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4BL1SHED 1826.}
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MACON, FRIDAY, MARCH 26, 1869.
Agricultural Discourse.
AN address
m pgroEE THE PIONEER AGRICULTURAL
-OCIETV or W*** COUNTY, GA.
p. STEVENS, M. D.
charging tho functions of respiration, digestion
and the assimilation or conversion of their food
into flesh and vegetable fibre. Animal fibrin,
albumen and gelatine, from which are made the
flesh and blood of our bodies, are precisely sim
ilar to vegetable fibrin, albumen and gluten,
ont of which are constructed the different parts
of plants. On analyzing the processes by which
animals and vegetables live, we can comprehend
how, by the exchange of certain gases, a due
supply of healthy atmospheric air is maintained.
We are well aware that the air we breathe is
composed of definite proportions of oxygen and
nitrogen gases and a trace of carbonic acid gas.
In the process of animal respiration, oxygen gas
is absorbed, as a certain portion of it»is neces-
sary to the support of animal existence, and car
bonic acid is thrown off, the inhalation of which
in any considerable quantities by nnimnlq 13 de
structive of life. We will readily perceive, that
from the innumerable sources of carbonic acid,
through the respiration of animals, the processes
of combustion, volcanic eruptions, and many
other sources, the atmosphere would become so
loaded with this deleterious agent as to cause the
extinction of animal life, was there not a counter
balancing agency. Bnt mark the munificence
and providence of nature: plants absorb car
bonic acid and evolve oxygen gas. Thus we
perceive, in these two great kingdoms of nature,
a nice counterpoise is maintained, whereby what
is regarded as an element of destruction to one
is employed by the other as a source of vitality
and nutrition. We, therefore, cannot look with
contempt upon the humblest flower or the most
noxious weed, for we are measurably dependent
upon them for the blithesome countenance and
elastic step of health and happiness. This fac
ulty of atmospheric absorption by plants pre
sents the only rational method of accounting for
the manner in which vegetation was originally
supported before the formation of soil by veget
able decomposition: in the possession of exten
sive leafy expansions, by which plants derived
their nourishment chiefly from the air, and de
manded but a limited supply from the soil.
All fertile soils have a liberal supply of or
ganic and inorganic materials; the former being
the prodnets of the decay of vegetable and ani-
mal matter, the latter resulting from the disin
tegration of rocks in the original formation of
the soil. It is rare that we find more than from
J.
:. tr l l) lie Society to Ike Macon Telegraph
VlfflflftA.l
The occasion which brings us to-
one of unusual interest. ~ It is a har-
. jjiore propitious times, especially to
^mth you are associated in concert of
<”r julraiicing the agricultural interests
Parian of our State. When the storm-
inrpassed over us, in its desolating
"far and wide the debris of shat-
j. B es which required the energy, todus-
Allof many years for their accomula-
.u'omplished the disintegration of our
.;*m whereby the beneficent relation of
A slave has been forever sundered, and
^aiy consequence our labor system
■ r inced to n state of inextricable con-
Iss brongbt us into a condition of po-
Araptey. where, in lieu of a mild and
:: j-uternment dispensing its blessings
Arty and the pursuit of happiness”
;i teUie subjects of class legislation
embarrassments and cruel tortures.
Acut occasion inspires ns with hope,
Ah prostrated by the weight of untold
~ y is vitality enough left to be galvan-
wadition of activity and power. With
tahsion to the inexorable decree of , r . _
eaHand which has shaped our destinies, [ ” . percent of vegetable matter; inorganic mat
ing obedience to the powers that be ; ; ter,s found in variable proportions. The pres-
ihudo, intelligence to guide and en- j en ?° °f many acids and alkalies is needed, not
..wnplish, we will yet bnild up the , only in contributing to the elementary constit-
hcci and our stricken land will once ! U0nts °» plants, bnt in rendering many snb-
-M in the garments of beauty and : sta nces soluble and assimilable which otherwise
A i woald be valueless. Silica, potash, soda, phos-
:a!lea>en. you have commenced the ‘ P bol * c and sulphuric acids are found in many
./ recuperation, by laying down one of : P.y? nr f ( l nlr ® a predominance of the
which compose the broad foundation i to afford strength and durability to the
itich rests the material prosperity of ev- ' All plants^ of the grass kind demand a
□red country. I mean the advancement: ^ r ? e °* th® silicate of potash. Wheat re-
&a*eof intelligent agricnltnral industry, i b supply of carbonate of potash,
.acert of action w indispensably necessary t parts the stalks of which yield 15 per
success of any great enterprise. Indi- ! ® en k °i asaea » w ™ e tj}® same quantity of the
effort is slow and dubious in its progress. : —T stalks of barley afford but 8 per cent., and
analysis of projected plans insures more ! , oa ^ on v ^ percent. It is evident, therefore,
on and certainty of finnl results. The * that “ e same 80x1 wbicb would support but one
iring of individual experiments conducted 1 C /°P °/ wheat would bear three ot oats. In
i suggestions of minds diversified in their * ashes of 1000 pounds of the dry straw of
iliu'es of natural or acquired powers of • wkcrU we find 28 per cent, of silicate of potash,
piutfion in the use of means, will point * 1X1 that °* ^ per cent.; while in the
burn! elicit truth. ■ same quantity of the dry straw of oats we have
Itauer. of all men, is often tho most ' 45 P er ,£??*•* and in tiiat of ^ S*™ 1 10 P er
[ :»ted in his prejudices. Taught from 1 cant * T “ 8 facfc ma ^ ln a measure, account for
^childhood to pursue a certain system ! the truth of the prevailing opinion with reference
fc earned in the customs and manners of j to 1x16 exhausting nature of tho oat crop; by its
Mors, guiding many of his important! extracting snch a large amount of a single in-
tss bv the different lunar phases and ! ST edlent of 1110 3od » tha silicate of potash. We
[logical observations which are to his i “ff cnabled arrive at these deductions by the
sioas of good or evil, any suggestions ■ cb ®uiical analysis, and I may here ob-
ay have a tendency to invalidate the ! ? er 7 e > j 4 ls . in a great measure, to chemistry
r o!his faith are received with increduli- 111 application to agriculture, that we are
«.'picion. Even when actual observa- lndebted for tbe astonishing results which have
£tq*rience have tested the superiority fo!lowed tbe labors of the scientific agriculturist,
nplans differing from his stereotyped , The fertilizing properties of arable-land are
t is tardy in adopting them and giving d ependent upon many conditions of the soil
ait to their results. Hence, there is i fr ? m tbe Presence of nutritive materials,
ijtiidcred the most intense opposition to i Up° n porosity, its color, its ability to
illed book-fanning. "What is book- 1 retam moisture, its friability and its suscepti-
:ta an intelligent understanding of the ! blUt y of P erfect drainage. Pure sand alone we
grating in Uie accomplishment of the ! know » 13 strictly barren; for, aside from the en-
s ad plans of the most illiterate farmer? ! tire absence of organic matter, there is a lack of
£8g to our aid tho wise generalities of i consistency in its texture whereby it is incapa-
plants require alkalis, some in the form of sili
cates,others in the form of carbonates, nitrates,
oxalates, and tartrates.” Com delights in the
phosphates of lime,magnesia, and in silicic acid;
and an analysis of the cotton plant shows in
matter soluble in water 44 per cent of the car
bonate of potash ; the phosphates of lime and
magnesia and the carbonates of lime are
found in smaller proportions; silicic acid in com
paratively insignificant quantities. Here, then,
we perceive how chemical analyses and experi
ments confirm the results of our own observa
tion and experience, in the benefits resulting
from rotation in the culture of our two staple
productions,' com and cotton.
