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WILL RECEIVE CONVERTS.
membership ok seventh street
CHI RCH I.ARIiRLY IN( REASED.
Since the Last Animal Conference
l'orty-onc Members Hitve Been Re
ceived ly the t linreli—To-day the
Nniue* nf Additional Members Mill
Re Rend—The Efforts of Miss Tuck
er Were Very Successful and the
titllcers of the < hurclt Are Glad
She Was Among Them—Services
for the Day iu the Other < hurdles
of the City.
Tile services to-day at the Seventh
Street Methodist Church will Is a sort of
continuation of those conducted for more
than two weeks by Miss Emma Tucker.
Those who were converted by her ministry
will be Riven the opportunity to unite with
the church, and a large number will bo re
ceived who have already expressed a dc-
Bire to becoin member-.
At the service to-nlcht the pastor, Rev.
E. F. Morgan, will receive inlo full con
nection the applicants for church meinlicr
eliip and will announce the names o{ those
who have recently placed their certificates
of membership in the Seventh Street
Church.
Since the last annual conference there
has been a season of great spiritual pro
gress for this church, forty-one member*
having united with if. in a-Witlon there
are many more who will apply for ad
mission. Twenty-three will be received
to-night, if the expectations of the officers
of the- church are realized. All feci great
ly eialed with the success that attended
the work of Miss Tucker. Hers was the
Influence, in great part, that was the
means of inducing many to join, and the
church has gained greatly in strength and
is yet to become stronger through the
conversions that have followed her
preaching and Bible readings.
“Christian Work and Christian Work
ers” will be the subject of the pastor’s
sermon this morning, and to-night he will
preach to those who were converted dur
ing ihe series of meetings just completed.
The first meeting of the year of the
church extension board of the Methodist
Church in Savannah will he held next
Friday night at Wesley Monumental
Chureh. Plans for the work of the year
will be discussed, and the board will take
under consideration the services that are
to be held during the year by the city
missionary. Rev. J. A. Smith. Rev. Mr.
Smith is under the direction of the board
of church extension.
Services to-day at Wesley Monumental
Church at 11 a. m. and 8 p. m. will be
conducted by Rev Ed F. Cook, pastor. The
subject of his morning sermon will be
“Conditions of Success in Christian
Work," and at night he will preach on
"The Voice of Grace."
Rev. Bascorn Anthony, the pastor, will
conduct the services to-day at Trinity
Church. He wiil preach this morning and
to-night.
Rev. Osgood F. Cook will continue the
series of sermons on the Lord's Prayer
to-day at Grace Church. Ills theme this
morning will he "The Kingdom of God”
and to-night “The Will of God."
In the reorganization of the choir of
Grace Church some excellent singers were
secured. They have been specially dili
gent the past week In preparation for to
day, so (hat those who attend the ser
vices will hear good music.
Presbyterian.
Rev. Arthur ,1. Smith, pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church, returned last night
from Atlanta, where he attended a meet
ing of the executive committee of the
State Union of Christian Endeavor. He
w ill occupy his pulpit to-<lay, preaching
this morning on "As the Wings of a
Dove" and at night on "Heaven's Inter
est in the Salvation of the lg>st."
The usual services will lie held at the
Independent Presbyterian Church to-day.
The pastor, Rev. Dr. Fair, will preach
at U a. m. and 8 p. m. The services will
be held In the Sunday school building on
Chippewa square.
Episcopal.
"The Seventh Commandment, or the Law
of Social Purjty,” will lie the subject of
Rev. Charles H. Strong's sermon to-night
at St. John's Church. The rector will also
preach at the morning service.
Rev. J. L. Scully of St. Paul's Episco
pal Church will administer the Hoiy Com
munion to-day at 7:30 a. m., and will preach
at 11 a. m. and 8 p. m.
Bn iitlnt.
The Duffy Street Church will hold ser
vices at Vonge's Hail to-day. The pas
tor, Rev. J. D. Chapman, will take for
his theme at the morning service, “Hold
ing Fast Our Confession." At night he
wiil speak on “Paul's Great Desire for the
Philippian Church.”
The pastor. Rev. John D. Jordan, will
conduct today's services at the First Bap
tist Church.
Latheran.
Services to-day In Ihe Lutheran Church
of the Ascension will be conducted by the
pastor. Rev. Dr. W. C. Schaeffer, who
will preach at both the morning and even
ing hours.
The services to-day in St. Paul's Luth
eran Church will lie conducted by the
pastor. Rev, M. J. Eptlng. There will be
preaching at 11 u. m. and 8 p. in.
New Church Society.
