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MACON, GA., FRIDAY, MARCH 15, 1867.
!YOL. 2, NO. 16
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JOB PRINTING of every dcacrip
r Mn itarv Commanders.—It is an-
t ,l in our telegram from Washington,
fining authority, that tho President
annined to appoint Generals Blicrman,
■ Hancock, Scofield and McDowell to
unnand of the five • military districts
*:k!i the South is divided by the Sher-
We are not ambitious of military
masters of any sort, hut ns wc
.option in the premises, wo think
, lections will give very general satis-
* t.) the Southern people. They are all
rH -f, reasonable meu, and as we cx-
, uhave ourselves as prisoners of war,
.iil have but little to do, without fur-
oigainent of duties by Congress—and
a alone knows what is coming next.
,vin UO doubt get along most harmoni-
»iih our people. We presume they
c alone at an early day.
.immso of Captured Territory.—
.. of a bill by the United States
,• ];,pri hmatives ceding Alexandria,
to the District of Columbia, without so
saving “by your leave,” or even
t. Virginia herself, is tbo first step
ah:,' off the conquered territory.
i!c South Carolina to Massacliu-
HJdf AM) Tim MONKEY.
LECTURE BV PROFESSOR AOAS8IZ
of this kind, resembling this, are numerous
in the oldest beds in which fossil remains
have been found, and the question is whether
they arc the remains of Crustacea or the re
mains of fishes.
Some naturalists have affirmed that they
were the remains of Crustacea; I have af
firmed that they were the remains of fishes,
and I have based my assertion upon this, that
the structure of the spines of the Crustacea,
when examined microscopically ns to the
pa
m.ma—It willjbesccn that tho Virgi-
■ av lias passed a bill calling a Stale
: .ion the first Monday in May. They
. ns: by half, and had better “wait for
ujon. 1 It will be seen that Congress has
. Convention, business in hand and
say who shall call them, who shall
cl l.e voted for, &c., «&c. As it has
prescribed what the convention shall
not save tho people all the trouble
eiinjr out constitutions to us at once,
From tbe New York World, February 14.]
The last lecture of tho course before the
New York Association for the advancement
of Science, was delivered by Professor Agas
siz, Inst evening at tho Cooper Institute. A
very large audience was present, filling com
pletely the entire hall. - ‘ HH
Professor Agassiz was introduced by Doc- J character of tho heavy substance which forms
tor Griscom, the President of the Association, I the shield of the crnstacea have one charac-
and sookc as follows : I ter » while the fishes have a structure of bones,
LnJlf* Henilemen : In an unguarded which is very easily distinguished from every
moment I proposed for this evenings lecture °Gicr structure. And now theso spines of
the subject which lias been announced on I these oldest deposits have the characteristic
the ticket. If I had considered the matter structure of hone of the fish, ancl therefore I
more maturely. I would probably have ab- 3 «y again that these spines are the spines of
stained from bringiug iuto public notice a and that I am not wrong when I say
subject so full of difficulties, respecting I fishes have existed as early as any other
which, after all, so little is known, and with I animals. (Applause.) But this is not the
reference to which there are such extreme place for controversy, and I will now turn to
views entertained by the most competent in-1 *be subject of the evening, and consider with
vestigators. But, as it is, I have nothing left you the question of the relation which exists
but candidly to express my conviction with- between monkey and man. That question is
out reticence, and, it I can. without prepos- a recent question. Ancient naturalists did
session. Of course you do not expect that 11 n °t think of comparing men and monkeys
shall tell you anecdotes concerning the mon- an .y more specifically than they compared men
keys which I have seen flying among the I with other animals. The works of Aristotle,
trees in the valley of the Amazon, nor con-1 fa which we have the earliest comparisons of
trast with them the habits of the native in- this kind, two thousand years ago, discuss
habitants ; but I shall take a border view of the structure of man as compared with ani-
the subject and discuss before you the rela-1 mala, but he does not find a special resem-
tions which exist between the monkeys and blance between monkeys and man any more
mankind—a subject which for the last ten than between man and the other warm-
years has engaged the direct attention of nat-1 blooded vertebrates. And the reason is very
uralists ; with reference to which all the in-1 obvious. In those days the only monkeys
vestigations made within the last ten years I known were three—the common magot of
have been more or less directly connected. Northern Africa, which was frequently, no
For, now-n-days, when a naturalist studies the doubt, brought to Greece^ as frequently, now-
anatomy of un animal, it is with reference to I todays, as it is brought to Lower Europe;
the possible explanation of tlic manner in another was the cebus, or the red. monkey of
which that complicated structure was brought the North of Africa, which is quite common
into existence. When a nnturalist, now-a- I on the coast of Barbary, which is a long-
days, investigates the embriology of an ani-1 tailed monkey, of reddish color, with a point-
mal, that is, its transformation, its successive °d snout, somewhat like the monkeys we ob-
changcs, it is with the view of ascertaining I tain from South America, but differing from
how tlmt law which regulated those changes fUem in many respects in the peculiarities of
was stamped upon it as a living being. i* 3 face, teeth, &c.
