Newspaper Page Text
■'Vvi.l.t bl TO BE FORTIFIED.
i , hikl Officers' Unartvri Also
' Efrr ‘ U He Erected There.
_ fran.iM, July 25,-Maj. Langfitt,
■ > so to Honolulu with a battalion
" .„ r engineers. to-day received in
,-rom Gen. Merriam to cause a
r , - v ,-urvey to be made of the har-
Honolulu and its surroundings as
l * , of fortification plans, and to
1 n- for barracks and officers'
prr|M '■ V
6 Merriam has selected Lieut. Col.
, ,e First South Dakota Infantry
, i the troops going to Manta
' 0 „ the steamer St. Paul. They
i on Thursday or Friday. They
*' ' thf remainder of the First
Ota and the recruits for tie
f ~io and Tenth Pennsylvania,
fir-'t ' C 1 '
SITE you SHAFTER'S HOME CAIU*.
Trao , Mind Near Morrlsville, Pa..
I nder Consideration.
Tr ,.,..r. N. J-. July 25.-2MJL Gen. Cor
‘ „h General Manager Hutchinson of
r ’ ~ . ; V anla Railroad, and a number
ra iiroad officials, to-day inspected
“‘tract Of land near .Morrisville, Pa., with
v v to establishing a camp of Gen.
Si..', forces now at Santiago. This is
■ , ),-hiii's second visit to the place, and
lie > vefy favorably impressed
vu!h it- advantages.
PROTEST AGAINST MIAMI.
C ov. Culberson Wants Texas Regi
ments Sent Elsewhere.
Houston, Tex., July 25.-A special from
Austin to the Post, says: *'Gov. Culberson
has protested to the war department
' mst the keeping of the First and Sec
np 1 Texas Regiments in camp at Miami,
F)a owing to the alleged unsanitary con
ditions at that place."
■the I to Getting Ready to Salt.
Charleston, S. C., July 25.—The United
6tales transport Uto that arrived here
t vo days ago was released from quaran
’p to-d. v and came up to the city.
The ship will carry to Santiago 600 negro
laborers who were hired as bridge build
ers and load makers by Gen. Ray Stone.
The rto is being loaded to-night and will
ia il early to-morrow morning.
SHOT DEAD ON THE STREET.
Mysterious Murder ot a Stenogra
pher at St. Louis.
St. Louis, July 25.—Charles A. Brant, a
stenographer, stopped to mail a letter at
the corner of Twenty-first and Locust
streets to-night, and was shot and almost
Instantly killed.
Three shots were fired and three men
seen to run
I'.rart staggered across the street and
fell dead.
Ir, his pocket was an affectionate letter,
evidently to his wife, but addressed to
pjSto ce box 693, Asbury Park, N. J., also
a will headed: "To Miss Mary Harding,
Davenport Inn, Asbury Park, N. J., whom
1 desire to be notified in case of my sud
den 'hath, and who in the sight of Goel
is my lawful wife."
Mi-- Harding Is the daughter of Roger
K. Harding, a wealthy citizen of St. Louis,
to wh m Brant was married in 1896,
tisamst tht wishes of her father. They
were- divorced in April, 1397.
HI MI HELD FOR TRIAL.
Goes to Jail at Dayton In Default of
$.-<>o Bail.
Dayton, 0., July 25.—Dr. G. W. Rush
w is bound over to the grand jury to-day
from the preliminary court, on the charge
of shooting his father-in-law, George De-
Witt, and is now an inmate of the county
jail in default of SSOO bail.
The- case was on continuance from last
week. The- trial was sensational through
out. i
’Mr Harris of Savannah was not per
mitted to testify.
on the announcement of the court's de
cision, the prisoner's counsel filed a re
t|Ui t for re-examination In the Probate
1 urt, and the hearing will be taken up
again next Friday.
NEITHER KNOCKED OCT.
McPnrtlnnd and Everhardt Fight 2.%
Konndn.
New York, July 26,-Kld McPartland of
New York and Jack Everhardt of New
Orleans fought twenty-five rounds to-night
at the Greater New York Athletic Club,
Coney Island, and at the end of the fight
both men were able to go several rounds
more.
Keferee Sam Austin satisfied every one
t” declaring the bout a draw. This is the
t rd time these men have met, and to
-1 **'ht a contest leaves the question of su-
I macv between the two men to be set
tad at some future time.
GOVERNMENT’S NEW BONDS.
All Persons Offering to Take $4,500
or Less Will Get Them.
"as ington, July 25.—A treasury state
ment shows there are about 3u0,0t)0 persons
t > ' bom bonds under the government’s
f" i bar loan will be allotted.
' I Persons offering to mice $4,500 or less
wtl receive bonds.
■ hr st Shipment of the new bonds was
1 ’V- The bonds will be sent out
a lapidly as possible.
A E d'HERWEIGiIT FIGHT.
,lilly °'Uonnell Gets the Worst of It
With Luke Stevens.
y, ' Jo, N. Y., July 25.—At the Olympic
■ Club to-night the principal bout
' wv. n Billy O’Donnell, the feather
' of the- South, and Luke Stevens of
I [XJ'?'!*** ,ook a *>UBWer' chance
r„ voffn- m roush tactics. After nine
. or this sort of thing O'Donnell told
contim =. y that be wa * ill an-l could not
lnue ' Stevens got the decision.
k o r evs kinc.’to aboTcate.
*" Consul ut Seoul Refuses to
Receive Him.
Dm'v'cu’ Juiy 28-A dispatch to the
hronclle Shanghai, says that
.h it '’ K,ug oI Kor i desires to ab
h." .°i uke . r * ,f " c at “> British
> ‘i 1 80011 1. The British consul
" ;re feline, to rocolve him.