For the First New-Church Society, at
the house of worship at Drayton and
Huntingdon streets. Rev. W. H. Hinkley
will preach this morning and to-night. His
morning subject will be: "Wo Have a
Strong City," and at night he will preach
on "What Do the New-Chureh People Re
lieve?'' Mr. Hinckley will leave for Jack
sonville next Wednesday.
Cutliullc.
At Sacred Heart Church to-day the
services will be as follows: First mass, 7
a. m.; high mass, 10 a. m.; vespers und
benediction. 8 p. m.; Sunday school, 9:15
a. m.
Christian.
“The Impotent -Man Healed" will lie (he
subject of the sermon by the pastor, Rev.
K. A. Bosworth, this morniug at the Chris
tian Church and at night he will preach
on "The Open Fountain.”
St. Philip'* < linreli Anuireraanry.
The second anniversary of St. Philip A.
M. E. Church s nee moving to and wor-1
nhiping at the corner Of West Broad and
Charles streets, takes place to-day. At
sunrise prayer meeting and special ihank
giving orvicc will be held; at 11 a. m.
preaching by Rev. J. B. Epton; 2 p. m .
Sunday school; 3:30, preaching by Rev. C
•M. Manning. I). D.; 5 p. m., Christian En•
<Vavor exercises; 7:3b p. in . the pastor.
Rev. la. H. Smith, will briefly address the
Olive Ix*af Benevolent Society and then, in
accordance with the church’s anniversary,
h will give a synopsis of the work and
history of St. Philip Church during the
past three years. It is also the church’s
rally day. The pastsr and congregation
are struggling hard to pay notes now due.
Church Directory.
St. John's Church, Madison Square, cor
ner Bull anl Charlton streets, Rev.
Charles if. Strong, rector; morning prayer
and sermon at 11 o'clock; Sunday school
at 1 p. m ; evening prayer and sermon at
8 o’clock. Strangers cordially welcome.
St. Paul’s Chureh, corner Barnard and
I>uffy streets, Rev. J. I*. Scully, rector.
Services as follows: Early celebration of
the holy communion, 7:30 a. m.; morning
prayer and sermon, 11 a. m.; evening
prayer and sermon. Bp. m. Sunday school,
4 p. m. Scats free.
Trinity Church, Barnard and President
streets. Rev. Bnseom Anthony pastor
Servlets, 11 a. m. and 8 p. ni. Sunday
school. 4 p. m.; Epworth League Wednes
day, 8:30 p. m ; love feast Thursday, 8 p.
m. Seats tree. Good singing; all welcome.
Seventh Street Methodist Episcopal
Church, corner Seventh and J* fferson
streets, Rev. E. P. Morgan pastor. Serv
ices at 11 a. m. and 8 p. m. Sunday school
at 4 p. rn. A cordial Welcome to all.
Lutheran Church of the Ascension, cor
ner Bull and President streets. Preaching
at 11 a. m. and Bp. m. Visitors and stran
gers welcome. Pews free.
St. Paul’s Lutheran Church. Bull und
First streets. Rev. M. J. Epting, pastor.
Morning scrvic and sermon, 11 a. m.;
evening service and sermon, 8 p. m. ; Sun
day school. 4 p. m.; prayer meeting, Wed
nesday, 4:15 p. m. Visitors welcome.
First Baptist Church, Chippewa square,
Rev. John. D. Jordan, A. M., pastor Ser
vices nt 11 a. m. and 8 p. m. The pastor
will conduct services at both hours. All
persons without church engagements else
where are cordially invited to the services
of thi.i church.
Duffv Street Baptist Church, J. D.
Chapman, pastor. Services at 11 a. m.
and 8 p. m. at Yonge's Hall, corner Duffy
and Whitaker sireets, conducted by the
pastor. Sunday school at 9:30; B. Y. P. U.
at 4 p. m. Those desiring to worship with
us will be cordially welcomed.
Sacred Heart Church, Habersham and
Second streets. Services to-day (Sunday)
as follows. First mass, 7 a. m.; high
mass. 10 a. m.; vespers and benediction,
8 p. m.; Sunday school, 9:15 a. m.
Services First Church of Christ, Scient
ist, 11 a. m.: Sunday school, 4p. m. Wed
nesday evening meeting, 8:30 p. m.. Metro
politan Hall, corner Whitaker and Presi
dent streets All are invited.
(racc Methodist Church, Jefferson street
.and Park avenue, Osgood F. Cook, pastor.
Services to-day at 11 a. m. and 8 p. m.;
preaching both morning and evening by
the pastor; Sunday school at 4 p. m.; Ep
worth League, Tuesday, 8 p. m.; Junior
League, Wednesday, 4 p. m. Love feast,
Wednesday, 8 p. m.