When naturalists novr-a-days investigate That the third kind of monkeys known to
tho geographical distribution of animals the ancients was the baboon, ol which repre-
upon the surface of the earth, it is with the I scntations arc to be seen on the ancient Egyp-
view of ascertaining, if possibly it can be tian monuments. Now,neitherofthesemon-
donc, in what way the diversity which pre- k e y® Hasi anything’particularly human. The
vails all over the globe has been produced.— I baboon has a head not unlike that of a bull-
When geologists investigate the fossils, re-1 d°£- But after the passage to the East Indies
mains of which arc buried in the strata of our I around the Cape ot Good Hope had been dis-
carth, and when they trace the order which j covered, naturalists became acquainted with
they have followed one another in course of several kinds of monkeys from tlm East In
time, it is at present with the view of ascer- dies, and from the west coast of Africa, which
tainiug how the succession has been intro-1 st^d far above those known to the ancients;
duccd; which were the first; which have and amon S t,JCm none is more striking than
followed; and in what relation they stand to R'° ourang-outang of Borneo, Java and Su
one another. And when men investigate the ra » an< * the chimpanzee of ^enegal and
difference which exists among their fellow- R*e. coast ot Guinea. These two monkeys
men, it is with a view of ascertaining wheth- excited the curiosity of anatomists to the ut-
cr man originated only from one pair, or m .° 3t > and called forth at once comparisons
whether there is a multiple origin to huniani- WJ tli man, in consequence of the higher form
ty. You see, wherever naturalists now-a-days I head, and the peculiar development of
approach their subject, it is every where with I “ ie features of those apes; and from that
i .i j one view, to ascertain, if it can be done, in tnne comparisons between monkeys and man
Hay a re ours, whether we want.thcm ! wfaat w#y originated, and what is the have been introduced in all treatises of natu-
: primary cause of the differences which we ra * history, and these comparisons have al-
Km. Wistbk.—Prof. Loon*, of! Th.o.Jf .0 p* over lb. OB Wo.ia
M, says that the average tempera- c * t the contrary, wc have extreme views Recently a third kind of monkey closely allied
month of February was seven dc- i clashing with one another as much as views t0 R)° preceding, has been found on the more
... r than the average of tho same i which divide men concerning the matters of} soiitlieru parts of West Africa, and that spe-
. vears and that iti their salvation, or which interest men with cies has been described tinder the name of
r eightyeight j care, and tiiat rcfcrence to their social organization. For konlla. It is now ascertained that that am -
,rd the unusual coldness of we have schools iu natural history, as there mal was already known to the Greeks, though
..-•1 January, so that the AY inter \ have been schools in philosophy. Wc have, ver J imperfectly, for there is an allusion to a
his been an average one, and ' as it were, sects, us there are different dc- «“*.»«. kmd of men on the wcstcoast of
villi no hack accounts to make nominations among Christians, and no one Africa, which could not speak, but which
wuh no ' ,acK “® C , ' j has a right to present his view of the subject were very savage and indomitable,
uay then hope to bo exempt trom | M tbo ° only correct one. His obligation is Now, the question is, what are the struc-
i to present liis facts and to discuss his nrgu- tural relations which exist between these
. . • ments in the hope ot pressing his views, if he monkeys and other kinds of monkeys, and all
Public meetings are boing called in j Js d , convinced of their accuracy, upon I the monkeys and mankind. Betorc I proceed
. meomplianco with the rocommend- ^^^ butnotwUll the pretension that to compare them more closely, let me say a
Qumrt/ i he . fQund thefinal so i utlon 0 f the problem-, few general words concerning their distnbu-
A great ebango 1ms come upon men in that tlon * f j 1 ® different monkeys known are to be
tc v though, wc assure our Florida ! respect. It is lio longer possible for any man, | found wdlnn Jropics^ I^is only^ on^ tue
wonrv and thus far have proved lull- i or for any set of men^o assume that tho truth I border of the tropics, in the parts adjoining
>ury, and urns iar nave \ , _ exclusively. Men have learned the warm temperate zone, in the Old World.
__________ I that there is only one common loundation On the Southern extremity of Spain, on the
Miut.uiv Changes.—It will be seen j f or their beliefs, however much they differ rocks of Gibraltar, a tew monkeys have been
L folioivinir order copied from the ; from one another in their religious proposi- observed, and m the southernraost part of Ja-
tlolowing orucr.oopieu UoD> Men have learned tbat there is only pan-othcrwisc the home of all monkeys is
i!i Hcruld of yesterday, that Col. G. C. j gom-ce for their knowledge, which is na- within the tropics, with the exception of
recently in command at Savannah, ture bowever rauc h they may differ in their Australia, in which none exist at all. But
i-u-nied to the District of Georgia, | interpretation of nature’s facts. And it is monkeys arc not the same in different parts
Quarters in this city. The Herald with that consciousness that I will present of tl)t! world, and there is a wide difference
, i .. r _j c:hw and this evening my view upon the subject of the among them. Iu the first place, as a natural
a kindest terms of Col Sil ley | ^^ t j on w biclf exists between man and group distinguished among the other mam-
i-uation in that city, which sUoutct monk(jv U mjj,g those views which are my uiali: , monkeys are characterized byanannt-
ii« prompt introduction to the respect j convictions, but urging them with the con- omical fact which is very striking. They
; sc j 0U3 ntas that there are other views cuter-1 have lour hands, while other animals have
! tuined by others. I wish, however, to begin I f° nr feet, and man has two hands and two
| my statement with a clear record, and there-1 feet; and the difference which charactcnzes
I fore I want to make a few statements con- the hand and foot is very obvious. A limb
cerniug accusations which have been made terminating with fingers which are all on one
! against; me in scientific as well as other jour- level, and which all point in the same direc-
characteristics. The monkeys of the Old
World—that is, those inhabiting the tropical
portions of Africa and Asia—are all remark-
nble for the greater height of the forehead,
for the greater angle of the face. Naturalists
have been in the habit of measuring what is
called the facial angle, that is, the angle
which a line passing from the forehead over
the upper jaw will make with another line
passing along the base of the skull. In an
intellectual man that angle is nearly a right
angle; aud the ancients understood that so
well that in their statues, when t- »• wanted
to exhibit the intellectual man i:V.,iff promi
nently than any other features of/humnnity,
l i'l ■ ■ ■. I the '.-t :i;i" 'm • f "■ : il
and of their Jupiter, who was the representa
tion of creative power, they gave a promi
nence to the forehead, which overstepped the
right aujjle, so that the forehead is made
prominent over the face; so well was that
understood as the characteristic feature of the
higher organization of the vertebrate type.—
Now theso monkeys of the Old World ap
proach, in that respect, man more than any
other monkeys, and the young ol the chini
panzee and the young orang-outang in that
respect approach the child far more than the
adult monkey approaches the adult man.