In the older European countries, two success
ive crops of a similar kind are seldom permitted
to grow upon the same soil; and it is said, that
by alternating with different kinds of vegetables
for a series of years, the original fertility of the
land may be preserved to a remarkable degree.
We are informed that in Belgium, “the rotation
of crops upon a portion of land remarkable for
its fertility, which had not received any manure
for twelve years, was as follows: Beans, barley,
potatoes, winter barley with red clover, winter
barley, wheat, oats ; the eighth year it was al
lowed to lie fallow.” Theninth year it was sup
posed to be as productive as when first in culti-
tation. The benefits of rotation of crops are
very evident, but not to the degree that was
claimed by DeCaudolle; for tbe unlimited culti
vation of any soil, however skilfully, will finally
result in the complete exhaustion of its organic
and inorganic constituents unless they are artifi
cially supplied. The recuperation of land by
resting, is a slow, imperfect and expensive pro
cess, where the soil is naturally poor. We should
commence to rest such land before it begins to
fail; for where it is naturally deficient in vegeta
ble matter, after having been exhausted, the
crop of weeds and grass produced is so insignfi-
cant that it returns to the soil, but a very small
quantity of organic matter. It is doubtful
whether the benefits resulting from resting such
land, taking a series of years, will compensate
for the expense of keeping the fencing in repair,
as well as for the loss of the interest upon the
value of the land. Moreover, we are strongly
tempted to graze our stock upon our rested fields,
and the small portion of their excreta left upon
the ground does not supply the loss of vegetable
matter conveyed away. The common custom
of turning hogs upon lands not well clothed with
grass or edible matter of some sort, I conceive
to be highly detrimental, for they plough up the
sterile subsoil to a great depth and throw it to the
surface, thereby mixing with the small portion
of vegetable matter a large preponderance of
insoluble earthy matters, which require a long
time of exposure to the action of rain and the
farming demand a return to the soil of all the meetings, bv the different mender.
chemical elements produced and abstracted by cietv ™ f y j
the crop harvested; either by feeding the crude £& SSilS Zn
ZdSXZ St0ck ’ and gently edge of the modus operandft prSudn^food
their excreta, or we must for them. It would be exceedingly intefesthS
artihciallj reproduce what has been earned to discuss the chemical and ®
an the excrements of animals so rich in ammo- administering food in aScoXnffSVese
Z,ZfhrX^ ahne f SaltS ’ Or8l i a l lw0 depeEd r^Pl 03 ; out I fearthat 0 ? have abeady tres^
upon the pm:chase of commercial manures.- passed too long upon your patience. 7
th P flXTt ar ® en f erta “ ed npon this sub- ; la conclusion, allow mb to congratulate you
ndvncft^aZ 8t . ex P e . n ®“ ced formers. Son* upon the organization of a society which, if con-
th JnZal P f n ^ d0 i? estac m 0110103 b ? dneted with zeal and a spirit of inquiry, will re-
tbanwal pwey of saving them are so biuk,- suit in benefits to yourselves, individually, and
cRS'l P'“f «* I-®’- SSiche, M on efery
chase highly concentrated manures which are an Oasis spreading out its green pastorTs and
r , offering its limpid* streams to the^hu^Z and
tha * tbe ?*P el * e of employ- thirsty inquired after progress and knofSE
ing the latter is so great that the benefits accru- In comparing tho results of different modes of
mg thereform are comparatively triflmg. The cubivating crops, testing tbe value of improved
?PP h 0 n r °l- d0m f tlC mannres > T? P re PY ed agricultural implements; the relative superiority
trust to the honesty of dealers, and m these pennants with a view to procress and nerfee
times of moral obtuseness, mens consciences tionTrou will stimulate a smriWif innnmvnnd
MttoZnd^lV 011 * and fle ^ ble » a ? dar0Tei 7 ‘resealh, habits of close aUention, minuteness
apt to lend a listening ear to the whisperings of , of dotal in making experiments and accuracv
fW the ?, not "“fr 0 - in sumning up results? Your deductions wiU
? 1 J h - at W0uldnot repay thereby be made with more confidence andsat-
11-3 f ° r f be trouble of applying it Hence, the lsfactitn to yourselves, and they will be of more
conflicting statements that are made with refer- ; importmee to the world. 7
ence to the utility of foreign manures. Interest! in y 0lr deliberationsnone mav nlead the t
and prudence dictate that we make as much of of ability to contribute the results of theiXf
and 8n PP^ the d ? fic i enc y periencl You deal to flctef you search
with the latter. Find out what your land re-, facts; TO wish the benefit ofyour observation
Pt?uf«l,^f t5lerlt | 1S t% efiClen i, mm iS erfl J-« V6S * ' and experiments. The simple^ truth that our
’ b ° th - ; P w Cll ?i! 0 th0 dlfferent , ideas aroclothed to language, adorned with clas-
^e^ents and manipulate them yourselves, sical purty and rhetorical beknty, invests them
™ rera - T , of elements to ; with aettol importance only so far as they com-
meet their demands. The production of gum, ; municatoor substantiate facts,
sugar and starch, demands somewhat different j Let mduroe upon vou the necessitvforacnni-
of'the"'sppdZ J' enters * nto ^ be coustituents i ring a knowledge of correct principles, byglean-
f heans, peas and wheat. We mg the abundant harvests of truth to be reaped
‘A 6 !? ’ T T" “5 nu ^ 3 to , mee ‘ by the stidy of nature as well as art, from the
on!m?i, t X^ Pt ° be ?J anted ' Tbe P h . 0S P bate |, many agricultural works andjeurrent periodical
f nd rtjagrtesia, decomposed animal and literature of the day. In this mnnection, aUow
vegetable matters and common salt will fulfill mo t 0 present to you the claims of the Southern
aU the indications required 1 : Cultivlto.—tbe pioneer, as well as the advocato
tn f qua ^. fa fi y ° f arumo “ a re 8113 M paunder, of Southern agricultural princi-
fr ° m t0 h^enty-five per cent. If ; pi es f or nearly thirty years. It maintaiimd its
811 ° a ? - be ^ P roaured ^ blob rtill be war- existence throughout the war; and, though it
ranted to contain from ten to fifteen per cent, struggled hardwiththe poverty of the times
of ammoma, with the addition of the phos- j yet its plainly-clad pages were always filled with
'■j and deducing therefrom important
«reducing general, and, often, vague
as of natural phenomena to die cer-
srientific truth and of statistical accu-
*• in short, simplifying and rendering
an agricultural operations.