Hems From SyJvunin.
it, "unYu -, C n q" h J n Uly 2 ;r Ml '' William Pri
ountv, dr; 1 , r re h r r“ fn of acr even
Vest, r.i„ a ' home, near Knocks
- f-stMda, morning. Mr. Prior wa,S^
dr* t Hammond and chll
ln Bvlv.tnia k *' l!le are vlsUin * friends
I-ret. ril’HmelsTs'efJr "“v COUn(y at ‘he
in years. ds bood as has beqn known
The Best Buggy Ever Built
isn’t as easy to ride in as it should beunless it has the Thomas Coil Springs. Best springs J
ever made for Buggy. Surrey—any side-bar vehicle. Make the hotly hang exactly right <
to be most comfortable and look best. Strong, durable, noiseless, perfect, are J
thomas COIL SPRINGS niM jg!
[ , Used by leading carriage builders every- nS *l,\ }
! ttSßh. where. If no one in your town will supply Rfr
T yßCKsyon, Will ship you a set direct. Prices .dA
i and full information upon appli- / ,
! the Buffalo Spring and Gear Cos., Buffalo, N. Y. . VWv>
LOAN ASSOCIATION COLLAPSE.
The LinlriMtie* $182,000 and the As
sets
Milwaukee, Wis., July 25.—The complete
reiwrt of State Examiner Kidder on the
affairs of the Home Building and Loan
Association, of which John Harvey Mey
ers was secretary-treasurer, shows lia
bilities of $1*2,000 and assets of sl2.ou>.
There w ili be no returns to any one who
had money in the concern.
THE NAVAL YEOMAN.
He Is a Storekeeper and Ranks Asa
Petty Officer.
From the Philadelphia Times.
A yeoman in the navy is in reality a
store clerk. The rank is that of a first
class petty officer, and the man whcwholds
it has charge of ail the stores and material
used in the equipment of the vessel dn
which he serves. The yeoman keeps a
set of books showing the receipts and ex
penditures of stores and is required to
make a weekly return to the executive
officer and a quarterly return to the navy
department at Washington, which the
executive officer signs and becomes re
sponsible for. Like all the higher grades
of petty officers, yeomen are divided into
classes. These are chief yeomen, and
yeomen of the first, second and third
classes, with the pay graded accordingly.
On a large vessel of war, the engineer’s
department has a yeoman in addition to
the yeoman of the ship, to look after the
stores of that department, and the pay
master is also entitled to a yeoman, who
has charge of the provisions and clothing.
This informs our friend what a yeoman
is in Uncle Sam's service, but It does not
tell why he should be thus characterized.
It is not very difficult to trace the
origin of the appellation. In its original
sense yeoman describes the gen
tleman attendant in a royal or noble
household, ranking between a sergeant
and groom. For instance, there was a
yeoman of the crown; a yeoman usher;
yeoman of lower grades known as yeomen
of. tne chamber an 1 yeoman of the ward
robe. A butler was termed a yeoman for
the month. In other words, the term
was characteristic of one holding a subor
dinate position as an assistant or attend
ant upon someone high in authority.
The* term, however, has other meanings.
In bills of indictment found by the grand
jury in this commonwealth to-day the
term yeoman is frequently used. In this
application it has reference under the old
English law to a freeholder, one who owns
a small landed property. Later, how
ever, the term became to be applied in a
more homely and simple sense to those
who gave strength and support to the
English armies, and one of yeoman's rank
was looked upon as one of a body of re
tainers doing the service of a vassal. In
modern times the yeomanry consisted of
a volunteer cavalry force made up in
great part of gentlemen or wealthy far
mers and under what is known as the yeo
manry act of 1804 they are obliged "to un
dergo six days of training, and must at
tend a certain number of drills a year, for
which they receive a money allowance.
They must furnish their own horses, but
have a small allowance of clothing—the
government also supplying arms and am
munition. Uniike the ordinary volunteer
force, the yeomanry cavalry may be called
out to aid the civil power, in addition to
being liable for service on invasion of the
country by a foreign enemy.” Few of
you ther(> are who have not heard of ‘‘yeo
man of the guard” as applied to the body
guard of the English sovereign, and more
properly known as the “beef-eaters.” They
get the latter title by reason of the fact
that they used to watch the buffet and
consequently were called in Norman-
French "buffettiers,” which freely trans
lated means “waters at the side-board,”
and hence the corruption “beef-eaters.”
From all this you glean the general idea
that a yeoman is a valuable assistant, and
hence the use ot the old-time appellation
in the United States Navy in the manner
which has been explained to you, and
which the narrator gleaned from one who
has occupied that position.
UIKDS THAT DO NOT SING.
Tliey Far Outnumber the Musicians
of the Feathered Tribe.
From the Philadelphia Times.
Singing Is applied to birds in the same
sense that it is to human beings—the ut
terance of musical notes. Every person
makes vocal sounds of some kind, but
many persons never attempt to sing. So
it is with birds. The eagle screams, the
owl hoots, the wild goose honks, the crow
caws, but none of these discordant sounds
can be called singing.
With the poet, the singing of birds means
merry, light-hearted joyousness, and most
of us are poetic enough to view it in the
same way. Birds sing most in the spring
and the early summer, those happiest sea
sons of the year, while employed in nest
building and in rearing their young. Many
of our most musical singers are silent
all the rest of the year; at least they utter
only low chirpings. It is natural, there
fore, that lovers of birds should regard
their singing as purely an expression of
joy in the returning spring, and itv their
happy occupations.
