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THE MAN OF GOD IN
THE DONEGAL HILLS.
Life of the Irish Priest as Lovingly Portray
ed by Seumas Mae Manus.
He 1 tlie Most Important Man in tlic Neighborhood—llia Word la Trnly
the Law of the Parish—This Is Decnnse He 11ns Endeared Himself to
the People In Many Ways—He Is n Heal Pother to His Flock.
Devotion of His Parishioners to Religion—The Seulaus or
Mass Sheds of Other Days—The Priest’s Sick tails.
Episeopn linns and Methodists.
(Copyright. 1900, by Seumas MacManus.) j
The clergyman is here interpreted Ro
man Catholic priest, for clergymen of
other denominations (of which I shall deal
further down) are very rare in our moun
fains, and their flocks exceedingly small. !
The priest is by far the important
man in our neighborhood. The autocrat
of all the Russias is far from being
vouchsafed the dutiful obedience paid the
priest, and no prince or potentate ever
got a tithe of the whole-souled love that'
Is lavished on the darling priest, oT. as
■we call him, the sagart arun.
Some years ago, In the throes of the
land war the constitutional authorities
were shocked when the world famous
Father MacFadden of Gweedore announc
ed for their edification at a public dem
onstration: “I am ihe law in Gweedore."
Yet, though they harried him and prose
cuted him and imprisoned him, they, to
their bitterness, learnt at a sore price
that he had only given utterance to a
cold fact. The forces of (he crown when
they came to arrest him were held at bay
for long weeks by his poor, unarmed
f.0c1., till, when blood had been spilt, he
disbanded the standing army that his fol
:
I ~
The worshipers gathered before the mass shed.
lowers had constituted for h'.s defense
and voluntarily gave himself up.
So, in every mountain parish, Ihfe
priest's word is more truly the law''than
the enactments of the British Parliament.
And because of this snperers who know
not the conditions of things, and know
not the sentiments and feelings and the
proper relations of, priest and people, say
that we are priest ridden. They say so
because they know not, nnd do not seek
to know, that the extraordinary obedience
and respect I>atd to the priest’s word is
founded not In the remotest manner upon
servility or feor (for our people never
have been servile or afraid), but upon
fond, filial love and the implicit faith
which our mountain priest*, by their
priestly and fatherly qualities, have
worthily engendered in ihe hearts of those
who have never in vain looked to them
for sympathy, for help, for guidance and
for protection.
“Sagart Arun.”
For the true sagart, when he tnkes
charge of a mountain parish, takes upon
his shoulders and upon his heart a great
load. The sickness, the troubles, the sor
rows and griefs of every household, of
every child, In his domain are his personal
sorrows, and their little Joys are his joys.
Not merely for the souls, hut for the
bodies of every orS In his parish, respon
sibility weighs him down. He can not,
could not shirk his tradltonal duty, which
Is truly to father his flock in all things—
to brave any tyrant who would oppress
them or unjust one who would wrong
them, to fight for them, to suffer for them,
to lay down his life for them, if'need be.
Banin, in his lovely ballad, “Sagnrt
Arum," (sawgarth arcon,) gives a touching
picture of the true feeling of the peasant
for his priest:
“Doyal and brave to you,
Sagart arun.
Yet be not slavo to you,
'Sagart arun,
Nor, out pf fear to you
Stand up so near to you—
Och! out of fear to you,
Sagart arun!
•‘Who, In the winter’s night,
Sagart arun—
When the cold blast did bite,
Sagart arun— v
Come to my cabin door,
And on the earthen floor
Knelt by me. sick and poor,
Sagart arun?
"Who, on the marriage day,
Sagart arun.
Made my poor cabin gay,
Sagart arun?
Who did both laugh find sins,
Making our glad hearts ring,
At the poor christening,
Sagart arun?
Och! you and only you,
Sagart arun!
For this I was true to you,
Sagart arun;
In love they'll never shake
W'ho for ould Ireland's enke
A true stand and port did take,
Sagarl arun!"
