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■ ;., ■ ■•■•■ - - ■: •- ■ - >■/ • • ■ ■ . jggjfa£?£ ^ . 71 ’V & REID, Proprietors. -<—>- The Family Journal.—News—Politics—Literature—Agriculture—Domestic Affairs. GEORGIA TELEGRAPH BUILDING. .»• .• i / •» .*. iBLISHED 1826.} MACON, FRIDAY, 6, 1868. TOL. XLII.--N0. 51. , leather—.How it is AKade. |,>- INTERESTING ACCOUNT. Ante of the Chicago Republican.] Lost Audemer, Sept. 10,1868. of the leather by resting in the vats up to four years, after which time there is no further motive for letting it . remain, as it has absorbed all it can contain of the Yudemer is watered by no less properties of the ten. After coming out ht little rivers, all of which unite | ° f . th , e va s > the leather is scraped, rolled, dried and curried;. but all these are op erations that have no influence on the du rability of the leather, being simply mat ters of ornamentation and finish. The secret of Ijiisle, within the limits of the town. [>tle streams are carried zig-zag the town, stopped here and |j V locks, aud turned aside into JsJ ditches, run through scores of I wheels, carried one over the |is acqueduets, and so generally J sbout every street and alley, that [•everybody in town can fish'out.of aber window. It is impossible to vue french tanneries. a « is not lor the benefit of th et-tomen that all these streams hav flawed and brought to town. I ,tC tanneries. French leather is jjjt in the world, beyond question, lather of Pont Audemer is the best •ince, and sells for from three to ruts more per pound than any other. tact is all the more worthy of atten- for the reason that no remarkable t proceeding or chemical process is but the leather is simply tanned in -x)d old way. Your correspondent e the Republican, Radical, believes e latest invention and the newest ,fprogress, hut for once be feels ob- to change his colors, and these i? reasons: Upon his feet at this rat are a pair of boots, bought ten ago at Pont Audemer at the cost They have been worn constantly since, and have done hard work, and very long walks. Yet there is not red spot, nor anything to indicate tith prudent half-soling in the future the past, they will not last for- They are made of calf, tanned ac- j to the old-fashioned principles, s, by all means, have some conserv- in leather—the more the better, tides used here come very largely Buenos Ayres, the more so that the ihy of the town is rather in the sole eavy harness leathers than calf, all comes largely from the United l having been already tanned there, it is tanned all over again, and out the very best hoot leather in the details of a great tanyard are hardly able to see and recount as some of pictures, or fantastic old of castle or abbey; hut, after all, >t so bad in the artistic point of The long, low sheds, where the is stored; the yard-stream, with brown tan, almost red in the sun- : the vats half-filled with inky-hlack t; the little stream that bubbles igh among the strangely shaped |iugs, where, through open doors, are the bare-armed workmen bending their task, made up a picture which sot lack in charm to the eye. T° >se it is a different affair. TAN-BARK. commence at the beginning of the ss, we first pay attention to the tan- • It is, of course, oak bntit is not, America, taken from large trees, for simple reason that the larger the the weaker the ten. ■ The bark is as- *i according to the size or age of the from which it is taken. The small- •s very strong, and used for the very viest sole leather, and saddle leather ticularly. A coarser grade of bark es for common cow hides, strop leath- tc., and a still coarser for sheep, calf, the light hides that are used for ®g glazed leathers. The way of ling the bark is an item of more im- Mce than it would seem at first vht. The mills consist of a long t;h in which to put the hark, and a iber of perpendicular wooden beams, h the machinery raise and let fall on hark by means of an eccentric wheel, beams are shod with an iron plate, h terminates in a number of teeth ides. The bark is thus half broken half-chopped in pieces, and is not re td so finely as in the ordinary iron * but the inner portion of the hark, the greater part of the tannin educed to apowder almost impalpable, hat the solution of the salt it contains atly facilitated. For heavy leath- iis method of grinding is of prime ■irtance, giving advantages both in “and quality of leather. ihe french system of tanning. °e hides are first thrown into a vat of water, where they remain until the h loosened, then they are taken out, hair removed, and the hides put to ’ in the river to remove the lime. this they are scraped and carried a ts, where they are covered with“juice M”—that is, water in which tan-bark hec-n soaked until the solution is as as possible. After three or four the hides are again removed and fi d, and put into vats, where the '-tss is achieved. Here we find the fcssential difference between the sys- °f America and-the French. In i tr ica, the hides are put into the vats a good deal of water—here they are 'a and packed firmly in the vats, dry. a, when the vat has been filled up them with three or four reet of tan, * feet of “juice of tan” is poured over, enough io moisten the whole e hides remain in these vats for at 11 six months—sometimes two or three lfs --the longer the better. For first- * leather, a year is required; but such •* increase of value, of the hides, in Wrtion to the time they rest in the taafc they could not find a bettor ■tment for their money. Seven to i* r cent, a year is added to the value THE EXCELLENCE OF FRENCH LEATHER is resumed in these three observations:— 1st Using strong tan, i. e. the bark of young trees. 