Newspaper Page Text
1
r
Bv Joseph Clisby.
MACON, THURSDAY, 3 O’CLOCK, P. M., AUGUST 30, 1860
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From tho Southern Cultlvntor.
BERMUDA GRASS:
WhnfltlinH done «V enn «lo.
Editors Southern Cultivator :—In com
pliance with a request made through the
Cult : vatar, of somo Hancock gentleman, to
give their experience ns to tho large yield
of Cotton, Wheat and Corn raised upon
lands that hud been in Bermuda Grass, I
venture to give you a few facts, and offer
a few suggestions derived from observation
and experience.
This grass is considered by most planters
a great pest, and but few persons have at
tempted to praise or defend it (a few have
done so). I)r. Leo says that if every sixth
acre ofclonred land in Georgia were in Ber
muda Grass, it would be more valuable than
tho gold mines of Cali fornia. Dr. Philips
has come to its rescue lime and again, and
I now beg leave to offer my humble opin-
iou in its favor, and am glad to say that I
have at least ono gentleman in Hancock
who agrees with us, and like myself, has
been planting it out with a view to perma
nent pasture (I ailued to Judge Thomas).
And to show what estimate is placed upon
our judgment by one man, I ask indulgence
fertile following anecdote: The Judge be
ing engaged a few years ago in planting a
field by the roadside, n stranger seeing the
negroes, rode up and asked them what they
were doing? To which they replied,
‘•Planting out Bermuda Grass, sir.’’ Said
lie, “I».>ys, who do you belong to ?” “To
Judge Thomas, sir,’’ was the reply. Said
lie, “Boys, ’ain’t your master a fool
and lode off.
I have no doubt many of your readers
will think of Judge Thomas and myself,
and those who plaut out Bermuda Grass, as
this man did. 1 have never found out who
ho was—hope lie does notlive in Hancock—
but whether lie docs or not, and with due
respect to his opinion nr.d that of others
who think like him, I must say I am not
yet done planting out Bermuda Grass. It
a«iJ nsefuLas well (is of great
permanent benefit, to land, as X think’ I siraii
show before concluding tins article. I am
anxious to get some grass that will - afford
good winter pasture, and with this for sum
mer, we will then have approached some
thing like independence, and have made
Olio important step forward in agriculture.
As I said in the beginning, this grass is
considered by most planters the greatest
pest of the age. I have known many val
uable plantations sold at a great sacrifice
because of its hoiftg on them, and curses
long arid loud have"hern heaped upon those
Mho first introduced it into the country.
Had ourtmeestors, before removing from
tho worn out plantations of 3Iidd!e Georgia
—from whoso fine productive soil many of
them skinned out a fortune—planted them
out with Bermuda Grass, instead of leav
ing them in deep gullies and red hills, they
would have in a great measure compensa
ted those who hadto come after them ; and
instead of sighs and regrets at the loss of so
much fino land, ivc could now “rise up and
bless them.” But, least I may trespass too
much upon your time, and occupy’too much
of your valuable Space, I must be more
brief.
About twelve years ago, I purchased a
part of what had onco been considered a fine
plantation, adjoining me, at two dollars per
acre, the placo being objected to on account
of tbe Bermuda Grnss, and would have
sold for one hundred 'per cent, more bad
there been none on it. A lot containing
about thirty acres, through which runs a
fino branch, was pretty thoroughly set with
the grnss. About ten acres (including the
old homestead) was perfectly matted, ami
in speaking of tho production hereafter, ref
erence is particularly had to this place
The balance of the land was only partially
oovered with it.
At the time of the purchase, I found
man occupying the houses and cultivating
a few patches scattered about overtiie place,
avoiding those places having the grass on
them. This man had no one to work but
himself, and raised about half enough corn
to food himself, his U’ife, and a pack of dogs,
1 allowed him to remain on the place, I
think, about four years, when an unlucky
spark set fire to the dwelling an burnt him
out. He was then compelled to give up
the Bermuda Grass lot, but having learned
its value, bn parted from it with many re-
grots and much reluctance. Just follow
me a littlo farther, and I will show you why
he did it.
As I mentioned before, he was a poor
man, and I ought to have said a poor far
mcr. But could he have remained on the
placo, that Bermuda Grass lot would have
made him rich ; and without detaining you
longer, l will-givo you the reason. When
he went on the place, four or five years be
fore tho burning, he had one mare, a cow,
and a sow and pigs. At the time of his re
moval he hod about seventy- five ho^s, and
good ones; at least twenty head of cattle,
Die best in the neighborhood, and I think
seven head of liorses. I am confident he
never bought a cow, a horse, or hog, but
raised the wholo of them on thnt thirty
acres of Bermuda Grass; and my neigh-
bors, Mho knew tho fact, will bear witness
with mu in saying that liis stock Mere gen
erally in much better condition than most
others in the neighborhood, in winter and
summer.
His plan of management was to plow one
horse half tho day and turn hiirxon the Ber
muda Grass, and take up another one; in
that way htrkept his horses in good order,
with, perhaps, a few ears of corn at night,
His cattle had the run of the fields after his
patches of corn M ere gathered, and with a
small quantity of cone, they managed to
get through the winter. In March or April,
they were turned into the Bermuda Grass
and had nothing else during spring, summer
and fall. He usually made good crops of
peas, and these, with a little corn, fattened
his killing bogs, which were generally of
good size and in fine order. His sows and
pigs were kept entirely on the grass, to
“root hog or dieand 11 root" they did and
kept fnt and sleek.