The Roman Catho'lc clergy nowa 'ays re
ceive their education at Mnynooth College,
near Dublin. It was established a hun
dred years ago, and before that time the
boy who felt a priestly vocation Went to
France. Belgium or Spain for his educa
tion. In the penal days, when educating
his eon for a priest would mean confisca
tion of a father's property, the bold young
fellow, after getting a smattering of Datin
at home by stealth from the outlawed
hedge schoolmaster was carried aboard
s smuggling smnek, which rode In some
forgotten hay, at dead of night, and thus
borne to the continent. In a smuggler,
also, and under cover of night, when he
bed been ordained, onds disguised a# a
layman, tried to minister in private to
an awed md hungering flock.
Except in the case of our mountain
priests, the Mnynooth man of to-day Is
not the same type of homely sagart that
his continental schooled predecessor was.
The Violin tain Fnrlsh.
Ouc parishes perhaps average ten miles
square, and contain, say, 6,009 sou'.s; for
whom there are two chapels and three
priests. Some parishes are twenty miles
long, and even- longer; and, as every one
appieclates the duty of regular attend
ance at mass, six, seven end eight miles
of moor mountain and road is a common
distance for men and women of seventy
to walk to chapel on Sunday, in. sun and
in storm, rain, hail or snow. Topcoats )
are almost unknown with us, and the
women who oarrp umbrellas are rare.
But our people give little concern to a
drenching and little care to a cough.
In one case with, which I wps quite fa
miliar theso poor people, after 'tramping
weary miles to mass and arriving drench
es'! with rain or snow or reeking with
perspiration, knelt down upon the grass
field bareheaded under a seorchlng sun
or a pitiless storm and heard mass read
by the priest under the protection of a
thatched and open shed. This kind of mass
shed Is known as a scalan, and Is the last
link that binds us to the days when no
chapel was allowed In the land, and the
priest gathered the flock in a hollow of
the hills, with his altar a rock, and his
roof the dome of heaven.
In the case of this scalan, one of the
last of its kind, each person, in wet and
snowy weather, brought with him a 1 t ie
bunch of hay to lay under knees in the
slushy, muddy ground, upon which they
knelt. I think God always heard the
prayers of these people. About live yrart
ago this scalan superseded by a chapel,
built "bj' money sent home for that pu pose
from servant girls and laboring boys In
America.
After mass the congregation Join the
priest In praying In turn for eaca p<r
son sick in the parish, and then for the
repose of the souls who died during the
week, each being specially announced and
each getting a special prayer.
Then follows the priest’s discourse or ex
hortation. which, in our chapels, has a
profoundly moving effect. The emo ions
of the Celt are very responsive: it is a
common Sunday experience to find a con
gregation of two thousand convulsed with
sobs; and I have innumerable times b en
thrilled to the soul by a chorus of wall
ings, which, rising and falling In waves,
filled the building.
Approaching Easter, ard approaching
Christmas, the priest begins "Ihe stations”
—that is, holding n confessional in each
district of the parish. He announces from
the altar on Sunday the name of each
party In whose house he purposes holding
a station on each day of the week follow
ing. Every woman who is done the honor
of "having a station called" in her house
goes to much expense to have the house
and its surroundings fitted in a manner
that will fefleot credit on her and force
a word of praise from Father Dan—and to
have the best and most elaborate break
fast the country can afford.
At the “Station House.”
The men and women and children of the
townland, dressed in their neatest, are
collected at the station house when Father
Dan arrives on his rickety Jaunting car
at 8 o’clock in the morning. The best room
In the house has been prepared for him.
and when, sitting here, he has lightened
many oppressive burdens by his counsel,
he says mass, administers holy commun
ion and delivers to the sobbing penitents
a gentle and touching homily.