It is a curious fact in their earlier age, when
the characteristic features are not yet stamped
with all their rigidity upon animals which
are closely related to one another, that they
resemble one another more than in their adult
state; and we find in that respect, between
the higher monkeys, a greater resemblance
between the young and the children of men
than between the adults themselves. Another
feature in these monkeys ot the Old Woild
consists in the construction of the nose. The
nose is one of the prominent features of the
face in all the higher types of the animal
world, and in man and in monkeys we find
that the most characteristic difference between
the different representatives of* these two
great groups, are marked by striking differ
ences in the forms of the nose. The white
man has’ a prominent aquiline nose, and ho
has nostrils which arc open from forward
backward and not sideways, so that the point
of the nose is tlic most prominent part of the
face. Other races of men have, on 'the con
trary, a flattened nose and the nostrils open
ing sideways, so that tho greatest width of the
nostrils is from within outward. Similar dif
ferences are observed among the monkeys.
The monkeys of the Old World have narrow
nostrils and the nostrils open, as in the white
man, from the forward backward, and the
partition which divides the nostrils is very
narrow. Then again, it is among the mon
keys of the Old World that we find the larg
est number of those which are destitute of a
tail. Neither the orang-outang nor the chim
panzee, nor the gorilla, nor the magot of
Northern Africa, have auy caudal appendage.
Upon the Sunda Islands and the penin
sula of Malacca, there is a large tribe of
monkeys with exceedingly long arms, all of
which are destitute of tails, and among the
larger kinds of the monkeys of Africa, the
baboon, we find short tailed species. It is
no bears, no weasels, no foxes, no dogs, no tainmeuts. In the first place, in color the
bulls, no cats, no tigers, no lions, nothing of differences arc obvious, but they aro compar-
that tribe; but the whole of the continent is I atively of slight importance. Next, in hair
peopled by quadrupeds of a peculiar kind, I there is a marked difference. The flowing,
marsupias, 03 they are known, a family all of straght hair of the white race is very difi’er-
which are remarkable for the peculiarity of ent from the stiff, wiry hair of the Indian, and
having, like our opossum, which is one of I when we come to compare that hair with
that family—-the only genus of that family that of the Australian, or with that of the
found on this continent—of having underthe Malay, or with that of the Fejee Islander; or
abdomen a pouch into which the young, still more strikingly, with that of the negro,
born in a miniature condition, are transferred, we find differences which are most marked,
and where they remain until they have The hair of the white race is cylindrical;
reached a greater state of development. that of the negro is flat. It is still different
Now that group of marsupials is peculiar —curly. And these effects are not brought
to Australia, and but in their forms they ape about by climate; for white men have existed
all the other animals common to other parts in close proximity with negroes ever since
of the earth. There are some that recall the two races have been known to exist, and
monkeys, though they have none of the char- the white man has not assumed the wooly
nctcristics of monkeys ; there aro others hair of the negro, nor has the negro assumed
which recall in a measure the ruminants, tho straight hair of the white race,
though they are not ruminants, properly Then there is a difference in the dentition,
speaking. It would lead me too far away I and a very m nrked 0 ne. All the white race
from my subject were I to enter into a de- i iaV e the teeth vertical, the jaw short, aud
tailed description of all these animals. All t j le manner in which the teeth fit one upon
I want to impress upon your mind is the fact the other is perpendicular, so that when we
that every part of the world has its peculiar I close the moutll we bri tho lovrcr teeth
ty pes of animals, and that these types do not I a g a j ns t the upper teeth in such a juxtaposi-
exhibit such a close relation to the climatic t ion that the two sets stand vertical, one
condition that their peculiarities could, 'with abo ye the other. And the races of men which
any kind of satisfactoiy evidence, be ascribed ]lavo tbat kind of dentition are called orthog-
to the climatic influences under which they I na tg3—that is, straight-jawed races; while
live. Now, among these monkeys there are there are others, inhabitants of the South
innumerable varieties or species, or_ genera, g ea islands, and of some parts of Africa, that
as you may call them, for the name is not ot ba ve their teeeth inclined, so that the upper
very great importance here. I want, howev- an d lower teeth, when brought against one
ei. to make clear the fact of what is the na- | iU10 ther, form an angle. The mouth is more
ture of these differences. Among these mon-
prominent. These men are called progonate.
keys, and monkeys and quadrupeds, and
quadrupeds and birds, and birds and reptiles,
and reptiles and fishes there is an uninter
rupted gradation, of more or less complicated
structures. But there is always more or less
distance from one to the other, aud not an
equally measured step from any lower to the
next higher type. And in the order of suc
cession of animals we find something simi
lar.
