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4 € O N (i £ OKG1A TELBGRAP $610,783 81 ar.ee in favor of Department, . $o42,042 01 e suspended claims, a part of which has been nre not included in these statements, the old debts, there was paid outofrevenue ofthe ending 30di June last, the sum of $466,376. anticipated intije last report, the bank debt Was off in April last. The cash in bank has since ru- f accumulated, and on the first November last was •,000. Deducting, all outstanding warrants, it was 1,721 11 • The sum of $33,276 has been paid to srs, Stock ton & Stokes on the award of the Soli- ■ of the-Treasury, but nodi withstanding this pity* t, and a great extension of mail service, it is. esti- cd that the cash in bank will exceed $600,OOQ be- thc 1st day of May next. lie accounts of postmasters arc rendered, and the Jrterly balances made by them, with admirable aptitude. Therearc 1,010 post offices yielding a- $362,000, after deducting the compensation of tasters and other charges paid by them, which de, te their nett income in bank, weekly or monthly, hg each quarter, or within 15 days after its close, re are 9,366 oificcs, yielding a nett revenue of a- $222,000, quarterly, which nre directed to pay proceeds to contractors, immediately after the of each quarter, The number of offices, directed tain their funds until drawn upon, is 141, yielding t $6,600 quarterly. Tiie balance of the offices ipecial, and pay directly to those who carry the :1s to them, for the proceeds, except a few new olfi- L and others, which are not yet arranged under fir denomination. From an examination of actual ulis, fly oft pains,. i 'pang severe; girted be from its chains rjeria.liy’s bright tear. *Ti* sweet to rove ’midst, morning's dew, With one whom we admire, ' And hn»-.v that hearts heat fond and true, -> With triaudsuip’s sacred fire. Tiri breast which can at otherV woes Indifferent apjiea*. Knows r. -t ’he sonllung calm that flows' From ap athy's suit tear. From this mild tear a'pleasure springs, (Though tears arc signs of grief,) Bat this alone its healing brings, It is its own rMief. GROX9N. -REPORT OF’THE POSTMASTER GENERAL- Posr Office .DtPARTMr.sr, ) Decembers, 1636. • ) To the President af the' Vnite'd Stales : ■Hir : In his report of last year, tire undersigned sta led the 1 post roads of the United States to be about 112.- 774 miles in extent, mid the animal transportation of the mails upon them equal to about 25,Stiff,48o miles. On the first July last, the post roads were about 116,- 2‘54 miles in extent, qnd the annual transportation of the mails was at die rate of *^7,576,620 miles, viz; On horses and its sulkies, 6,291,504 In stages,’ . 17,406,620 In steamboats ntafra'd rood cars, t 1,676,296 Within tlnrquarter ending With September last, im- proventbnts’were ordered on old nail routed inorea- *.injr tit state of annual transport! tioir 375,624 iniies,' 396,592 miles of which was in sh- tges. Of the routes established at the last session xif Congress, 912 miles have been put under contract, adding 140,Oik) miles uf aiinttiil transportation 1 ■ An express mail has been started, Within the last mouths, front Philadelphia to Mobile, a distance ofl,- 239 miles, adding to the rate of aunufcl transportation at this time is little short of 29,000,00(1 miles. i Of the new routs, 30,557 miles remain to be pm in operation, which will.add to the annual service 3,467, 766 utiles.' more in detail. Tb: number of Tout Office* in the United States, oil the 1st July, 1835, tvft 10,<70: on the 1st July, 263(5, it was 11.(Tdl; and on the 1st in»t. 11,100 ore cut is collected within 30 dayi garters in'which it accrues, without any expense refor whatsover. By an examination of a portion of the quarterly ac *ints, it appears that the increase of revenue for the |irter ending 30th September- last, over the corres- idintr quarter of last year, was about sixtexn per The ratio Will probably be as large during ibe le year, especially ns tho improvements, the ex- n mail, and the new routes,will-produce a coneidcr- augmentntion. For safety, however, it may he Bated at fifteen per cent yielding a • revenue for ear ending 30th June, 1637,amounting to §3,993,- uring the year ending the 39th June, 1333, the new cs and other improvements in the muil services doubtless produce a derided effect on the income le department, and it may be reasonably anticipa- [timt there will be’ an advance of at least fifteen jier . over'thatoftlie current-year. If this anticipn- be realized, the revenue of tltot year, at the pre rates of postage, will be about $4,484,000, excec- the estimated current rate of expenditure at its mencement about $066,000. And it is expected the department will have a surplus of cash in bank Ire the Jfet of Angus) next, exceeding $700,000. n view of these facts and estimates, the undersigned s not hesitate to recommend a revision of the pre- it rates of postage, to’take effect on tlie 1st July next. Ill) a view to the reduction of about twenty per cent.— J this end, he suggests the following scale of letter litagcs in lieu uf the present, vizi 75 miles and under, 5 cents. • 150 miles anil over 75, 10 300 miles and over 150. 15 509 miles and over 300, , 20 Over 600 miles, 25 No better plan than the present suggests itself in re lation to charges of double, treble, and quadruple post age, and postage by weight! From the simplicity, this scale will be easily remem-' bored. • It proposes to iutrodiice the Federal currency renderk copper coins unnecessary in making change, and saves the loss to the people arising from fractions. It will reduce the labor now required in makiug,up ami examining postmaster’s accounts, about onc- -fpurtli. If the proposed scale of letter postage shall be-adopts cd, it will be necessary to raise the lowest rate ofco.