—On one of ex-President Cleveland’s nu
merous Ashing trips he was accompanied
among others by Joe Jefferson and W. H.
Crane. Mr. Jefferson is a strong believer
in Spiritualism and was anxious to con
vert the President. One of the party told
a very improbable story illustrating the
lxjwer of Spiritualism and Mr. Jefferson
became greatly interested. When the yarn
was finished the narrator asked Mr. Cleve
land what he thought of it. “Oh,” replied
Cleveland, “just tell that over to Jeffer
son; he’ll believe anything.”
Mrs. Clarence Lexotv, wife of the New
York senator, and other women of Ny
ack, N. Y., have instituted a woodpile
where people seeking charity may find
work in sawing and splitting wood.
SULPHUME BATHS
Every well regulated household should have a
bottle of SULPHUME and SULPHUME SOAP
in their bath room, for those who have taken Sul
phume Baths find their medicinal properties
superior to the most famous sulphur springs,
and can be made any desired strength.
sulPhume
(liquio sulphur)
In a glass of wnt-r mako an invigorating and
healthful drink of Sulphur water. NATURE'S
BLOOD PURIFIER. Price *I.OO.
A valuable book Bent free by the
SULPHUME CO., aoo Marine Bldg., CHICAGO.
For ante by BUTMAN 11H119., Sn
vannnli, fin.
AUCTION 8 ACES rCTCB BO AY *T
ATAUCTION.^
GROCERIES, DELIVERY WAGON,
FURNITURE, ROLLER TOP DESK.
C. 11. DORSETT, Auctioneer,
Will sell MONDAY, 80th, 11 a. m., at 22
Congress, west:
Two HancLome Walnut Wardrobes,
Desk and Bookcase Combined, Crib, Wal
nut Chairs. Fancy Tables. Willow Rock
er* and Lounging Chairs, Baby Carriages,
Bed Siirlngs, Elegant Bedroom Set. Hall
Chairs in Oak. Pictures. Large Cooking
Stoves. Bedsteads, an invoice of Clock*,
guaranteed In good order.
—ALSO—
Canned Soups, 'Snuff, Sauces, Vinegar,
Syrup, Meatrack, Delivery Wagon, Butter
Plates.
THREE HOUSES, LINCOLN NEAR
DUFFY, AT AUCTION.
C. U. DORSETT, Auctioneer,
Will sc.l al the Court House Tuesday
Feb. 7,
Three 2-story residences. Nos. 1206. 12)8
and 1210 Lincoln street, gas and water, six
rooms in each house, in splendid neigh
borhood, convenient to three car lines.
For persons of small family and moder
ate means this la an unusual chance to
buy in a good locality. As an investment
the property, being excellent renters, will
pay a good interest.
I can arrange u loan on very easy month
ly payments for u responsible buyer.
THE 3IORN]NG NEWS: SUNDAY, JANUARY 29, 1899.
HABITS OF THE SALMON.
LONERS OF FRESH WATER THAT
GO TO SEA TO GROW.
Short Story of Their Life—Enemies
of the Nonna Fluli That Destroy
Thousands—Rapid Development
NN hen iu the Salt NVuter.
From the Portland Oregonian.
Most people on the Pacific coast recog
nize the edible qualities of the salmon, but
know very little about its true life history.
This same ignorance prevailed In Great
Britain until about the middle of this cen
tury. In 1848 Andrew Young of Invershin,
* re, Scotland, manager of the
Duke of Sutherland's salmon fishings, was
one of the first careful observers who gave
the public any reliable facts concerning
the life habits of the salmon. He was fol
lowed in these investigations by Egerton
Hull, who made a very careful and ex
tensive study of this fish at Oughterard, in
Galway, Ireland. In 1854 Robert Ramsbot
totn of Cllthcroe, England, gave the public
some most Interesting facts on the propa
gation and annual migrations of the sal
mon. The information to lie gathered
from these noted salmon-biologists would
ha interesting and useful to many on this
coast, especially lo those who desire to
foster the Interests of our salmon fisher
ies.
It is not necessary to describe the artifi
cial propagation of salmon, as this busi
ness Is now so well understood, and most
skillfully practiced in this country. It is
more in reference to the growth and
habits of a salmon from Its Infancy and
life in the fresh and salt waters that the
public will be interested.