Suppose I represent here the lowest level at
which auy animal has existed on the .-urfjceof our
earth, and hero mark the name of the geographi
cal lormations as they have followed one another
from the Azooc period, from the Solinunage, the
Devonian, the Carboniferous period, the Friassic,
tho Jurassic, the Cretaeconc, the E»cene, the Mio
cene, Fuocene and the present period; and here I
represent by this line the present surface of our
earth with all the rarity of animals living upon it;
and hero I have a compartment for the radiates
which, as you may remember, is one of the great
types of the animal kingdom, and they are divided
into the polyps, the jelly fishes, aconodams, sea
urchins and the like. And then wc have another
compartment for the mollusks, and among these
we have three classes; they are the accphala, the
gasteropoda and the cephalopoda:; and wc have
here the articulates, and we divide them into three
classes, also the worms, the Crustacea and the in
sects ; and the last compartment we have lor the
vertebratio. We have here three different classes;
the fishes, and the subdivisions into special classes,
which I need not introduce, nor the reptiles witli
their subdivisions; the birds and mammalia. And
now, we inquire when were these animals called
into existence? Now mark that the transmuta
tion doctrine assumes that animals were derived
from one another. The doctrine is that all verte
brates arc descendedlromone primitive vertebrate;
that all articulates are descended from one primi
tive articulate, and that all mollusks aro derived
from one primitive moilusk and all radiates
from one primitive radiate, and that these
four primitive types are derived themselves
from a primitive cell formed by the combi
nation of those fortuitous elements which are act
ing wherever light, moisture and matter are
Old World that we
long tails as the monkeys ot Africa generally
. Then, if we pass over the Old World
to the New World, we find that the monkeys
are not only generally smaller, and have a
keys there are those, such as the orang-ou- And all the races of men with progonate jaws
outang, chimpanzee and gorilla, which have have also thicker and more prominent lips;
a hand made in the same manner, and have an( ] they have also a flat nose, which I have
teeth of about the same proportions, and m I a ] rea dy described, with broad partition be-. jn „ , „
which the structure of details present the tween the nostrils, and the nostrils opening brougut into contact one with another,
same relations, wnicli are, therefore, consul- sideways. On the ancient monuments of That is the doctrine professed by Moltnhott,
ered as one group. The name under which j Egypt there are figures of nc°Toes there arc I Burhzr, Vogt, Harkel, and by all those who have
this higher group is designated is as the an- figures of E"vntians there arels^ur’es of white advocated d‘ e transmutation doctrine on the
thropofda:. Then we lmve those in which that emythby which exists has started
thn snout is nrominent docr-like the tail ’ as cnaractenstic in ail tnese particulars spontaneously lrom the formation of a primitive
the snout is prominent,, dog like, the tail I a3 we se0 them now, so that at least cell under the influence or a law acting upon mat-
short, stout and nrm, the body heavily built. I f or long a time as these monuments have I ter. Darwin and the English defenders of the
These are the baboons. There are several been i n existence these features of humanity transmutation theory present it in a somewhat
kind3 of them, differing in size, and color, in have remained wlmt thev were then and have dil J erent They assume that the first im-
the length of the hair from the head and rcta in e d their peculiarities. Now,’then, the Oils an evolu-
upon the neck, «fcc. I hen we have another I question how were these peculiar, ties brought tion, out of the first genus created oi all that has
group of long tailed mokeys in the Old I about ? Are they innate—that is, are they I followed. The doctrine which I supported is, that
World, remarkablo for their slender form, for nrimordial or are tlipv the result of chartrrp ? 11 is not only the few which were started in thebe-
thc great length of their tail, for the more ai the iSSt X5SL *7 J* ** W - M
prominent sSout, for the more tuberated I - 0t ^ ^ ^ that creation Itaited, but
teeth, for the surface of the grinding teeth
and the like.
We have a number of different species oc- I
copying different parts of Africa, Asia, and
so on. And so it is with the monkeys of the a q the differences which exist in living beings I and tUe mollusks°hid been found iu all geological
New World. In South America we have the 1 ba the result of successive changes. Aud periods unto the present sge. Of the articulates,
cebus, a genus of the sapajous, which are Upon this line of argument thalf scientific I'T 0 have the worms and cru.-tacea from the oldest
monkeys with prehensile tail; but in which a rm lul ent has been based which is known as " j 11 ? among the msecta, the first we found
;„*i, n ,° u . u ... W11L “ belonged to tho Carboniferous pi nod, and not
the tail is more cov ered with hair than in the the transmutation doctrine, and which has hefore. Then among the vertebrates we had
howling monkeys, m which the lower part of been revived in more recent form, and with fishes from the beginning; then we had reptiles
tho tail is entirely destitute of hair, and 1 more recent nriruments bv Darwin and which I from the Carboniferous period; we had birds, it
which have in the throat an enlargement of L now the “ tion abated an ’ long natu _ may be, from the Tuazic may be from the Juras-
fbo inn-nv xvlitpli tboTT can rirnrlnpn n , 3 . ,, ° ° sic period, and ol mammalia also from that age.
