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MEETING OF ENTOMOLOGISTS.
STATUS OF GEORGIA'S ORCHARDS
WAS DISCUSSED.
Stale* EntomoloKriMt Scott Will Visit
\ 11 Orchards Reported to He In
freted With the San Jose Scale.
Ilis Report on the Condition of Or
chards in Georgia—Extent of the
s an Jose Scale and Method of
Treatment.
Macon, Jan. 23.—The State Board of En
tomology met at the Hotel l-*anier to-day.
were joined here by at least thirty
prominent fruit growers.
Several orchards were reported to be in
fi r-n 1 with the San Jose scale and in need
of Entomologist Scott’s attention. At a
business meeting of the board held after
v ard it was decided to send Mr. Scott to
all such orchards. A number of papers
u ling of the diseases of fruit' and their
ti itment were read.
Sixty-three nurseries were licensed in
the state last year and forty-three from
a >id were given privilege of shipping
into the slate.
The following is an abstract of the re
]>on made by State Entomologist Scott:
It is perhaps proper that I should sub
mit to this meeting the report of the work
tor 1899. Such a report given in full would
i • entirely top lengthy and tedious, and
I shall give what might be properly term
<l extracts from the general report which
" f hope to publish later.
in pursuance of an act of the general
assembly of Georgia at its 1898 session,
r ating a state board of entomology, and
>’i horizing and directing the same to take
1 Men for the suppression of certain in
urious insects and fungous diseases and
for the prevention of the further introduc
’!"M. increase, and dissemination of the
the said board met in the city of
M M, n on Jan. 18, 1899. Fruit growers.
’ r rymen and all others interested were
invited lo meet with the board to discuss
problems touching their interests In con
dition with the law. Asa result of this
tie, tmg, “Rules and regulations for the
P 'u rnment of the state entomologist in
tbe enforcement of the act of the general
• ssembly, providing for the control and
eradication of the insect pests and fun
mis diseases which threaten the fruit
""I other agricultural interests of the
late, and for the prevention, of the fur
ther introduction of dangerously injurious
rn P pests from without the state," adopt
d and promulgated through the state
i rr-ss.
Among other things these regulations
P • vent the shipment of trees and other
i ,| 'ints into this state from other states
" r countries without a satisfactory health"
rtlflcate approved' by the board. For
vcral years Georgia has been made a
•ri of dumping ground for nurserymen
other states to dispose of their inferior
'’id diseased stock. The San Jose scale,
"hieh Is now so prevalent in Georgia,
"no to us ociginnlly from Maryland,
Jersey and California. The ruling
the board as above cited, is to prevent
1 h introduction and insure freedom of
iants coming into this state from such
bests.
" liat tle Rules llim* Done.
Since these rules have been adopted cer
tificates of the board, based upon the cer-
Jdi, tes of their official entomologists,
h iv* been issued to fifty-five nurserymen
■ "ding In other states, France and Bel
""n. entitling them to do business in
" orgia and official tags have been fur
• nsned them, which tags must be attached
"every shipment of plants coming into
•Ms state.
A,ot only do these rules apply to the nur
vryuien of the United States, but to for
eign nurserymen, as well, which serves
to protect us in a great measure from in
sects liable to be introduced into this
country.
This fact alone is sufficient to warrant
the continuance of our present law and
rules, .with perhaps a few changes. It
has been repeatedly demonstrated that im
ported pests are the most dangerous. In
sects transported from one country to an
other find themselves under the energiz
ing influence of new environments and are
supplied with less resistant host plants,
and suddenly separated from their par
asitic and predaceous enemies as they us
ually are, they develop to excessive fe
cundity and destructiveness; while in
their original home, where their food
plants are more resistant by inheritance
and where their natural enemies predomi
nate they may not hrfve attracted atten
tion at all. Insects are thus brought into
prominence that were ’ never know n be
fore. We have only to witness the San
Jose scale, probably the worst pest with
which the fruit growers now have to con
tend. Until it was discovered in Cali
fornia. some twenty years ago, it had
never been known. It was of so little
imj>ortance in Japan, its probable original
home, that it was not brought to notice.