The salmon in Europe and the world
over is essentially a fresh-water fish,
three-fourths of its life being spent In the
rivers from its birth. Its migrations to
the sea are solely for its growth and feed
ing, after reaching the adult period of its
life. After it has escaped from lte egg
form, its attached food or nurse-bag sup
plies it with all the. nourishment It re
quires for an average period of about five
weeks, but this period is governed by tem
perature of the water; in warmer waters
it Is sometimes only thirty days, and in
colder waters forty days. After this self
nursing period the bag is absorbed, and the
fry begin to feed from the mouth, and in
about sixty days it has grown to a length
of about one and one-half inches, or dou
ble the size it was when hatched. The
liink spots and the dark transverse bars
on the sides (which distinguish the young
salmon from the trout species) are then
visible. The growth is then comparative
ly slow; at six months old It is only about
three inches in length, and at - twelve
months four inches is the average size.
During the whole of this period these
young salmon are seldom seen by man, as
they are very shy and secretive In their
habits, and, as a rule, do not rise to the
fly until they are about fourteen months
old. During this period they are known
as “penk" In England, "parr" in Scotland,
and "fingering" in Ireland.
Salmon Vary In Size.
Though the above-mentioned measure
ments give the average observed size of
the salmon fry, there are many which vary
In size, some being larger and some small
er than the average size; and It has been
well ascertained that this difference in size
extends throughout the life of each fish,
and this accounts, in a great measure, for
Ihe difference found In the size of the fish
In their annual runs from Ihe sea. It has
been proved beyond any doubt that the
young salmon remain in Ihe rivers about
two years from the lime they are hatched
to the period at which they change to their
silvery roaring, when they are known as
"smelts," and it is then they commence
their first migration to the sea. Al this
period they do not much exceed, on the
average, two ounces in weight and seven
Inches in length. This first migration to
the sea generally takes place in April,
though in some eases the “smolts" are
ready as early as January, and some as
late as June; this difference being due to
the long spawning season, which in some
rivers commences in September and ex
tends to March. Although the smolt has
assumed its silvery coat, and the pink
spots and transverse bars have thereby
been covered over, yet by scraping off the
scales from the sides the bars can t>e clear
ly seen; thus proving the identity of the
species.
Previous to the change from the Infant
stage to the silvery smolt the young sal
mon Is always solitary in its habits, but
after its change it becomes gregarious, and
descends the rivers in shoals to the sea.
These shoals in their progress down the
river progress at about two miles an hour.
In passing through rapids they invariably
turn their heads up stream, and when they
reach smooth water, they again turn their
heads seaward. At this season of migra
tion of the smolts there arc Always three
generations of salmon in ihe river at the
same time: (1) the smolt, (2) the parr, (3)
the young fry Just hatched.
The migratory shoal of smolts remains
for a short time in the brackish water of
the tideway to get seasoned to the change
before entering the sea. It is in iheir
marine feeding ground that they commence
their marvelously rapid growth. The av
erage sojourn of the smolt in the sea is
only from eight to ten weeks; It then
makes Its first return to the river of its
birth, and is then known os the "grilse.”
The grilse varies in size considerably,
some being not more than ono pound in
weight, and some as much as fourteen
pounds. This great variation is probably
due to Ihe size of the parent fish in large
rivers, and to the longer stay some make
in the sea, and also to the greater supply
of rich food found there.
Most of the grilse ascend the rivers in
June anil July, though some ascend in
March and April, owing io their earlier
descent upon the sea. This first return
from the sea is subject to the volume of
water in the respective river homes. The
physical difference between the grilse and
the salmon, or mature fish, is shown by
the following features: The tail of the
grilse is always forked, that nf the salmon
is straight; the sealer of the grilse are
smaller, and the fins are longer and lar
ger in proportion to the body: they return
to the sea before the salmon; they remain
longer there than they do on their first
migration. The grilse remain in the river
all the summer and winter, and are the
flrsl to spawn. After their second mi
gration to the sea they return ns salmon,
or mature fish.
Rapid Growth in Salt NVnier.
Their rapid growth from the smolt stage
lo the grilse has been proved by careful
markings. In the short space of eight to
ten weeks they have Increased In weight
from a few ounces to many pounds. The
growth of the salmon is likewise marvel
ous. up to a certain age. On the average
the grilse and salmon have doubled their
weight in their marine feeding grounds be
fore returning to the rivers. The Duke of
Athole, March 31, 1845, caught a “kelt”
or foul salmon (one that had spawned,
and was on its way to sea) in the River
Tay, weighing exactly sixteen pounds. He
attached to its tin it zinc ticket marked
"129." This fish with the ticket on was
caught in the same river on its return
from the sen, after a lapse of only five
weeks and two days and weighed forty
seven and a quarter pounds, so that it tutd
La Grippe
Leaves a weakness behind it
which renders the system pecu
liarly susceptible to dangerous
ailments. Strength must be
quietly built up, TAKE
LIEBSC
COMPACTS
EXTRACT
OF BEEF.