the larynx, with which they can produce a rahst8 pre-eminently. Now, could it be admitted that cotemporaries
rev erberation of the sounds they utter, which j j )r0 p 0 se to show you upon what fal- were descendants of one another, and that ani-
is vciy loud, and which induced the name of lades thes# Views rest. I will repeat my f? als which had appeared together at the same
howling monkeys under which they are des- | statcmcnt in anoth . r form The qn^tton is |
_ _ _, ^, l—* * I * I GO Uv L — w vJJ w ilUXv LUm L Li VU tiUJl ll 1*0 11U1111 Uj U U u
then the differences which wo observe among I that the creation has gone on through ages, and
monkeys, why should they not bo the result that under the direct influence of creative acts all
of change also? And if the change is great L the conditions which exist in nature have been
different parts of Africa Asia and . in takin S P lace « "ft should not a little ^ffesfo^s^tpleceede to prove his
ainerent parrs oi Ainca, Asia, ana grea ter occur, and, therefore, why should not theory by showing that the three classes of radiates
The .polypis bad existed from the
11 nusHi.1 ■>« <h. •». uuw m.oi,timauio ui ■ oegiiiumg mrongh all ages, but the polypis of the
species, and there are those peculiarities of raonkevs Gr whether we are the children of earliest period were among the lowest while we
eirn/vrnFA tvlvinh poet in tho mono nl oroontion I * 7 . , _ lv. « .«* e » . x. »»_•
a creative mind ; whether we are the result
structure which rest in the mode of execution
of the details of the teeth, of the hands, of the
had polyps of a much higher grade living now,
and it seemed as if they had undergone changes,
more prolonged snout, but that their facial J the animal, in the relative proportions of tho ebanrefhose who^entertain the idea^f'the
angle is less than that of the monkeys of the limbs, and in the length, as compared to the jSSmuSdi with the interference
Old World. But what is curious, their j body, &c. Now, then, -— *3—1 I tninsiormation witn uenyin„ the intenerenco |
ived before, we had by the side of them others
inmaiuiiiwuuuiiiui utu lu „ „ - - which were as low as an}’ known, and so with the
uw, men, what "do we find I ivr» VU Wnt J T U ^«rn»lotherorders of animals. The physical world re-
nostrils are broad, and the partition between I among men ? Similar differences again; for 5*,! “ “J inflntinn 1 mainedlthe same, chemical agencies acted now as
the two nostrils .remarkably broad, so that, men have not all the same complexion, _nor i ° tboproduct 1 on of d aUtbese Sences! phSte^oridfUS^dV. lame Tram thebe-
the nostrils open in a measure sideways. But | do they exhibit all the same characteristic Whetber tbev are r i„ht or wron- depends ff^cing until now, and they had acted iu the same
among them we find a large number of kinds j features. And here let me urge upon you intpmrofntmn nf fnctB°v-liicb ™ “E And so it was with animals which had ex-
whichhave remarkably long tails, and some this fact—for I cannot consider the relations L £ before us ^anil it is now ‘n the oxami i^ted the same since the beginningof the world.
< t ,i t is , ! ,o unlcs * r iaiSsa bskw.as sfasssttsz
naked surface not cnlv which they can use as how widely men differ from one another— attention . 1 must crave your indulgence! the eloquent peroration, in which be said that man
an additional limb, but which they can use while they are men, while they have all the , • aIreadv over and vet r ]. a ° e hardlv was created in the image of the Creator, and It was
with such dexterity that they can seize small characteristics of humanity, there are yet k ’ r Anril«r,«> l t would because we were thus related to the animal world
objects with as much precision with it as j among them differences about as rtriklng as P^that man is^ooted in the animal king- £? fiSf
they can seize objects With their hands And the differences which distinguish some of d( f m in a mtnner wbich make3 it impossible Applause!]
all such monkeys with such a prehensile tail these genera of monkeys from one another- tQ separate the conclus ; ons which ^ t0
as striking and unquestionable as the diner- tbe an i ma j k i ngc i om . AVhenvve examine the Debts Contracted Underthe Confed-
euces which distinguish some of the species I order 0 f succes3 i on of animals through geo- erate Government.—In the County Court,
of monkeys from one another; and I am ! j og ; ca i t i meS) we g nd f rom beginning to end [yesterday, before his Honor, Judge Russell,
bound to say that unless we recognize these | a de g n ;t e re i a tion to something higher and were tried three cases, similar in character,
tesy of our citizens:
isqr.vrters District of Georgia, (
Macon, Ga., March 4,1807. ]
v Orders, Na 1.
"i it cihVnce to Gcnoral Orders No. 28,
.r:crs Dq.artmeut of the Tennessee,
at] Wth. 1807, tho undersigned assumes
uad of tho District of Georgia.
Lieutenant Jolinn It. Hcsmer,
Sixteenth United States infantry,
atussary of Subsistence at theso
RWtts.
[ U<e Headquarters, and Companies A,
■ Sixteenth United States Infantry,
■el to and take post at Macon, Ga.,
p ddtiy, relieving tho troops of the
; ial infantry, now stationed there,
apaay 1), Sixteenth Infantry, will be
from Griffin to Atlanta, Ga.. by
^Milmg officer, leaving a guard of a
jr*.» Corporal and ten privates.
'• r<ports and returns, heretofore re-
i: Headquarters. Sub-District of Geor-
■Jv forwarded to the Headquarters.