Will any man doubt that that Bermuda
Grass lot would have made this man rich if
he had remained On the place and sold the
surplus stock raised on it ? But, poor fel
low ! he is still living in the country; he
afterward moved on a place that had no
Bermuda Grass, and instead of selling off
his stock, as advised to do, he kept them,
but being deprived of their rich pasture
they soon dwindled down to nothing.
Very fortunately, (foi the old cows) we
have around the village of Sparta a good
deal of this grass; in fact, our back streets,
and in some places the side-walks, are cov
ered with it. I have no idea that the same
quantity of land in any other grass would
afTord half the amount of grazing in spring
and summer. The number of cows kept is
unusually large for the amount of land—I
regret I cannot arrive at the exact number
to the acre.
Having, I think, shou’n that this grass is
exceedingly valuable as pasture, I now come
to the production of two lots, at least in
Corn, Cotton and Wheat, commencing with
my own. But, says your readers, land so
valuable in pasture should not have been
disturbed. If it had been nearhome, I should
certainly not have disturbed it, unless it
might have been to apply a top-dressing of
manure. But being too far oJF, and know
ing that land capable of maintaining such
an amount of stock as this had done, must
contain all the elements necessary to pro
duce Corn, Wheat and Cotton, I therefore
determined to bring it into cultivation ; and
I think it was in February, 1852, that I or
dered the plows to it. After we commenc
ed, the overseer sM'ore We never could plow
it up, and if we did, it would only be to set
it out more firmly'. I found it a pretty
rough job; the ploM’s M’ould be first in and
then out, and often jump two or three feet;
the negroes would grunt, shake their heads
and look wise, and one, more familiar than
the rest, involuntarily spoke out: “Xume
Volume XXXIV.—]STo. 46.
o’God, maussa! you nebber will do nothin’
wid dis stinkin stuff'! Better build ’ntidder
house here for Mr. Ware, and let he old
con s and horses cat the grass up.” But not
intending to “ give it up so,” we persevered
and after three and in many eases four and
five plowings and cross plowings, we suc
ceeded in tearing it to pieces, and planted
it in Cotton in duo season. There being so
much turf it was almost impossible to main
tain a stand, and by the time the cotton was
laid by, there was not more than half enough
stalks left on the land. Tho crop not weigh
ed, but supposeci'iu ...irjv -/-.o. tr.—
thousand pounds to the acre. The grnss
was now so nearly killed that it never
troubled me aftenvards. The next year
planted in Cotton, u-ith no manure nor ex
tra working, and made, I think, at least
eighteen hundred pounds Colton to the acre.
Next year in Corn, manured M-ith Cotton
seed about as the other Corn, one acre of
which was measured and made a little over
G5 bushels. Next year in Corn, hut badly-
injured by drouth, supposed to have made
about 30 bushels. In 1857, 1 sowed it in
Wheat, (without manure) one acre of which
was accurately measured and made a little
over forty bushels. Next year in Corn, and
injured by drouth, one acre measured made
58 bushels ; manured with cotton seed, as
before. This land is now nt rest and will
rest next year, when it will he put in Cotton,
and by aid of commercial manures I hope
to be able to make known tho exact amount
thnt an acre can be made to produce in Cot
ton. I do not think that fact has yet been
ascertained.
There is in the village of Sparta a lot be
longing to Judge Little, containing, I think,
about ono and three-quarter acres, that was
formerly as thick in Bermuda Grass as my
own; how long it M - as in grass before be
ing brought into cultivation, I have no
means of ascertaining. This lot being on
my road to town, I have noticed it very close
ly, nnd have no hesitancy in saying thnt for
the last ten years (I think it lias been in con
stant cultivation longer than that) it has pro
duced more Wheat and Corn than any piece
of land in the State of the same size. I do
not recollect a single year for the last ten
that it has not produced two crops a year—
being sowed in Wheat and after the Wheat
was harvested planted in Corn and Peas or
Potatoes, generally ip Wheat and Corn,
nnd nearly every year producing good
crops of each—often over fifty bushels of
Wheat without manure. I regret that an
accurate account of the production of this
picceof land cannot be given. .If it could,
it would astonish your readers more than
Dnvid Dickson’s Im’cIvc bales Cotton to the
hand and twenty-five bushels Corn, on pine
land.
Wo have other lots iu Hancock no doubt
as good as those mentioned, some of which
I have now in my mind, but I desire to state
nothing but facts, and will not pretend to
give their crops. This I do say: that we
have no land in Hancock, either virgin or
made soil, that can compare with these
Bermuda Grass lots in production.
Am I wrong, then, in saying that had our
ancestors planted out the old fields and red
hills in this grass they would have be
queathed a valuable legacy to us ? I think
you, Messrs. Editors, nnd thoso of your
readers who knou- something of the value
of grasses and their improvement to land,
will at least say not.