-n- titUslons to chablc die postmasters at the large offices to carry on tlnir business. The propriety of placing gold coins seat by mail ou die same footing as batik notes, is suggested. > Great changes have taken place in die newspaper business of the country since the present rates of pos. tage u-e established. Newspapers have not only in creased in number, but many of tliein have grown to an- inordinate size. Postage however, is the same, whether the newspaper he great or small. I! not car ried over KM) miles and out of die stale where primed, it is 1 cent-; if out of die State and over 100 iniies 1 I-2cetita. -The policy of reducing the rales of pos tage on -newspapersgenerally, is doubled. They cone slitnle, in-weight, probably two thirds of the mails, are In many parts of tint country difficult of transportation, and produce numberless ftilures. These considera tions would be of no moment if it were really neces sary tbatlargc'quatititics of newspapers should be traits-' ported from end of the Union to ti^c other, as means of instructing and enlightening the public mind, but that office, can be as well performed by tire, local pres ses as by newspapers from a distance. , * v To reduce the postage on newspapers below die ac tilal cost of carrying them, would be to tax the cor respondence of the country generally for the benefit of the large newspaper establishments iu die principal cities, to die injttry’of tdl the distant ami country pre set. ’ Such a measure is not believed to be consistent with sound principle or good policy. It is not sound principle to tax die business ol one portion of the peo ple for tiie benefit .of another portion; it is pot good policy to aid the large city establishments in mouopo- izing the newspaper circulation, to due exclusion of F 1 ii--. 0 — ——,—-—.., the locai aiiAcountry presses. But there is justice and good poliqy in graduating the postage on newspapers according to die size and weight of the matter to be .c<m v< ye(I. Tlio following scale'of nowspaper posta ges is therefore suggested in liau ol tbe present, vtz t .... 1 .“4 4'changos of postmasters. The. number of post offices will be preatly incrcscd in the coming year, in consequence ot the great exten sion of mail rnu'ic;. The acr urine r.-venueofthc d<tpnrtmcr.t,for.thc.year ending live 39ta of Jans last, according'to statements from the Audiuti’s office, Was-as follows, viz-; -Front J ‘tier postages, $3,040,240 43 Kevstnucii and-pamphlets, 376.217 13 J in.-., 3.054 63 Eariotatc-J for deficient returns, -8^34 00 Total, $3,396,455 Id The engage mints and tiabditiea of the department for the sam • year, were as follows, viz: For transportation of the mails, $1,033*051 76 cr*mj>ciisatioi» of postmasters. . 812,602 C7 ship, steamboat any way letter*,. 26,470 75 wrapping paper, 'I 15,013 82 ePj.- r fnri-itnrii, ' .. advertising',. . ' mail ieigs, • ldonVs, * rrviil kirks and keys, nnd stamps, mail ileprt-datioas.un.; special ugoua. •clerk* fi*r o-iice.-, rrt&ccilancoTiii, ■, . Lsti tniefi for <i litn* not presented. Size op Newspapers, V *•’ Carried not over 200 miles nor out of tho Stale. Curried over 200jnl’sai;d outthe Sta,te. containing 550 sq ineh*. es,' Or under, . * 920 square inches and 4 cent. , lxent oveqSSO,' ' ' , 1 li Over9^0 square inches .1| 2 3,506 35 22,596 43 24,837 14 27,029.06 * 5,677 07 5,413 12 122J933 35 31,389 93 20,000 00 Totai, $2,750,623 75 5mc* ofrevenne overTngist.beiits ( tm J liabilities, S -t-'. -'U 43 lo the report of last yen, tb; ex-"''* wa*. estimated t*. .2171,217 00, bot the novenao w.x* $105,753 19 -i >r islci-i the eJtiinttc, and the ex:>>n.liture $ JO,dll- ;; h -ii ar.-o-iiit.* for tbe’diif r.ance. ?*-. • r-\-ennr of the la*t e^v-oda that of the proccc- !.•!** voir, ?4J1378 53, e ftal to thirteen <:ul a half r;r e’?:it. increase. ' na ■g, t> ;r »1 c-miition of tbe dipartmcnt on the 1st In it, i' fjowa by statetaruts from th; Auditor’s . ri - - t • .-.wo bgeu-aa'foDow.q viz: L) t i th .- <i ipaiKncnl f pr or to 1 t l ily, 1' 15. 3'.W,-I82 40 1) ;duet for b td on I doubt fold--Ms, J3I-227 » ;•> V> i’i*! U •• rhnintfi* theyoo* -■.i :.; • h J mg,7330, .; 4 ]Wi i.-t juiy, ltvltj, _ f-j:a the Tresary for extra clerk hire, u. i for deficient ieturns, d'otal aviiiUhlg n»UH $471,155 04 590,111 51 J 92,005 46 22,410 81 8,934 00 . $1,985,025 b'2 Katzs of Fostagz If thcse'rples were redneeu one-half, it wouiJ not materially diminish tho means of tbe Department, pro vided the newspaper postage were paid in pdvance.— So great ait innovation would probubiy be,inexpedient,' but where editors will pay in advance the postage of their wfiolo impression sent by mail* the Fost-master- Goneral might be safely authorized to accept one-half of the foregoing rates. ; • , • Single newspapers are now extensively used, thro’ various devices and convention.^ signs, to answer Uie pur; osn of letters, and evade the payment of postage. It would-check this abuse if they were in’ all cusses subjected to double postage,to be.paid in advance. Tbe rates of postage on periodical pamphlets may be advantageously regulated upon tbe same principles os those suggested for newspapers, and reduced to the lowest rate Which will pay lor their tranportation. If a pcrfcrence be given to auykhbig, it should be toivqrks ou agriculture, science, and die mechanic arts, but the principle is believed to be a good ouc in relation to the mail*, that-every thing shall pay its own ivuy.- ' Fugitive pamphlet* may with propriety be subjected to double postages, always paid in advance. The proposed revision of jiostages, if takpn as a whole, would reduce the income. of die Department ffom 2 to $300,090 below its estimated expenditures; but die surplus on hand will s us tan it until die regular increase ol revenue will cover lha difference. /. The trankling privilege has been so far extended, ; ar.d is by 1 many so unscrupulously used, as to consti tute, an abuse which rcqnires correction. Some who posset-s it do. not hesitate to cover dio correspondence of dicir friends ajid neighbors with their franks, in di rect contravention of tiie law. -A wilful violation' by postmaster#, when made known to tbe Department, is punished by instant removal froqt office.; but public officers of higher dignity,, though more criminal, can not ba reached by the saute authority. Violations of the law in this respeef. by those U-ho are under pre eminent obligations to set examplies pf obedience, to its precepts, are believed to be diminishing, and there is ground to hope that they will soon measurably cease. An amendment of the law is necessary m reference to die mode of making contracts with ratl-road coinpa- iii'-.i. The law pn-s.