2d. Packing the leather in the vats dry, and wetting the least possi- time in the vats. ■ij town and go to the principal 3d. Letting the leather stay a long without crossing at least two'* ' ‘ All along the edges of the rs may be seen groups of washer- |, at work from morning till night, [seeling in a little wooden box, to | r knees dry, and turning the lin- Ljj washing on a smooth, flat stone, fating it with a • wooden paddle. Lg probably not a wash tub in all NEW YORK CLERKS. WHAT THEY ARE REQUIRED TO DO AND HOW THEY LIVE. The New York correspondent of the Providence Press decribes the life of the clerks in that city: Some of the establishments have as many as two hundred clerks in their em ploy. They are expected to dress well, to keep up with the fashions, so as to be in keeping with the general style of things about them. They must be at business promptly at 8 o’clock in the morning, a strict account being kept of any failure to do so, which is reported by the head of the department to the general manager. All the day long they are kept on their feet, under watchful eyes, and with a multitude of details to attend to; and at noon they must Furry out for a hasty lunch and be back as scon as possible, flying the day through until seven or eight o’clock at night. Ia the busy season they are liable to be worked until eleven or twelve o’clock at night;: and in the dull season, which comes on the city often enough, they are just as liable to be discharged at a week’s notice, even though they have heeu years in the house, and been faithful in every way. It is a well-known fact that New York merchants care nothing for the interests of their clerks; and the largest andjmore prosperous the house, the more anxious it is to save a few dollars by cutting down hands in dull times. The supply of clerks is always so large that at the approach of busy days they can easily fill up again. With the exception of men who bring trade, and are engaged by contract, no clerk is sure of bis place beyond the pass ing week. And for it all what salary is received ? By careful search through all branches of trade, it is found the average is not over fifteen dollars a week, falling in some, yes in many cases, far below that, and rising, in a few exceptions, far above. Thus the head book-keeper of a prominent Broadway house gets a salary of thirteen thousand dollars, while under him are no less than six men, having the brunt of the work to do, who are paid three dollars a day. There are men in other houses who enjoy princely incomes, because they have drawn one of the prizes of trade; they have a trade of their own, which bring in large sums to their employer; they are paid for their work with unstinted hand. But all around them are men without this special advantage, though competent, who are barely getting a living. Go into other lines of business. An entry clerk in a great grocery, or produce, or tea house, is thought well paid, for the first few years at least, with five hundred salary. He must be a crack penman, and devote himself like a dray horse to busi ness, even to retain the position, where, in this overcrowded city, so many are eager to get it. A young friend of mine worked six years in one wealthy commission house, giving night and day to the affairs, hop ing each season, as lie saw" his services were worth more than he was getting, that the firm would raise his salary. At last his efficient business quality attracted the attention of a rival company, who offered him a large advance. He announced his intention of leaving his employer, who then woke up to his value, and told him he could not spare him, and wanted him to name the salary he wished. And this is a fair sample of the mercantile style in New York. The clerks in the banks are well paid, well treated, and oftentimes are provided with dinners free. In fact, some of Ihe banks get up daily a luxurious dinner for their clerks, serving it hot and nice in the back parlor or other room provided for the purpose. These fortunates also re ceive a semi-yearly gift from the bank for faithful service, ranging from fifty to three hundred dollars. And, as might be sup posed, there are five hundred applicants for every vacancy that occurs. Slivers of 'Wisdom.—Early impressions are the most lasting. The fust kiss and the fust licking cum under this bed. Things lliat are writ for bread are apt tew taste ov the emptings. Reputashun iz a good deal like a bonfire, yu have gut tew keep pileing on the shav ings, if you don’t the flame will soon sub dew. Good wit iz eumthing like good luck, the more soon and unexpected it iz, the better. Them who make the most blow have the least frasranse; it is jess so with the bolier- bauk. ' The best edukasbun a man receives in this life be gits just before he dize, and it mostly consists in forgetting what be baz larnt be fore. The world looks with cold respeck upon an ackt ov justiss, but heave up their hats at a display ov mersy. Yet the one. is Jhe strength ov virtue, while the other iz most often its greatest weakness. A mind that has more imaginasbun than sense iz like a goose—fust rate tew fli down bill. 1 dont think the world baz enny civiliza- sbun tew 6pare, but i think she haz more than she kan manage well. Poetri, to be excellent, wants tew be like natur, but about four times az big. I have wated pashuntly for more. than twenty-fire years for the millennial to com mence—and jist look at butter fifty cents a pound.