After breakfast, to which he sat down
efith the heads of the household and the
Schoolmaster, he collects his sipends, each
father of a family with his dollar—some
farmers more comfort ably circumstanced
than usual paying (voluntarily) a dollar
and a half or two dollars. This at tho
Christmas stations—for the payment is
made but once a year. Other fees which
Father Dan receives are half a dollar (or
more) at each christening, and five dol
lars at a marriage. According to the
circumstances of a parish, a priest re
ceive* from three hundred to seven hun
dred and fitly dollars a year.
Formerly tho priest, went to the house
to perform the baptismal and matrimonial
services, and remained to share in the
merriment. But now be i* enjoined to
perform both ceremonies in the chapel.
The most trying duty of the priest Is
the sick call. He Is never sure of u
night’s quiet. At any moment he ex
pects a thundering at the door, which
may order him off post haste, In rain,
hall or storm, over half a dozen or half
a score miles of moor that is not with
out its hazards at high noontide—to Visit
some creature who is hungering for his
ministrations, before bidding a final fare
well to Cara and ache.
But be the night never so bad, and be
the priest already wearied and worn, and
be the way dark, and ugly, and far, a
sigh 1* generally his most earnest pro
test. He arises, dresses hastily, takes his
staff in hand, and, his summoner leading
the way with a torch, bends him, to tho
moantain path. If at the wearied end
of the Journey he finds that the nervous
old woman, who, In a scare, sent for him
at dead of night, Is already sitting In the
chimney corner and treating herself to
a rousing bowl of tea, ho Is, perhaps, not
to be too harshly Judged if he do not
give earnest of much Joy at her sudden
recovery. And such a case la far from
being exceptional.
Only n Kesv Protestant*.
Episcopalians and Methodists are onlv
occasionally met with In our mountains,
living In small communities, In a. valley
or on a hillside richer than the remalrder
of the country. The lands which they o -
upy were given to their lortfaiheis at
THE MORNING NEWS: SUNDAY, JUNE 3.71900.
a time when the Celts were hunts 1 from
their homes by the hounds of war. Out of
a general sustentation fund their cergy
men are paid an Income of about 730 a
year. Into these funds the Method! t
parishioners are expected to pay 25 cents
every quarter year, each member of the
family; and the head of each Episco
palian family to pay a yearly rum of
about s4—but when their circumstances
are above the average they pay higher
sums. By means of these general funds
the larger and richer congregations In
Ireland are made to aid the smaller. Ther?
is no baptismal fee in eithcT church. The
matrimonial fee Is t*oluntar'y. Five dol
lars or more la usually paid.
Formerly the Episcopalian clergymen
was a rich aristocrat, being paid tithes
by Catholic as well as Protestant. But,
the Roman Catholics eventually made a
bold stand against the injustice. Regu
lar battles were fought by the poor, un
armed people against the police and mili
tary forces who came to enforce the law,
but resulted with little effect, for the jus
tice of the cause triumphed over nil the
powers of the. crown, and to-day the Fr>
testant clergyman in the Irish mountains
is no better oft titan his Catholic brother.
The minister collected his tit He ih har
vest; the priest his stipend at Christ mas
In those days there was a clever wit In
my parish, who, -one day, meeting the
priest and parson, was stopped by them
and, to afford them some fun, asked:
"Now, Neel, we have been disput ng
whether, if you had a son, you would
make a priest of him or a parson—and we
want you to decide.”
“If I had a son," said Ned, "I'll tall
ye what I’d have him. I'd have him a
parson in Harvest an’ a priest at
Christmas.” Seumas MacManus.
A STUDY IN SKIRTS.
Halniornls May Come Into Fashion
Once More.
From the New York Press.
I hear that balmorais are coming into
vogue again. Heavens!* In the fifties, six
ties and seventies they were'thc rage—red
I wool petticoats with horizontal bla k
! stripes. Queen Victoria got the idea itom
John Brown, her faithful Scotch body-s r-
vant at Balmoral Casile and elsewhere
John’s kilts were red and black, ar.d Her
Majesty did the bonny Highlander Im
mense honor when she donned something
similar. Our mothers, wives and sisters,
daughters, cousins and aunts have w rn
them and called them bai-mo-rals, sharp
accent on the bal and rals and none at
all on the mo. AVe learned from a Visit
ing Scot that the name was taken from the
royal castle In Aberdeenshire and that the
correct pronunciation is bal-moor-als, all
the accent on the moor.