Increased in weight in this short period
eleven and a quarter pounds.
How long salmon live is difficult to as
certain, as the rivers of Greet Britain are
so closely fished that very few are likely
to attain any great age or size over twen
ty pounds. In Norway, where there Is
not such close Pishing, salmon are caught
weighing over fifty pounds, proving they
must have made many annual trips to the
sea. It has. been proved by long-continu
ed, careful markings that the grilse and
salmon never mistake their own river, or
that branch of it in which they were
haiched; this shows remarkable instinct
In this fish, as many rivers are long and
have so many feeders. Though the sal
mon deposits so many thousands of ova,
millions of ova and fry are destroyed; it
is estimated that not more than one in a
thousand reaches maturity. Their natural
and gormandizing enemies nre the trout,
the little bird called the water ouzel, and
the merganser, or fish duck, all of which
consume daily millions of ova and fry.
It is therefore, necessary lo destroy these
murderers of the salmon by every possi
ble means. In order to keep the rivers
will stocked with salmon for sport and
for fishery interests. Unless these vo
racious pests are religiously destroyed a
very large percentage of the annual cost
of artificial propagation of salmon is en
tirely wasted.
It has been observed that the salmon is
essentially a pairing fish during the spawn
ing season. In the natural state the fe
male has never been seen to spawn with
out a male, and never with more than one
mnfe. This was proved in one instance in
Scotland. A poacher was observed to
spear a male fish by the side of a femaie
spawning. The female upon this loss im
mediately returned to the pool below tho
spawning bed and soon returned with an
other male, which was also speared, and
again she went to the pool and brought
another male, which was also speared,
and again she went to the pool and brought
another make This slaughter of the male
fish continued until nine mates had been
killed, and at last sfv was seen to return
with a bull trout, the male salmon supply
being exhausted.
There is one peculiar feature about the
parr, or young salmon, before it has reach
ed the smolt age. which is that the male
has a mature milt during the period that
the mature fish are spawning. It has been
proved that tho milt of the parr, or penk,
only an ounce and a half in weight, has
successfully impregnated the eggs of a
large female salmon. The fact of the milt
being found in the parr has led many peo
ple to think that it is not a young; salmon,
but a species of trout. I have seen this
milt In the young male salmon in the Lewis
river, Clarke county, Washington.
THE DATE LINE.
A School Mystery Explained Through
the Aid of n Man 1.200 Feet Tull.
W. F. Porter, in New York Sun.
In a recent Sunday issue of .your paper
there was an article on the dab' line—the
line where sailors drop back one day in go
ing one direction and add a day In going
the other. The article was wei! written,
and it was a timely one because *>f our
possessions in the Far East.
The reason for making the change in
crossing this line Is not easily understand.
All teachers of this subject find it to 'De
true, and probably each teacher who has
studied It for himself has a method of his
own. I have one that I have never heard
another give or write about, and I beg
to offer it to all who are still in the dark
and wish to see the light.
To begin with, four facts must be fixed:
First, that to all intents and purposes the
sun does not move; second, that the earth
revolves on its axis every twenty-four
hours; third, that the revolution is from
west to east, or that we are moving to
ward the east; fourth, that the rate of mo
tion is about 1,000 miles an hour.
There are very few in tile world who
have not seen a mat) walk on a ball of
two or three feet in diameter. Now, imag
ine this ball to be suspended, as it some
times is. We know then that the man
who walks on this suspended ball stands
sti.l so far as his relative position is eon
cerned.and the ball moves round and round
under his feel. The same point is always
above the man’s head.
Let us now Imagine a man tall enough
to walk a thousand miles an hour. Ho
would he about 1.2 b) feet high. Let us
give him power to walk over water as
well as land. On Monday at exactly noon
we will set his face to the West, and
start him on Iris walk at the rate of about
a thousand miles an hour on this great
suspended hall, the iarth.
Now, since he walks at the same rate at
which the earth moves he will not move
ahead any at all. He will walk Just as a
horse does iu a treadmill, or a dog in a
churning i>ower. To him it will always
he noon of Monday, for Che sun will be
just above his hetul a-l the lime. The
earth below passes under his feet, lands
and seas move away to the East, and
pass out of the light of day into the dark
ness of the night.
We, in this city, lias's on with the rest
of the earth. Wo have our Monday after
noon and Monday nig At. and Tuesday
morning comes. We iass through the
morning hours of Tuesday and noon brings
us to our big man. To us it is Tues
day noon; to him it is Monday noon.