It is not yet too late to renovate and re
store to more than their original fertility
these worn out lands, and if I were called up
on to M-rito an essay as to the best method
of doing so, I should do it in a feM- w ords ;
my advice Mould be, to break up the laud
thoroughly in winter, in March or April
lay off with a small plow about 18 inches
each way, drop a sprig of Bermuda Grass
in each hill and throw a little dirt on it M-ith
the foot. If the land is too much u’orn or
naturally poor, apply about 100 lbs. super
phosphate broadcast to tho acre, as a top
dressing. As soon as the grass makes its
appearanco above ground, turn in Sheep,
Hogs and Cattle as many as the land can
set over the land. There would be
more washes nor gullies, the thick sward
would so shade the land os to prevent the
deleterious effects oi the sun, and at the
same time retain those valuable fertilizing
elements of the rain and preserve the drop
pings of all the animals, instead of having
these wasiied off into rivers, creeks, and
branches, as is now most generally the case,
Does any man doubt for a moment that the
land thus managed will rapidly improv
and at tho same time be more remunerative
than in any other way it could be man
aged ? Do you know of any, better plan
than this, gentlemen ? If so, let us hear
from you.
I verily believe,that if many of our plan
ters in Baldwin, Jones, Putnam, Morgan
nnd Greene, and other counties of Middle
Georgia, would set out their old lands in
Bermuda, ns above mentioned, and remov
tbeir strong force to belter land, tbe whole
force might be more profitably employed
{jjllJ liio oi«J lan»i tnvro romunafutivfi tflllP in
any other way. I should like to see (he ex
periment tried as to comparative profits of
an old plantation, thoroughly set in Bermu
da Grass with as many sheep as it could
support, nnd a like amount invested in the
best plantation in South-u-estern Georgia.
If Sheep and Bermuda Grass did not prove
the most remunerative in dollars and cents,
to 6ay nothing of the improvement to the
land, then I should be greatly deceived.
I have thus given you a plain, and I hope
common-sense, statement of facts as they
have come under my observation, nnd leave
the intelligent readers of the Cultivator to
draw their own inferences and conclusions
from them.
At risk of being thought tedious and of
repeating the same thing too often, I re
mark that Bermuda Gross is beautiful for
lawns or pasture. It grou-s finely M-ith me
in M’oodland, where the undergrowth has
been trimmed out, in this way renderin
the 'woodland valuable ; and it can be en
tirely exterminated on upland, as has been
demonstrated in Hancock in many in
stances. If, then, I have succeeded in call
ing the attention of any of my brothcr-
plnnte J-s to the benefit of this valuable grass,
and have been the means of inducing them
to plant an acre or a field or fields in it, I
shall consider myself fuily compensated ;
nnd if any of them should do so, I hope to
hear from them through the Cultivator as to
the results.
Respectfully, &c., A. J. Lane,
“ Granite llillj’ > near Sparta, Go.
THE AMERICAN GUANO.
Although the present Cotton season has been
singularly nnpropitious for a test of the value
of manures, m-c arc glad to hear generally favor
able accounts of the influence of the American
Guano upon the crops, particularly as doubts
hitve been expressed In regard to it as a fertili
zer. Wo copy the following from the Savannah
Mars, in relation to Mr. Peabody’s new Spool
Thread Cotton, and its cultivation by tbe aid of
Fisk Cotton- and Stool Tn er.\T>.-—Wc have'
been presented by Mr. Charles A. Peabody with
several samples of spool thread, of various col
ors, M-bich was manufactured from Cotton of his
own cultivation. It was sent by Mr. F. through
Messrs. Ilall & Dexter, of this city, to the Wil-
liamtic Linen Company, Connecticut, the only
manufactory, we believe, of spool thread in the
United States, Tho specimens before ns are
very fine and polished in appearance, and are
pronounced to be superior in quality bv good
judges, to whose inspection we have submitted
them.
Tho Cotton of which this thread Is made is a
medium between the finest Texas Uplands and
the Sea Island Cotton. Of the former No. 4C
and 60 is manufactured, and of the latte r No. GO
and 70. Hut of the Cotton sent to the Company
by Mr. Peabody, they have produced all our
numbers, which shows its value and adaptation
for manufacturing purposes. The Wiliiamlic
Company represents that it takes colors freely,
another evidence of its superiority, which is
proven by tbe specimens we have. The)- are so
well satisfied from experiment of its utility, that
they offer about twenty-three or twenty-five
cents per pound for all that Mr. Peabody can
produce.
This Cotton was brought to this state of per
fection principally, if not entirely, through Mr.
P.’s peculiar system of cultivation, who thus has
enhanced the valuo of the great staple and in
dustrial interests of the Sooth. We commend
tho matter to the attention of planters and man
ufacturers, and so far as the thread of which it
is made enables us to j udge, tako pleasure in say
ing that we have never seen better or finer.—
Columbus Sun.
Peadodv’s Cotton—How fr is Ccltivated.
—We have received from Mr. PEABODva sped
men sample of his Cotton and several spools
of the thread manufactured from' it, which are
very superior in quality, round and hard, even,
smooth and strong-*-aml we most cheerfully
endorse nnd adopt the above, from the Colum
bus Sun, in views of what we might write on
the subject. Wc have also in our possession
a letter from Mr. Peabodv to a friend, describ
ing his mode of/culture, fertilizing, &c., which
we publish for the information and encourage
ment of our planting friends:
CoLOinrs, August 17th, 18G0.
W. W. CiiEF.vr.ii, Esq.—Dear Sir:—Your
letter, making enquiries of the action of the
American guano on my cotton crop, came duly
to hand. I have delayed an answer until I
could give you something of its tangible results.