Even old fellows never get llred of look
ing at pretty petticoats. I have in mind a
famous photographer of this city who en
tertains twice a year an old schoolmate
who now is a resident of Kansas City.
When the latter visits New York the two
chums s,pend a large part of th ir time
promenading Fourteenth street, Sixth ave
nue and Twenty-third street, forwaid and
back, forward and back. “We are just
looking ’em over," they explain when
challenged by a friend. One is 63, the
other 59. They are familiar with the latest
styles, and can “size up” a woman at a
glance. Their appreciation of the pre
vailing silk ruflied petticoat of many
colors is high, and when diamonds flash
they are In raptures. Old fools! Fossils?
No.
I think the women should practice with
their dresses before going out in the
street, or anywhere in public. It amuses
me to see old, middle-aged and young
trying to get the knack of lifting their
Bkirts in the proper way tp just the right
bight to display, not immodestly, their
vari-colored ruffles or flounces. A fat
but lovely creature, whose husband Is a
big bug In the Slock Exchange, ent v
tained and instructed scores of men In
Wall street the other day with lief ef
forts to protfuce the most catching effect
In betticoats. She stood near the entrance
1o the exchange, with her bustle toward
the street, and for half an hour, as she
chatted with hubby, arranged, rearrang
ed, readjusted, lifted, re-llfted, dropped,
re-dropped, switched, re-switched, Jerked
and hauled hor fawn-colored skirt to
show that which was ruffled and flounced
beneath. Why not wear the pettiroar out
side? But, without a skirt to toy with,
what would lovely woman do wi:h her
hands?
Women Invent mysterious devices their
wonders to perform. In the matter of lift
ing their skirts that little trick of but
tons and strings Is a boon to the un
graceful and untaught. 'As I understand
it, two buttons are sewed on the In
side at just about the point where the
finger tips reach when the arm Is hang
ing at full length, and a lit tie to the rear
of the side seam, if there be a seam.
From these buttons strings diverge to
the .bottom of the skirt, so that when
the buttons are grasped (through the
goods, of course) the upward motion lifts
the garment in graceful loops and folds.
The arrangement is the same on both
sides, so that either band may be used.
It is unnecessary to make dozen attempts
to get the blamed thing right, to twist
around nnd stoop over to see if there Is
a proper effect. Mother* neglecg to edu
cate their daughters ltj this regard,
though sometimes we see tots of 7 or 8,
with dresses to their knees, aping grown
folk in the art of lifllng. They are as
cute as little pigs fighting.
- —The people of Joplin, Mo., which Is the
commercial center of the Mlssouri-Kansa*
zinc and lead district, are talking of hold
ing a great mineral exposition in the near
future. Mining engineers and metallur
gists in various parts of the country have
offered to co-operate in the project.