-ribing tin m.inn. r making niail contracts generally, presupposes the existence of conripctition in bidding, and is adapted to tlve existing stato of things on all routes where the mails are carried on horseback or in stages. But the reason of ti:e law is uotapplirable to the mast cases where rail-roadscr vice is required, because there is no competiticn. To advertise for service on such lines is a mockery. Ei ther the department must give what die companies • choose todfioaod. or the compensation must be ad- he is authorized to accept lowest offer, however enor mous. It is desirable, that this power shall be limited by a law, prescribing some fixed basis upon which all such contracts shall- be made. None presents itoeu so equitable as the weight of die mails to be convey ed. An act fixing a reasonable rate per pound for car-, tying the mails a given distance, would operate as a restriction upon the power of the Post-3! .tstcr-Geueral whilst it would undoubtedly facilitate the making of ar rangements with thq rail-road companies. At present, die views of the department and those of most of the companies differ s6-widely as to the aincunt which ought to be paid, as to render hopeless any present prospect of an adjustment. If die price were limited by law, the companies would expect no more, and the department would notrafuse to pay it. Tosecure the advantages of competition where it exists,the practiced advertising might be continued, and the contracts as signed, as in odier cases, to the lowest bidder. A few of the rail road companies have evinced a disposition to carry the mails at prices deemed reasonable. 1 tic most important of these is the Camden and Amboy contpany The managers of that road, justly consid ering their interest a3 best secured by accommoda ting the public and the Government on liberal terms, have undertaken to convey the mails in a manner and at a price, which are Highly satisfactory . I be 1 c- tersbUrc and Roanoke company hare evinced alike disposition, as have some others. . • , To render the department measurably independent of the rail-roads, and accomplish other importantre- sults. an express mail has. been started on the great mail line between New l urk and New Orleans — From New Vork to Philadelphia, and from Mobile to New- Orleans, it is merged in the great mail carried -in rail-road cars and steamboats. The great mail is twelve days and seventeen hours. According to con tract. in going, from N.,Y. to Mobile, aud 12 days, 1- ltours •etnrnin’g. The express mail is five days, sev enteen hours going from New Vork to Mobile, ana five days, twenty-three hours returning. One dav is occupied in transporting tlic mails between Mobile and New Orleans. . , , , The success of the experiment is not doubted; ana the size of the mail already affords an assurance that it will produce an income more than suljicent to support 11 Thisraail leaves far behind all nevys conveyed upon rail-roads, or by any other means, _ . It will give unprecedented activity fo commer cial transactions between die North and the South.- New York communicates with New Orleans iii nail tup usual time: all enterprises are expedited; the whole intervening coqnlry and tiie Valley of the Mississippi will feel the impulse. V . The editors and people of New Orleans will receive the news from New York iq less than lialf the time it has heretofore occupied iu the transit. _ The oditors will have die advantage of being the original dispen sers of the new s to their ijitbscribers, and the people will obtaiu it through their ,owu papet, without post age, five or six days pooner than it can reach them in the New York papers, witli postage. The editors and the people along die whole route; and to the right and left, will participate in the same advantages in a grea ter or less degree. , On tlje other hand, the circula tion in die $outh of newspapers from the principal cities of the North w ill undoubtedly be diminished.— This injury is more dian counterbalanced by the ben efits secured to. die local establishments; and ii it weto^ not, it is not to be brought into competition with the advantages of an earlier transmission aud dissemina tion of commercial and odier intelligence. No meas ure should be taken with » view to injure the great city establishments; but it would be unreasonable and un just in the Department to widihold iuiorniatioii from the people ofthn Sooth, because it cannot carry, with equal expedition, die cumbrous sheets froni 'he North ern newspaper presses. It is, and doubtless will con- timie to be, die policy of the Department not to send the news with lessexpedition; but to bring the whole hnail to the speed of the express as last a< it can se cure continuous rail road or steamboat transport*- The undersigned confidently believes it will be found expedient, within the coming year; to start c.xpress mails from Washington «ity along die route of die na- tional read to St. Louis, from New Orleans, through Nashville, |Loui‘sville, and Cincinnati, to connect, a- bovc with die great Eastern and Western route, and from Boston, thiongh Albany, to Buffalu, New York. S.uch mails on these rentes, he believes, would imme diately support themselves, and give an activity to bu sbies and correspondence in every direction, which w ould much enhance the general revenues of, die de partment, aud promote public intelligence, and.pros perity. Blit should experience or reflection lead to the conviction that these enterprises will not produce an increase of revenue sufficient to suppert them, tliey will not be undertaken. The attention of the undersigned has been urgently called by the postmaster general of die British North American provinces to the insecurity of correspon dence carried on through the packet ships- between Canada and the United States on the one side, and tiie British isles ou the other. Valuable letters and packets sent from Canada through the port of New- i'ork, and from various parts of die United States, uever reach their destiimtii n. The only effectual remedy which suggests, itself is a regular mail across the ocean, and a direct comiccuou between die post offices of the two countries. By a reciprocal arra nge- inent, mails might be interchanged betweeu die J> 0!,t offices in New York aud Liverpnol or any otherr for eign port, to be conveyed by die packets or other ves sels, under contract The number of letters now cros sing die oetau is so'great, that a moderate postage oil them jvouid pay the cost of their transportation.