Are has attained its highest degree of
in those countries where necessity has
ble of retaining a sufficient amount of moisture.
Kato exerts a solvent agency upon many of the
constituents of the soil, and instead of there be
ing in the snksoil a mechanical obstacle to its
further absorption, causing its invigorating in
fluence to be retained around the roots of plants,
it permeates too deeply, and is hence lost. Clay
alone presents the opposite difficulty. By its
:e aid of science for the support of ! j a ff en ye* b ?fo r . to water it retains moistaretoo
rhere the usual productions of the ' *' " ~ r J *"
dequate for this purpose. In propor-
increose of tho population of a conn-
tte be a demand upon its agricnltnral
Hence, in Germany, Great Britain,
France, and other countries, a large
(ingenious and investigating minds
jed in renovating the productive ca-
soils worn out by perpetual tillage.
>u are made by which the maximum
i grain may be produced upon every
romd susceptible of cultivation. It is
; io Great Britain, every thirty-four
ffid raises food for every twenty of her
*• Among the Chinese, their superior
p °f the art of culture has enabled
ia an area of 1,200,000 acres of land,
^population of 300,000,000 of peo-
oomeen years, North Germany added
^sailers one million to her population.
'*<4 this is attributed to the systematic
t tgricnllural instruction of tho farm-
T*® of Germany. North Germany
JJW four royal academies to which
practice of farming are taught
i course. In addition to the Col-
At ^JU1BO. AU UUU1UOU IO U1G AyOl-
r^htoins nineteen provincial schools,
received from the State $10,-
jftrsander the direction of the edu-
of th* district, and the simple
2rr tare em taught Teachers are
BO from farm to farm to give
*fcuethe crops are growing. Then
schools for experiments to or-
2®“!; and throughout all Germany
*pidly advancing in knowledge,
faults in advance of every other
prejudices, therefore, to an educa-
rtseally tho result of igno-
benefits arising therefrom. Be-
. - cTtrv circumstance and
routinist will often sne-
fine a crop as his more intel-
neighbor, is there any valid
I “predating the value of knowl-
long; there is not free access of air and warmth
to tbe roots and the plant suffers from defective
nourishment. Again: sandy lands radiate
caloric very slowly and imperfectly: hence, in
scorching droughts, the excessive heat absorbed
from the sun's rays during the day passes off
slowly at night. The radiating power of clay
lands is doable that of sandy lands, and they
cool much more rapidly. Lime, though not it
self possessing any special fertilizing properties,
is a valuable component of the soil, by giving
consistency, neutralizing acidity, aiding to the
decomposition of vegetable matter, and render
ing soluble those snbstances which could not
otherwise be absorbed by the roots of plants.
Feat lands which possess more than 30 per cent,
of organic matter, and produce nothing but a
coarse, worthless grass, may be made rich and
productive by drainage, and a heavy top-dress
ing of lime well ploughed to. Thus we see that
by the union of clay, sand and lime, we have a
soil that maintains proper consistence to afford
mechanical snpport to the plant, as well as a
sufficient degree of porosity for watering and
ventilation, and having enongh of the siliceous
ingredient to afford strength and durability to
the stalk.
Clay land having a large percent
audits alumina being m chemical union with
silica, is better adapted to the growth of wheat
and cotton; a considerable share of sand is re-
J juisite for barley, and a decidedly sandy loam
or rye and oats. It would bo interesting to
dwell upon the effects of draining, ploughing,
hoeing, rotation of crops, and manuring ; but
each of those subjects should.be the basis of a
separate monograph. A passing remark or two,
however, may not be inappropriate. The ef
fects of drainage are more perceptible upon tena-
tious clay land than upon a light, porous, friable
soiL It prevents the accumulation of stag
nant water, favors tbe access of fresh supplies
of rain water, and consequently, of fresh air to
the roots, and it mokes the soil softer and more
impressible by the roots. By effecually dissolv
ing the hard lumps and rendering the subsoil
more porous, it enables the plant to enjoy a
Vaij hw audience into convul-
^fcm T ! Inder estimate the perspicuity
s t /' dtction ’ rtielttog pathos, and
(Iwr^rteM of the thoroughly edu-
W .A* 8 wider tho inspiration of a
• ima girtation, invincible
* dtjjn. kjrie, he portrays with such
the terrors of tho law, dis-
NL “^tortucal faithfulness our nntu-
a w rth such persuasive elo-
*e the fountain of purity and
Sub/ ffect5oa8 . and thertghts are
A kb ev/nfj Reekie chain of sympa-
avoca tions the planter
T*kii or contemplation and study.
fr 0111 the caverns of the
’ hie ocean, the invisible air,
5W#q d i “» 0110 yet he is ignorant of
p. of tatue mploy6din utiUzi “fi tb ese
in eppearance, yet
^ ^/“actions it bears a striking
JjWeJSaSSi their germination
1116 elements of nutrition
i,/^locoiAr nntil tb °y are provided
»rtd forobtamtogthe
The elementary sub-
5**e ar e y aro sustained to the tocu-
. Wnc ipl-K^° St , identicaL Four ele-
** Pitre'fe ri n& f Ure ? X ^? e carbon,
iff the oasis of ani-
^ “■ fiiev X 110111 Me or ganized be-
Spring.