After its introduction into California it
made rapid strides toward the East,
sweeping away thousands of fruit trees
with it. until it has become a terror to
the fruit growers and nurserymen
throughout the United States and Can
ada. Quarantine regulations against in
sects liable to be imported into this coun
try, properly belonging to the federal gov
ernment, but since w© have no such pro
tection from that source, our state law
serves to exclude such importations from
the bounds of this state to a considerable
degree.
1 might say just here, by way of pa
renthesis, that a federal bill was intro
duced into Congress Dec. 4, 1899, providing
for rules and regulations governing the
importation of nursery stock and for the
inspection of nursery stock grown with
in the United Stated which become sub
jects of interstate commerce. This bill is
of very great importance, as it provides
for uniform regulation governing the
transportation of plants in interstate com
merce and for quarantine regulation
against dangerous insects liable to be in
troduced into this country, and I think it
deserves the support of our senators and
| representatives.
1 am pleased to report that our law has
| worked admirably, and has met with very
little opposition in its enforcement. Wo
i have had two cases of compfaint from
nurserymen outside of the state that the
law was unjust to them, but I think these
complaints were entirely unwarranted. As
a rule, we have had the hearty co-opera
tion of the fruit growers and nurserymen
of this state, which fact has enabled me
to push the work of combatting the or
chard pests with striking success.
Distribution of Sn n Jose Scale.
When I took charge of the state work in
1898 my first aim wasdo determine the ex
tent of spread of the San Jose scale over
the state and nearly the whole year was
spent In the field Among the fruit grow
ers and nurserymen. Most of the state,
particularly the fruit growing sections,
was covered. This inspection work is still
kept up from time to time and occasion
ally anew infested locality Ls brought to
light. This inspection work has revealed
*’oo cases of scale ranging from small
premises of a few hundred trees to or
chards of 50,000 trees, not Including hun
dreds* of gardens and wayside case® in
such counties as Irwin, Berrien, Worth
and Mitchell. These cases are distributed
over thirty counties, principally in the
southern part of the state, only five coun
ties north of Macon having been found in-
far as can be determined this Insect
has been in Georgia about ten years, hav
ing been brought from California about
1889 and subsequently from New’ Jersey and
Maryland. Two important nurseries be
came infected perhaps as early as 1890.
THE MOKNING NEWS, WEDNESDAY", JANUARY ‘24, 1900.
$45,000!
and from that time until 1898 sent out in
fested stock. These nurseries, having been
located in South Georgia, it is no wonder
the scale has become so thoroughly es
tablished in this section. For eight years
its artificialsdissemination through nursery
stock has been going on, constantly es
tablishing infested areas, and the natural
spread from these centers have been slow
ly but inevitably extending its limits.
When I first took charge of this work I
announced that this insect was here to
stay as a permanent pest, forming an im
portant factor in the art of fruit growing
in the infested areas of the state, and I
repeat that ail hope for total eradication
must be given up and our attention given
to holding it in chock. restricting it, so
far as possible, to its present limits. The
system of nursery inspection and fumiga
tion now being generally adopted all over
the country will greatly decrease the arti
ficial dissemination of the scale, and ac
tivity of local work In the application of
remedies in infested areas will lessen its
natural spread.
The fall nursery inspection of 1898, my
first visit to the nurseries proved the San
Jose scale to be established on nine dif
ferent nursery premises. If these infest
ed nurseries had not been detected and
the stock scattered broad capt oyer the
state, as it surely would have been, the
cases of scale would have multiplied by
the hundreds. Such dissemination is
checked by nursery Inspection and fumi
gation. But despite 6ur most heroic meas
ures we must face the fact that the nat
ural spread of this insect will inevitably
continue. What shall we do then? yon
may ask. Fight it as you fight the weeds
and grass that would grow in your orch
ards, if it were not for the plow. You
don't exterminate the weeds. You only
hold them in check. When you cease to
cultivate the weeds begin to grow. The
same is true of the scale. When you
cease to treat they begin to multiply and
destroy. It is a continual fight, the cost
of which the intelligent and progressive
man will count on in the estimate of his
yearly general expenses of his orchard,
and he will continue to grow fruit with
the assurance that the failure, of Ids
neighbor to Incur the same expense will
increase his (the former's) profits.