— There is scarcely a doubt that such arrangemeut may be effected, if Congress shnil thing itexpcdienttograut the necessary power. > ' • , • > The object of authorizing printers exchange papers to pass in the mails free of postage, would he limber promoted by extending tbe privilege to exchanges with printers in foreign countries; an extension winch is desired by tiie printers in the foreign provinces border ing on the United States, and will he die more useful it! the proposed interchange of mails with post offices in Europe shall be audiorised. _ Tiie building iu which the General Post Office is kept is not lire proof, mid its vaiuabiu , books and pa pers arc daily exposed to destruction. With such am ple means as the Government now has at command, the undersigned perceives no good reason why die greatest possible security should not bo given to its ar chives. The other executive departments suffer in convenience from die distance.of the General and Ci ty Post Office; and since the passage of die late law which connects tiie Post Oflice with tiic-Trcasury, and makes frequent references,to the President necessary, that inconvenience is scrjouslr felt by the department itself. ; Annexed will be found an outline of the organiza tion of die department under die late act of Congress, marked 2. The Contract Office is overwhelmed with the in creased business brought upon it by extensions of mail service and die new routes. Its force is found to be inadequate to die performance of its duties; and it requires two additional clerks, one of die first, and the other ol'the second grade. ' ; Tbe appointment Office has a sufficient force fur the performance of its duties widi accuracy and promp titude. The duties of the inspection Office arc rapidly ex tending, and its present force will not lung be equal to their performance. Its chief object is a rigid super vision over,tbe rendition-ofpo.stinastor’s accounts, and die performance of contractors. Conducted with system and energy, it will soon be felt on ’our diou- sands of mail routes, whenever a de.inqueiicy occurs. Mqst of the contractors perform dieir service widi great fidelity and precision; but there are a few; some of diemon important routes, who evade their contract obligations whenever they have a temptation to do so, relying for impunity on their adroitness in milking ex cuses, and die indulgence of the department. The) wiH find it dieir interest to fulfil their engagements, or quit the service. Iu some parts of the country where complaints of irregular mails are loudest, the fauli is not in die department, nor the contractors, hut in die roods. The department is obliged to use such roads as it finds, and it is unreasonable in the people to expect regular mails unless they will make good roads. My three assistants arc assiduous in their duties of ten by night as well as by day; and in relp'.ipn to tliejr compensation, deserve the favorable consideration of Cougresk. The Auditor’s office is proceeding , with idgour to ne complish the objects of its creation. The disbursement of tho I’osfiOllice funds through die Treasury, former ly deaineedimpracticable, is effected with the utmost facility. Post Office warrants are rcdaccd to the size of ordinary bank checks, and with the check of the Treasurrer endorsed, are remitted with die same case, and Hus'vcr the same purpose. Without the incon venience of specific appropriations, the accounts of the department are more sp*--ific, more easily understood and more readily examined, than those of uny tttber department of the Government. It is the desire of the undersigned, which the Auditor has shown every disposition to promote, to render them intelligible to anv one who may examine die books. Iliffieulty has in some cases been axperienced in re- ' M • y\--" ~ - ••••'; vvVHJiir-.-. •.-'-US'P.H'-Ss: - nowing, tor six months, the mail contracts which will | VESTED RIGHTS- expire pn the31st instant, under tit* authority vested Tl . ., . , . . - , in tho Postmaster General, by resolution, at the la^t! c have read witn much interest tho opinion ol the session ol Congress. The object of the resolution was j Hon. Charles J. Ingersoll, ot Philadelphia, (in the A- Vo „ C C0Inmen , ce " len t of the co “-1 meriean Sentinel, of that city,) “ with teference to the tract year, i o promote die same object and avoid a I . , „ ’ , , ’ . . , like difficulty in relation to the remainin'-- contracts U ! ,lted S ‘ ta,es Ba " k and tae quest.o t > of \ ested power is asked to let them in the usual inode for four ft'?ffits.” years and a hall, which will lead to the same result. i Mr. I. starts with die position, tlrat bank charters I have the honor to be, , i j u . -> • . ' . * Your obedient servant, may be repealed by legislative act, without a convcn- AMOS (v£ND-\LL don of the people; and that such revocation may take place whenever the public good or State policy re quires it; regardless of the question of abuse or viola tion of trust To this extent, it is urged, was the doe" trineunaintained oy the republicans of Pennsylvania, on the repeal of die charter of the Bank of North A- merica, in 1785. As this is an important questiou, in the solution of which the whole people in every State are interested, we make the following extracts from. Mr. I’s letter, regretting that our limits will not allow us to copy the whole. “ Contrary, perhaps, to prevailing sentiment, in my humble