Outside of what are properly classed as
song birds there are many species that
never pretend to sing; in fact, these far
outnumber the musicians. They include
the water birds of every kind, both swim
mers and waders; ad the birds of prey,
eagles, hawks, owls and vultures; and a.l
the galdnaceous tribes, comprising pheas
ants.partridges, turkeys and chickens. The
gobble of the turkey cock, the defiant crow
of the "bob-White.” are none of them true
singing; yet it is quite probable that all of
these sounds are uttered with precisely
similar motives to those that inspire the
sweet warbling of the song-sparrow, the
clear whistle of the robins or the thrilling
music of the wood thrush.
But naturalists ha\o set apart a very
iarge group as song birds, and even among
these there are many species that never
sing at all. Birds are grouped according
to the anatomical characteristics, the
structure of their bones, bills, feet and
wing*. And lints we have the songless
song birds, looking at the matter from the
standpoint of the classifying naturalist.
—The output of gold in Australia for
the first half of this year will tie largely
in t*c< ss of that for the same period |nst
year. The same is true of the South Afri
can gold mines and of the Cniied States
mines. The Klondike and Alaska regions
wl.l yield S23,UCiO,P.' this year. The esti
mate that the world’s output of gold would
reach $3u0,000,600 in low) tvaa.loo low.
THE MOKIsING NEWS: TUESDAY, JULY 20, ISOS.
LORE OF WARFARE.
Some Interesting' Facts Regarding
Firearm* anil Explosives.
From the Boston Journal of Commerce.
Tite United States first produced Har
veyized nickel steel armor, which is now
tite standard of the world.
The earliest cannons were breech-load
ers. Then followed muzzle-loaders, then
breech-loading rifles, followed by muzzle
loading rifles, and finally, as at present,
again breech-loading rifles.
The earliest records of cannons being
used on shipboard give the date of about
1488.
Greater progress has been made in ord
nance during the past thirty-five years
than during the preceding five centuries.
The maximum pressure produced by cor
dite in an inclosed space is from 170 to 190
tons per square inch. With the old pow
ders in an inclosed space the pressure did
not exceed 43 tons per square inch, and in
guns the maximum pressure that has yet
been in practical use is 17 tons. With the
introduction of wire-wound guns pressures
as high as 30 to 40 tons per square inch
may be used, with a consequent increase
in penetrative power of the shot fired. For
instance, if they were merely Increased to
27 tons from 17, ns at present, the penetra
tive power would be inereasd 57 per cent.,
and the gun could be made much smaller.
A 40-foot gun built on this system could
be reduced in length 24.5 feet, and its
weight thereby decreased over 20 per cent.,
with the above noted increase in power. It
i in this direction that the greatest im
provement in ordnance in the future may
be looked for.
In calibrating the sights of modern gains
it is necessary to allow for the drift of the
projectile. The rotation of the
caused by the rifling gives a deviation to
one side or the other, according as to
whether the rilling is right or left-handed.
In a table of standard ordnance one often
sees various abbreviations, which are
sometimes quite puzzling. Of the common
est ones are B. L. R., which means breech
loading rifle. S. B. stands for smoothbore.
M. L. indicates muzzle-loading; Q. F.,
quick-firing. Another symbol that is often
encountered is "Mark,” or "Mark II,”
etc. This indicates that the gun is of a
certain standurd pattern and has rifling
of a certain character. For instance,
Mark 11, 6-in. B. L. R. Indicates a cer
tain construction of breech-loading rifle,
xvith a 6-inch bore. These marks are
stamped on the gun body, and are import
ant in determining the strength of charge
they are capable of withstanding and the
character of projectile they are intended to
fire.
Despite England's boastful naval supre
macy, many of her less modern vessels
still in commission are armed with muz
zle-loading rifles.
A 60-ton gun is the largest that can be
used afloat without sacrificing efficiency
and safety. England had several 80-ton
guns afloat, but this class she has aban
doned. Italy, on some of her recent bat
tleships, piiaced four 100-lon guns, but their
use has been very unsatisfactory, and no
more will be built for naval pervice. The
United States navy employs ail3-inch gun,
weighing a little over 60 tonsJ
It has been reported that'the United
States have given an order for a number
of wire-wound guns. The importance of
this type is being gradually recognized by
the leading powers. England having tak
en the initiative in the matter and thor
oughly investigated its capabtlites. Wire
wound guns, however, were known as ear
ly as 1850. The naval ordnance committee
appointed by the English authorities rec
ommended wire-wound guns as possessing
the following advantages: Absolute sound
ness of the material employed for the re
inforcement of the interior lube. If there
be a flaw, whether hidden or visible, in a
tube or hoops there is great danger of
such flaw extending until rupture takes
place. Where, however, wire is used, if a
rupture takes place in any coil, the adja
cent coils are not affected and this rup
ture cannot spread. Steel in the form of
wire or riband possesses double the ten
sile strength of steel in the form of forg
ed tubes or hoops. Besides adding to the
margin of safety under ordinary circum
stances, would prove of the greatest value
if it should i>e desired to introduce a class
of powder entailing higher chamber pres
sures than those for which service guns
are constructed.
It is believed that the life of one of the
69-ton guns is probably from 100 to 110 full
charges, afiej- which repairs will be nec
essary to the rifling. This is carried out
by means ol augmenting strips. These
are long strips of courier, hammered par
tially into ihe canneries on the driving
bands, thus augmenting their diameter.
When further wear lias rendered this rem
edy ineffective, the gun has to go back to
the factory foiyreboring, after which, how
ever, it is practically anew gun.
The breech mechanism of some of the
largest guns, such as 13-inch, are operated
by hydraulic machinery. But some verv
ingenious machinery has now been per
fected whereby it is possible to operate bv
hand a pair of the largest guns with
thei rturrets, barbettes, mountings etc
weighing in all over 200 tone.