Before planting my cotton I subsoiled tho land
as deep as two mules could pull the plow. I
then laid it off in furrows four feet wide, then
crossed in furrows four feet wide. In each of
the checks made 1 by the cross I deposited a
large tablespoon full of the American guano—
this I covered in with the hoc, and over it plan
ted the cotton seed. When the cotton was up
three cr four inches high, I went through it
with the horse-hoe snd thinned it to two stalks
to a hill. The cotton grew off finely until it
began to branch and blcfom, when the season
bocame so dry for the want of rain that the
plant became stationary. From tho 5th of
June until the 20th of July the plant was nev
er moistened by rain; but the dryer and hot
ter the weather proved, the more frequently I
went through it with the horse-hoc. The plant
wilted, withered and slied many of its blooms,
but never lost its bright green color. The 27th
and 28th of July we had copious rains. The
plant revived, soon began to throw out its arms
—the bolls took strong hold of the limbs.—
Kcw blooms continued to form until to-day, the
17th of August You cannot see through the
four feet furrows for the locking of the limbs,
and the weed is literally loaded with full grown
bolls, squares and blooms, and notwithstand
ing the unfavorable season and the natural
poverty of the soil, I shall make a bale of cot
ton to the acre. I send you by express to-day
a sample of spool thread manufactured from
this cotton; also a sample of cotton.
I also send you an extract from the Colum
bus Enquirer, that he may see in what esti
mation this cotton is held by the manufacturer.
The samples of guano, which you were so
most favorable results. As' my crop was all
planted when I received them, I was obliged to
apply the guano around the plant, t selected
localities, where (ljc lice threatened to destroy
tbe weed, and worked it in around the plant
The effect was magical. The plant outgrow
attacks of the lice, and non- stands on i par
with the best I have. I can, as yet, see ijo dif
ference between No. 1. and No. 2. You ^re at
liberty to give whatever publicity you please
to his letter. You will please shou- tho (pool
thread to you friends, and especially to tbe
press, and call their attention to the facf that
cotton, rivalling sea island for many purposes,
is grown- in abundance on very poor (ands
with the aid of Apwricuu guano. -
Very truly, yours.
’ Chas. A. Peaiodv.
REPORT,
To the Cotton Planters' Contention, if Geor
gia, upon the relative amounts of J}me, eon
tained in the Marls and Shell Limestone of
Georgia, and various commercial menu res.
BY JOSEPH JONES, JI. D.
Chemist to the Cotton Planters' Convention, awl Profes-
scmafftpiuai' Chemistry in the Medical Cotl-ge eg Geor-
It is of the greatest importance, that the rela
tive value of the native resoii-ccs of Georgia
should be carefully determined by an impartial
comparison with the most reliable fertilisers of
fered in the American market. 1
The valne of the native products should con
trol the prices of the manufactured and import
ed manures. ;
Whilst wc would not intentionally injure any
honest manufacturer or vender of fertilisers, m-c
whould, on the other han£ do all in our power
to develope the resources of our native State,
and use every fair means t» protect the planters
of Georgia, in the purchase of fertilisers, nnd
prevent the ruinous drnii of money u-liich
flows out of the State, without any other re
turn than worthless coinpmnds, foisted into
public notice by false anl brazen advertise-,
inents. * j
The frauds which have been, and are still
practiced in the sale of manufactured and im
ported fertilisers in the American market, will
receive due notice at our hands, when our inves
tigations and examinations are completed, and
e shall then endeavor to do full justice to the
honest and to the dishonest
No honest man will, for one moment, shrink
from a free amt full investigation.
Every attempt to defeat the eftbits. made to
develope, and protect the agricultural interests
of Georgia, should be sufficient warning to plan
ters tliiit there is fraud.
Upon the present occasion, therefore, we will
leave out of view, entirely, the question of fraud,
and will institute our comparisons with some of
tho best and most reliable fertilisers now olfer-
ir the American market
In this comparison, it would be manifestly
unjust to compare, pound with pound, of the
commercial and native fertilisers—to render the
comparison just and equal, we must compare
tho n mounts necessary for each acre of land.
IVe have chosen for this comparison the phos
phato of lime, because it is a most valuable fer
tilising agent, because it enters largely into the
composition of a’.l organised beings, plants nnd
animals, and because it is one of the sub
stances, so highly recommended and extolled,
by both the venders and the purchasers, of
fertilisers.
The following table will present a compara
tive view of the amounts of phosphate offline, in
corresponding bushels and pounds, of Gcor-
tnarl and shell limestone, and commercial
sesof the soils oTGeorgia, ana navircmuumu.u t-Ti* ii , rt-*s:rirTTWl.-
and finished my investigations upon the -cli- '“luiiOopuimic
mate of Georgia, and its relations to the soil
and vegetation, I hope to be able to speak with
more precision.
It is, nevertheless, evident that even with
this small amount to each acre, the marls of
Georgia, will furnish far more phosphoric acid,
and phosphate of lime, than a corresponding
application of the most expensive commercial
fertilisers. In making this comparison, wc
have, impartially compared the yellow and
green marls, M-ith the very best fertilizers in
the market.
3d. 100 bushels of white-shell limestone,
No. 3, 11, and 13, contain a greater amount of
phosphate of lime, than exists in 100 pounds
of the great majority of the guanos and mani
pulated compounds.
4th. 100 bushels of the marls and shell lime
stone, which contain the least phosphate of lime,
contain fully as much as the most inferior gu
anos and manufactured manures.