opinion, (says Mr. Ingersoll,) bank, charters, and above all, the charter of that bank, may be repeal ed by act of assembly, without a convention ; and such act will not be contrary to the. Constitution of the U. States. , i, Rather than present any view of my own, it will be more acceptable and effectual to submit diose of the earliest republicans of Pennsylvania, who, fifty years ago, established a precedent precisely in point, resting on principles of right, aud illustrated by-argument, a departure from which since, has been the source of great evil to the Commonwealth. The Bank of North America became a law of the State of Pennsylvania, by an act dated the: 1st of April, 1782, which was re peated by a subsequent act of the 13th September 1785. In the following year, petitions being presented for die. Thursday, January 12, 1837, JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. On Saturday last the following persons were elected Justices of the Peace in Bibb county, to hold their of fices for four years: Lower City District—Wm. Cumming, E. E. Brown. ' Upper City District—C. A- Higgins, H. B. Hill. • Fast Macon.—Plcasaut Heath, Lewis J. Groce. (Constables—Rose and Rogers.) t Godfrey's District—Jacob Johnson, James R. Per ry. (Constables—John Bassett, Matthew Wi*e.) • Rutland’s District.—Aaron.Lcsscl, Zaehariah Cow art. '*•' Hazard District.—A. B. Maguire, Peter B. M‘Crea dy. (Constable—E'l Wadsworth.) Warrior District.—Henry Newsom, Joshua Jordan- ^ Con stable—Daniel Wadsworth.) Howard’s District.— Bazemorq, R. Bivins, Congressional Elec tion.—About forty counties have been heard from, in the aggregate of which, Alford is some 2000 ahead. When the wire-grass at;d moun tain bpys are heard from, we riickon Liddell will look up. COTTON MARKET. There is hut lhde doing in the Cotton Market: plan ters haying mostly stored, arid holdin" back for higher prices. Some little was offered yesterday, and sold at 13J a IS cents. 'i , Advices from Liverpool are to the 26th November. There had been no alteration in prices since the Circu lar of the 16th, published in our last. Prices firm at those quotations. , ' . renewnl of (lie charter, were referred to a committee consisting of Messrs, pivmcr, Robinson, Lilly, Ritten- hottse, and F.dgar. Animated, elaborate, and acrimo nious debates ensued, in which Messrs. Clytner, Mor ris, Fitzsilnons, and Robinson.were the principal spea kers for the bank, and Messrs. Findley, Smiliej Edgar and W hilehill against it. Of these discussions, a di gest will show that the arguments then used were the same wliicli prevail at present; and that parties were divided then, much ou the same principles of politics and economy which separate them now. The gentle men sustaining die hank—most of them were its pro jectors, stockholders, and directors, and recommended it as u fiscal measure, beneficial to'commerce and cre dit, contending that in granting bank charters dtq legis lature acts in a ministerial capacity; that .granting chnters is an act of agency, distinct lrom the power of making laws; and that charters so granted can no; be abrogated; that laws are general rules, which extend to the whole community; whereas charters bestow par ticular privileges upon a certain number of people; that as in taking away charters, die legislature acts ju dicially; it has no power to take them away, '-pcanso it cannot act judicially; diat charters are a species of property to he forfeited only by misconduct w hen pro ved by judicial proceeding, with die benefit ot trial by juiy. The doctrine of vested fights \vas asserted by some of the speakers in favor ol die bank, principally by Mr. Morris, and die power of die legislature to re voke a bank charter which it had granted, was denied. On the other baud, the opponents of die bank refer red to the, minutes of die lions**, granting die charter, for a vote against the clause, which was proposed to epapower a future assembly to alter or amend dje'char ter, which clause was rejected for the express reason, diat the charter must necessarily be always in die pow er of die House. .They, asserted that charters, as oti- giually granted in th: lath qnti EUh centuries; to towns and cities, exempting them from die general vassalage then prevalent, were sacred instruments, because they secured hi die persons on whom theyWere bestowed theirymturai rights ai d immunities; that charters are sacred or Otherwise, not because they are granted by legislative or sovereign power, bpt according to the ob jects for which diey are granted; that if a charter is given for amonopoly, whereby die natural- and legal rights pf mankind are invaded, it would be dangerous to hold dr it it cannot be annulled; that all charters granting exclusive privileges, infringe On the great chapter of mankind, whose happiness is the supreme law ; that the legislature did not repeal'the charter of the bonk for-ihisbchaviour of the hank, dr proceed on any.allegation of forfeiture*,’ but taking the matter up on much higher ground, iqquifed whether the bank was compatible with the safety and“jyeUhre of the state; of whose interests ihey were die guardians. Let us suppose, said Mr. ISmilic, a legislature so lost to. ail sense of their dnty, and so corrupt as tp give a charter, of monopoly to five men, for all our (East India trade, and that the next legislature, beholding tins monster in ihe face of die constitution, has not dig power tp give redress—of what use would be annual elections ? If die House cannot afford a remedy in such "a case, the peo- pte.must have recourse to the means,God and nature have given diem for redrdss. The right of the House to repeal charters was debated in. the council ofeen sors, and a member of that body, now* in this Jlouse, and in favor of the hank, conceded die right of die le gislature tn revoke them'. The charter of the bapk was not taken away for what the President aud’Direc tors had done, hut lrom a conviction of its dangerous tendency. The former House, considering that the hank was 'a bar to die .improvement of the country and to agriculture, thought themselves fully justified in ta