Charges for modern bn < eh-loading guns
are invariably made up into cartridges be
fore being placed in the gun, either in
whole, half quarter or eighth charges
Usually the amount of powder is weighed
out and inclosed in a cartridge bag m
of silk cloth, which is entirely consumed
when a cartridge Is fired. After the bag
is filled its mouth is sewn up with silk
twist. To prevent this overlapping tie
edge of the cartridge, and perhaps jam
ming it in the gun, it is then hooped with
silk braid to preserve its shape arid
marked in printer's ink.
Prismatic charges are built up by plac
ing the number of prisms to give tlu in
quired weights on a false bottom of the
required size. A cartridge bag is ih< n
thrown over them, the charge insert'd,
the false bottom removed and the top of
the bag sewn on.
The French mitrailleuse,used first Jr the
Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. w*s the
prototype of modern quick-firing machine
guns. Then followed Dr. Gatling, Mes-r
Nordenfeldt and Gardiner, and finally
Maxim. The Galling has ten fixed barrels
which revolve abouta central axis, each
barrel being flrrd In succession when it
reaches a certain point. It is capable of
firing 800 rounds per minute. The Maxim
gun can fire from 6C O to 650 rounds per
minute with perfect eaoe, and without lia
bility of the- mechanism becoming dcrang
thelr t urrets, barbettes, mountings, etc.,
If has been suggested that the regular
quick-firing guns should lie called "quick
loaders,” as the great advantage of this
type consists in tht loading operation.
Cartridge cases of brass which contain the
projectile and firing charge are employed,
and these are loaded right into the gun.
With the 3 and 6-pound quick-firing guns
ftom 25 to 30 unaimcU shots per minute
Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad Cos.
Ok Miles Shortest Lino to Tampa. S4 Stiles Shortest Line to Jacksonville.
TIME TABLE IN EFFECT JULY 6. 1898.
HEAD DOWN. j]_ Time shown south of [j READ UP.
S9 I 37 I 35 II Columbia is so meridian. il K 38 i to
Daily Dally | Daily || Savannah city tune one | Daily Dully Dai'v
I II hour ia-iur than railroad. l| |ex Suu
I 4 30pm112 15am Lv New York ... Ar' 1 5 JSnm 12 43pm!
r 1 :> <hWw 15anil
M Wpnidl 15ami Lv Washington Ar'! 9 3.5 pm! 6 Cam'
1 50amj 2 15pm| Lv Charlottesville Ar | 5 4xptn| 335 am
IU 01pmjl3 lOam jLv Richmond Ar| 6 26pm, 6 40am|
I, Saj'Ull 'Lv Norfolk Ar" .. ~| 750 in
i -Siam,jo iOpmiiLv Charlotte Ar’ 9 OOaml S lapml
I ! 8 fdpmjit.v Cim-innatl Ar" 7 'Cam! I
8 25am|'Lv Knoxville. Aril 7 tOpral j
•;*JA 11 J-V)-nll2 4,7aml Lv Columbia At" I 24u:n! i o.spm!
wain l 34pm; 2 JLpm.Lv Denmark Ar , 2 40ani| 2 4(>pm;lo 45pm
- 3Ualn i 4 40prn; 5 OOam.jAr Savannaa Lvj|ll aupin 12 ospm| 6 00pm
I 3(7 | 35 U "jp .is i 3* I
I Dally | Daily i| _ Daily ! Dally !
I 4 47pmj 5 08am|;Lv Savannah Ar n 10pm| 12 01pm|
I < 27|>in|12 3Upmj Ar Darien Lv]| 4 40pm; 3 10am|
I S -iSpmj S OOamjjAr ' Brunswick Lv j 8 00|nn| 9 15am;
I 9 15pm 9 30um"Ar Fernandina Lv j 50pmj 7 55am
I 8 25pm! 9 15am"Ar Jacksonville Lvj] 6 54pm.' S 00am|
I ;10 3t'um ;Ar St. Augustine Lv j 5 35pm |
I 2 43am| 1 oOpmjjAr Ocala Lv [l2 35am; 1 47pm|
1 vl 345 pm Ar Tallahassee Lvj| 1 16pm]........-|
I |ll 00pm' Ar Pensacola Lv]| 7 30am! |
I | 3 05amjjAr Mobile Lv]|l3 20amj
] ! 7 40am; Ar New Orleans Lv] 7 45pm I
Pullman buffet sleepers Jacksonville and New York on trains So and 36, also on
same trains Jacksonville and Cincinnati via Ashe.llle without change.
Pullman buffet vestibuled sleepers between Tampa and New York on trains 37
and 38, going through from Charlotte as the southwestern vestibuled limited train.
Pullman sleeper Charlotte anil Richmond, also Greensboro and Norfolk.
Pullman sleeping cars b.-uvecu Jacksonville and New Orleans.
For full information apply to
WM. BUTLER, JK.,rr. I’. A., | Bull and Bryan streets, opposite Pulaski
S. D. BOYLSTON, C. T. A., ] and Screven 11ole'.a.
D. C. ALLEN, C. T. A.. Bud and Liberty at re- ts, opposite De Soto Hotel.
W. R. MCINTYRE, D. T. A , W- st Broad and Liberty streem.
A. O. MACDONELL, G. P. A . 1.. A. SHIPMAN, A. G. P. A., Jacksonville.
Trains leave from Central depot, corner West Rrond and Liberty streets.
HOT WEATHER SALE.
PRICES COT ALL TO PIECES.