The beneficial effects of ploughing and hoe
ing are no less remarkable, by minutely divid
ing the soil, encouraging tho plentiful supply of
air and water, thereby affording a due propor
tion of oxygen which isnecesary for the decom
position of vegetable matter, the germination of
seeds, and by uniting with organic and inorganic
matters preparing them for absorption by the
roots of vegetables.
One of the most economical and judicious
methods of retaining the natural fertility of soils
is by rating and by proper rotation of crops-.
Chemical analysis and observation demonstrate
that the constituents of tho soil are heterogene
ous, and that different plants consume variable
quantities of organic and inorganic substances.
De Caudolle maintained that plants have the
power of excreting or throwing off into the soil
matters unassimilable by them to such a degree
as to cause sterility, so far as they are concerned;
but that this excrementitious matter may serve
as healthy food for other plants, and.that by a
judicious system of rotation the fertility of land
may be prolonged indefinitely. This redundance
of excrements by the slow action of the air and
moisture again becomes fitted for food. On the
principle of long continued and excessive excre
tion of worthless matter we are induced to ac
count for the fact, that when an oak forest is
cleared and the land cultivated for a series years
on being thrown out and permitted to reproduce
another forest, pine is usually substituted for
oak; on the contrary the destruction of a
vice whatever. " experimental acquaintance with the application j a bill of faro annotivirnr fr. tV,„
The philosopher's stone which converts earth i of these manures can safely rely upon tho well ■ A long and intimate acquaintance with its edit-
toto gold, the Cornerstone of the Temple of | ^ bb fed reports of others who have not any ' ors Ji cn J e
Ceres, is manure. And, gentlemen, never in pecuniary interest in their manufacture as ar- • itji? ever maintain that Hoarpn nf ptwIIoh™
the history of our country has this subject pre- ! ncl ,e 9 of trade. Air. David Dickson of Han- : wh ich we alone can expect frSn such resources
sented such an important aspect as now. In | cocL, whose experience in the use of comrner- 1 as are to bo derived from long and intelligent
former times, when the planter had absolute j «al manures w probably greater than thatof experience of practical detaflsm the cultivation
eontaihover lus laborers-lavmg exhausted the , ony one at least in our State thus writes: “It of g, 0 Btaple productions of our country and a
fertility of his plantation, with his man servants, J 3 true, I made fine crops before I used guano, ! correct understanding of scientific truth. Every
bones, salt and plaster; but_ nothing to.com- i planter who cultivates ten acres of land should
Arw'If? 1 crops / 1 J? de * bem- } tell. be a subscriber to it, for there are none who will
^2t25S*? e JP i guano, etc., does- not be the wiser from its perusal,
it is self-sustaining; it is punctual m payment, . Ikia beUeved that nin£tenths of the fixed
E T±l te r EaS ?f an . 0ltension 1 of tlme ; I capital of all Civilized natiom iTemployed, and
wants no stay laws or military orders; pays probably over two hundred million oirnen spena
promptly, and, on an average, as mncli as^ one** their daily labor in the cause of Agriculture. It is
hundred and twenty-five per cent.; sometimes the basis of the success of all great enterprises,
a small per cent., and at other times as high as : Appreciate, therefore, the importance and dig-
four hundred; it enables one to make double • nity of tho work in which you are engaged. Ap-
the quantity of home made manures; improves ; plied science holds out her beacon-lights to di-
the land; gives the one means of keeping more j rect your pathway, and personal interest and the
and better stock; improves crops; makes tbe demands of your impoverished country loudly
laborers more cheerful and willing to work; ' invoke the exercise of your best energies. It is
lints money m hand to do fancy farming; pnr- ! true that the demoralized state of our labor sys-
cliases good machinery and tools; will afford tern environs the execution of your plans with
s ?? ae luxuries as well as substantiate, and en- difficulties which are often annoying and embar-
deprived. This can be accomplished by turning j fbles you to work freedmen, when they would rassing. But is it not wonderful that, in tho
you .in debt without it” . J midst of the chaotic condition of society, ou^
ISow this is an admirable summing up of evi- laborers are so efficient? Their sudden transit
dence m favor of his cause; but although Mr. tion from a state of absolute servitude to the ex-
r. C i 011 *? a ^ reabze these results, it is doubtful excise of almost unrestrained license, wouldhave
whether there are many who can employ mate- severely tried the principles of any people poss-
nals with the application of as much skill and essing infinitely more elevated moral and intel-
« . * judgment as he undoubtedly possesses. If, lectual culture. The rule of passion must soon
of dry vegetation, because, in tbe pro- j however, the half of what he assures / '°u be : give way to that of reason, when we will be able
decay of vegetable matter, the plant j realized, we should require no stronger ice- to organize our system of labor, and make it an
.n? Z At.., . -- «-• /• mnnlc fn nnnrmnma nts fa aa lit. I t . . * . - 7 - - -
his maid servants, his cattle and moles—like
the Israelite of old, he migrated to more abnn-
dantjpastures and a virgin soil, and pursued the
same ruinous system of butchering and skin
ning his laud. In the altered circumstances
-which surround us we can neither sell our lands
nor move away. It will not pay to extensively
clear up fresh lands, where wo have so much
already idle. Necessity compels us, therefore,
to resuscitate our exhausted soil, or we must be
contented to become annually still more impov
erished. It is a matter then of vital importance
to know how we can mast economically and
effectually accomplish our purpose.
The object of manuring lands is to return to
the soil the potash, soda, lime, phosphoric acid
and nitrogenous materials of which it has been
deprived. This can be accomplished by turning
tinder green crops, or by supplying these acids,
alkalies and salts, to a more concentrated form
to artificial compounds, by composting rough
vegetable matter and inorganic materials, and
by the artificial admixture of the different sub
stances that compose our commercial manures.