king away 1 the charter. The 'hank has not suffered ; ihe stockholders have gained .enough. Why should we injure our country m favor of an institution incom patible with the public welfare f Tiie question af pre sent is. said Mr. Whitehill, whether the state shall give way totlic bink or the bank to the state; for the batik is set up as a party iu the state; it has created great dis turbance. The house did not take, away any of their projiertythe charter was not their property; it whs a piece of seated writing, which die house might burn when it jdcased. Their property is as snfie.a* -it vras. The late hous* of assembly did not fake away the charter of die bank for any crime, nor charged-die di rectors widi having forfeited the charter. They topk up the consideration of the matter upon general prin ciples. If charters cannot be repealed bodausc they iegisjative'career could nut faU> excite in my botorn •» contracts, it affords a great rhyitoa a' to fraud, We have received front die Hon. J. F. Cleaveland. die third volume of Principal Documents relndng to die Survey-of the Coast, and die constpucdon if uni form Standards of Weights and Measures, by B. F. Ilassler, superintendent of both works. We mentioned a,week or two ago tha.t th,e eitizens of Macon had presented a Silver Pitcher /to the Hon'. Noruorn'e B. Powell, Senator from Talbot county, for his liberal, enlightened and patriotic course in the Legislature, in aid of tlitir local interests, and the in terests of the State generally. It gratifies us this, mor ning to be ahlg fn lay the correspondence on the sub ject before ou.r readers. To'the Hot Norboune B. Powell: , Macon, 28t/i December,-1636. Respected Sir—The enlightened, manly And liberal course pursued by you as a member of tiie.Senate in our State Legislature for die last two years iu nil ques tions relating to the city of Macon, having convinced us diat your friendship for her citizens, ami decided in terest in her wcltare are firm and umieviating, tile undersigned citizens uf Macon are desirous to signiiy to you their approbation of your conduct in soineman- naf entirely unequivocal, not merely on account of die benefit that has accrued to theit* city by reason of your elevated policy, but to render their homage to .the statesmanlike spirit tliat actuated it, have provided for you » Stiver Pitcher, of which diey crave your accep- tance. Hoping diat your useful life may be .long spared to your couutry, we subscribe oursefves Your obliged follow citizens, T/ios It. Lamar, > Henry G. Lamar, Jamts Goddard, liobert Collins,' Chas J. McDonald, lurid Ralston, Ilea Sf Cotton, Frederick Sims, H'm. Solomons, Jacob Shotieell, F, H. iVdman, E. II. Weed. J. Cowles, Levi Eckley, Washington Poe, W. Melrose, Edtcd. D. Tracy, Roger McCall, C. A. Higgins, J. L. Jones, Wm. B. Johnston, Dl'ai. II. Burdsall, Jas A. Nisbet, Liberty, Talbot county, 4th Jan. 1837. Gentlemf.x—Your communication of the 28th ult, I had the honor to receive by yesterday’s mail, and I u- vail myself of tbe earliest opportunity of re-ponding. The fluttering terms in which you were pleased to al lude to my public course during the brief period of my legislative career could not (ail to. excite in my bosom die liveliest .emotions. To merit the confidence of so enlightened a portion of tny follow-citizens is to me a source of die highest gratification. That your youug and prosperous city, daily growing in importance, widi a population not surpassed for enterprize, intelligence nnd patriotism, should be entitled to the fostering care of die Legislature, seemed to me altogedier reasona ble. Having a knowledge of the pecuniary wauts and the consequent commercial embarrassments under which your people labored, it afforded me great plea sure to co-operate with the patriotic -delegation front your connty in effecting die passage of such laws as 1 deemed important to your prosperity ond welfare. TJiat your petitions for legislative enactments should have met with such violent opposition was tp me a mntter of deep regret, and charity towards those whom we had to encounter would induce the belief diat diey were in want of correct information relative to the situation in whi :h you were placed. 1 am sensible that so distinguished an honor as yon propose, is more than commensurate with any merit of mine—one so wliol(y unknown to fame, so little versed in political science, and so recendy from the humble walks of private life'. In accepting your val uable present, I do so with mingled feelings of pride aud gratification, nnd suffer me to assure you gende- men, I will treasure it as an invaluable memento of your esteem aud friensdhip. Accept for yourselves in dividually, the best wishes of my heart fox your future prosperity and happiness. _ ' • Your Incud aud fellow citizen* ^ N. B. l’OU'ELL. To Messrs Henry G. Lamer J. Coulee and others. Insurance Bank of Columbus-—A majority of the stock in the Insurance Bank of ('olumbus, has beeq transferred, by die late stockholders, to Nicholas Bid dle of rhiladelphia- This transaction is viewed by ma- ujr to-he beneficial to the interests of Georgia—while others esteem it injurious to her interests and degrading to her character. For ourselves, w;e caqnoiyiew the matter in any other light, than as a fair business trans action, in which one party was at liberty to sell and the other to purchase. The effect it may have tin tho cur rency or die exchango, we should think, can not be much for the worse. \Ve have one <>r two communications, on jhis sub ject, on our tije, which wo have not room for thip week. Mr.,Calhoun has been picking flaws in the,8ecrota. ry’s estimate of die sales of Public Lands, sS-* 1 - &£•— The Globe returns the compliment. It shows, that “Mr. Calhoun himself, in his report of 1S35, on Exe cutive patronage, estimates diem on an average till 1841, at only tAree or four millions of dollars, and the easterns at not over sixteen millions.’’ Charters of public corporations, when not fputid a- grccable to the welfare of the people may he taken a- way. by die legislature. Two instances of dtis sort ,hu».occurred in this state—one was the charter of the college of. Pennsylvania, ai d the other the charter «f the proprietaries. All'goverunients, said Mr. Findley,' being instituted* for the good of die society to which diey belong, the supreme legislative power of every community necessarily possesses a power of repeating clearly confessed by send,-men on uowlcdge. it is so essential to the safety of that : t would be an insult to the good seate of r ; to say any thing more about it. "* 'ded, that the question of away a charter had been „J? legislature i- gai kuowk went tb; house And Mr. Smilio adde of the house lie talc? fway a charter had been well discussed, and seemed to be well underrtooj-'o2 two of the members oo the other side had com'oto the point, ami diat tiicugh the others hard not, yetA? arguments amount to. that when our situation i* ro Y r dcrcil. As charters tre granted by die assembly, fi,! can he revoked in no other way than by the asse’my* They cannot he taken away by the courts of justi/' as they are given by the legislature. '• We arc one great family, and, the lawa araour j, heritauce; they are general rules, and common in 4 e ,. nature., No man lias a greater claim of special pn/ lege for his hundred thousand pounds than 1 ha\( c my five pounds. Tits leys are a common property! 'the legislature are entrusted with the distribution'} them. .This Louse will not, this'house has no riglu c ‘ constitutional powgr. to give monopolies of legal ilege—to bestow unequal portions cf our inheritor;^ on favorites. Finally, after a protracted discussion, which ia reported by Mr. Carey, and dedicated to Dr. Franklin then President of the Conunonwealdi, (well worth re! publication at large at this time,) the vote on theidop. tion of Mr. Clymer’s resolution for a special comm.y toe to reporta bill to repeal an act repealing an to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank 9? North A. merica, was negatived jy a vote of 28 yeas to 41 navi. Thus, among die earliest acts of legislation by 4, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was the repeal oft hunk charter, without-any allegation of forfeiture, bu* upon the ground of it* public detriment. Vested righij! were pleaded, though not very strenuously, by 4m( few of the advocates off the bank. But it was gener ally acknowledged, and completely demonstrated, that the legislature is empowered to res time a bank charter widiout judicial proceeding or interposition, or un- charge of misconduct.iu the bank; whenever tho put lie good requires it. It is impossible to rend the debates, froni which the preceding extracts jiave'heen taken, (continues3[ r . [j without being struck by die wisdom and foresight of the forefathers of republicanism. All their argument-; apply at the present moment, and establish both tho power nnd the policy of legal*. tive resumptions of bank charters whenever tiie public good requires, it No property is disturbed by it, no vested interest divested—a privilege conferred on a few individuals in derogation of common right, »re voked, as it may anc should be, whenever its puhlicia- convenience is acknowledged. The bank and its stock holders fire left in- the full enjoy ■ ent of all the prop, city they ever had, not a cent of which is taken fwa tlieuq |)Ut» monopoly or privilege, perhaps imprudent ly granted, a lid ctrtaiuly contrary to the coimana rights of all who do not share in it, is recalled by the power that granted it, because it proves injurious so the community. The .writer then alludes to an animated disetufi, •in the British Parliament, about the same period, cssa question perfeedy analogous; in which the most k- respectable and enlightened of modern English Sags- men pursued the same course, and iu which the pw> ciple was fully established, and tiie right in qtialiot. conceded oven by those who successfully denied the • policy of its exercise on tint; occasion, viz: ihe ldlfci revoking the ch.-rtcr pf die l ast India Company. The following are some of the concluding pas. graphs of Mr.'fis letter. Thus my endeavor js accomplished ta show tliat a!. eovefoignUes liaveljiv ri lit to sesuine charters for Tea- sons of state: that it is a right which the state of Feus syivauia exercised ill the instance of ihe Bank of Jv America, before it yielded, by the present federal ran- stilqdpu, some jiart of its so.vcfeigntjr^ aud that hi the only clause of tbat coiistilntien -.n.ioh can ,be appul- ed to, there is no surrender of the state sovereignty®- ver bank charters: while'i:i cob n.p'ia-arv understand- iug, subsequent ewepts, a ltd i;t*. reason of things, tW is coticlus.ve ev-.UL»n e that lais poy. ,'r remains tvitit the state. - By the report of (he Secretary of tiie Treasuri of the -oth jaThibry last; there were five bam!red and fifty eight banks in the United States reported; since whe;, the Bquk of the United States and many more hare been erected. Thus,.there must bo now several then- sand hank stockholders privileged by special exemp tions froni due course of law: whose directors, by char ters in effect perpetual, change die standard of value, and fax all property,'for die exclusive’ emolument of this privileged order. Mr. Jefiorsou said of this state of .things,'bufpre it was as aggravtcd as it is, that “the bank mania is ope of die most thrcatenirg ofouwftdre imitations of England. It i» raising up a monir a.aris tocracy in our country, which has already set die gov ernment at defiance, tii.d qiiliough forced to yield a Bi de on die first essay of their strengdi. their principle* tire unyicMed and unyielding. They have taken deep root iu the hearts of that class from which our log'ish- tors are drawn, and die sop'to Cerberus from fatk Bn become history. Their principles take hold of the good, their pc!f of the had, hnu thus those whom ti.f constitution has placed r.s guards to its portals, are pltisticated or suborned lVorti dieir dv.tie.s. That pnptr money has some advantages must be admitted; buria abuses arc nlso inveterate; and that it, by breakirrup the treasure of value, makes a lottery «if all private property, cannot bn denied. Sliall we' ever lie able t« put it constitutional veto upon it /” A ciffiitgniskd member elect 0/ the coiiventiou to improve the <:CR-t- /iltion of 'Pennsylvania,- Jtjdge llcpkiiisou, dcclaiediit Ins' plaoe in Congress, tliat i:t? considered “ the litter ut'banks hitetys-created in i'ciiitsylvnnia, ns fix' e!T- spritig of private legislation and legislative fraud." Those were the banfof which Gov. Snyder tried to j»ra- vent'by the veto. Uf.v. .Wolf rccoctlv applied tBr.t check to other hanks. Gov. Jlitncr tried it also, but in vain; and in his tiiangitral address, he likewise ri- •nminccd oi»r • hanking as a fraud. Should frands 1*“ coil tracts protected by tiie judiciary from legislative i;> tcrforence 1 , GauUding in bank stocks,;ar.d others of jvhich-ttef are d;c stimulant.