;•< <]uartermastcr Department will
necessary transportation for tlic
C! «f troops designated iu this order.
C. C. SinLKY,
^'iing Sixteenth United States
Infantry, Commanding,
Hosxier,
; Rtut. Sixteenth U. S. Infantry,
nals. It has been stated that in my public tio". is a fa®*; a j»“J> which lias a number of
lectures I make loose statements which are fingers pointing in the same way, while one
not accurnte as a matter of fact; that I allow finger may be opposed to the other, and suc-
myself to be carried away by the impulse of ecssively be brought into contact with each
tho moment, and that my statements lack that I of tho other fingers, is a hand. The thumb,
‘ them to respect and ns a part of the hand is flexible m another
lies of Hueh loose direction, for the thumb may be brought in
quoted. Now I will, that you juxtaposirion successively with each ot the
may know in wliat limits my statements are fingers, while this is utterly impossible xvith
considered, just answer a few of those state- l ho toes of the foot ; they all point in the
ments. In some of my lectures I have said 3a mo direction, the large toe as well as the
that vertebrates have four links, and it i 3 others, and the large toe cannot be brought
argued that everybody who is familiar with 10 opposition successively with the other
the last records of our science knows that toes. . . _ .
: whales, porpoises, manatees, dugongs, hnve Now > a11 animals which have feet at
only two links. That is, I know the state- the cxtremi y of their four limbs are quad ru
in C nt of the text books; but text books are P eds i a* 1 ' 1 a11 animals winch have four bands
only compilations second hand of our knowl- antl no feet are monkeys, and all monkeys
edge, and if these critics had only looked at have hands at the end of their hind limbs as
tho original information upon this matter, if 43 their feur limbs, while man Iia. a pair
they hnd consnlted tho work of Vogt upon feet and a P. air kaarts * This is, parhaps,
the’anotomy of cetacea, or the researches on the most prominent difference which may be
fossil bones by Cuvier, ortho most extensive noticed among these animals, and the char-
n , nr i. natural hi-torv of cetacea actenstic feature Ox the great order of mon-
they would know that the rudimentary links keys. I must lurtlicr say that there arc some
concealed bv the skin slight modifications in this respect among
Ynd 'l have dissected porpoises enough, the monkeys, in so far as there arc some in
and manatees enough, on the Amazon, to which the thumb is so far short that it can
know also from personal observation that uot U as readily brought into juxtaposition
ri“ sc anatomists I h.avc quoted were right with tbe other fingers as in the band ot man;
when theysay that, besides the fullv .level- aa d there are monkeys m which the thumb
wuen imjj i , . . __._r , I ia nnifn rndimentarv. so that four lingers
are peculiar to South America—not one of
the Old World has that peculiarity. Thero
are often those which have a prehensile tail
entirely covered with hair. There aro a
certain number of monkeys in South America
which have a somew hat less tail; but thero is
not one on the whole continent of America
entirely destitute of caudal appendage. So
we have here two well marked groups—the
monkeys of the Old World and the monkeys
of the New World—which, on account of the
peculiarity of the form of their no3e, have
been distinguished as the platyrrhine—the
monkeys of the New World, or the flat nosed
monkeys; and the catarrhine—the monkeys
of the" Old World, or the narrow nosed
monkeys.
Then, there are, two other families of mon
keys—the little squirrel monkey, which in
habit only the tropical parts of South Amer
ica and the valley of the Amazon, to the
Northern parts of Brazil, but differing from
all other monkeys in having their teeth pro
vided with numerous prongs, the grinding
teeth somewhat like those ol moles, and
differences among men, and we recognize the I b i g hcr, and we find in the last geological of some interest, to those involved in debts
identity of these differences with the differ- epocb on )y bas ma n been introduced. So that during the war or in any way connected with
ences which exist among animals, we are not j n tbo order 0 f tbe succcssor 0 f the living the Confederacy. In the leading case the
true to our subject, aud whatever be the on-1 which have at different times peopled I plaintiff brought an action for §2,202, for
gin of these differences, they are of the same I gnj/acc of our globe, wc see the man an— I wood, furnished to defendant at stipulated
kind, and if it is. ever proved that all men nounced from beginning, and we can say, as prices, and tor which a due bill had been
have a common origin, then it will be at the 0De 0 f the scientific results of the compari- I given, signed by- bim personally. The dc—
same time proved that all monkeys have a son 0 f ad these races, that from the begin- lendant claimed that he was an agent of the
common origin, and it will by the same evi- ning man was meant to be at the head of the Confederate Government, did not buy tho
dencc be proved that l mpn aud monkeys can creation, and that upon the plan upon which wood on his personal account, and realized
not have, a different origin. the animals living upon our earth are con- not a cent of profit from any transaction with
There is the appalling featurc.oftlie subject. s tructed there is no possibility of a higher plaintiff But the only direct evidence sus-
that the characteristics which distinguish dif- being than man himself. tainimr his claim was the phrase,” “for gov-
crcnt races of men are of the same nature as | A ,t,i t i u ,, 0 gener al generalizations can he U’ n,llK ' nt u ^‘-" attaclled thc c1uc biu
ascertained by an examination of the struc
ture of the brain alone, without entering into
an extensive argument I will show you that
the characteristics which distinguish the diff
erent kinds of monkeys. And it was for that
early I maintained that .different races ot men
must have an independent origin, because I
acknowledging the delivery of the wood;
and the quartermaster to whom he
furnished it testified that the defend
ant acted solely in the capacity of a
uniat uave mi juux.jxeui.ieui, uxig.u, uu#use x such jg tb(} structure 0 f tb e highest system of llIU acteu 30,0 - , . -.