5th. It would be safe to apply 1,000 bushels
of the bluish black marl, which occurs on the
plantation of Gapt. Mathew McCuller’s, in Burke
county, to each aero of land, for in this amount
wc would have only 0,739 pounds of carbonate
of lime, ultimately mixed with clay.
In this aiUhuut'wc would obtain G10 pounds
phosphateofjime, an amount at least twice as
great as tfiat contained in a most liberal appli
cation ofthh. Best guano and commercial raa
<-o£ trim Tj
Table* Sho eing (he Comparative Amount* of
of Lime in OnretponAng MushdSy and rounds of Geor
gia Marly andSht’l Limestone^ and CommercialFerlil
\zert:
TABLE l.
GEORGIA MAULS AND SHELL LIMESTONE.
maintain—the grass n*ilf soon be thoroughly | kind as to present me, are beginning to develop
3
~ 3
S3*
St
=-a
as*
H
£i
gS
** B
G
"El
5*5
||
H
lbs.
-2
-i
S3-
C p
K®
s s
r?
• a
lbs.
—2
li?
If
K*
12.
“3
G
No. 1 Green Mari
304
72)
1091
3010
7298
•2 Yellow Marl
oo|
1393
1!B9
«M0
12930
3 White Shell Limestone.
9?
lSd
179
irlO
1860
4 White Shell Marl
4i
85
127
430
853
5 Bluish Black Mari
0!
128
1S4
019
1230
0 Black Swamp Muck...
■»
58
87
290
581
7 Black Sw'p Muck, drv
iU
1U4
246
839
1044
S Reddish Brown Marl...
it
43
01
210
436
fl Reddish Brown Marl...
31
69
104
310
698
10 Reddish Brown Marl..
(4
183
•44*)
««
11 White Shell Lim’etonc
118
230
351
118
230*
12 MTiilc Shell Llm'stonc
35
59
75
230
500
13 M'hitc Shell Lim'Etonc
02
133
183
620
1256
TABLE U.
COHXXUCIAL FERTILIZERS.
lbs. lbs., lbs. lbs.i
American Guano, loose portion
“ •• lump
Brown Mexican Guauo....
African Guano
Brown African Guano...'.
Jarvis' Island Guano
White Mexican Guano... .
Columbian Guano
Sombrero Guano
Ncvassa Guano .
El-HonUna Guano
California Guano
Saidanha Bay Guano.
Pcrnvian Guano....s
Rhodes' Snper-phospliatc.
Grass Manure. .1
S0| 1001 1501 500,11)00
5!»l US ITT 5901180
85| TOf 105 350; TOT
106 3001 SB
«T| 135
S3 TO
40 Sit
16 33
•81 1C2
8T "
•811 1C?
ST ITS
75 150,
m I’m
203
■ 225
79! 159! 239
TTI 1551 288
681 130 205
60; 120 180
26 52 7S
302 CTO,1353
380 76*2
400 804
160; 330
810,1630
87011750
750,1500
70; 114
231 40 C9
50 113 170
58! 11T| 156
601 120 180
54 109 101
25 50 75
411 ss; 123
301 00 90
31 93 93 m
211 43 63 210
46! 92! 138i 460
44| 8S| 132! 440
7001591
7T0|1535
08011860
6001203
2fi0| 530
SS0| 780
230 400
5601139
580)1175
600:1219
-610 1090
Si! 03 63) 810 620
This list of commercial fertilizers might be
greatly extended, but this will serve our present
purpose, for it presents a just view of-the
fertilisers as they occur in the American mar
ket.
The careful comparison of the amounts of
phosphate of lime in the marls and shell lime
stone of Georgia, and in the various commer
cial fertilizers recorded in the table, establishes
the following results and conclusions:
1st One hundred bushels of the green marl
contains four times more phosphoric acid, and
as a necessary consequence, four times more
phosphate of lime, than one hundred pounds
of Phosphatic and Peruvian guano, or of any
other commercial fertiliser.
2nd Ono hundred bushels of the yellow
marl contains eight times more phosphate of
lime than one hundred pounds of any known
guano or manufactured manure.
It would be perfectly safe to apply one hun
dred bushels of these marls to any land in
Georgia, and if the lands be newly cleared and
rich in organic matters, we might double and
treble tho amount
The experience of Senator Hammond, of
South Carolina, and others, have rendered it at
least probable that the lands of South Carolina
and Georgia will not bear as heavy applications
of marl as the lands of England, Virginia, and
Maryland; and hence I would not until careful
experiments have determined the exact amount
of marl which is sufficient for our lands in
Georgia, recommend the application of these
green and yellow marls, upon sandy and culti
vated lands, in larger quantities than two hun
dred bushels to the acre*
When I iinve completed the chemical analy-
Hence,'87tff truth and reason, I affirmed in
my recent report to the Cotton Planter’s con
vention, on the marls and shell limestone of
Georgia, published in the Macon Telegraph, that
this bluish black deposit n-ould prove a valuable
fertilising agent to the surrounding exhausted
sandy lands. The clay alone will prove a val
uable addition to (tie sandy lands.
The planters have now the facts and figures,
nnd can determine for themselves the truth or
falsehood of any counter statements.
Cth. It would bo safe to apply one thousand
bushels of the black' swatnp deposit No. 7, to
each acre of land. In this amount we would
pply as much phosphate oflimc as is contained
in one thousand pounds of the very best phos
phatic guanos, and in addition to this we will
apply eight thousand two hundred and twenty-
one pounds of organic matters and six thousand
eight hundred and eight pounds of carbonate of
lime.