Ploughing under green crops is preferable to judgment as he undoubtedly possesses,
the use
cess of
throws off into tbe air a considerable portion of
valuable gases. The sap, like the blood to an
imals, contains all the elements necessary for
the production of the different parts of the plant.
The seeds, twigs and leaves possess a larger
share of nitrogen than other portions, such as
the bark and woody fibre : if, therefore, veget
ables were allowed to pass through the process
of maturation and decay before they were in
corporated to the soil by being ploughed under,
a large portion of these elements of nutrition
would be lost by conversion toto different gases.
While growing, the roots of plants descend be
low the surface toto the subsoil, and extract from
it inorganic matter. This enters toto the stem,
leaves and woody fibre, and the latter, when
ploughed under, while green, become thoroughly
incorporated in the surface soil, and to the pro
cess of fermentation the resulting gases are dif
fused, form combinations with other snbstances
already present, and thus are retained, and be
come a permanent source of nutrition to any sub
sequent crop. In stiff, tenacious clay or lime
land, the vegetable matters make the soil more
friable, and to time of drought act favorably by
facilitating the access of air to the roots, and to
time of protracted wet seasons, by conveying
away excessive accumulations of water. AU
sandy lands are vastly benefittedby this process
of manuring, because they soon bepoine ex
hausted of all organic matter.
It is of the first importance to sow snch seeds
as wiU produce the largest amount of vegetable
matter, to the shortest time, and those which
wiU be most readily produced by the soil to be
renovated. Thus lucerne or clover would not
pay upon our lands for this purpose, because
they demand a large amount of potash for their
growth and perfection. We would be compeUed
to supply this ingredient actificiaUy before we
could succeed to obtaining a sufficient amount
of vegetable matter to be available. The em
ployment of peas and rye would be far prefer
able, both of which can be sustained upon a
comparatively smaU quantity of potash; the
farmer derives considerable nourishment from
the atmosphere by the absorption of carbonic
acid and ammonia through its leaves, and the
latter wiU grow very weU upon a soil containing
not over one and a half per cent of potash. Itwould
repay the trouble and cost by sowing a crop of rye
in the fall, and ploughing it under to the Spring,
preparatory to planting a crop of cotton upon
the same land; especially if a top dressing of
gypsum or phosphate of lime, could be ploughed
under with the rye. Green crops decompose
very rapidly, and they, to a very short time,
wouldimpart’a stimulating effect, thereby giving
a good start to the young cotton.
The sulphate or phosphate of lime would
economize the fertilizing properties of the rye,
which, during its gradual process of decay and
fermentation, would impart its beneficial effects
to the cotton daring the whole time of its growth
and maturation. The proper time - for plowing
under green crops is just as the plant begins to
flower; for to this process it emits a consider
able portion of nitrogen, which may be advan
tageously retained. The rapidity of the decom
position of green crops enables us to repeat the
operation at least twice during our protracted
season of warm weather, through the summer
and autumn. Our lands are peculiarly suscep
tible of improvement by this method, as well as
by that of rotation and resting, on account of
the presence of more or less lime to the soil,
which greatly facilitates the decomposition of
organic matter. The presence of lime is de-
ducible from the fact that shell limestone rock
underlies the whole of this section of the State ;
and I believe it is conceded that the surface soil
generally partakes of the nature of the sub
stratum upon which it rests. Moreover, we can
not in any other manner satisfactorily account
for the ready response which is made to the ap
plication of almost any kind of manure, even
in very quantity; and it is remarkable for
what length of time a stogie application of ma-
will exhibit its beneficial effects.
ments to encourage us to go and do likewise, j efficient element'of production. The principles
Idle course usually pursued in tho manufacture ■ c f miscegenation will be illustrated only by such
of domestic manures is most wasteful and ex- luminaries as Thad Stevens, Anna Dickinson,
travagaut. Lot manure derived from animals : and their immediate satellites. The impress of
abundantly fed upon com, fodder, oats and omniscience in inerasable physical lines has de-
peas, is highly stimulating; abounding in those fined the relations of the two races to each other.
a * 3 u S ? nd sa ™ ^kieh enter into the structure Socially they are as inimiscible as oil and water,
of the plants which produced those grains. Am-j Let ns, therefore, in our deportment toward
moma, one of the most volatile of salts, is con- the freedmen, by acts of kindness and uniform
tmually passing off into the atmosphere, known ; justice seek to secure their confidence and
by its peculiar pungent odor. There are many ; friendship, and elevate them in the scale of
other soluble salts which are subject to the con- ' morality and intelligence. The immense physi-
tinual washings of heavy rains and to the dissi- cal, resources of our noble old State will demand
pating ellects of intense solarheat. The econ- for their development a large importation of
omizmg of these valuable fertilizers would be foreign laborers. Our exhaustless beds of lime,
greatly augmented by having our mules and coal, alumina, granite, marble, iron and gold
horses confined under cover, and their stalls cannot fail to attract an influx of capital and
made impervious to liquids by having the floors labor. The vintners of France and Italy will
covered with clay well beaten and made hard adorn the “day galls” of Middle Georgia with
and compact, and by the apheation of thin lay- * their smiling cottages and the luscious fruits of
ers of land plaster and bone dust to the beds of vine. The music of ten thousand busy
straw hauled m fcom time to time. The volatile spindles will awake to life and activity the
ammonia in.the form of a carbonate would then slumbering energies of the desponding croaker
enter into chemical umon with the land plaster * who wastes his nfe in useless regrets for the
and bone dust and be permanently retained, past and apprehensions for the future. Many
Moreover, the presence of these substances years will not have passed before the teeming
would greatly accelerate the disintegration and . millions of China will pour in upon us over the
fermentation of rough manures. We would, Pacific railroad; and by industry and skill in
therefore, not only increase the quality, bnt the the mechanic arts, and their already trained
quantity of manure. Composts made in the . habits in the production of cotton and rice, as
open air should be treated in like manner, and we ll as their climatic adaptation to the cotton belt
always covered with a layer of earth or charcoal, . the country, will add immensely to our agri-
to prevent the escape of ammonia. Byem- cultural and mineral wealth. The spirit of the
ploying one hand and a yoke of oxen, during age will demand liberal governmental patronage
the year, at this business, we would be amazed the cause of agricultural education, and the
at the quantity of manure produced, laden with development of Southern genius in the mechanic
organic and, inorganic materials exactly suited ar ts. The field for effort is boundless, and the
to the wants of our land, and equal in quality reward3 for labor are rich and. tempting. I can-
to the best commercial fertilizers. not too urgently impress upon you the necessity
The comparatively recent discovery of a phos- for pursuing your avocations as planters, not
phatic deposits in the forin of fossil remains of me rely as a temporary necessity, bnt with a view
animals in, so said, inexhaustible quantities, t Q permanency.