—ln October of every year upward of
three million geese are driven to market at
Warsaw, Poland, to be sold, and most of
them are exported to Germany. The geese
often come from remote provinces, and
hove to travel long distance* over rough
roads. In order to protect their feet they
ore "shod" by a peculiar process. First
they are driven through tar poured upon
the ground, and then through sand. After
the operation has been repeated several
times the feet of the geese become cov
ered with a hard crush which effectively
protects them
Win* of Cardui and Tltedfords’s Black-Draught have performed a miraculous cure in my case. I have been a great \
Lnl/V JJ ft y tufferer from falling of the womb and leucorrhoea, and my menses came every week for two months and became very pain- G/V 1
I \-jly ful. I was in a bad condition. My husband induced me to try Wine of Cardui and Black-Draught and now I have no pain. 'V \
I je ,Ax 'Snf The leucorrhoea has disappeared and lam restored to perfect health. Mrs. WILLIE MITCHELL pAf' I
V T Reports received show that Wine of Cardui has brought permanent relief to 1,000,000 suffering /
women in the last few years. Because of Wine of Cardui, thousands of sufferers, seemingly on the way to
/ premature graves are now healthy women taking an active interest in the duties of life. Mrs. Mitchell was
y" performed a miraculous cure” in her case. She suffered terribly with the agonies of falling of the
womb, leucorrhoea and profuse menstruation. The weekly appearance of the menses for two months
l sapped her vitality until she was little better than a physical wreck. Her nervous system gave way
\ l under the terrible pain and aggravation. Then came the trial of Wine of Cardui and the cure. Mrs. fj fytijjM
|\ Mitchell’s experience ought to commend Wine of Cardui to suffering women in words of burning
l\ eloquence. The Wine is within the reach of all. Women who fry it are relieved. You can get if ffi.'. >
B\ as much benefit as Mrs. Mitchell received. Ask your druggist for Wine of Cardui. Send to the labo
j-atory for the medicine if he tenders you a substitute.
k Eflr For %6w\ro In oun requiring •pedal direction*, Address,
giving symptoms, “The Ladles’ Advisory Department,** t/I&WtIWBuT
The Chattanooga Medicine Campany,.Chattanooga, Tenn. j
CONGRESSMEN WHO STODV
THE DAILY WEATHER MAPS.
Those Posted in the Capital at Washington
Are Big- and Covered With Ground Glass.
Clinngen in Temperature nml Rainfall Are Closely IV a ielicd Some
Stiitemiiien Who Direct Their limit lliislnes* hy Wire From Ihe Dnta
Displayed on the Slaps, Which Receive the Attention of Nearly
All Member* of the Houses—Tornado Condition!, Which
Were Not finite Perfect The Kero Bine—Where
It I IlottcKt nml Where It In Coldest.
(Copyright 1900, by Julian Richards.)
Waslington, June 2—The large glass |
rra; s upon w! leh ar’ dal y disp’ayed the
data gathered by the weather bureau
from points throughout the country, are !
among the most inter sting features of
the capHtol. The guides always show them
io visitors, ar.d, just before the dally ses- i
slcms of Congress convene, crowds of
members may be seen consulting the maps (
and commenting upon the weather at
their homes.
There are two of thjßse maps. Each is
of the regulation government map size
and is made of ground glass. One is
framed upen the cortidor tfcall in the rear
of the Senate; th • other Is in the House
corridor. The namta of all the govern
ment weather stations are painted in
their appropriate places, and over them
a representative of the weather bureau,
armed with chalk of different colors,
writes the weather data received by wire
each morning up to 8 o’clock. There are
119 ebservers In the United 9 ates and
23 in Canada who report dally to Wash
Congressmen Watching the weather map.
lngton by wire, after tha figures from
the reports are placed upon the map, the
lsotheims and Isobars are drawn, con
necting points of like temperature and of
equal barometric pressure. Arrows drawn
over the names of the stations indicate
the d.rectlon of the wind, while fair or
stormy wt ather, rain or snow, Is Indi
cated by the color of the chalk used In
making the entr.es. In one corner of the
mp is placid the official forecast for the
twenty-four hours following!
All th<se bits of Information regarding
the weather are displayed before 11
o'clock each morning, and many members
would as soon think of going without
their morning papers at breakfast as to
miss consulting this map a* they pass to
their daily duties in the halls of Con
gress.
AVateheil With Special Interest.
Many times In the past few months
these records have been watched by me.iv
bers with epectal Interest. On Ihe morning
of April 11 the members from Colorado
and Idaho made early trips to the cspltol.
The night had been cool and frosty at
Washington and these men wore inteianted
in the fruit crop In their respective states.
Representative Bell of Colorado stood
close behind the weather man, who. wlrti
his report sheet in one hand and a piece
of chalk In the other, wa* entering the
8 o'clock temperatures. Over Cheyenne he
wrote: "Six above and snowing."
"Gee-whizz," exclaimed Mr. Bell.