We have an accumulation of Bedroom Suits, Parlor
Suits, Hat Racks, Odd Fancy Pieces for Sitting Room,
Reclining Chairs, White Enamel Iron Beds,
At Less Than Cost.
See our fine line of-Oak Chiffoniers at $4.50.
LINDSAY & MORGAN,
MCDONOUGH & BfiLLfINTYNE V
iicn Founders, Machinists, j
Blacksmiths, Boilermakers, manufacturers of Staiionary and
Portable Engines, Vertical and lop Bunnint* Corn Mills, rlESiiKnl
Sugar Mill and Pans. SHAFTING, PULIJNS, etc.
TELEPHONE NO. J 23. and U
f'an be fired, and 15 pounds have been fired
at a target in a minute, 12 out of the 15
being hits. One great advantage of smoke
less powder lies in its use as ammunition
for this type of gun, as Its utility depends
on its being fired rapidly, which Is imixtssi
b!e when a cloud of smoke obscures the
target after each discharge. Rifles of this
type are now made in sizes up to 6.6-inch
caliber. The brass shells, which are drawn
cartridges, are very expensive, but are
perfectly good after firing and are saved
and refilled. They may be used fifty times
or more.
Ships' magazines, of which there may be
five or six on a iarge battleship, are con
structed, according to an eminent author
ity, as tanks of steel within the vessel,and
are titled with water in case of there be
ing any danger from lire. They are lined
with wood, preferably teak, but sufficient
space is left between the steel plates and
the teak to ailow a certain amount of ven
tilation. and also to guard against danger
of fire from the steel plates, if they be
come hot, setting fire to the teak. In sonic
vessels ventilation is maintained in these
compartments by means of exhaust fans.
No iron is allowed Inside a magazine, all
the metal fittings and tools being of cop
per, some alloy of that metal or of zinc.
The magazines are lit by means of strong
glass bull-eyes, which are illuminated by
electricity in light boxes, only accessible
from outside the magazine, candles being
provided for the light boxes as an alter
native in case the dynamo breaks down.
A ventilator in the floor of the magazine is
also always provided.
INSIRtNtK IN ICELAND.
An Interesting Development of the
System ol tin Ei rly Period.
From Chamber’s Journal.
Centuries before the Wise ciiizens of Lon
don recognized the value of fire insurance
there existed a most interesting form of
it, and that not in any of the great com
mercial nations of the middle ages, but in
a remote island of the Atlantic—ln Ice
land. This fact, remarkable as it is in
itself, will not seem so surprising to those
who are acquainted with the ancient condi
tion of that country, which bus for sev
eral hundred years played but a small part
in European history. its first colonists,
in the end of the ninth and beginning of
the tenth centuries, were among the most
enterprising of Norway's sons; and for
the next three Centura s their new home
rivalled me mother country In mosr re
spects. and far excelled it in mental ac
tivity. The old poelry of Norway died
out about the year It'D A. D., and from
that date, so long as there were skaids
at the* court of the Norwegian kings, they
were Icelanders. At tit.- same time they
ye re careful farmers, daring seamen and
enterprising traders. They trailed regu
larly with all the neighboring countries,
and thought little of an overland Journey
to Constantinople, where many of them
served in the bodyguard t-f the Byzantln-
Emperor. At home, next to the neoessaty
ear* of tlu>i herds and (locks, they were
above all devoted to poetry, history and
law. To be skilled in the latter was a
sure title to respect at a time when law
books were still unknown, and codes wete
carried in the* head of the "Lawman," or
declared by the "Lawspeaker,” at the
meetings of the Althing, or yearly assem
bly.
In the thirteenth century these laws of
use and wont eum* to lie written down,
not officially, it would sum, as happened
in other countries, but by persons inter
ested in legal studks, and they are now
preserved in a coll* cion commonly known
as Gragas. or gray-goose (a name of doubt
ful origin), which is used us a general
name for the laws* of Ice and prior to its
union with Norway in 1262.
It is in this collection of laws that the
interesting item of compensation for loss
by fire occurs, a section which is quoted
by the editor of an Icelandic journal of
last year, in the first of a series of articles
on the ancient civilization of Iceland. The
editor, Dr. Yaltyr Gudmundsson is one of
the best authorities on ihis subject, and
uses the quotation as a text to point out
to his countrymen the superior foresight
of their ancestors in this respect. The
modern Icelander has not yet realized the
value of insurance, as shown by the fact
ihat one of the foremost yeoman In the
country' had his farm burned down three
times in succession without its being insur
ed. It was otherwise In tho old dnys, as
Dr. Valtyr points out. In the time of the
old republic, the golden age of Iceland, ev
ery yeoman-farmer was by law compelled
to be a member of a mutual Insurance so
ciety. The method by which compensa
tion for loss of fire was made is thus ex
plained In Gra-gas, and is a striking proof
of the thoroughly practical views of the
old Icelanders:
“There ure three houses in every man’s
dwelling for which compensation may be
obtained in event of their being burned
down.” (In Icelandic dwellings each
room was a separate building, and so is
called a “house.”) "One is the women’s
sitting room, another the common sit
ting room, ami the third a pantry where
the women prepare the food. If a man
has both a sitting room und a hall, then
at the spring assembly ho shall choose
whether he will rather have the sitting
room or the hall insured. If there is a
church or chapel on any mans form, then
that is the fourth house liable for oom
lauisatkm, where it exists. If any of
these houses aforementioned Is burned
down, the owner shall summon live of his
neighbors, and get them to estimate the
damage that had been done. They shall
estimate the damage done to the house
itself, and also that done to clothes arid
other valuables burned along with It; but
only such clothes and valuables as the
owner requires for daily use shall be reck
oned for compensation. If n church is
burned, there shall be reckoned along
with It for compensation all the hangings,
the choir, and tne best bell that has been
destroyed, if there were more than one,
and all the furniture required for daily
use; the same thing shall be done in the
case of chapels.”