near Charleston, we hope will, ere long, supply The mercantile and professional departments
ns with a vmuable fertilizer. The ordinary su- of business are now overcrowded, and multitudes
perphosphate of commerce usually contains about 0 f anxious aspirants after wealth and distinction
o.> per cent, of phosphoric acid, whereas, that arQ eking out an attenuated existence upon
which we have just noticed is said to contain “hope deferred.” It has been pretty well de
from CG to 88 per cent. Extensive preparations temnned that foreign nations have failed to se-
are now being made for the application of this curin g such a monopoly of the cotton supply, by
manure to the soil. The facilities for its trans- producing a staple that will compete with ours,
g ortation almost to our doors will enable us, we a3 •will depress the price to a stage that will make
ope, to obtain it at a cost that will sustain us moremunerative to us. With a good constitu-
to its liberal application. It will not only be an tion, steady and industrious habits, energy and
admirable fertilizer for our lands, applied alone, ordtoarv foresight, any young man may carve
but for incorporation with animal or vegetable otl (; c f the soil a foundation upon which to rear
manures rich in ammonia or carbonaceous mat- a superstructure of wealth and influence. It is
ter, not only enabling us to employ a smaller said that the staple productions of Massachusetts
quantity of tlmlatter, but adding greatly to the ara granite and ice; and yet with her immense
duration of their fertilizing properties. wealth and Yankee shrewdness, though most la-
The profitable cultivation of our lands with mentably misapplied, she furnishes the prepon-
free labor without the assistance of manure is derance of motive power that controls' the ma-
very doubtful. We will soon be absolutely chinery of this Government. With our genial
compelled to curtail the quantity and improve climate, mineral treasures, unlimited water pow-
the quality, thereby increasing correspondingly er and fertile soil, and the use of propel* energy
the productions of the soil. Experiments attest and skill to their development, we will yet re-
the increased production of com and cotton to gain our lost political and commercial suprema-
from 100 to 400 per cent, by the judicious and cy. Do your part, then,' to the great -work of
liberal application of manures, as well as a very recuperation by engaging with diligence and
material improvement in their quality. We zest to your noble calling. Let “exceMor”be
can thus dispense with one half of the labor usu- inscribed upon your banner, and ever renf ember
ally employed, and annually and materially that labor, physical as well as mental, is man’s
addto the permanentimprovementof our lands, natural heritage, and the only road to prefetrment
It is fair to assume that the diminished cost of and honor. You have as colaborers to thei great
labor will enable us to supply the requisite cause of Agriculture some of the most brilliant
amount of manure. We will thus not only mate- lights that have ever illumined any age.
rially &du to our annual profits, bnt enjoy the the glorious achievements of generals and states-
pleasure, during the process of cultivation, of men shall have been consigned to oblivion! the
witnessing daily the results of our labor to the splendid discoveries and researches of Ifavy,
strong, vigorous stalks of com and cotton, im- Liebig, Johnston, DeCaudolle, andBousstogiault,
parting, aU the time, foretastes of the golden will be preserved to living charac$p>r /^mo-
harvests. rials of their greato«— *
Thus\f gentlemen, have I endeavored, in
very hasty and imperfect manner, to throw out Miss Susan J.
a few thoughts with the view of elucidating Jaokson Station,
some of the principles involved in the art of ag- held to answer a <
riculture. The subject is so exhaustless and money-letter coni
full of interest, that those topics of which I have opened and five doll
endeavored to present but a very faint outline, bag containing the le
should be elaborated to separate essays. This wag found Muss 1
to do, at your subsequent grocer.
A Sew Invention—Fibrous Compost
Hon .Shahs and Pannels lor Roofs
and Walls or Buildings, etc.
A patent was obtained a few days ago by the
American Fibre Company, for an entirely novel
mode of constructing roofs and walls of build
ings, water-proof floors, tanks, etc. A r
The fibre used is made from the cane or reeds
of the canebrakes of the Caroltoas and other
States, disintegrated by the explosive force of
steam, by the process which is to operation to
this pity. Tho Biclimond Dispatch gives an ac
count of the new invention, by which this fibre
to now being used for roofing. As we are sadly
to need of fire-proof roofs to Wilmington, and
which are now constructed at great cost, we
give it not only as opening a new branch of
business, bnt which must result to great benefit
to our city. The fibre as it comes from the
steam gun is in the shape of long, fine tendrils,
resembling oakum. This fibre is twisted or
s Prtrt. into a stogie yam or strand, Several of
which strands are interlaced so as to form a stout
matting, which is charged with a composition of
tar and palverizedslate or soapstone, limestone,
etc., forced toto and amongst the fibres by
great pressure, so as to make a solid slab. The
fibre being thoroughly disintegrated and very
absorbent, forms a good base for the mast.
.A series of these slabs made with rabbit-
joints are cemented and then another series
of the slabs, made to the same manner, and laid
oyer the others so as to break joints to every
direction, the upper series being fastened to the
lower with a mastic composed of the pulverized
slate,etc., and tar, and the joints being cemented
together. A light, strong, solid, indestructible
slab is thus produced, thoroughly water-proof,
and practically fire-proof also. A similar com
position, used for roofs to Montreal and New
Orleans, is unaffected by the heat or cold.
As the steam-blown reed fibre can be supplied
from Norfolk, Va., and Wilmington, N. C., to
New York, Richmond, Baltimore, Boston, etc.,
for fifteen to twenty dollars per ton, and the
pulverized slate can be obtained at about tho
same price, and the tar is cheap also, it is
claimed that this invention secures the cheapest
as well as the best and mo3t durable roof ever
made.
The roof resembles a solid block of slate or
stone about an inch thick. A coating of sand is
forced into the composition so as to lighten the
color and make it resemble stone. The cost is
less than that of a tin roof.