—Jo*h Billing*. A committee of conference, elected by the several Democratic clubs of Charleston, S. C., have decided by a close vote that it is inex pedient for the party to nominate a candidate tor Mayor. Dipsomania. ANOTHER ESSAY FROM PABTON—WHY NICE MEN DRINK—CAN DRUNKENNESS BECURED? From the Atlantic Monthly for OctoberJ WHY DO MEN DRINK ? Why do" so many persons of cultivated intellects, wealth and position become in ebriates? We are more than ever im pressed to ask this question in all serious ness, after studying the faces of the eighty or ninety gentlemen assembled at the Brigbampton Inebriate Asylum. There we see representatives from ail the learned professions, and the mercantile, mechanical and agricultural interests of the country from Maine to Florida. So much intelligence and so muen refine ment are seldom seen in. so small an audience. There is everywhere ap parent the ease and neglige of well bred men. Some of them have : commanding wealth, and once held high official sta tions. What giant arm dragged them down ? No man became suddenly a drunk ard. Many of them pass a long season of education in the primary schools of intem perance. The first of these is the social, moderate drinking family, which dwells in mansions of sweetness, cherishes sympa thies, dispenses charities, and indulges in winning smiles and honied accents. Here the taste is created and the habit confirm ed. Men and women in high position who can sip their glass of ale are primary schools of intemperance. Drunkenness is always the failure of an attempt to drink moderately. The interchange of family courtesies and hospitalities are frequently schools of intemperance. All holiday occasions, such as New Year’s and Christ mas, birthdays, tin, silver, and golden weddings, Dickens aud literary dinners, club re-union3, etc., etc., are often schools of intemperance. The graded schools of intemperance are our billiard saloons, tenpin alleys, and fashionable watering places; the high schools of intemperance from which the poor drunkard graduates into the gutter or the grave are our hotel bars, corner groggeries, and fashionable “sample rooms.” Men drink because they acquire the habit, and in the end cannot control their appetite. DIPSOMANIA. The impulse to drink is now held to be a malady, and the vice stands to it in the relation of effect instead of cause. Dip somania is from the Greek “dipso,” thirst and “mania” madness, or eager desire.— It denotes an insatiable craving for al- choholic.drinks. In Germany men get drunk on wine, and there they have the term onamania, or wine madness. This disease is specific and peculiar, uniform in its symptoms and progress, and is es sentially a form of nervous poisoning—a toxocological result from the accumula tion ofaTchohol in the system. Alchohol acts on the nervous pulp of the brain, and produces an exhaustion of the cere bral and muscular functions. Ere long it begins to poison- the gray matter of the brain, so that every additional drop there after brings it more and more into a pois oned condition. Persons of nervous and sanguine temperament and constitution, and more readily men than women, are apt to fall victims to this disease. The number of dispomaniac men in the United States is alarming. The poor victim, from too long tampering with this demon, loses entire command over his will; has no power to resist the craving for alchoholic stimuli, and is transformed nto the involuntary slave of the insane propensity. Physically he has a lament ably broken down aspect; his limbs are feeble and tremulous; visage pale, leaden colored or sodden; eyes watery and lus terless. In the manifestations of mind and heart the change is still sadder and more awful. As the habit of indulgence continues, a process of mental deteriora tion goes on; the chief aim t)f life is now to obtain liquor, and the poison is swal lowed, not socially and convivially, but as a drug. The moral feelings become more and more perverted, the intellect weakened, and unless control is obtained of the unfortunate, he goes on from bad to worse, and ends his career either as a homicide or a suicide, or he becomes hopelessly insane. CAN THE DRUNKARD BE CURED? This is the question which the world asks, and which it is anxious to have an swered. In most instances he can be. The experiment is now being tried at Binghampton and Ward’s Island. The Washingtonian Home, at Boston, has had from, two'to three hundred casta an nually under treatment. What lasting benefits the confirmed inebriates there treated have receieved, it is impossible in the absence of data, to say. Usually, pa tients do not stay long enough at these institutions. They seldom go to the asy lum quite voluntarily, and