Although these organic matters arc not as so-'
lublc, or as valuable sources of ammonia as the
organic matters of guano, or of animal manures,
still they are valuable, for they consist of ani
malcules, r stems, roots and leaves of trees in va
rious stages of decomposition, in addition to va
rious other, organic compounds, as humic and
ulmic acids. It Is well known to every chemist
that lime, promotes the disintegration and prep
aration for vegetables, of the most stable nnd in
soluble compounds, hence the deposits of swamps
and peat bogs, which arc comparatively inert,
are readily decomposed and prepared for vege
tation by the action oflimc. The value of this
black swamp deposit on this very account will
be increased, by mixing it intimately with one
quarter of its weight of pounded limestone, or
one twentieth of its u-cight of lime—this would
be easily accomplished on the plantation of
Captain McCullers, where this deposit occurs,
for the surrounding hills are composed in great
measure of shell limestone. It should be borne
in mind that a less quantity of this mixture
should be added to the land. That portion of
this swamp deposit, which in our former report
published in the Macon Telegraph, wo designa
ted as insoluble silicates and silicious sand, will
boring sandy lands, for it is composed*chiefly of
a clay, rich in iime, and contains, also, some
soda and potassa.
That the deposits from swamps are useful
application to sandy lands, and greatly increase
(when applied in sufficient quantities,) the yield
of both cotton and corn, I have had most favora
ble opportunities of observing in my native
county, (Liberty county, Ga.,) upon cotton
plantations in the immediate vicinity of the
plantation cultivated by my brother and my
self; and in this connection I n*ould simply re
mark, that I have collected deposits from the
salt marshes of the Atlantic coast of Georgia,
from the brackish swamps, from the deltas of
both salt, brackish and fresh u-atcr rivers, and
from the fresh water swamps which lie above
tho tertiary formation, and have been, and am
still, engaged in a careful chemical examination
of these deposits. We hope to be able to pre
sent a report upon these, deposits, as well
upon the n-aters from which they arc
derived, at an early day, to the Cotton Plan
ters’ convention. In this report the agricul
tural value of these deposits will be carefully
described.
The planters have uou- the facts and figures,
and can draw their own conclusions as to the
truth or falsehood of any counter statements,
for I am persuaded that wc need absolute facts
and experience and not-the idle assertions of
n-riters foreign to our soil.
7th. 200 bushels of the reddish brown marls
would contain as much phosphate of lime as is
contained in the guanos and manipulated com
pounds of medium quality.
8th. In the preceding calculations we have
left entirely out of view the important fact that
these marls, and shell limestone, contain carbo
nate of lime, which is considered by many ex
perienced agriculturists, to play even a more
important part in the economy of vegetation,
and in the chemical changes of tho soil than
the phosphate of lime. TIius, in 100 bushels
of green marl, wc would have 4,383 pounds of
carbonate of lime; iu the yellow marl 4,302
pounds; in the other marls from 200 to 4,238
pounds ; and in the shell limestone, from 7,032
to 0,221 pounds of carbonate of lime.
CONCLUSIONS.
(a) The tertiary lime formation of Georgia is
capable of supplying the entire State with the
phosphates and carbonates of limo for unnum
bered ages.
(b) If the planters of Georgia employ the nat
ural resources of their State, they will have no
need whatever, to purchase a single pound of
phosphate of lime, in whatever form it be pres
ent in the market.
(c) The application of phosphatic guanos,
and super-phosphates to soils to which the marls
and shell limestone, of Georgia have been ap
plied, would be wholly unnecessary, and would
produce no special beneficial effect. The truth
of this assertion has been demonstrated in those
States in which marls, rich in the phosphates,
have been applied to tho soil.
(d) In asmuch as Peruvian guano contains a
large proportion of ammonia, and of organic
matter capable of generating ammonia during
its decomposition in the soil, it is far more
suitable as an application to marled lands, than
the super-phosphates and phosphatic guanos.
The high price of Pcruvinn guanc, however,
will be a serious obstacle to its extensive use
in this State; nnd the fact that when used
alone, it has, in many instances, after a series of
years, actually exhausted the soil, will bo
another argument against its extensive use.
Wo hope to recur to this subject again, and
will then endeavor to point out to the planters
of Georgia, the various native sources of am
monia, and of all the compounds, organic and
inorganic necessary in agriculture.
Great Yield op Wheat.—A few days ago
Mr. Rheirihainmer, residing near Rockville,
Park county, Indiana, threshed five acres of
wheat which produced sixty-four bushels and
fourteen pounds to the acre—over 821 bushels
on the tract, which is equivalent to at least $60
]>cr acre. * One of his neighbors had a forty acre
field near his five acre tract, which yielded a
fraction over forty-three bushels per acre.—
These productions" can’t be beat this side of
California—Mashtilie Pnion.
Clinton, Aug. 22d, 1860.
Mr. Clisby :—Another of those sad occur
rences for which Jones county has been rather
notorious, took place some eight or ten miles
above this place on Saturday.-
Several men were engaged in an affray when
a man by the name of Richard Loyd was kill
ed, and two or three more shot, some slightly
others dangerously. This is not a proper time
or place to comment on the,affair as it is prob
able that a legal investigation will be, had, if
leg bail isn’t resorted to. It took place as usu
al at ono of the strichninc whiskey shops u r hich
curse this and other counties in Georgia.