“That'* getting pretty close to the fruit
belt."
"Denver, 8 above and snowing," cime
next.
The face of the Fopullst congressman
L lengthened perceptibly,
Then the hftnd of the weather man mov
ed over to Grand Junction and wrote, ”81,”
and a little further south, ”36.”
“Hurrah,” exclaimed Mr. Bell, "that’s
better. Guess the cold didn’t get over iho
mountains and the fruit is safe for the
present, at least.” And he was right, for
reports later In the day showed that the
cold wave did not reach the fruit belt of
the state.
Some time afterward the fruit men wor
ried again. The Colorado temperature
stayed around 40, and still later, when
the blooms put forth, they watched eigqr
ly for indications cf wa m wett.K r. A t m
perature of at least 60 degrees was needel
when the trees were full of flower-, the/
said. In order to Insure a large etoi of
fruit. The bees would not visit Ihe flowers
in cool weather and without the frequent
visits of these honey-gatherers the fe ta
xation of Ihe flowers was only partla ly
accomplished.
For weeks In January and February of
this year the coldest weather shown on the
map was the White River, a Canadian
point some 800 miles northwest of Wash
ington. The year began with a tempera
ture of 42 degrees below zero at that i olnt.
Then It got warmer for a time, until 'he
latter pjrt of the month, when on Jan. 29,
the thermometer recorded 3S degrees be
low zero. The following day it was 36 be
low and 22 degrees below on the last day
of the month. Feb. 1 the mercury settled
down to 50 below; on the 2nd It was
38 below; on Ihe 4th 30 below; on the 6th
20 below, and on the Bth 36 below. On
the 9th there came a warm wave under
the Influence of which the mercury climb
ed up to zero, and for the four days
following the record varied from 8 to 16
below.lt bfeame such a regular thing for
the mercury to be below zero at White
River that tha customary morning greet
ing lo the weather man waa, “What are
you going to do for Wtdte River to-day?”
Studying Cold AYnves.
The progress of cold waves and storms
aeposs the continent Is watched by a cer
tain class of congressman as closely as
they would follow a favorite bill buffeted
about by an unfriendly committee or en
during vivisection at the hands of an ad
verse majority In the Hooise. Many West
ern and Southern congresnmen are accus
tomed to direct their business at home
by wire after consulting the weather map
each morning. During the early spring
a large number of additional reports were
received from the cotton belt, and from
the sugar, rice, corn and wheat regions,
and the figures were eagerly studied and
analyzed by the representatives from
those sections.
When the wet weather of spring came
on the member* from the Mississippi and
Ohio valley* were much interested In the
reports of the rainfall. April 6 the map
showed 4t£ Inches of rain at Ban Antonio,
Tex. This was the first flood In that re
gion. April 17 ihe ralutaU at Natchez.
Miss., was given at 13. inches for tho
week, while at Meridian ihe record for
twenty-four hours was 9.34 inches of rain.
Later on came the third flood, and this
time the Texas people were especially re
ported. Oil April 28, 5.94 inches wero
reported at' Temple, and 4.41 inches at
Waco. The press dispatches supple
mented the weather reports with detail
of serious floods, but the maps were
watched for later data continually.
(Not only do the members consult Ihe
weather map regularly, but they also
ovall themselves of the information given
by the bulletins showing the condition
of the growing crop. Pleasure trips tire
frequently planned or abandoned accord
ing to tho advice given upon this map.