they make it a point to leave them as soon as they can get away. In a few months abstinence from drink, judicious medical treatment, good diet, pure air, exercise, occupation and amusement, so improve the physical condition, that before a radical change has been effected the patient demands to be released. Years, rather than months of control are necessary to effect a per manent cure. The fundamental basis of all hopefiil treatment must lie in the pa tient’s own desire to get well. The appe tite ior liquor cannot be removed from the patient, and there is no specific which will prevent a further indulgence. A. pa tient can remain in Binghampton a doz en years, and entirely recover from the effects which. all previous alchoholic drinks had produced upon him; in Bhort, be as healthy, physically, as men usually axe, and yet, if he sochoses, uponleaying, there is nothing to hinder his patronizing the first dram shop which lita in his path. A man may be considered cured when he has a will strong enough to controlhis desires, and practices total abstinence. All the hygienic treatment and drugs in the world will not prevent him from drinking, although a dear head and healthy body are great helps to that end. If a man returns to his cup after treat ment at Binghampton or Ward’s Island, he does so knowingly, and no, one but THE HOME OF WEBSTER. THE MANSFIELD OF TO-DAY—CHANGES SINCE THE DEATH OF WEBSTER, IN 1852. From the New York World.] jic Mansfield, Mass., Sept. 18.—Sixteen years ago the next month, the stetfsmjin of Mansfield departed this life, a»d was buried in the oldest burial place in this, town, within a quarter of a milt 1 of his mansion. The natural scene he^e to-dav is almost entirely what it was onSabbath morning, October, 1852, when Hr. Web ster died. There is to the eastward the same magnificent ocean, in. full view; the hills around are the same; the hone farm, or that belonging to his late residmee, is nearly the same; the mansion Is un changed, externally and internally; the parlors, library and chamber where “the Defender of the Constitution” died, are quite unchanged, the furniture, books, etc., remaining just as when he left them. It has been said that those who would see Niagara Falls as they are, and have been, must go there soon, as the Falls are chang ing, and likely to change more and more. So those who would see the home of Web ster as it is, and was, must hurry hither soon, as important changes are ukely to occur here at no distant day. The changes that have occurred on the Webster farm, and in the family since his death are the following: His last surviv ing child, Col. Fletcher Webster died while leading on his regiment at the bat tle of Malvern Hill, in our late civil con flict. His grand-child, Daniel Webster, a son of «ol. Fletcher, has also died. As to the farm, containing nearly 2000 acres when he departed hence, all has been sold, excepting’some 300 acres, chiel- ly in the neighborhood of his house. The garden is much changed, a considerable portion of it having grown up to grass. The beautiful summer-house to the east of the garden on a woody eminence, has gone to decay. The magnificant elm, whose lower branches touch the ground all around it, is only looking so many years older. The wire fence on the highwaj has given place to a wooden one. Tht barn and surrounding out-buildings, tha: were burned a few years ago, have beef replaced, chiefly by new ones. A feu sheds, etc., are being erected this season The present Webster farm is a large anc good one. The buildings are spacious well arranged and in good repair. Stand ing remote from the public road, and reached by a fascinating private avenue: it has more the appearance of the home of some English lord, or gentleman, thaa any often seen in this country. This place is now the home of Mrs. Fletcher Webster and her two children, Ashburton and Caroline. Perhaps, 1000 visitors bavc^a^ed through the house the present season, pay ing a fee to the guide for the satisfaction they have received, and probably as many more have been content to visit the [rounds without entering the mansion, n some past seasons, especially during those immediately following that in which Mr. Webster died, the visitors were far more numerous. Hygienic Heresies. From Hall’s Journal of Health.] First—To think that the more a man eats the fatter and stronger he will become. Second—To believe that the more hours children study at school the taster they learn. Third—To conclude that if exercise is good for the health, the more violent and ex hausting it is ihe more good is done Fourth—To imagine that every hour taken from sleep is an hour gained. Fifth—To act on the presumptionithat the smallest room in the house is large ctough to sleep in. Sixth—To argue that whatever'remedy causes one to feel immediately betteris “good for” the system, without regard to more ul terior effectB. The “soothing syrup,” for ex ample, does not stop the cough of children, and doe3 arrest diarrhea, only to cause, a lit tle later, alarming convulsions, or the more fatal iefiamation of the brain, or water on the brain, at least, always portraits the disease. Seventh—To commit an act which is felt in itself to be prejudicial, hoping that some how or other it may be done in your case with