This is tho second brother of the Loyds that
has been killed in this county; the first one
was killeft by a man by the name of Ton-ls, and
he left for that grand receptacle of thieves and
murderers, Texas, and there he lives in security
and in defiance of law.
Loyd’s father came to his death a few years
ago, also in this county, as it was then and is
still believed by the hand of another man, but
no arrest or examination was had in that case.
Tliis occurred too at one of our numerous dog
geries. Verily these dead-falls and the carry
ing of deadly weapons arc the cause of ninc-
tenths of the homicides in the country. And
theso evils in spite of, and in defiance of the
law and the charges of the Judges"of the Supe
rior Courts, are growing continually.
Just here it is proper to remark, that the
Grand Juries of the country are as direlict in
the performance of their duties in matters of
crime as any other class of men connected with
tho administration of law.
Yours, Jfc., —o—o—
will also support it, oeing tfiose
ling .to make themselves acccssanc^tiP^rSr—
ing upon the country incalculable evils, which
may end in disunion and civil war. These arc
not my views only, but of many others more
competent to judgo and who believe that Lin
coln can never get the vote of the Empire
State.
Very respectfully, C.
?' Clinton, Aug. 24th, 1860.
Mb. Clisby On Saturday, John J. Maddox
was brought before Justices IlascalJ, Childs,
Butler and Middlcbrooks, charged with killing
Levi A. Loyd on the 21st inst, and after hcar-
cvidence in the case was committed to our
county jail to await his trial for murder at our
next Superior Court.
George W. Maddox, u'as also arraigned be
fore the same Justices, charged with an assault
M-ith intent to tnurderEli S. Gray; upon an
investigation in default of bail, he was alsocom
mitted to jail. Theso m«n are brothers, and had
met at the grocery mentioned in my last, togeth
er with others, to attend a shooting match for
beef, but unfortunately it resulted in a shooting
■natch of quite a different character. Cause, for
the whole affair, bad blood and strychnine whis
key. The weapons used besides tho black bot
tles were double barrel guns.
Yours, B,
New York, Aug. 22, 1860.
Pear Sir:—The proceedings of the Demo
cratic and National Union Conventions, which
have been in session at Syracuse for the past
few days, have been regarded with the greatest
interest, and not more so perhaps, by the par
... «• - - — - ——4-v . • » • ^ ’
who were welt rAv/firz their fete might 1*
said to rest upon the results of their delibera
tions. To see the interest manifested it M-as
only necessary to look into the columns of the
Tribune, and obsorve the paroxisms therein
displayed, the attempt to show an apparent in
difference, M’hile it could plainly bo seen that
the M-ritcr was most painfully apprehensive,
while on the other hand every conservative and
Union man felt that if there was not a sufficient
conservative sentiment, and love of the Union
prevailing to overcome personal and party ani
mosities, and embrace, perhaps, this last op
portunity to knock in the head sectionalism,
Helper book-ww nnd the baneful doctrines of
the higher law, and irrepressible conflict in the
Empire State, the chances were that her elec
toral vote would be given to Lincoln’, which
may be considered the only hope by the repub
licans of his election to the Presidency.
As might be expected the ncu-s from Syra
cuse of the fusion of the Mozart and Tammany
Ilall factions, and their union with the Bell and
Evorqtt men on one electoral ticket, has put a
brighter aspect oh the political horizon—day
light is appearing—Lincoln cannot carry the
State of New York. The electoral ticket which
has been formed is composed of men well
known for their sterling integrity, undoubted
patriotism, and worth, and no doubt it will re
ceive the support of all conservative and union
loving people in this State.
The vote for Fillmore in 1850 was,.124,604
For Buchanan, 195,878
Total V 320,482
Deduct Frcmoht’a vote, 270,007
Leaves an opposition majority of, 44,475
It cannot be denied that the enthusiasm ex
hibited in this State thus far will not compare
with that for Fremont at this period of time
previous to the last Presidential election.' He,
as ther great explorer and cater of horse meat,
had all the romance and adventure to give him
prestige, which it was possible for the republi
can writers to invent, while Kansas atrocities
and border ruffianisms were discoursed to exci
ted multitudes by Sharp’s rifle preachers, the
pulpits of many of our churches being made po
litical rostrums, and documents detailing hor
rors upon horrors were manufactured and scat
tered broadcast over the land and put into the
hands of almost every man, woman and child,
money was expended freely and almost every
appliance known in political tactics brought to
bear upon his election.
In view of tho foregoing, and the fact that the
last corrupt Republican legislature stinks in the
nostrils of hundreds of tax payers and those who
have any regard for the character or interests
of the State, who will not vote any Republican
ticket, either national or local. I cannot con
ceive it possible for Lincoln to get her vote, and
Should the Breckinridge men unite with the
Bell and Douglas men, he must come short of
carrying this State by at least fifty thousaud
votes. - ;r - •KSjisJ.j
The republicans claim an increase of tho
popular vote in the State since the Fremont
campaign, but they can show no proof to that
effect, as they have not polled as large a vote
since, and their success in our local election
must be attributed wholly to divisions in the
other parties, and local causes, which have
given them a pluralitj-.'
The next election null bring out the largest
conservative vote ever polled in this State to
support the Union ticket, and it is believed
that large numbers who voted for Fremont
- Baltimore, Aug. 23, 1S60.