«*»■ w the whole series ot animals, that contractor with no authontv to involve the
„ the origin of man would be mixed.up with f ® tb „ t! n, to n .„ n there is one Gradual I government in any indebtedness except to
rulotU- the question of the origin of animals; and it I * * that in the structured?man I himaalf, and that defendant had been paid
erwise; smnl! imperfect hands, more.like a | might bo that a community of origin might & - .Lnsiimraitim which shows that lie in fa* 1 - Tllc l att cr admitted bis settlement
paw than the hands of auy other monkeys; j be framed for all. Now% I hold that idea of | ^ tbe hierhest possible form ot a series which w * tb tbc Confederate Government, but in cur-
’ - ' £L- P -- S unpose this to be the rency which soon after became worthless, and
' on the board], we I wa3 now in his .possession.
the monkeys of tbe Old World and the new is j presently; but if it is an error to 6onsider'man I avhkh arise the" nerves wldchgo're'the
in their dentition. Man has five grinders , as derived from monkeys, we must admit that nostri , g midd , c SWB , ling from ch arisc
above and below, on the right and the left, \ men aro not derived trom a common stock, th which go to the eyes; a third
making twenty grinding teeth, and so have ! because the differences which exist among , U f w hic^ arise nerves which go
The case was
I very elaborately investigated, both in regard
I to law and evidence, with able counsel r.n
each sides. The defendant’s integrity was
I maintained throughout, by all the other testi-
[ mony as well as his owm, but there being no
Ac <ing Aadstant Ailjutant General. ; d - ot ]j m bs which th c ceteans have quite rudimentary. so that four lingers
^[fie ride of thc body, they have a second only arc deve oped, and the thumb is almost
plaintiff In scaling
tho basis of greenbacks, the due bill having
been given in April, 1804, the jury reduced
the sum from §3,262 to §350.
The other two casts, with similar amounts
involved, but in all other respects of similar
character, were decided in the same way,
which "is" tbe "same" dimension sas I with the proportionate amount of reduction,
is receding from the |
find that the front . ,, _ , , , .
suecessivu uuiuijjx:, uui. xa uuu ux l ““ ‘■““‘“j*” | part is already develoiied so as to cover in a I Making Bctter. A correspondent of the
also fox-monkevs on that account. They tive peculiarities of the human frame. Ifie I , nea3Uro tbe middle swelling but leaves the I R un d American says slie puts no water with
have a point snout They are more carniver- whole backbone is so organized that man can blnd gwt|lio „ unc0V ercd. H from the bird
ous-like animals than thc monkeys generally cairy with ease Ins heavy ana oroau head
of their grinders being twenty-four. These lit- Let me point out this difference Let me show the lbreln03t is the smallest tho middle oc _
tie squirrel monkeys, again, have only twenty. , in wliat all men agree and in what all differ ies midd , 9 position aad t he hindmost is
And now the second group of monkeys is ; from the monkey. All men agree m having th £ ]a st . In V-ptiles we find these three
known under the name or lemurs or maca- j four limbs one pair of which tereimates with swellin | 3 tu bc :lb ^ ut the samc dimensions;
qucs. and inhabit .Madagascar. This is the , feat, and tho otner pair with Panels.- that t ,^ front svvo i ling bcgio3 t0 ris0 so as to
genuine macaque, though a monkey some-; All men are endowed wUh the ability of t d oa or about J level with thc middle
what similar is tound in thc upper shores of: standing erect, and their constitution is such | swe jij n
are, and their finger* are more numerously only in a vertical position. He lias not, as ^ ront aover /
provided with claws than with fiat nails. animals have, a ligament with whicli.lio may comi ,] ete i v tfioueh it
So we have four groups of monkeys which support the head in aliorizontal position with I, • J ^ .fl .,n
groups ot monkeys which support
are characterized by peculiarities of structure case, but thc head must be balanced on thn
easily recognizetl. The macaques or lemurs top of the vertical column, in order that it
of Madagascar and the opposite coast of A f- may rest and bc moved with facility in every
we rise to the quadruped, we find that tlie
the middle swelling
does not cover the
hinder swelling at all.
But when we come to man, we find that
not only the middle swelling, but the hind
swelling also, covered in such a manner, and
the cream, nor docs she rinse the butter as
many do, considering that the water destroys
the sweetness of tbe butter, and causes it to
become rancid much scotttr. She also think?
that she obtains more butter in cold weather
by heating the milk, removiug the cream the
uext day, and heating again, when she gets
nearly as much cream as at the first skim-
min". The churning does not occupy over
r the the position so changed, that instead of ex- ; and " th e butter comes out in
njinthnGr on the same nlace. or ribinersliehtlv. , * , n • „ 1.1
I tot joint Now. this is thc case with all the arc found in Africa and Asia within the trop- pair of limbs terminates with the most perfect maa tlle brains is brought to extend at right
bo much for tbat one statement.— | =_ -.r.., iustra li a . h aa a fcnown in nature. And that bandis so angles to the spinal marrow which extends
r __ ^ it in the oldest
the rcsponsibiliiy of this strata the remains observed were perfect, it
miirht Ik ea.-v to distinguish the crustaceans,
the crab, the lobster, front a fish; but in these
oldest beds, thc remains which we have, and
whicli have been interpreted by some ns fish,
and by others as Crustacea, have only rudi -
mentary spines, such as we have in thc fin 11
some fishes; tor instance, (illustratin
“ttewM another large tiro in Nnsh-
. destroying jiroperty to the
U*ty thousand dollars, oil which
•^insurance. Thefiudnbuildings
the Leviathan I.ivery auil Ex-
Market street, extending
street.