impunity. Eighth —To advise another to take a rem edy which you have not tried on yourself, or without makiug special inquiry vhether all the conditions are alike. Ninth—To eat without anappeiite, or con tinue to eat after it has been satiated, merely to gratify the taste. Tenth—To eat a hearty supper for the pleasure experienced during the brief time it is passing down the throat, at the expense of a whole night of disturbed sleep, and a weary waking in the morniug. Eleventh—to remove a portion of the clothing immediately after exercise, when the most stupid drayman in New York knows that if he does'uot put cover on his horse the moment he ceases work in winter, he will lose him in a few days by pneumonia. Twelfth—To contend that because the dirt iest children in the street, or on the high way, are hearty and healthy, therefore it is healthy to be dirty, forgetting that continu ous daily exposure to the pure put-door air in joyous, unrestrained activities, is such a powerful agency fot health, that those who live thus are well, in spite < f rags and filth. Thirteenth—To presume to repeat later in life, without Injury, the indiscretions, expos ures and intemperances which in the flush of youth were practiced with impunity. Fourteenth—To believe that warm air is necessarily impure, or that pure, cold air is necessarily more healthy than the confined air of close and crowded vehicles; tbei latter, at the most, can only canse fainting and nau sea, while entering a conveyance after walk ing briskly, lowering a window, liras while still exposed to a draft will give a cold in fallibly, or an attack of pleurisy or pneumo nia. which will cause weeks and months of suffering, if not actual death, within four days. "Fifteenth—To “remeipber the Sabbath day” by working harder and later on Satur day than on any other day in the week, with a view to sleep late next morning, and stay ing at home all day to rest, conscience beiug quieted by the plea of not feeling very welt It is said that a poor German mechanic of New York has just invented a sounding- board which solves the long-sought problem of the prolongation of sonnd in the piano. The invention is a very important topic of discussion among piano-makers; and If the report is true, and tbcsouhding-board should prove to be what it is Claimed to be, the in ventor's fortune i4 made, aud the piano be comes at once the most perfect of all musical THE 8XS&B AND BCXSXffCXS. Commodore M.F. Maury, in the course of his address on the occasion of 'his re cent-installation as . Professor of Physics in the Virginia Military Institute, addressing the young gentlemen of the Institute, alluded as follows to the Bible and Science: Strive in all things and at all times to be right-minded, and as you are conduct ed along those beautiful walks in the fields of physical research, which modem investigation has made so lovely and in structive, guard against the seductive ar gument of those authors who delight to point out what they call contradictions to the Bible. My dear young friends, always remem ber that the author of that Book is na ture’s God; that the revelations of science and the statements of the Bible are both true, and that truth cannot contradict itself. Now, when you fancy you discover, as many say they do, discrepancies between science and the Bible, be not fast, as Colenso and others have been to pro nounce the Bible wrong. Keep from pre sumptuous sins, and be firm in the belief ibat the Bible is true—that science is true, tnd that if there be apparent discrepancy letween these two records, it is not the fault of either, but of yourself, their inter preter. The records are right, but their interpretation has, on many occasions been wrong. Science is progressive, and for its healtiful advancement speculation is of ten necessary. The boldness of such spec- ulatidn, uttered in the shape of hypothe ses, has sometimes startled the world, and needlessly disturbed the minds of Christian people. Sometimes the reading of the Bible has been wrong, and some times of the volume of nature, but in the end the dark sayings of each have been found to throw light on the other. Gal- lileo, in advance of his time, maintained that the earth turns on its axis, and "What are the reasons for these assump tions? Chemistry tells us that all the matter of which this earth consists—the rocks, the metals and the mountains—is made from sixty-one or sixty-two simple substances; that the greater part of all the solid matter in the world is gaseous; that one-half of the earth’s crust consists of oxygen alone, and that all the water in the sea is composed of but two gases, and nothing else, and that all the other sub stances known upon the earth may, by heat, be either volatilized or converted into fumes and vapors, as rare, light and attenuated as the gases themselves. With such materials, which the Frenchman called nebulous, he, with his theory, filled the planetary spaces. That this assump tion may receive from you its due weight, it is necessary to state that we have re cently discovered, and can now prove al most that the nebula) are of just such ma terials at this hypothesis calls for. As this chaotic mass of matter began— so runs the hypothesis—to radiate off its heat, (for the assumption is, and it is sup