The records mode by tho automatic in
struments indicate strange atmospheric
freaks occasionally. One of the most in
teresting as showing n visual record of
perhaps as sudden a fall of tempertgure
as has ever -been recorded, was the ther
mogram for Thursday, May 3, 1900. The
temperature had been slowly rising during
the forenoon, when at 2 p. m., q dork
cloud came suddenly from over the V‘r
ginia hills on the opposite side of the Po
tomac. The wind, which blew from the
southwest, Increased in velocity from 5
mites an hour to 36 miles, and in an In
stant the storm broke upon the city. Tho
wind then veered through thoi huif-clrcie
Bit
111S1
Thermogram, showing remarkable f ill of
temperature of 20 degrees in fifteen
minutes, at Washington, May 3, 1900.
from southwest to northwest and the mer
cury fell 20 degrees In less than fifteen
minutes. The fall was so rapid that the
automatlo pen which traced life ther
mogram made an almost vertical straight
lino Instead of a curve. Then followed
a rise In temperature for five degrees
which wos so rapid that tho pen retraced
the falling Una for that distance. The
next fifteen minutes showed a fall of 3
degrees, succeeded by a slight rise and
then a stendy fall which continued until
6 o'clock the next morning, when a mark
of 42 degrees was reached. This was dan
gerously close to tornado conditions; in
fact, the thermogram for the doy which
Is given herewith, Is a fairly good visual
representation of a tornado.
The Zero Dine.
Among the Important records which are
if t
I .111- ~ I- 1
The zero line.
shown by the weather bureau at the Cap
itol is a map giving the lowest tempera
tures rqporded at various point* In the
United States from tho data of establish
ment of the bureau In 1871 to the end of
February, 1899. a period of twenty-eight
years. The coldest weather recorded In
that time by the weather service was 33
degrees below zero In Northern Montana,
and 61 degrees below, waa reached as far
south as Dander, Wyo. The lowest
temperature recorded at Minneapolis was
41 below zero, at Duluth 41, at Milwaukee
25, at Chicago 23, at New York 6, at Boston
13, lit Washington 15, at Bt. Deoils 22, at
Sacramento, Cal., 10 above, ot San Fran
cisco 29 above, at Dos Angeles 28 above,
at Ban Diego 32 above, at-New Orleans
7 above, al Key West 41 above.
The zero line, smith and east and west
of which zero temperature ha* never been
recorded, starts from the Atlantic coast
übout 50 miles south of Capo May and
runs almost parallel to the Atlantic
ocean and the Gulf of New Mexico, pass
ing Just north of Augusta and Macon,
Ca.. touching Mobile, Ala . where a tem
perature of 1 below zeio has been re
corded, and then crossing the continent,
passing Just below El Faso. Tex., whose
I lowest tempo ature was 5 b low, and then
running north nearly parallel with the
Fa"tfln coast, passing a few mites north
of Tucson and Fho-n’x, Arlz., then
touching Independence, Cal., passing east
of Sacramento end Red Bluff, Just
west of Portland, Ore., where a tempera
ture of 2 below Is recorded to Victoria,
Tacoma has had 2 below* and Scauje U
lolow. It must not be understood that
these low temperature's were ail reported
at one time. They are the lowest temper
aturep reported in the 28 years.
Another map shows the highest tem
peratures ever recorded at these stations,
Washington gets credit for 104 above!
Boston, Pensatola, Mobile, Vicksburg,
Ist. Crosse, Wis., Dubuque, la., and a few
other points show 101 above. Omaha, St.
Louis. Mo., Concordia, Kan., 106 above. A
number of places have had 105 above,
among them Bismarck. N. IX, August*
and Charleston, 8. C., Matamoras, Tex.,
Little Rock, Ark., Denver, Col., and Kee
ler, Cal. Sacramento reached 108 above,
Eos Angeles 100, Yuma, 118, Phoenix U.
This last is the highest record reached
since the weal her service was establish
ed although Walla Walla, Wash., is *
close Second with H 5 degrees to its cred
it. Athene, Tex., reached 110, Miles City,
Mont., 109; Jupiter, Fla., on the otheff
hand, hns only reached 94, Tampa 96,
Miami 99, New Orleans 99, and Galveston
and Cot pus t'liristi 98. Alpena, Mich., arid
Green Bay, Wis., reached 98, while tha
top notch temperature at Duluth was 99.
and at St. Paul 96. Round about Cape Cod
the high temperatures ranged from 88 at
Block Island and 87 at Nantucket to 96
at Vineyard Haven. •
In addition to these maps there are
others which show the mean minimum
and mean’ maximum temperatures for the
different montlis of the year; the normal
ler ire nth. and for the year and the
barometric pressures monthly and yearly.