The inventors propose to make the same slabs
available for tbe onter walls of buildings to lieu
of bricks, stone or wood. The same company
have also obtained a patent for a substitute for
lath and plaster. For this purpose fibrous com
position panels are made by the above method
from the steam blown cane fibre, to combination
with silicate of soda (liquid flint), lime and clay.
These, panels are fire proof, and well adapted
for ceilings, toner walls and floors, also cabins
of steamboats and railway cars. It is claimed
that the fibrous composition panels are much
cheaper than laths and plaster, and that they do
not warp, crack, peel crumble or decay and that
they keep out heat and cold.
Certainly these inventions open a wide field
of usefulness. They seem to be the most prac
tical ideas, and to fact have been tested to a
sufficient extent to establish their utility. As
already stated to this paper, it is designed to
erect to the city a manufactory of boards out
of the cane fibre.— Wilmington Journal.
ength,
lepresi at
alcoholic f
circumat
Cornfield Peas.
We are in a happy mood, dear reader, in the
fullness of our heart, we are content to lay aside
the divining rod of politics and betake us to a
tamer, but more inviting subject. We confess
to an inordinate fondness for those delicious
[lobules, known as Cornfield Peas—yea, Com-
ield Peas! Best easy, Shade of Epicurus, while
we twit you with the name!
Bacon and greens will answer for those un
lucky mortals who have not a cultivated taste;
hog and hominy is prime to its place, and “ dev
illed ” ham is delightful: but how coarse—how
tasteless—how insipid, O unprejudiced gorman
dizers—are these articles of diet, when com
pared to a dish of savory peas!
We envy the fortunate individual who sits
down to his first plate of pear. How exqusite
must be Ms enjoyment! Header, if you are of
this class, make haste to open unto yourself a
new world of Epicurean delights. First, eat
them boiled—cooked to a nicety; add a modi
cum of salt and red pepper, and corn-bread, as
an accompaniment; then, with a spoon, fall to,
not with coyness, but with right hearty good
will, and we promise you, beforehand, a meal
such as potentates might envy.
Gentle husbandman, raise peas; allow no gre
garious beast to tear the trailing tendrils or de
stroy the fruitful pod. Pod, did we say ? Nay!
the wortMer name were Ollapodrida ; for are
not these the combination of all tbe excellencies
and virtues of vegetables! are they not at onee
bread and meat and dessert—at once substantial
and delicious ?
We imagine it was not altogether modesty
wMch impelled that Mstorical young woman,
whose fame was heralded over our grandmothers’
tea-cups, to carve each of her peas to two. How
estatio must have been her enjoyment at dinner
—an enjoyment fully realizing Milton’s idea of
“sweetness long drawn out,” and utterly beyond
the appreciation of this materialistic age.
Perhaps the legend wMch Ulysses has written
upon his sMeld may mean something, after all.
We call upon our agriculturists to respond to it.
If there remains a spark of patriotism to this re
bellious South—a remnant of “{esthetic culture”
among those Confederates who vexed their stom
achs with mule meat and hard tack—we know
they will appreciate our interpretation of Presi
dent Grant's motto: “Let ns have peas!”
[Mbnroe Advertiser.
Remarkable Marriage—Betrothal to
Three Brothers.
Prom the Americut Courier.]
We have been given the particulars of a case
to this county, to wMch the bride was betrothed
to three brothers, and married two of them
wMchis rather remarkable:
On the 6th of August, 1866, a young man came
to Americus and procured license to marry an
estiraeble young lady, residing several miles
from this city; went home, and was married to
the afternoon of that day. He was attacked by
a congestive chill, wMch terminated to his death
the following Saturday—the stricken bride fol
lowing his remains to their last resting place,
clothed to the same suit to which her heart had
been made glad by becoming his bride.
On the following August (1867) the second
brother of the same family came to Americus
for the same purpose which had brought the de
ceased one year previous. On Ms way home—
rejoicing to happy anticipation of .making the
worthy widow of his lost brother his own bride
—he was caught to a heavy rain, and arrived at
home with Ms clothing thorougMy saturated—
from wMch he was taken with a congestive chill
the same evemng and died the evernng previous
to the marriage, which was to have taken place
the following Sabbath.. Again, instead of list
ening to the merry ringing of the marriage
bells, the death knell was heard, and a funeral
procession took the place of the marriage feast.
Some time during the month the third brother
of the deceased procured license and was hap
pily married to the twice-bereaved lady.
Don PiAn;—Duns — Divoeces.—The New
York Evening Mail cracks a joke at tbe ex
pense of my poor name to saying that I donned
the Don to avoid the duns. I could join hearti
ly in the laugh if it were only true; but as I
had nothing to do with the naming, and as it
has failed to save me from the duns, I fail to
appreciate the fun of it.
The vexatious abuse of one’s name makes a
fellow sigh for that of Smith, or Johnson, or
Jones. I remember once, when I was on the
bench, I relieved the divorce docket by running
through twenty cases to one day. Items were
rare, and the papers took it up. For two weeks
they came back to me, (at first correctly
enough,) stating that Judge PiaU had divorced
twenty married couples to one day. Then it
got to*be Platt, then Pratt, then Spratt, and at
last one fellow spelled it Splitt, and made him
self uproariously funny over the propriety of
VOL. XLIII.-N0. 19
Senatwr Thnrman on the Suspension
Oi the Tennre-of«offlee Act.
Senator Thurman, of OMo,' with great ability
and clear logic, exposed the fallacy of the whole
measure.
• If, said he, “the constitutional power of the
President to remove from office was absolute.
Congress had, of course, no right to restrict it •
and if, on the other hand, according to the
theory of the Tenure-of-office Act, the Constitu
tion provided that the joint action of the Presi
dent and the Senate should be necessary to or
der to remove, then Congress had no right to
evade that provision by suspending the law. If
the Tenore-of-office Act was a good and consti
tutional law, to suspend it would be to disre
gard the Constitution, and the people would na
turally come to tho conclusion that Congress to-
terprets the Constitution to mean one
when one man is President, and another
when another man is President.
Congress must impale itself upon one or the
other hom of the delemma.
_ 'repeal it is at once an acknowledgement of
its wrong.
To suspend it is a declaration that Congress is
the supreme power, and that laws are to be en
forced or held in abeyance according solely to
its own will and pleasure.
The fact is suspension means General Grant
under the surveillance of the Senate.
[Charleston Courier.
Homan Letters.
