. ' It may be proper-to state, that tinder the provis ions of a joint Resolution of the List Legislature, there have been organized during the present year thirteen volcoteer companies, whicli have been fur nished with arms from our Arsenals* It wjil be seen from the Reports of tlie Military Store Keen-' ers, that ottr .presenf supply of arms is so, greatly diminished, that Volunteer Companies cannot can- rint.e to receive Supplies, unless provisions be made for that purpose. The framers of our State Constitution were not unmindful ofthe important subject of educa’ion. They, considered the cultivation of,tho arts'and sciences ioilispensablc to the prosperity of a fiee people, andTve therefore fmd_ the most imperative language used ir., that instrument, to impress the Legislature with a sense of its duty, in- sustaining the cause of education. Tlie history of the legis lation of Georgia will show that attention to this subject, has not been wanting.—Our Statute Books exhibit t, mass of legislation, and expendi ture upon tlie subject qf edtfbation, that Has scarce ly been surpassed by any of our sister Stales. But upon a review olUhe whole subject, it must be idmitted, that the advantages derived by tlie peo ple of Georgia, have not been commensurate with ihe labor and expense. The present prospect of our University afford just encouragement, to the friends' of the arts and sciences, to continue to fostei and patronize that institution.' The prosperity of our College is so closely.indcntitied with the character and interest of the State, thnt under proper manageine.x it cannot fail to become a favorite institution with a :oromanily, and receive a liberal support from our whole people. Our Academic and Poor School Systems, are admitted to be defective, and by up means satis factory to the community. In view of these de fects, tlie Legislature, at their last session, adopt ed a resolution directing the compilation of all nur Academic and free school laws now in force; and also to authorize the Governor to appoint three suitable persons to form a system of Academic and Free School instruction, tp be as nearly uniform as practicable, through the State, and report to the present Legislature.—The Compilation, sontuhor- izeil, has been prepared and published by John A. Cm.hbert Esq. under Executive appointment; and is executed with the characteristic accuracy and ability of that gentleman* Bot I have to express verbal, informing me of arms and accoutrements! a good.Common school education, bo diffused being in their respect ive, neighborhoods in a situa- j throughout ottr country’, and the iron sway of ig- tion to be lost for want of care. Iu several cases 1 uorauce can 11evcr.be yielded by demagogues, to where I have attempted investigations, I have not! the. destruction of liberty’. \v ithorit this diffusion been able to find a responsible individual; and {'of knowledge, like other Republics, 6ur career of without legislative provision,- I am at a loss howto j liberty may termiuate 111 licentiousness, nnarchy preceed, so as lo stive this public property from en- al,< ' despotism. 1 herefore if we .would transmit - ^ • - ■ ■ ■ to posterity, ihe sacred legacy which our fathers has bequeathed to its, wc must not disregard those means upon ihe use of whicli, the perma- tieucy of those blessiugs so essentially depends. We must bring into requisition all pur means, for the diffusion'of education, aud thereby give im pulse to public feeling. If possible wc should penetrate the bosoms of whole population on this subject, by exjtibitiug to them the practicability and importance of each member of society con tributing some humble share to the great object of raising laleuts, merit, and genius from obscuri ty, to the highest walks of life.-_and iu bringing the lights of education to every dwelling within the limits of ottr beloved State. Let it he remember ed that every school that is. established—every child who may be educated--efrery log sehool house that is built—affords a new pledge iu favor of the great caus of education, liberty and free govern ment; and at the same time let each individual iu the community, bear in tniud, thnt duly to his couu try assigns him a part in this great won?. Tho Reports of the Superintendents of the public bands, herewith submitted, will exhibit tho operations, progress and success of that branch ol the public service, during thp past political year. Although fnrihtir experience lias continued to de velops additional imperfections in the laws provi ding for the improvement ofourgreat market roads, and new obstacles to all that success which we de sire, are occasionally presented to.those wJiD su- periatend'the .work, yet my confidence that'the ■system is a good one, and that.it ought to be con tinued ahd improved, is, hy every day’s experience, more fully confirmed. Georgia lias not been want ing in efforts to facilitate (he transportation 6f the immense products of her fruitful soil and industri ous population. Large sums of public money have been expended, from time to tinie, with a view to the improvement of our navigable waters; but for the want of skill and experience to direct this application, it must be admitted,' that the peo pie have not derived those benefits, which they had a right to expect, from the amount thus expended. It is believed, however that no want of success, which may have hitherto attended our attempts at internal improvement, should for a moment, abate our zeal, or retard our efforts in a determined and vigorous prosecution of such public wotks, a3 the best interests of the people demand. I would not only recommend a continuance of our present system of road improvement, but that it should he strengthened'and improved. Excelloiit Roads have already been made in many pars ofthe State, by the labor dgvoted to that object» but every .part deceptive paper currency, The currency of our. State consists almost exclusively of the notes of our own local Banks; and therefore our people have a right to expect, that the solvency of these institutions should be placed upon a basis, which should not subject the community, to the ruinous consequences, which must inevitably grow out of Bank failures. - ~ - .The late failure ofthe Bank of Macon'should be a sufficient warning, of tlit .instability of all such institutions. The Legislature, at their last session. bo reconciled to. the