ported by many analogies) that the cen tre of our planet is still in an incandescent state—as, therefore, this chaotic and high ly heated mass began to radiate off its heat and to cool, it began to contract, and thus motion was general from that motion, the hypothesis derives the primum mobile or the power which first gave the planets the motion in their orbits. Such in . brief, are the assumptions of Laplace, and, being granted, the rest is philosophical deduction. Newton’s laws took no notice of the great first cause that sent the planets wheeling round the sun in their peculiar orbits, and set them all revolving and rotating in the same direc tion on their axes; nor did his laws at tempt to account for the satelites and rings which attend some of the planets. In going beyond gravity and grappling with first causes and prmium mobile, the Frenchman stalked forth into dark re gions and traveled proudly upon grounds which the Englishman, as great and as gi gantic was his intellect,had not ventured to essay. To explain the nebulae hypothesis upon the basis of these assumptions, let us avail ourselves of familiar instances for illustration. You have observed, "while driving fast along a muddy road, that the carriage wheels throw the tnud, not straight off from the carriage to the side of the road, butforward andnearly iritbe place in which the wheels turn. If you will watch the larger pieces of mud close ly you will discover that they have a ro tary motion, like the wheel; and in' the same direction. Bearing in mind this, homely illustration, let us return to the original nebulous mass. It is highly heated and easier of attraction by being globular in form. Consider it to be at rest and the process of cooling to have com menced, and see when it takes place. The cooling is from the outside, the condensing is consequently on the outside—wherefore a movement commences from the circum ference towards the centre and because it is from the circumference towards the cen tre, it is a rotary motion. . It is such a motion as we see in the whirlwind on land and in the whirlpool in the water. This begets a revolving motion either to the right or to the left, and in the nebula) of the solar system, it was from the right to the left. Thus the nebulous mass was set in motion. As it continued to cool and contract, the outer particles continued, to flow in ward, and, as in all revolving bodies, the particles at the circumference travel faster than the particles near the centre—these in-rushing particles carried their moment um from the circumference to the centre, impressed it there, and gradually accel erated the revolving motion to such an extent that the centrifugal force at the circumference became greater than the centripedal, and so a lamp or a ring was thrown off, first one and then another; for, as the nebulous mass continued to cool and contract, its velocity of rotation bontinued to increase, and so, first the matter tor Neptune and his satellites; then for'Urams, then tor Saturn and his rings, was thrown off all in and near the plane in which the great central mass '.e v V hhimself is responsible for the act. intUaments.. itself was revolving. ? Al.V/L-yfro*i-j&Atiw/!'»<\ .wI-'tendi tti ■ yiAfjffapefi; i/^1 toft .;aa^ajL,. . • <■;\.+. ;. *,• ItffV. •*•**£. • ■- ■ ■ —L . . . - :v. - *. V ■ A These fragments were not thrown off in the solid state, but as liquid or gaseous matter; for we know that Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and the earth areairspheroids, and of such shape as a mass of matter only in the fluid condition revolving about its own axis could assume, and we know that the interior of the earth is still in a fluid state, which is quite consistent with the idea that the whole was once fluid, . Saturn is still in the sky with his rings to attest this mode of sloughing off matter; nor is the sun altogether without them. These rings—so holds the theory—were afterwards broken up into one or. more planets with or without moons—with or without rings; all of which continued to move nearly in the same plane, and to "ro tate on their axis; they revolve, every one with the exception already mentioned, in the same direction around their prima ries.- • The stream of the asteroid, between Mars and Jupiter .now stand out under this grand and sublime hypothesis, not as fragments of a broken planet, but as peices of a severed ring. > The November and August meteors constitute a ring. The zodiacal light is al so a ring, and some of the most remarka ble nebula) in the sky are rings. Striking analogies are afforded by some of them in favor of Laplace’s .hypothesis, as the nebulae in Canes Venatici with its central agglomeration, its rings and planetary nebulous mass in the distance. Then again, in Leo,Lord Boss’ telescope reveals nebulae that make still more plausi ble the great Frenchman’s hypothesis. In other parts of the sky, and as if to. show that nebulae do grow into stars and suns, that monster telescope has picked up planetary nebulae that are apparently stars in process of formation. But Saturn presents the most grand and stricking example of all, though we find in the heavens nebulae of more fantastic forms and curious shapes than Saturn with his rings and moons. “Mother Church” in those days was of