Some nemedies far It.
Since continued experiments have
brougfit to light efficient remedies, the San
Jose scale is not necessarily a fatal pest
in the orchards of progressive men. I
could cite dozens of examples where men
in our own state are successfully treating
their orchards that were once badly in
fested. In the summer of 11898 I visited
an orchnrd of 50,009 trees, owned by Capt.
H. 11. Tift of Tifton, Go., which was so
badly infested with scale that it seemed to
me almost beyond recovery; and, in fact,
Mr. Tift was about ready to abandon it.
Acting upon my recommendation, he treat
ed during the winter of 1898-1899. I visited
the orchard again in the summer of 1599,
and I think Its condition will bear me out
in saying that I have hardly seen a mure
beautiful orchard in Georgia. By fall the
trees were quite well covered with senle
again, but the treatment to which they uro
being subjected again this winter will be
sufficient to hold the pest In check another
year. Another instance Is a man in 9outh
Georgia, who contro'.ls an orchard of 30,-
(•Sl trees, which is infested. He is now
spraying this orchard and at the same
time is planting out an additional 30,000
trees. Col. John M. Stubbs of Dublin will
testify that he is successfully controlling
the scale in his orchard, hut at the same
lime he will admit that he does not dare
to stop bis annual spraying no more than
he would stop cultivating. Orchards in
the same neighborhood that have not re
ceived the same treatment that he has
given his, now lay in ruin. lam empha
sizing these facts in answer to urgent re
quests (I might say, demands), ih.it have
recently been pressed upon me as state
entomologist to eradicate this scajo from
certain sections of the state and even
from the entire state. I have been asked
to do the impossible, and it should be un-
stood at once that our efforts are not
aimed at total eradication, but at check
and control of this part. When you strike
nature you strike a monster. You can re
tard her progress, but you can never stop
her fundamental laws.
T should explain, however, that in lo
calities where the scale has been introduc
ed, but not thoroughly established, it may
be eradicated. 1 believe that nearly
every case that has been dis
covered in North Georgia ha?
been Exterminated, by reason of the fact
, that with one exception only a few trees
were involved in each case and these
j were quickly dug up and burned. If we
got every infested tree and plant, then
the scale was eradicated from these local
ities, but it yet remains to be seen
whether some scales did not escape, de
tection. When you are looking for an in
sect as small as the San Jose scale, about
the size of a pin head, you are never sure
that some have not been overlooked. Jf
the same plan of work should be adopted
In South Georgia over half a million bear
ing trees would go up in smoke and flame,
as the newspaper reporter would put it;
j and then it would take every entomologist
in the United States twelve months to
I locate the straggling scales that have got
ten out into the old fields and along the
j highways.
Nurse r> Inspection.
• Perhaps the most important work look
! ing to the control of the San Jose scale is
j the inspection of nurseries. The ease with
j which this insect can spread over a nurs
| t ry on account of the interlacing branches
i and the constant handling of plants, and
j the* fact that these p ant A are widely dis
tributed over the country, make an in
! fested nursery a veritable hot-bed for
| 'the propagation and dissemination of the
| scale. Hence the necessity for keeping
! the nurseries clear.
The first general inspection of the nur
series was made in the fall of 1898, and
I the scale was found on nine different nurs
! cry premises. Five of these were clean
|cd up by burning and fumigating and
•four were closed down. Fortunately, on
the second round of inspection, which was
made last fall, only two nurseries were
found infested. These were likewise
cleaned up. and so far as can be deter
rpii.ed by rigid insi>ction, the nurseries
of the state arc free from this pest. The
law requires that the nurserymen shall
be compelled to have their premises In
spected annually on or before, the first of
November each year, and that certificate*
shall be issued to those whose stock is
found in a healthy condition. On last
fall’s inspection certificates were issued to
sixty-two nurserymen. These certificates,
however, should not be taken as an
absolute guarantee* against the scale be
cause from the very nature of this insect
it Is quite impossible for any entomologist
to be absolutely certain that a nursery is
entirely free from it, even after a thor
ough inspection. But this inspection, cou
pled with fumigation, is the best possible
guarantee of freedom that can be obtain
ed.