And so it would always he Monday noon
to him. while in every twenty-four hours
we should have anew day.
Now. if this big man of ours enjoys his
walking, and wishes lo ontinue It, and
wishes at the same time t 9 have his cal
endar like ours, he must < ihange his day
somewhere. And the world has agreed
that this change shall be m ade in the mid
dle of the Pacific ocean. Then, with this
notion ho starts off on Tuesday, and
whm he steps across longitude ISO de
gree* iu rite middle of the l’v ifle, he says:
“That ends Tuesday; now Wednesday be
gins.” Anl when we came to him again
he woukl have the same time with us.
He would thereafter have tho right day.
if, ou crossing the date line,, he said: "An
other day begins."
If in going West he adds a day It
doesn’t lake n Yankee to guess what he
would have to do in going toward the
East.
—lf you'll always give me full swing."
observed the pendulum, "you will never
have any trouble with your hands." "1
don't know." replied the clock. "If i: was
n't for yofir going back and forth in my
works I never would have any strikes."
—Chicago Tribune.
NATURE OF COLDS.
THERE IS EVERY HKASOJi TO lIE-
I.IEVE THEY ARE COINTAGIOXS.
Sot Cause*! Merely by Eipoiore,
for There Are Place* AVliere They
Cannot lie lauitht —Some Case* in
Point.
From the London Spectator.
Many people may be surprised to hear
that even in this world there are places
where It is impossible to catch a cold,
eimply because there are no colds to catch
There are facts, however, which seem to
prove this. For example, Nansen and his
iwn, during the three years which they
s.ocnt in the Arctic regions, never caught
a cold. Yet they were exposed to cold,
fatigue and wet to a degree which we at
horse can hardly realize. Especially one
remembers how Nansen and his comrade
Johansen, during their wonderful expedi
tion on fool over the polar ice, went on,
day ;ifter day, clad in clothes which were
so saturated with perspiration, that they
froze by day into one solid mess of ice,
and erven cut into the flesh; Jjow every
night, when they tucked thetnsi!ves up In
their sleeping bags, the first hour was
■spent in thawing; how they la(y shiver
ing. their frozen socks spread across their
chests, until their clothes gradually be
came wet and soft and eventually com
fortable and warm. It was indeeel a damp
bed to sleep in. Yet they never < (aught a
cold; arid mark this, for it is tfery im
portant, with the exception of IBansen’s
brief att.sck of lumbago, their htplth did
not suffer in any way from the e tposure.
It may be said that they were all ,strong
men, marvelously hardy; they weie able
to withstand the cold. But what was
the fact. Directly they reached civiliza
tion they all caught cold. Nansen' f own
statement to the writer was: “Th'tre Is,
of course no doubt that cold is atn in
fectious disease. We had none during our
Journey, and we all got it (very Itadly,
tool at the very moment we reached Nor
way!.'' And this stems lobe the universal
experience of Arctic explorers. The imem
bers of the Jackson-Harmsworth exktedi
tion, who stayed for three years in i'ranz
Josef laind, never onoe suffered from
colds. Yet they, too, underwent at times
great exposure. The Arctic summer was
exceedingly damp—cold, mist-laden east
winds piwaiitbg. Wet feet were the {rule,
"a chronic experience.” ‘‘On one occa
sion six of us were exposed to a gale
in a boat for three days and nights, tt'hen
we were all drenched to the skin 'with
rain and spray; and when we arrivtyi on
land, being unable on account of the in
crement weather and want of drift and
other wood to light a f.je, we had to re
main in our wet clothes and practically
let them dry upon our bodies, yet pone
of us took cold.” It Is noteworthy that
the only ill effects ever felt were slight
twinges of rheumatism, experienced by
two or three only, and quite of a flet)ting
nature. Indeed, their doctor declares |that
none of these men were the worse for
their long sojourn in those northern re
gions. while some at least were the b etter
for It. Yet they also, with only two ex
ceptions, suffered from severe colds' di
rectly they reached civilization.
No 111 Effect*.
Very interesting, too, is Sir Martin 'Con
way’s account of his experiences. For two
months, when exploring Spitsbergen,, he
and his four comrades were exposed to
considerable privations, were almost con
stantly wet through and frequently h'ld to
sleep in their wet clothes; yet their health
never suffered in any way from this., But
at the end of that time they went down to
Andree’s settlement on the coast, where
some forty men were living, and whore,
moreover there was almost constant inter
course with the mainland. Within twx> days
of their arrival Conway and his compan
ions all developed violent cold sc Still more
striking were his experiences in the Him
alayas. While among the mountains he
and his men, notwithstaoding great ex
posure, never caught a e pld. They even
visited native villages without (loirs so.