fended. She pronounced the doctrine a damnable heresy, and required him to renounce it. As he signed the recanta tion and turned away, he muttered: “Yea, remember, but it turns for all that.” So, too with* the Nebulae hypothesis, about winch you are yet to learn, but which some good meu have been disposed to regard as a modern heresy, because of its author. Recent discovery and scien tific investigation are now presenting it in a new light, without in the least dis turbing any religious belief whatever. First, hypothesis, then theory, then demonstration—these are the steps by which the science of astronomy has reach ed its present advanced state. At first, the hypothesis was that the earth was the center of the universe; that it stood still, and that the Heavens rolled aroundit from East to West. But discovery and re search soon convinced astronomers that this theory wa3 not consistent with the re sults of observation. Then, the theory was that the heavens stood still, and that the earth turned around daily on its ax is from West to East, and anually, in orhitual revolution, round the sun. Ob servation and research furnished data by which the truth of this theory, as far as it goes, was demonstrated. Finally, it was discovered that the sun is moving through space with the velocity of cannon balls, carrying in its train the earth, and the whole retinue of planets, asteroids and statellites, and so hypothesis was brought to the dignity of theory, which,reconciles all the known facts of the case. Though we may not claim that the Nebulae hypothesis has, as yet, attained to the dignity of a theory, nevertheless its plausibility appears to be suchj as to bring it within the range of probability, and, therefore, it may or may not have truth for its corner-stone. The Nebulae hypothesis is the concep tion of a great French geometer named Laplace. This hypothesis is more pro found in its reach than Newton’s Jaws, for the Englishman with his beautiful, theory of gravitation, only dealt with the heavenly bodies as he. found them. The Frenchman, soaring beyond that, attempt ed to deal with them from “ the begin ning,” to comprehend chaos, and to show how, when the earth was without form and void, the various physical processes took place by which the inorganic mat ters of the Universe was condensed into sums, aggregated into plannets, thrown off and converted into statelites, sent wheeling on their orbits about the sun, and the turning on their axis. In com paring these two philosophers, I speak of their intellects, not of their characters. You know how all the planets revolve in the same direction, how theygo round the sun in-a direction opposite to the hands of a watch, and have their orbits nearly in the plane of the sun’s equator; that they also rotate on their axis in the same direction, and that, with the single exception, perhaps, of the two outside, and most distant planets, all their moons do the same. They, could not move as they do by any chance, for there is no chance in nature, neither in the heavens, nor in the earth; moreover, according to the doctrine of chances, the odds are millions and millions to one against such an arrangement as that we actually behold among the planets as they move in their orbits. It is assumed as our point of departure, that this arrangement in the planetary world must be according to design, ana inobedience to law. Upon other assump tions equally plausible, its author found ed his hypothesis, and then proceeded by analogy and illustration to develop it, and that with a degree of probability, which, if it do not carry conviction to our minds, must at least challenge our re spect and admiration. It assumes that “in the beginning” the earth, sun _ and moon, with all their planets, were in a gaseous state; that when this was the case, the planetary spaces were filled by this rare and attenuated matter. Aw old covered flume to the cotton mill at Middle borough Four Corners, MaSi.,WM re cently opened, and 1,040 eel* Were tonnd to it," averaging two pounds each. The largest weighed 8 1-3. pound*. *’ The Qreen Vault* ofDreadasu Correspondence of the Philadelphia Bulletin.] The Royal palace at Dresden is tha most ungainly pile of heavy architecture in Europe. Yet it has great attractions to the lovers of art in the frescoes in the throne-room by Bendemann; and in the ball-room are some very fine paint ings, the subjects principally from " the mythology and lives of the ancient Greeks. On the ground floor is a range of apartments called the Green Vaults, from the color of the hangings with which the chambers were originally decorated. In these Green Vaults are eueh treasures of wealth that one feels in walking through them as: if he only possessed the ring of Aladdin, and some slight mischaneemight cause the magnificent sight to be instantly dispelled. Before the discovery of Amer ica the Freiburg silver mines were the source of. the great wealth of the Saxon Princes. Although the Saxon King is now the poorest in all Europe, in the very walls of his palace are treasures and costly objects more gorgeous and dazzling than any other monarch possesses, hand ed down from reign to reign since the time of August the Strong, in 1724 There are exquisite carvings in the precious metals. One is an. equestrian statue of Charles the II of England, in the character of St. George, cut out of a piece of solid cast iron. In this same- room are bronzes of rare workmanship,one a crucifix by John of Bologna. In the ivory room are several wonderful pieces of carving. One is a cup carved out of' a single piece of ivory, only sixteen inch es high, on which are one hundred and forty-two figures, illustrating the stoty of the foolish virgins, the fall of Lucifer and the wicked angels. Each face is a distinct portrait, aud it is said to have taken several years to accomplish the ; work. In the third room are Florentine mosaics, objects in amber, paintings in. enamel, and engraved shells, and ostrich.