Business is beginning to assume its prerog
ative, and our streets Within a few days past
have presented quite a bustling appearance.-—
More is doing, however, in the wav of receiving
than selling goods. Our dry goods houses are
getting in extensive stocks, and the fall trade
.bids fair to be larger than usual. There ire
already many merchants here from the South
and West, who for the first, in many seasons,
arc now trying tho Baltimore market. In a
few weeks our merchants will have their full
supply of goods of all kinds, which they are de
termined to sell at such prices as cannot fail to
be satisfactory to Southern dealers.
Health of Baltimore.
There has never been a summer so remar k
ably healthy as the present, and the reports of
the health officer have shown a happy exemp
tion from disease, even among tho children.- —
The good order of the city, too, is a general con
gratulation. The universal closing of thedrinl:-
ing houses on Sundays, and the strict surveil
lance of the police over these places during ti e
week, have been fraught with the happiest re
sults. We are now fre-c from drunken broil*!,
and the citizens of whatever age or sex feels a
freedom movement through any- part of tbe
city or suburbs, either alone or in companies,
heretofore for years unknown, •
Mr. Forest, the great tragedian, is- here, so
journing at the City Hotel, and superintending
the rehearsals at the Holliday Street Theatre
where he is to make his dehut upon the hoards
cur MDllUay evening next. It Is something of a
compliment to our city and its citizens to be se
lected by Mr. Forest as the first to welcome
him back to the stage upon which lie had no
doubt fondly hoped he would never have been
compelled again to appear. His rc-appearancc
it is said lias been the result of the heavy ex
penses he lias incurred in the suits with his
wife, which have greatly reduced his finances.
A‘ few years of health and the practice of his
profession will recuperate his fortunes, when
he will retire permanently from the public view.
The Baltimore Daily Exchange, one of the
ablest Democratic papers in this State is still
urging all. who are opposed to Republicanism
in Maryland to unite upon one set of Electors,
whose votes shall be cast in the college for
whatever candidate, whether Bell, Douglas or
Breckinridge, shall have obtained a majority of
the people’s votes. Such a course would cer
tainly be consistent with the professions of
either and all of these parties, who all proclaim
that the election of Lincoln would be the para-
course .and h-uriir, three sets of Electors Inthc
field, they will be both playing
of the common enemy, wlloso triumph may be
properly ascribed to the obstinate folly of his
opponents.
Letter's from Capon Springs inform me that
there are now at the “ Mountain House” up
wards of 280. boarders, and Die company is of
the highest grade of respectability, mostly
Southern gentlemen anti their families. *Thc
season has been thus Par ono of continued gai-
ty and happiness. Not the slightest complaint
lias been made by any one of the numerous
guests of the Messrs. Waddle, but a universal
expression of satisfaction at the assiduous at
tention paid by those gentlemen to all who
have honored Capon with their presence. Ma
ny gentlemen who left homo with the intention
of going to the White Sulphur, have' been so
charmed with the improved condition and ar
rangements at Capon that they have remained
there during the whole season. !L
Baltimore, Aug. 24,1860.
A Pitiable Case.
At an early hour (between 3 rnd 4 o’clock)
yesterday morning, one of the Police officers
(J. C. Brambsby,) found a well attired and la
dy like -woman, wandering along Pralt Street
in tho vicinity of the wharf, nnd from her pecu
liar n anner suspected something amiss about
her. He M as finally induced to address her
politely enquiring as to her desires, and wheth
er he could assist her to find any person or
place that she might bo looking for. Her re
ply «-as rather unintelligible at first, but
enough M-as learned by the officer to satisfy
him that tho mind of the unfortunate lady
■wandered. He by kind words induced her to
accompany him to Central Station, where she
was comfortably provided for, until the Mar
shal was made acquainted with her situation.
The Marshal upon arriving had a private con
versation M-ith her, which satisfied him that
she M-as a lady of education, a id high respect
ability. She appears to be some 22 or 24
years of age and is quite handsome. She con
verses freely, but it is easy to bo seen that her
mind is unballanced. She declines telling hci
name or that of her parents, who she says are
residents of Boston, and that they and her sis- .
ter M-crc absent at Saratoga Springs, that her
sister is very vain and that she M-as not allow
ed to accompany-her parents and sister to the
Springs, where she had as much.right to go as
her sister. Col Kane, the marshal has placed
her in private apartments in the police station,
where she will be comfortably cared for and
out of the rude gaze of the curious. When
taken in charge she had a copy of tho Bible,
and also of one of Shakcspere’s works, from
each of which'she reads copiously. She will
be kindly taken care of until her whereabouts
can be made known to her friends.
The disappointment of the friends of Mr.
Douglas M-as very great upon learning that he
had changed the order of his march, and would
not arrive in this city at the time appointed, not
withstanding tha fact was publicly announced
upon the Bulletins at the proper offices, a large
number of persons assembled at ths time of
his expected arrival and continued together ft
considerable while. Several of the warmest
and most prominent of Tiis friends here, could
not miss the chance of seeing him, and took
the boat for Norfolk this morning, lo pay their
respect to the Little Giant. Should- their
champion meet.the ex-Govcrn'or of Virginia ih
the course of his stump campaign? he will
have a hard road to travel, and I should, not
M-ondcr if he did not come out of Virginia a
TITse man; It would not be the first time that
a competitor of tin' orator of Accomc, has
been thus iutelleeU’.allv improved. . li-
I n flffTl'l f ‘i - -iTi '