But once they came down, to a village
where there was a small European set
tlement having communicafjon with the
outside world—one white n can hod come
.op three days previously. ’ There Conway
arc 1 his men all, without exception took
bad colds, which developed, ho thinks,
in about a couple of days. The present
writer has heard, too, but has" been unable
to verit.y the fact, that the men at the
observatory on top of Ben Nevis, often
living in the midst of cloud and rain and
snow! neve.' suffer from oold.s; but that
whenever tlvy descend to inhabited re
gions they invariably catch severe ones.
Tlie Saint Hilda Cold*
Then there is the classical instance of the
St Kilda cold. On that rocky, lonely is
land Iving some forty miles beyond the
Western Hebridcts there are nigh upon a
hundred inhabitants, who keep a few
cheep and cows, cultivate some forty acres,
and collect the eggs, feathers and young
of the numerous sea fowl. Their coast is
so precipitous and thetr seas are so stormy
that for eight mouths out of the twelve
they are practically ina tcessible. Formerly
they were visited only once a year by
a ship from the mainla oil. Now; several
call there during the summer, including
excursion steamers from Liverpool and
Glasgow. The curious point is tha t when
ever a ship reaches the is,land al! the in
habitants. including the vtry infants at
the breast, are seized with a cold. This
fact has been known for nearly 20U years,
and greatly inlerested Dr. J ohnson when
he and Boswell were making their famous
tour of the Hebrides. He wait very skep
tical about it, saying that the evidence
was not adequate to the impr obablllty of
the thing. But he praised th e Rev. Mr.
Macaulay for putting it in his baok. declar
ing that it was courageous of him to tell
a fact, however strange, if he Himself be
lieved it. He said that if a physician,
rather disposed to be incredulous, should
go to St. Kilda and report thei fact, he
would begin tofook about him. IVhen loid
that it was annually proved by TdacLeod's
steward, on whose arrival all tile inhabi
tants caught cold, he jocularly ifemarkeel:
"The steward comes to demand something
of them, and so they fail a-cougiaing.”
lung a Puzzle,
The problem of this SI. Kilda cold long
puzzled learned anrn, who seem, never to
have suspected t'Jie simple exph (nation of
the mystery. One solution sugg tsted was
that the steward always Brough* whisky
with him, and that it was the i nletnper
ance and jollity which took plac t on the
occasion which caused the epiden tie. An
other explanation was that a sh couid
only reach the Island from the ni ainland
when the wind was from the not theast.
•'The wind, not the eiranßors, eaus td the
cold.” This cold is still characters tic of
the Island, and is called by the inhub! tants
(lie "strangers' cold.” On the arri.v U of
the first steamer every summer all (the
island folk fall victims; afterward m any
of them escape. The attack lasts eight
or ten days, and is often accompanied j>y
bronchial catarrh. The inhabitants affli'tn
that if the ship cantos from Liverpool , r
Glasgow the cold they catch is more s, >-
vote than if it comes from the Hebrkles.
An Infection l * Disease.
All these Instances, astd there are many
such, go to show that u cold is an infec
tious disease, prevalent widely, no doubt,
but only where man. perhaps only where
civilized man, exists. Also that In some
favored spots, as in St. Kilda, the disease,
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when it has be ten introduced, rapidly be
comes extinct. This is known to be the
case on sailing vessels during a long voy
age, and it i cne of the reasons why such
a voyage is Often beneficial to patients
suffering from consumption, who are so
sadly liable, aUcer any catarrhal attack,
to lose the grocind they have been slowly
gaining. It would seem, too, that the in
fection is get? erally carried by human
agency; and it is noteworthy that some, at
least, of every ship’s crew or passengers
must take it. with them when they go
aboard, for apparently every ship which
reaches St. Kilda brings the cold. Proba
bly those Who carry it are often quite un
conscious tfnat they have anything wrong
with the:n. the disease being, as it were,
latent. It. would seem, too, that practical
ly all hitman beings, irrespective of age
or sex, and even when In good health,
are higl u> y susceptible to cold, if they
have be jn for some time free from them
and so ! iave lost immunity.
Among Animals.
Addif zonal evidence that colds are in
fectiou; is furnished by what we observe
among our domestic animals. Cats seem
to be ? fc>ecially susceptible. Probably they
often b ring home from their nocturnal ram
bles t 7 jose mysterious catarrhal attacks
which so rapidly run through the house.
It is ? ,n old saying, “The cat is sneezing,
we sh all all have colds.” Sheep, too, are
liable; a whole flock may suffer, and may
show that curious eruption round the lips
(herp ss labialis,) which we all know only
too w ell as one of the most unpleasant ac
• comp animents of a bad cold in the head.