When the damage has been valued by
the ne.ghbors, us above provided, one-half
of the loss had to be borne bv the yeoman
himself, and the other half was made
gnou by nil the other yeomen In the dis
trict. From each of these a certain
amount was levied in proportion to ttie
value of his property, and if this were not
Paid within a specified time it would lie
seized by law. At the same time it was
provided that no one could be called upon
to pay as his share more than 1 per cent
of his whole property, and it was not
compulsory to compensate the same per
son for loss by tire more than three times.
I MR IF. ItOMHAItD.VIDAT.
RlcoClieUed Shells Silence a Battery
on a High Cliff.
Col. Greene, of Boston, who served as
an engineer in the United Stales navy for
more titan twenty years, retired early In
tt.. ’Bos, but Is mill on the government re
curve lid of chief engineers. He dropped
in at one of the uptown clubs a few even
ings ego while a group of the members
were discussing the recent bombardment
of San Juan.
"The most remarkable bombardment
which 1 know of Irt the history of naval
warfare," said Col. Greene, "has received
no place In current histories, and but the
barest mention of the government reports
and records of the war of secession. This
was the storming of a little battery con
sisting of only three pieces, situated on the
James river, below Richmond, and known
locally as Hewlett's Bluff.
‘The Janies river, about fifteen miles
below Richmond, makes a wide detour,
and. after seven miles, turns uuon itself,
forming the narrow neck of land called
Dutch Gap. This was afterward made fa
mdßs by the attempt of Gen. Butler to
reach Richmond by cutting a canal. The
Plant System.
I rains operated by MHk Me-rid.a* Tt uie-Oae hour .tower than City Timm.
toOytX, j| TIME CARL). ; ||' RKAITUP.
-yjw~ PaMy Paily l In Effect July 21. 1888. *j| Dally Daily* Daily
II Siam " 1 dapm Bv Savannah E~Ari] 8 31am; 3 00am| 7 35pm
11 ioararVinid'l’ii Ar Augusta 1. bv t | i sipm
S m y Charleston Bv|| 6 30um{u 15pm1 3 3Upin
I * o2am Ar Haiti,none bv 2 2Spm! 2 Man|
‘RiwL-^':" 1 -' 1 S li Daily i Daily j DaHT^
ibKJS 'i ' d'-atn Bv s • ’ ....... A t . tium. 3 30a mi 9 lean
s c'iDm b r!,‘ ~ni v*">: Ar ft.n *g m wpm i.#
10 -win i *. •" ty.n.ss bv 1. .tx>, 9 Sopitil 6 dOarn
- EE ; a °i >m Vr .. C01Umbu.............Dv|| !lv Ofamt 300 pm
10 ...pin 841 in, 11 PI Ar 1 ■: k '*oiivllle I.V 8 10am| 7 UOptni _
g UHline Lv|| ] 5 3Spm| -
11 45am I ml,’™l ? K |,m! Ar Uaine sv tU c T.v i 3 15tm| 3 50pm|
l team . iH'pm. 7 p’|>,n ( Ar <>o ~, j, v i j jna, n | 1 50pm! 2 45pm
' cin ® "‘l ,,n 7 53pm Ar Tam pa i, v „ 7 37pm| 9 luami 2 40pm
I 1 01pm Ar "....Valdosta I.v , I llpml I ".am
12 40um| | it 26pm Ar Thomasv die Bvil I 5 10pm 2 4iam
7 45am ] <i gt'tun |.Ar Montgomery Bvl) 110 50am 7 45pm
* | 7 4<>am!|Ar New Orleans Bvif f 7 45pm( 7 55am
• <*l>m| | c 50am||Ar Nashville Bv|| | 1 34am|] 9 00am
1 06and.. | 4 05pm;| Ar Clnctnnatl Lv|| I 4 OapmiU OOpm
All trains except Nos. 23, 32, 35 and 78 make all local stupa.
Pullman buffet .-deeping curs are operated as follows:
No. 33, N. \v York and Jacksonville: New York and Port Tampa via West Coast;
Waycross and Cincinnati via Montgomery.
No. 23, N. w York and Jacksonville.
No. 21, Waycross and Ht l outs via 51 ontgoniery: Waycross and Nashville via
n I'umpu via eJacksonvllle and Banford.
No. 52, Jacksonville anil New York, Port Tampa and New Yora, via West Coast.
No, 78, Jacksonville and New York.
Steamships leave Port Tampa for Key West 9 p. m. Tuesdays. Thursdays and
Saturdays.
K. A. ARMAND, Cltv Passenger and Ticket Agent. De Soto HoteL
B. W. WRENN, Pakseng, r Traffic Manager,
11. C. MeFADDEN. As-i tartt Gi.neral Passenger Agent.
GEORGIA AM) ALABAMA RAILWAY
SAVANNAH SHORT BINE.
Passenger Schedules. Effective May 22, 1898.
74 Miles Shortest Operated r.lne Between Savannah and Montgomery. 26 Ml'es
Shortest Operated Bine Between Savannah and Columbus.