All nurserymen located in infested sec
tions are required to fumigate with hydro
cyanic acid gas as a precaution against
the possible existence of scale on their
premises, though orough inspection may
have revealed no traces of it.
Treatment f ***n .lose Scnlc.
In dealing with the Sun Jose scale it
sometimes becomes necessary to root up
and burn the Infested trees, but I huv*
made it a rule to enforce such radical
measures only under the following condi
tions:
First. When the infested trees are dead
or in a dying condition and beyond recov
ery.
Second. When the owner of the infest
ed trees absolutely refuses or neglects to
treat.
Third. When the Infestation involves
only a small numls r of trees situated in
a locality otherwt.-'* free from the scale.
Fourth. When nursery stock is found
infested. In coinb mnlng trees to be de
stroyed I have tried to limit the authority
invested in me to cases coming under the
above conditions. The question of de
stroying Infested trees is a serious one.
Justice and personal right is involved, but
at the same time the protection of the
community ns a whole must be consid
ered. In no case has any large orchard
been destroyed that was worthy of treat
ment. The 30,000 trees at De Witt, Ga.,
that were condemned Christmas week,
which act cause some comment in the
papers, were practically dead already.
There was some life in the base of the
1 larger limbs and in the roots, enough to
| throw out water sprouts and shoots which
| furnished ample feeding surface for the
j scale, making the orchard a hot-bed for
; the propagation and spread of the pest.
; The orchards were valueless to the own
ers and forms a menace to the commhun
ity. The grubbing hoe and match must
be applied to such cases.
The general treatment of the orchards
has been pushed for the last two years,
and in most cases the scale has been quite
thoroughly checked. In some case, how
ever, particularly when the remedies have
been applied in a slip-shod and careless
manner, the result has only been to pro
long the life of the trees without mate
rially reducing the number of insects. We
have experimented with various remedies
with the result that kerosene in mechani
cal mixture with water at the rate of 20
per cent, kerosene, has given the best re
sults for general orchard work. At least
two yearly applications are necessary, and
if the trees are badly infested a third ap
plication should be* made.
The first application should be made as
soon as the trees have ripened up and
shed their foliage, while the insects are
still in an active condition, and therefore
more susceptible to treatment than later
in the winter, when they are dormant.
The application should be made through
a very fine spray nozzle, and the trees
thoroughly moistened from the ground to
the tips of the twigs. The second appli
cation should Ik* made in the spring, be
ginning in time to finish the work as Ihe
first buds arc opened. If three applica
tions are to be made the second <*in be
made at any time during the winter after
the first, and the third in the spring. Th*
outfit necessary for applying the mixture
is a kerosene sprayer fitted up with the
proper discharge hose and vermorel noz
zle. For orchard work a barrel kerosene
prdyer, with i wo hos ■ altachme ms mount
ed on a wagon, should be used.
W r . M. Scott, State Entomologist.
DESTRI mow OF Ol R TREES.
A Forestry Association Recom
mended nnd Commended.
New York, Jan. 20.—Editor Morning
News: On a visit to my old home, Savan
nah, after two years absence, I was shock
ed and pained to aee so many of the fine
old trees cut down, and many of the beau
tiful familiar woods devastated. The en
closed article, taken from the New York
Times, brought the subject again to my
mind, and I think If some of our leading
Georgia papers, like the Morning News,
would endeavor to use their powerful In
fluence In the direction of starting similar
laws in our state to those of Massachu
setts. they would save a country made
so beautiful by nature from being siollt
by the Ignorance of mercenary men.