On \ he Australian sheep runs, when the
shea ring season comes round, the men
who congregate at sheds are frequent
ly si nitten with an illness of a eatarraha!
nati jre, which rapidly takes hold of them,
and often affects some 90 per cent. Some
tim ts it becomes very serious, afid may
cvf ii develop into a fatal pneumonia. To
all appearance it is caught from the sheep.
Horses Are Susceptible.
Morses, too, are very subject to nasal ea
t; £rrh, and it is a widely prevalent belief
■ imong coachmen that if a horse goes into
a fresh stable, and especially if a horse
which has been out at grass goes into a
stable with other horses, it will be most
likely to develop a cold. So, too, it is
noticed, will horses bought at a fair, and
this is popularly atributed to the draughts
to which they have been exposed. As it
is admitted, however, that any other
horses which may have been in the stable
generally catch this cold from the new
comer. surely it is more reasonable to
suppose that the latter ha? in like man
ner received the infection from some of
its neightiors while on sale. A medical
friend of the writer’s lately made an in
teresting experiment. He has two horses,
and has been in the habit of turning one
out for the summer months. When he
brought it in again for the writer it used
invariably to develop a severe cold.
Coe eh men will tell you that this is due to
the unaccustomed warmth of the stable,
which makes the animal “nesh.” Last
year, however, before bringing in his
horse, the doctor had his stable thoroughly
disinfected and lime-washed, and put no
other horse into it. The one which came
in from grass then remained perfectly
free from any symptoms of catarrh.
Hunger of < oddling.
All this evidence seems to force us to
the conclusion that a cold is a specific in
fectious disease, and that without the
possibility of infection it is impossible to
catch it. That is to say that it is due to
a micro-organism, and that without the
presence of this micro-organism the dis
ease cannot be contracted, be the exposure
what it may. What is the bearing of this
belief? Is it of any importance to us, if
true it be, to recognize its truth? Contrast
it for a moment with the commonly ac*
cepted theory, which may be roughly stat
ed as follows: First, that the greater
number of illnesses begin with a cold.
This is more or less correct. Secondly, that
all colds must necessarily be due to expos
ure of some kind, to draughts, damp, cold,
or wet, though this exposure may lx* so
slight that the sufferers are often quit*
unconscious of it, and say: “I am sure I
don’t know how I have taken cold.” The
practical result of the theory is that, in
their fear of these unrecognized exposures,
people are apt to take more and more
care of themselves—in other words, t>
coddle more and more. This treatment
tends to make them more and more deli
cate; less and less able to withstand ex
posure; more and more sensitive <o the
depressing effects of cold; less and less
capable of reacting healthily against it*
and, what is far w r orse, more and more
afraid of fresh air and good ventilation.
(In t{ic back blocks of Australia the writer
has actually known a monthly nurse,
strong in the consciousness of unquestion
ed wisdom, and armed by the authority
of established custom, even when the
thermometer stood at 90 in the shade, re
fuse to open the window, lest her patient
should take cold.) And this coddling
treatment, when it is applied to chWdn'n, t*
especially injurious, causing them to
grow up delicate instead of sturdy
and strong. and in the long
run . tendin to undermine * *
robust health and hardihood of our EnglU 1
race. Now, if this commonly accepted
theory is, after all, an erroneous one; if all
this over-carefulness is not only injurious
in many ways, but is altogether useless a*
a precautionary measure—given exposure
to infection which must sooner or later ho
incurred—then surely it Is important th.it
we a* a nation should give up our tradi
tional he lief, how soever much we may hao
cherished it. If the alternative theory, that
of infection, be the true one, and if it bo
frankly accepted, many consequences mu>t*
follow, which it is impossible to cons id* -
here. Hut one thought forces itself upon
us. If it lx* true that exposure is not tlio
direct cause of the disease; if. as seem*
probable, it only acts by lowering our
vitality, and so enabling the germs to - -
a foothold, surely the more we become i' *
ured to such exjvosure the less likely "
it be to affect us in this way—a thong
which, if acted upon, would go fur tow
preserving that hardiness which Is so *-
actoristlc of our nation, which would pro'*
as effective a protection against cold fl
against other enemies.
May we hope for anything further*
Shall we ever bo able to avoid colds -‘’m*
sether? Probably we shall; probably ,r '
long our bacteriologists having discov*;
►
its, traced his life history and track* 1 * l,!
to his lair, will be able to show us b ,,v
we can get the better of our foe, so t 11
in the oft-recurring struggle he, not v '.
wiH succumb, and we shall soon cea*e
fear him. *