! I’ A c I .me. '| || A. C. I.ilte. i F. C.AP —
. ]a ii i ii ii " ii i is ins —
K 15aml 4 SUpm: 9 tH’nml 9 ?tun"Bv ...New York... At ' 2 01pm >! 53am| 23am112 43nit
J SJd'n >ni 12 05 n t|l2 09n’n T.v ..Philadelphia. Ai !1 25itm 345 am 2 50:un 10 15nm
Kam 9 22i>m 2 nonm 2 25pm Lv ...Baltimore... ArJ 9 ORam 1 08am U 36pm 8 00ara
11 ISanjlO 48pm| 4 30am 3 46pm|fUv ..Wa"hlngton. Ar! i 40am !1 10pm 9 26pm 6 42am
I 9 06am 7 SOpmllßv ... Richmond... Ar! 4 00am 7 15nrni
10 Itpm ? Kami Bv ...Charlotte ... At I 8 Mam 8 20pm
12 47a mill s.ta in I I Bv ....Columbia.... Ar 1 4 24am 4 15pm
_B 00ami 4 31pm' 1 SftttnJ 8 iSnmllAr ...Savai.niih.,, Bv, 1 1 05pmI 1 45am|ll tOptn 12 20pm
7<*pm ■; 7 2.-. am; I.v ...Savannah.... Aril. 7. 8 2 r ,pm(.. ■,
’2 Wp'il 9 35am Ar Collins Bv I I 6 lOptn' 5 66am
9 05am 4 20pm Ar ...Fitzgerald... Bvlj 11l 10am
2 15am ... 1 30pm Ar Corele Lv[f 2 !oj,m 1 36am
318 am 2 55pm! Ar ...Amerltus Lv 12 34pm 12 28am
4 14um 3 63,mil Ar ....Richland ... I.vl n35 m 11 yiem
12 OOn’n 5 20pm Ar ....Columbus.. Bvl 10 00am 3 OOpra
12 39pm 7 !spm Ar ....Dawson...... Bv s9pm
1 30pm 8 60t>m Ar Albeny..... Bv ,* § loimi
4 31am 4 17pm Ar ....BurtiPi 1n.... Bv 11 13am U lOnm
6 07am 6 Mpm Ar . ..Hut (Shorn.... Bv 9 37am 9 36pm
8 Ooain 8 OOpm Ar ..Montgomery.. I,v 7 13am 7 4c[,m
10 30,mi 11 30pm! Ar Selma Bv ■ 3onm
32 01pm 12 25 n’t!!Ar .Birmingham... Bv * 4m ,~
7 00pm 6 nOamtlAr ....Nash'life ... Bv ' ,
2 25am 12 25 n’tilAr ...Boulsvilje Bv' ' o so ßrn
, 7 05am I 4 10pm||Ar ...Cincinnati Bv ji ,to ß m
12 40am 11 59ain |Ar ..Evansville Bv 3 ojara
7 20am 7 S2pm Ar ....St Louis Bv g 55i m
345 pm 305 am Ar ... Mobile I,v|| 112 20 n’t 12 F,Bt>m
6 10pm 7 4'>anv [ Ar .New Orleans . Bv'!. . ... | 7 45,. m 7 vairn
Connections—At Collins with Collins and Heidsviile Itallrood und Stllimoro Air
lino. At Helena with Southern Railway for all points thereon. At Cordels with
Georgia Southern and Florida for Macon und beyond, also with Albany and Northern
Railway f„r Albany. At Richland with Columbus division for Columbus, Dawson
Olid Albany. At Montgomery with Ismisvllle and NaahviHe Railroad for ail Dolu s
vest and northwest. Trains 17 and 18 curry Georgia and Alabama Railway new and
m Ignlfleer.t buffet parloi cuts Trains 19 and 20 carry Pullman palace sleeping cn-s
between Savannah and Montgomery. Tickets sold to all points and sleeping err
berths secured ol ticket office, corner Bull and llryan streets, or ut West Broad street
passenger station,
CECIB GARBETT, V. P. nnd O. M. C. C. MARTrN, \gont.
A. POPE, Genera! Passenger Agent. K
A M MARTIN, Ticket Agent, corner Bull and Bryan streets,
w. B. MeTNTYRE. Union Depot Ticket Agent.
4 Central of Georgia Railway Company
SCHEDULES IN EFFECT JUNE 12, 1898.
GOING WU.iT REAP DOWNII “ || ~OOtNG EAST. READ UP. —
No. 53 I No. 7 I NO. 3 | No. I ,| Central || No. i | No. e 1 No. s 1 No. it
bimd yjexcept | daily. | daily. || or 90th || daily. | dally. |exceptl Sund’y
only. |Hund'y| | || Meridian Time. j| | |Sund'y| only.
' stipiui v w.|.tn[' 9 OVpml 8 45am11 1.v .Savannah. Ar,j 7itip7nJ t, vn ,m. ,* tjT.it* :o 4-miu
7 ipm 7 04pm 10 08pm| 9 58am; Ar ..Guyton.. Bv|| 6 aiptn| 4 51am; 6 4Sam; 9 42am
7 66pmj 7 36pm| 10 35pm| 10 28am||Ar ...Oliver... Lvl| 4 3epm| 4 2l)pm| 6 Dam 9 12am
6 16pm; | 10 57ptnl 10 tTamuAr ....Dover... Bv|| 4 08(,m| 3 58am| 8 sam .
8 33pmj | U 14pm| 11 03am| Ar Ilocli Ford. lw|| 3 60pm| 3 42am| 8 34am
8 iopm; |ll 40pm| 11 26am;|Ar ...Miljen... Bv|| 325 pm 3 a>am| 8 10am
10 DOpml I 6 :, snm|t 1 40pm||Ar ..Augusta. Bv t 1 20pm| 8 40pm| | 6 15aiu
***’.. 310 am, 2 Mpm Ar ...Gordon... Bv |l2 OSpml 12 19am
|t 1 15pm t 8 60pm lAr Mb ledge vl 11 Bv f 6 30nm;t 300 pm
t 3 OOpm no OOptn'jAr ..Eatonton.. Bv jt 6 25atn t!2 Mpm
t 6 Mpm . [IAr ..Covington. Bv If 9 20,im
” [ 12 20pm.. I!Ar ...Athens... Bv 330 pm
.... t 1 05pm ![Ar .Carrolton... Bv f 2 10pm'. .