"A New York Savnnnahlan." The fore
going correspondent ought to know, and
probably does know that the tree* she
laments were destroyed by storms. The
article from the New York Times she de
sires to have represented is ns follows:
“When one notices the amount of atten
tion which the people of Massachusetts are
giving to tree planting as well as to tree
protection, It is almost easy to believe
that the invasion of the state by the gypsy
moth was a deeply disguised but very
real blessing. Of course that dreadful In
sect has already destroyed a vast num-
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25% ■ BOVS '
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ber of trees, and still threatens to de
stroy a vaster number more, but by abso
lutely enforcing u vehement warfare
against itself the moth has brought the
whole subject of arlx>riculturo Into the
public mind, nnd nothing more was neces
sary to awaken a realizing sense of the
value and beauty of trees, and*the com
bat against one of their enemies has re
sulted in victories over many others, in
the aggregate much more dangerous. But
whether there i anything in this theory
or not, and it. must Ik* confessed that It
is rather far-fetched arid fanciful, the fact
remains that all over Massachusetts trees
are getting a thoughtful care they never
received before the moths were introduced
by a still unpardoned scientist, and the
expenditure of both money and energy io
this direction Is steadily increasing. In
1890 the Massachusetts Legislature passed
a law permitting any town that chose to
do so to elect a paid tree warden, whose
duty it should be to nee that such trees
as his town (rossessed were protected and
such additions to their number made as
were practicable and desirable. The law
in its permissive form worked so well that
in 1899 It was made mandatory, and in this
shape it goes into effect at the approach
ing spring elections. The Massachusetts
Forestry Association has just Issued a
circular letter, calling attention to the pro
visions of the law, and appealing for the
selection of competent men to fill the po
sition of warden. It is not neaeggary, the
circular says, that these officials should
be trained and scientific arboriculturists.
Where such persons can be secured—and
paid -of course it is wall to get them, but
good intentions, helped out by ordinary in
telligence, will accomplish wonders, and
technical knowledge is soon added to
them as the warden goes about doing his
beneficent work. When is New York to
have a law like this? Horrible crimes,
real tree murders, are committed daily all
FINE GRADES OF WHISKIES.
WHISKIES. WHISKIES.
The R. G. Whiskey gallon $2.00
Glendale ’.Vhiskey . .gallon $2.50
Crystal Spring Whiskey gallon $3.00
Golden Wedding Whiskey gallon $3.50
IN CASES OF \2 LARGE BOTTLES:
The Antediluvian Whiskey bottled by Osborne of New York $14.50
The Peerless Whiskey bottled In bond in Henderron, Ky $12.00
The Peoria Whiskey bottled In bobd by Clark Brothers $11.50
Meredith Rye Whiskey, bottled at their distillery In Ohio $11.59
Golden Wedding Whiskey, our bottling S9OO
LIPPMAN BROTHERS,
Lippman Block, - - - Savannah, Ga.
through the state, and nowhere are they
more numerous than In tho immediate sub
urbs of this proud metropolis
UNIVERSITY*!* ENTENNIAL.
....if
I’lnn* to Be Made fop a Great Cele
bration la Jnnr, Hail.
Athens, tie., Jan. 23.—The centennial of
the University of Georgia will be cele
brated in great style and with much en
thusiasm in June 1901. This has been
detinitefy determined after correspondence
between Chancellor Hill and President H.
D. McDaniel of the board of trustees.
There was some doubt as to whether the
approaching commencement or that of
1991 should Ire celebrated. The university
opened In November, 1800, but no work
was actually done until thedtprlnff of 1301.
At the approaching commencement the
University Alumni Society and the hoard
of Trustees will take the matter under
consideration, and' will make all necessary
plans for the grandest reunion In the his
tory of the educational work in Georgia.
Chancellor Walter B. Hill is now sending
out letters to his classmates of the class
of 1870. and Is making arrangements for
the reunion of that class during the ap
proaching commencement.
l’rof. H. N. Starnes is looking after the
arrangements for the reunion of the class
of 1875.
Ilc.l Gets ElKbteen Years.
Norfolk, Va., Jan. 23.—Frank Best, col
ored, who murdered a negro two years
ago at J .urn beta's Point and was sentenc
ed to be hanged, but got anew trial, was
to-day irkd In the Norfolk County Court
and given eighteen years in tho oemun
tiary.
5