present ’far: j'. or the princi ples on .which it is based. They believe it to he ■ contrary.to the principles and spirit of the Feder al Constitution'; and the auxiliary’ measures hy which this odious system of taxation is kept up aud supported, are no less objectionable thau the Tariff itself. Tfio partial aud extravagant ap propriations of every‘succeeding Congress, since the introduction of this desolating and strife-stir ring system, clearly evince an abandonment of those principles of economy and republican sim- expfessed their confidence in the good condition phcjty upon which our Federal system is based, and management of that i istitution; sincp w hich , preserve and jierpetitate^ the blessings of our tiaie t its defalcation has proved to be deeply inju- political institutions, it is indispensable that the jriouu to the interest and credit of the State as well as to tlv6 interest of many of our honest and un suspecting citizens. . The public interest de mands, thnt an immediate and through investiga tion of the affairs of that institution, should be in stituted by the Legislature, and to further that ob ject, I herewith submit all the information I have received on the subject* The privileges heretofore granted to Banking companies, are not to be- violated. But I would unhesitatingly recommend to the Legislature, tho adoption of such measures, as may bo best calcu lated to ensure to the people a sound currency, and prevent our Banking institutions from specu lating on a confiding community, extending- their issues, and'either transactions, beyond the letter and spirit of their respective charters. That love of gain, which is so inherent in human na ture, is a constant temptation to excessive issues of Bank paper; and the commercial, and other contingencies, to which all communities are lia ble, subject Banks, thus situated, to failures, whenever a general demand for tfjiecie may be made upon them, for the redemption of their bills. The issue of Bank notes under five dollars, should be discontinued, and gold and silver coin , spirit of moderation r.nd forbearauc made to supply the place of such notes. This would at all times keep a considerable supply of specie in the country; and thereby enable the Banks to meet suthieit pressures, and would more over have a strong tendency to equalise the value of Bank notes and coin, I will not conceal from the Legislature, that it was with feelings of reluctance, that my assent was given to the acts granting Banking privily.r._ es, at the last session. These feelings were yiel ded alone, iu consideration of the situation ot’our rising western towns, aud increasing population. If Banks afford any advaniages (0 communities, it was believed to be fair atuj right, that those ad- -vantages should be extended to tho peo; le. ii ev ery section of the State, and not permit the mon ied influence ol the country’ to be concentrated for the exclusive advantage or depression of any particular section. Ali legislation which gives exclusive priviliges to capitalists, is calculated to increase the power of tho rich; while the humble members of society who are incessantly laboring at their daily avocations for tho sustenance of themselves aud lainilies, have neither time ntr money to participate iu the profits aud ir-fluenco, which are secured to banking aud other similar corporate companies; and therefore have a j >st right to complain of that government, wbi h lu cre ases tho power of the rich at the expense of till p <or. Equ-d‘protection and equal bene! ts, are all tint the poor mau asks Iron* the govera- m nt, • tt*l nothing less will,“or ought to satisfy Fcdeial and State Governments should be kept within the limits of their constitutional spheres of action. Intolerable assumptions and usurpations which will not yield to the ordinary influence of reason and justice, must be checked by some means; aud the power to accomplish this end, must unquestionably reside iu the, rospeetivo sovereignties. It is inconsistent with every prin ciple of liberty and free government for the po litical reserved- rights of «i State, to bo confided to, or dependent on tho decision of any power tra der lloavcn, except it be the will of her own peo ple." \Y hen burthens become insufferable, tho tirnp,.the mode and tho' measure of redress are questions which must be determined by those who feel themselves agrieved—and this brings us at once to the questions which at this time agitate the public mind. The people of this'State have already, through their primary assemblies, as well as by their Rep resentatives in. Congress, aud the State Legisla ture, repeatedly remonstrated aud protested a- gr.iits £ the pratectivo Tariff system, and declared their interminable hostility to”it. While the feel ings of our people have been strong and urgent on this subject, they have'nevertheless exercised a !er the prospect of relief being afforded, before endu rance would becorao intolerable. \\ e have look ed to tlie fina\ extinguishment of the public debt, as the per.nd when wc should be relieved from the bur’.hens of unequal taxation. And our hopes ■lave been strengthened and encouraged from tho potriotic and independent course which has been pursued by the present Executive of the United States, in arresting by his veto, unconstitutional measures of expenditure. This check upon the extravagant measures of Congress has been well calculated to strengthen the hope, that the Fed eral Government might finally be brought back to the principles of the constitution. Hitherto wc have confided much in the republican doctrine, that freedom of discussion would eventually give to truth the victory over error; without consider ing as wo ought, that exceptions must be made where the majority believe it to be their interest to decide erroneously. Rut whatever may have bceu our anticipations, thus far it must be admit ted, that our reasonable expectations have been greatly disappointed, and that the burthen* of which we complain have been hut partially alle viated. Nevertheless, with these discouraging facts before me, I still feci extreme reluctance at tho idea of yielding up all hope of a peaceable and satisfactory adjustment of these perplexed and embarrassing questions, through the opera tions of the constitutional authorities of th conn try. The proceedings ofthe last session ct (011- gfes/vrere io:eu with intense imcre«t andse - -