-. eggs carved and ornamented with jewels and rare gildings. In' the fourth room are the gold and silver plate that adorned the banquetting tables of the Saxon pal ace in the olden times. Each goblet and; dish is a wonder of costliness and inge nious art. The fifth room glitters with/ vessels formed of the half precious stones,. Lapis-lazuli, chalcedony, agates, and rock crystal, as well as two goblets formed of" antique gems, each valued at six thou sand dollars. A most curious collection of characture figures of men and animals made of single pearls are found in th» sixth room. The largest pearl. in tha> world, a pearl the size of a hen’s egg, cut into the famous court dwarf of the King . of Spain, is one of these.royal toys. In the seventh are the suits of armor, stud ded with diamond and gems of every de scription, some of the regalia being liter ally made of diamonds, rubies, emeralds* saphires and, pearls. In the last and eighth apartment are treasures that years, of labor and mines of wealth furnished the most splendid gifts for kings and princess. One trinket cost $58,400, and employed an artist eight years in making it. After all, it is only a toy, represent ing the court of the Great Mogul, the Emperor Aureneebe, seated on his throne, surrounded by his guards and courtiers, in the costume described by Travenir, the expression of each -of the hundred and thirty-two figures in pure gold, enamelled, being distinct and excellent. The tent, throne, steps, terraces of the ground, are al! gold, the whole standing on a pedes tal about two feet in diameter. Dinglin-' ger, the court jeweler at Dresden, the artisan, who was twenty years em ployed in similar beautiful, but useless work. In the room where these articles are displayed, such masses of diamonds, the largest in the world, the famous black diamond, the largest sardonyx known, six and one-half inches long, and four and, a quarter broad; sapphirea, the largest, a gift from Peter the" Great, and Martin Luther’s two rings, a mass.of solid silver from the Friehurg .mines, and the Sax on Regalia, of which the buttons, col lar, sword-hilt and scabbard are all of diamonds; the green diamond, or bril- liant, weighing one hundred and sixty grains is among them. The only time . when these treasures are used is when at courts, the King, Queen, two Princes and their Spanish and Portugese wives, array themselves in jewels from head to foot, and glitter like the fairy, queens who fig ured years and year* ago.” A Hundred Years in Prison.—A cap tain housebreaker was condemned, in the latter part of the last century, In Fraace, and under peculiar circumstances, to a hun dred years in the galleys, and strange to re late, this man recently made his appearance, in bis own native province, at the advanced age of 120 years, he being about twenty years of age when the sentence which, con demned him to such a dreadful punishment, waa passed. It is difficult to conceive what the fueling must have been with which he re-. turned, ,&b. soon as emancipated from the shackles which had enthralled bkn.foraces- tury, to breathe once more the cherished ain of the scene of his infancy. Bpurg, in the department of Ain, waa his native home, but time had so changed the aspect of the whole, that he recognized it only oy the church or Bron,which was the only thing.which bad un dergone no alteration. He had triumphed over laws, bondage, man, time, everything. Not a relation had he left Not a single be- ing could be bail in acquaintance, yet be was not without experiencing the hofeage end ^, the respect the French pay old age. For him self, be had forgottoa everything connected with his early youth;, even all recollection of the crime for which, be bad suffered waaloet, or, if at all remembered, it was a dreary vis ion, confounded with a thousand other dreary, virions, of days long goaa by. His family and connections, for several generations, aU - dead, blunette living proof of the clemency of Heaven and the severity of man, regretting ■ perhaps the very irons which had been fa miliar to him, sad half wishing himaelf again among the wretched end suffering e- ings with whom his fate bed been to long associated. Well might he be called the pa triarch of burgiert. *4.." v ■». r • * t* ’’ * : *•* rtlmL-y: -.yd, . . X \ / ■ ..• ' , V I.*’* 'V, . » l ;. Four years’ labor at the Ante*’ World, *■ Chicopee, has at last brought to completion * the brotoa capital doors, wkl thoy aro aoea * to bopKfcedfor tremtportsttoe'toWeshtaw. too. TheUM* bribe oseti** Md fliAAtewlt,' stated at from $40,000 * non . ^ V”*:* *■ * ' -e/il*.! tylf ‘