J^chang* Migcests that wiiile we
4l'fa' ,iani- - Uiu J taku care of the
on the
the monkeys in which the thumb aione and
other lin"ers have a fiat nail, the other fingers
having arched claws bending over thc termi
nation of the finger.
Now, among the monkeys we have a great
variety ns to size, some not larger than squir-
panding on the same place, or rising slightly,
as is the case of the reptile; or slanting, as
..., , j — .... ... j *»-- ■ aMMinnwni um nu mi uuuixiix wx uw nnn rm» manmi oi inn inn ivoria. wiiicu everv nart oi ms uonv wxiu luuu; auu man 13 the case in the birds and mammalia, in
apathy prevails. There seems possess
Tuition, to cither remonstrate or woond. ‘ ,llu ;'‘ T^ra^thatflclita “along I nal ’ 3 of tlic bancl > ancl is tIle cnse - al30 with ! ics, but not in Madagascar nor in Austr
emt,tinc.l in the blit- Of. »f * f 2? ^2
■‘ , people await tlicir fate, and they ; stcd a3 early as other animals, but that j n which have an imperiect^Inind, we find that
J 1 *o acijuiesco in tho mnnlates of reality they existed only from the time of the perbnpa thethumb or th oLbers mayh^vc
l»l bmno ilispoeSti.. tt M» lb™*, period. Kow, U_ in .bo ,oldest | twyggj^faSaSaRfS! ££7^7^^ UTSS£$T» fStSS, m I tbjimterior psrt of#..Win wbl=|t «-
finders. It is the case even among some of not only common, but often the highest kind characteristic ot all men, and between the tends over the middle and posterior rt io
of monkeys are found there. This shows, in monkey and man thero is no structural transi- | °f tilc brain in a perfectly harm on ^ s.
my estimation, one thing—that all the differ- tion, there is no mutation trom the highest | nor, and thc whole connect
ences which exist among animals cannot be monkey to tho lowest race of man. Anil in
ascribed to climatic influences, or, at all these attempts at bringing man clo3or.to thc
events, that similar climates do not necessa- monkey by the lower types of humanity, we
rilv produce animals which are akin; for, overlook those fundamental differences which
throughout Australia, which exhibits all tho make man, however low and infirm a man,
It is curious that here—a tropical region in constituted as readily to carry out the man- through the series ot back hones along the
which palm-trees, winch are the principal date of thc mind. It is brought into the scr- vertebral column. 1 bus you see at once that
abode of the monkeys, abound—that Austra- vice of the human intellect, and is no longer there is no progress possible.
lia should be destitute of monkeys, when on an organ of locomotiou, as in the case with acquirea.tuc mo^t complete
.... * , u .1 i* • tho untnrmr no n ♦ tnn 1.
good order, and yellow even in the coldest
weather.
Thc sweetest, most delicious butter we ever
tasted is made in the manner indicated by
this corresponeent by a lady in Davidson
county. It is but very little more trouble to
make'such butter than the ordinary stuff
usually found on sale in market. Butter of
this description commands the highest mar
ket price and always finds ready sale.
*-?/*' It seems that even in Connecticut
there are some who do not admire Butler
(Spooney.) Some fellow in that State sends
doAal ^Tln ite auterior”art,^shn^le squire^ statujfi j peculiar climatic conditions of the tropic and which' separate him from the monkey,
dor.al tin, in it p rUlns- oven n-an and all possible intermediate di- and temperate zones, we have neither mou- however nigh ns a monkey lie may stand.
rat.wr^On the'oGier land !lie hoiJ-shoc nunsions exist between them. Now, these | keys nor carnivorous animals nor ruminants; But while we recognize certain structural at-
tratmg). On tho Otner ' . i.: a ].i nioffkevs are sciittered in Asia in Africa, anil no deers, elks, antelspes, elephants, rlnnoce- tributes as particularly human, let us not
crab lms upon thc sid<> o ewbat ii kc in Central nnii South America', and in each of roses, hippopotamuses, tapirs, nor any of overlook the great differences which exist
fn appearano!^othose spines. Now, spines I these parts of the world they present special those animals which inhabit everywhere else, among men, both in their structure and at-
the whold sys
tem in a manner whicli to be exceeded would
lead to a retrograde movement, and not to an to'Nexv Haven the following epigram :
onward progress. Take the. different forms j H#w brave a soldier Batler wa9>
ot brain which we have. Among men y ou will bet this one fact reveal,
find the forehead a little more Or less devel— i That even silver spoons and forks,
oped. Passing through that to.the monkeys, | Were worthy of his steal.
you will find then a gradual receding. In i . ••• t .
some you will find that the cerebellum will ; A man in Cleveland advertises a half ln-
be uncovered gradually, aud then more and terest in a well regulated laying hen tor sale,
more. And, in fait, you have a complete se- assigning as a reason liis utter inability to
ries wbich shows that between man and mon- spend all the profits.