-., is now foe most pernicious ctFei il) the catalogue of vice utpj .immorality. Storks : gambler’s dices, and legislators the journeymen vri* c 'make them. Five thot:s'ao'd of them drc'iuiuiiully en gaged in their fabrication. Enterprising ami intlucn- .tial speculator^ branded by Mr. Madison, have in creased in 1 umbers ifi.ii boldness for beyond llios' lit reprobated. Fortiilcd by charters, diey art* the oath't barons of the day; vvi.h numcrons, united, well infer* med, and tniscrupnlotis. retainers; often, as Mr. Jefi r- son says, die maker*:, midinterpreters of laws, nhd fin regulators of public opinion. They stigmatize tfiose every law iuimical to die pnbbc s.-lety. But-the gov ernment of Pennsylvania being a democracy, the bark is inconsistent with the bill of rights thereof, .which their purposes, on liw, currency, tutd political ccoi:(- says that government is hot iustiiuted -forthe emotu- my. They live foreign correspondents who thvrrBr- meut of any man, family, or set cf jjieh. Therefore, j ruts their abuses itom abrond. Tlicy venture to dk- tliis institution.being a monopoly, and having a na:u-: the .citizens their right of equul protection, power, pri-. vilegc; aud iiillnence, dje consequence is that some foolish and vva.itun assembly may parcel out the com- nionvvoidth into little aristocracies, and so overturn the nature of our govcrmiieut without jetnedy. This in stitution is inconsistent with onr laws, our habit*, our ip .linerl * What Becurity can we propose td ourselves against the eventual influence of such wealth, conduc ted under direction of such a boundless charter. The last house did no injustice to the bank by repeal ing its charier; they took away none of ia property; tiie holders have dieir money; therefore it is not like an Ogriirian lavv, ns the gentleman alledged. They may still keep a private bunk, and as a private hank is all die constitution admits of, so it would liavcfoe ’sanic advantages in trade and more security to tho people' tiian a chartered bank. Mr. Morris having saiij that die assembly has the sole right of granting charters, hut po right to take them away, tliat in Great Britain the sovereign grants charters, but he cannot take them away, the laws of the land having pointed out another mode 'of annulling them ; and that it might jw well be said of the ass* m- bly of this state having exercised their sovereign au thority for the establishment of a land office, from whence grants of laud tire made to'individuals, that it has die right to exercise the same sovereign audiority b\ destroying that office, and resuming "the lands again, which would (ie exercising the power to give and the power to take away; hut diat the assembly has no right to such power— Mr. Findley answered, that against the rightxff the legislature to dissolve such charters it has been often said tiiat body might as jvel! disannul die patents of our lands, and fir the same purpose agrarian laws have been improperly mentioned.—But what do these argu ments mean? Is dissolving the charter of the bank the same tiling as entering into it to take away the gold ar d silver from the ownerts? The dissolution of the darter is merely for the public use. The right of the ■f, they have, iu privileges and spcci.fi rs that move the world, such privileges cannot divest vested rights or right of aqy kind; uor should seeming pro perty from such depredations on it, be regarded other wise dian with satisfaction by nli those who arc ser ious for the security, of property. Those sober peop!* before characterized by Mr. Madison as weary ol jote and speculations, together with all men of jiropertji must »ce diat it is tltcir interest. Every industrial* mail ia n man of property, whose five ponmls, as wa well said by Jlr.'Findley in the debate ou the banket North America, are as important to him, as a rkh man’s hundred thousand pounds to him. The work ing men of tiie towns, whose much abused Trades V; nions are hut struggles forced upon them, to resene property from privilege and. Wages, fuel and subsk- tentp from paper money; and the rural popglatieP* diat mass and niair-av nf v/tumr-ii iv-iiMo nrnnertv * put togcl producing class, wjtli even mod of thp consuming, must he convinced, that divested of prejudice and ml* 1 tification, it is the interest of all to disframtbise a of the monstrous and intolerable poiver, by law, to an* setde the standard of value, and speculate on prices*? their secret aud selfish wiH. 1 No part of the commu nity has any social or political right whatever to such monopoly; A Baltimore iiiob destroyed die dwelligi 5 of those accused of abusing it, and other such outra* ge* niny be expected if it is not abolished; for a nation born ot a Boston *iot, will be always apt to resent by revolutionary energy oppressive privilege sanctioned bylaw. But legislative justice will prove a securite against popular tumult p th 5 abolition of privilege u the best guaranty of property. It will be a great and an easy reform which r -tores to the people dieir equality, to the states their torei- eignty, and to the Union its supremacy over coin and currency. The federal government lias done ngw towards this restoration. But the states can do still more. While i. large body of most intelligent citizen* has been deriding uie attempt to restore hard money ' ~ t