HOW THEY DUTEB FKOM THOSE OF MEN—WHY
THEBE ABE SO MANY IT ABIES.
No strong, muscular fingers, hardened by
grapling with circumstances, could ever make
those, long,, delicate, hoop-letters—the h’s and
the g’s—while the y’s, long and slenderly drawn
out, the shapely o's and the well-proportioned
a’s, all speak of hands used to leisure—delicate,
soft hands, used to trifling with skeins of silk
and bits of bright stuffs, and which trifle with
letter-writing, too to their graceful, half-aimless
manner. And if the hand-writing didn’t tell
you all about the hand that wrote, the composi
tion of the letter would. Her tricks of expres
sion, and even the way she begins it—“My
Dearest Georgie,” or My Darling Caroline,” or
“My own Dear Will.” Those are all a woman’s
terms of endearment; and “I lone, love, LOYE
YOU !” fill A writde in o rtrvrfanf eonn**
pressed sentiment. When she want’s to set for
the ardent affection, italics find themselves
put into^ the most active service to her
[lands. No man uses italics as a woman does,
or feels the need of using them as she does. She
can’t for the life of her, help making that all-
expressive and all-expressing dash of the pen'
under the word that only half expresses what
she wants to say.- She is especially fond of
italicicing the mysterious “he." When she
writes it thus:you may know that she
has especial designs on this particular “he.”
By that single stroke of the pen, she sets Mm
apart from all the other hes to the world. She
does not know any better way of expressing it, •
however, than that. TTia name may be Tneo- '
dore Algernon Howard, or Adolphus Gustavos *
Jenkins, or plain John Smith, but he is only
“he,” to her adoring thoughts, when she sits
down to write to Laura Matilda about him.
Eight pages, and one or two of them crossed!
Not a page less, on my honor and responsibil
ity as a commissioner in the little ins and outs
of the sex!
Then again, what man ever crosses Ms letters?
?ontelmi 0 ?&I^S«5fe£ r ba !% and despise and
disgusted Fitz-Floss to the “city, v ’ whence -
writes to his dutiful and bepaniered
spouse at Saratoga or Long Branch, “don’t
cross your letters when you write to me. It’s
too hard on a fellow this hot weather to have to
make ’em out, and I can’t stand it. I couldn’t
read your last, it was all scribbled over so.” Yet
Ms Maria Louisa still persists to crossing her
letters to her “dear, darling hubby.” Why do
women do it ? The fact is that a woman’s letter,,
like a woman’s work, is never done, and she
does violence to her natural self when she finds
that she has left only one fraction of a comer
available for writing* her name in, and must,
perforce, fold up the economically written
sheet, and slip it toto its tiny envelope; and
even then, some last thought occurs to her, and
she is tempted to scribble on the inside of the
wrapper-flap. What does she find to write about
so much? She tells you of Annie’s new dress,
and Mrs. Wheedlenm’s last crush; about Julia's
flirtation and Alfred’s engagement; something
about her own heart affairs, if she is writing to
a confidential friend. Set a man down to the
same sort of work, give him the same range of
subjects, and he will whisk you off a two-page
letter to a jiffy—say one word about this, half
word about that, and two words abont the oth-
and sign himself “Yours sincerely,” • and .
have done with it, while a woman correspond
ent, writing the same sort of letter, is ‘."Your
own Lucy,” or “Lovingly yours, Sallie.” Does
anything tend more to show the great differ- '
ence to the mental complexion of the two sexes
in general ?
And then, a woman’s letter never looks qnite
like a man's. For her, (he stationers' shops
spread the choicest fancy assortments. For her, .
are the faithfully printed monograms, the three-
cornered note-envelopes, the dainty, scented
note-paper. Women use these things as a rule,
men use them as an exception. Lay the man’s
letter beside the woman’s; the one to its large,.
plain, wMte envelope, its strong, clear, free
writing on the address; the other to its dainty
trickery of crest or monogram, or embossed let
ter, and its delicate superscription, not half fill
ing the tiny envelope. There yon have the epi
tomes of their characters—the man’s and the
James T. Ellis, a Representative from Spald
ing, who voted for the fifteenth amendment. In
an address to the people assigns these reasons
for the act:
Then first. The fourteenth amendment settles
upon the States of North Carolina, South Caro
lina, Georgia, Alabama and Florida, the ques
tion of suffrage, as fully, to all intents and pur
poses, as the fifteenth. Then these States have
nothing to lose by its adoption. This every
well informed man knows or should know.
_ Second. In the Radical Constitution of Geor
gia, made under and to harmony with the four
teenth amendment, the question of negro suf
frage is not to be denied and I, as a member
under these, State and Federal Constitutions, be
ing sworn to snpport them, did it
Third. It gave me the chance to fasten on the
Northern States by the ballot, that law they had
fastened on me with the bayonet and bullet, and
if we were bound to live under that law, it af
fords me pleasure to fasten the same on them.
Fourth. It makes ns master of the situation
by pinning Bullock’s nose to the grindstone of
the law, and making Mm as subject to the law
as other men, and by spuming the fifteenth
amendment, we should doubtless have been
placed at Ms mercy, the negroes reseated, and
the machine run entirely by him and his com
peers. This I am opposed to.
Fifth. I went for, introduced, advocated, and
voted to adopt the fifteenth amendment, because
I was anxious to keep Bullock from ruining the
State, and I was fully satisfied, from their own
mouths, that they, the Radicals, opposed it, be
cause they thought it would enable them to
prostitute the State for their own lust- of power.
r.) \
\ »•
* ’ S' jfc
An Actress’ Drawing-room. —When Mina Lo
gan was playing at the South, a short time ago,
her manager happened to be a veritable cockney,
with a chronic habit of omitting Ms h’a where
they should be, and inserting them where they
should not be, as “ art” for heart, “ hedge” for
edge, and the like. Oo arriving at the place,
Miss Logan was indignant at finding that no
room had been prepared for her, and eaid as
much. At this the manager bawled out- at the
top of (his voice: “ Miss Logan’s room Is bell!
’Ere, boy, make a fire in hell (L\ and put Min
Logan to there!”
“After suffrage, what?” was the subject of a
lecture recently given in Crawfords vine, lad.,
by Uiss Lixxie Boynton. . She received the an
swer by Express—a pair of trowsers, s jacket,
sadadid: ,v.