Each of these different maps are given
close attention by those who are interest
ed In weather lore and few of the mem
bers fall to watch them as they appear
uay by day. Julian Richards.
ORIGIN OF Ot 11 VEGETABLES.
Countries <o AVlilcli AVe Are Indebt
ed for Many of the Common Varie
ties.
From the Cincinnati Enquirer.
It is difficult to Imagine that 300 yeara
ago a boded potato or a dish of mashed
turnips was not to be had In Europe. In
those days people lived chiefly on bread
and meat and beer, and the bread and
meat w< re, as a rule, of such quality a*
would cause a riot In the workhouse o£
to-day.
Feans they did have—at least, the ups
per classes had them. Henry VII, wag
fond of beans and had a Dutch gardener
over, who found English soil would growl
broad beans every bit as well at Dutch.
They rather sneered at peas In the year
16C0. Such as were eaten were imported
from Holland. “Fit da’lntiea for iadlesj
they came so far and cost so dear," sayr
one writer. But mother-country peaa
were highly cultivated from early times.
East year,in the Isle of Bute, a splen
did crop of peas was raised from seed,
which was at least Z,OCO, and probably
nearly 3,000, years old. This seed cams
from an Egyptian tomb. Tho flower had
a beautiful red center, surrounded by
white petals, am) the peas were well up
to the modern market garden standard.
Cabbage has always bem a pet vegetable,
of tho Dutch. AVe got It from them In
1510. and In 1900 we slill use thousands of
pounds of Dutch cabbage seed. And the:
extraordinary part of it Is that cabbage
Is in reality a native of Great Britain.
All our garden vegetables are merely
types Improved by long cultivation ol
wild species. The wild cabbage Is com
mon enough in places by the sea, but la
of no use for food In Its wild state. In
deed, It will take a botanist to tell that
It was cabbage at all. Scotland owes tha
cabbage to Cromwell's soldiers. Tha
cauliflower Is but a cultivated Improve
ment on th“ cabbage. It was brought tel
perfection In Cyprus, and was little known
until about a century ago. The parsnip
Is another native of this country. You
may find It along almost any hedgerow,
but ft Is small and Intensely bitter In lta
wild state. Farsnlp Is grown more in
Ireland than elsewhere. In Ulster a sort
of beer Is made from the root.
Celery Is a native of Great Britain. It
grows luxuriantly In ditches and brook*,
but, like tho others, wild celery Is nasty
even pobonoua. AVe owe the deli
cious eatable celery to a French pris
oner of war, Field Marshal Tallard, whom
Mailborough beat at Blenheim in 1701.
If asked what was the most Important
event In Ihe hist, ry of British vegetables,
most people would suy the bringing over
of the potato fr< m its home In America.
They would be wrong. Th* Introduction
of the turnip—that is, of the Kwedtsl*
variety—was of much greater value. Un
til Britain got the field turnip people haA
to live during the winter chiefly on salt
ed meat. And severe winters were dread
ed on account of the terrible mortality
among sheep, which were then left out
at imsture all through the cold weather.
The growing of swedes changed all that
| by providing cheap and wholesome fooA
I for stock when penned up. Turnips, ilka
| so many other vegetables, came from
Holland about 1690.
By the way, allhough England gen
erally gets the credit for growing th
first European potatoes, It was really
Spain which did so. Tho potato is still
found growing wild In a few spots in that
high tableland* of Mexico.
Onions and cucumbers are two of the
oldest known vegetables. Like pens, ths
Egyptians grew them at least thirty cen
turies ago. Indeed, to tho onion belongs
probably the honor of being the first veg
etable primeval man ever made trial of*
Onions are not found growing wild any
where. but a kind of
mon in so.ilhern Siberia, which U like
the Welsh national emt>l*afe t
19