8 fOam 8 40r)mllAr .Fort Valley Bv | 6 29am 6 27fim! !
” 1 52i>m lO.OlpmjjAr .Amerh ua.. L.v|| 6 18am 1 07pmI
j 4 37|,m |Ar . ..Eufnula.. Bv|| 10 20.tm| _
1 7 30pm| ;Ar Montgomery Bvj| 7 40am1.... ..!!!””*
1 25pm Ar Ttty Bvl j 7 55am[ .
1115 IPI Ar ..Ct-lumbus. Bv! 4 00pm!
12 30pm) I) Ar . .Ojwllka.... Bv! 2 45pm|
5 60pmf f|Ar .Birmingham Bv I | 9 30am| j
"no. 91| DINNER TRAIN- ~ || Wfc 2*
except BETWEEN except
Bund'yll SAVANNAH AND GUYTON. . |]Sund y
TMpmjißv Savannah Aril 4 (6pa|
305 pm lAr Guyton Lvj| 345 pm
BET’WHEN SAVANNAH AND TYBEE—7Sth Meridian or Savannah city time.
"teth Meridian. - or frDaiiy~Sund'yi ' ISund y| ~ ] j -
Savannah city lime. |!< x. Bun| only, j Dally J only. 1 Dally | Dally | Dally |Dally
1, , , j , Ih t 20am| 7~45am|10 00 an>|l3 10pm| 3opm| 5 20pm| 6 SOpml I
* ‘ ff" | Daily |Bund’y| |flutid'y| Dally iSund’yj j “
II Dally |ex. Sun| only. ) Daily | only. |ex. Sun| only | Dally | Daily
Tvbee .|| 6'Kamj' 8 00atn| 8 45am|U 10 am| 1 25 ih l',pmT7lopmjlo 10pm
Trains marked f run dully, except Sunday.
Time shown is 90th meridian, one hour slower than Savannah city time, exceat
that between Savannah and Tyfwe. city, or 75th meridian lime, is shown. v
‘-olid trains between Savannah and Macon and Atlanta.
Blteiang cars on night trains between Savannah and Augusta, Savannah acj
Mn on Savannah and Atlanta. Parlor cars beween Ma<n and Atlanta.
‘ Passengers arriving Macon at 3:55 a. m. can remain In sleeper until it. m.
For" further information and for schedules to all points beyond our line, apply
vv r; BREWER. Cit) Ticket and Passenger Agent, 39 Hull street.
lo J. C. HA IDE. General Passenger Agent. Savannah, Oa.
THEO. D KI.TNE. Gen. Superintendent. E. H. HINTON. Traffic Manager.
federal gunboats had mode and abandoned
several attempts to force their way up
the Jam.-s river, and it was during one of
th-ne attempts that the bombarding of
Hewlett's Bluff occurred.
"The battery was situated upon a bank
of clay which rises almost sheer 150 Ret
above the river level at the sharp ttend
aiK.ve Hutch Gap. Owing to the h.ght of
the fort i float ions the guns from the Fed
r.,) vessels could not reach them, and the
Fclet als themselves Were subjected to a
very dangerous fire. I was the commander
of the squadron, and knew the nature cf
the cliff iiion which the battery rested.
"A bank of clay, as you know, when un
dermined, does not slide gradually as a
sandbank does, but comes away In large
sections underneath, and when the foun
dations are gone the upper shelf naturally
inker a very sudden drop. 1 determined
to throw- explosive shells Into the lower
strata of the cliff, hoping to let the bat
battery down into the river,
“This plan was executed, with aj-p;jr
enilv gratifying • Ifccis, and I was con
gratulating myself upon my shrewdness,
when the Confederates noticed the ma
neuvers and took measures to frustrate
it. Their counter move was simplicity
itself They simply moved their three
gurifl back some 39 feet to a secure iosi
tion. I was entreme'y irritated at the
failure of my plan, but as I could not raise
the guns far enough to reach the buttery
I had about decided to give up the at
tempt, when my assistant suggested a
novel method of attack.
"Tho guns admitted of an elevation of
but 30 degrees, but they could be de
presssd to art angle of 15 degrees, and
the assistant had learned at Annapolis
that the extreme angle at which a ball
would ricochet was about 45 degrees. The
plan ho proposed was to run up close un
der tho cliff, inside the range of the Con
federate guns, and from thero to try the
effects of the ricochet ehot.
"I demurred tor some time, but finally
gave htm permission to try tils plan, and
two of the six vessels comprising the fleet
made a dash to gain the desired position.'
"This was immediately accomplished
without damage. The guns wore depress
ed and tho trial made. At tho first shot
the water thrown up drenched ail on
Hoard the vessel, but the officer saw with
satisfaction that the shells had rebounded
and dropped directly Into the battery
abov< After fifteen minutes of this novel
bombardment the Confederates abandoned
their position, und the battery was si
lenced.
"There remained, however, an almost
unlimited number of batteries all along
the river, which must be silenced before
a Federal fleet could reach Richmond,
und this parti ular squadron was recalled
before it could make secure the advan
tage it had gained. In imivortance the
bombarding of Howiett’s Bluff is Insignifi
cant, but In character it stands almost
unique In history."
—Kniser Wilhelm has been camping out
for u week under a tent on the Island of
Heligoland. He took three car loads of
baggage with him.
7