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4 THE ATLANTA SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL, ATLANTA, GA., FRIDAY, JUNE 6, 1913. THE SEMI-WEEEY JOURNAL ! ! ATLANTA, GA., 5 NORTH FORSTTK ST. Entered at the Atlanta Postoffice as Mail Matter of ; the Second Class. JAMES R. GRAY, President and Editor. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE Twelve months 75o Six months 40c Three months 25c The Semi-Weekly Journal is published on Tuesday and Friday, and is mailed by the shortest routes for early delivery. It contains news from all over the world, brought by special leased wires into our office. It has a staff of distinguished contributors, with strong department* of special value to the home and the farm. Agents war*ted nt every postoffice. Liberal com mission allowed. Outfit free. Write R. R- BRAD LEY, Circulation Manager. The only traveling representatives we have ar« J. A. Bryan, R. F. Bolton, C. C. ft Coyle. L. H. Kim brough and C. T. Yates. We will be responsible only for money paid to the above named traveling repre sentatives. . NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS. The label used for addressing your paper shows the time your subscription expires. By renewing at least two weeks before the date on this label, you Insure regular service. In ordering paper changed, be sure to mention your old, as well as. your new address. If on a route please give the route number. We cannot enter subscriptions to begin with back numbers. Remittances should be sent by postal order or registered mail. Address all orders and notices for this de partment to THE SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL, Atlanta, Ga. When Town and Country Move Hand-in-Hand. “There is abroad in South Georgia a spirit of get-together between the city and the country. That is exemplified in the efforts of trade bodies in the county seats and in other cities to help the farmers find markets for their crops. Many farmers hesitate to plant things that are new to them because of a fear that they will be unable to dispose of their products. Trade organiza tions in many cities are seeking markets for such crops and while helping to build up the country back of their cities, are building up the cities themselves." This bit of editorial comment from the Savannah Morning News reveals the secret of much of the progress now manifest not only in South Georgia but throughout this and other Southern States—the progress of towns and cities and also the varied development of agricultural interests. The old idea that cities must grow at the expense of one another or at the expense of the farming territory about them is fast being supplanted by the broader and truer view that they can be permanently prosperous only by working together for their common fortunes. We are at length applying to our own immediate problems the philosophy that commerce and industry depend upon agriculture and that the beginning and end of all our material endeavors rests upon the soil. Thus, as the News points out, the alert boards of trade and chambers of commerce in South Georgia cities are helping the farmer find markets for his crops. They are thereby making possible the devel opment of truck farming on a large and profitable scale. They are opening new fields of enterprise and investment that will benefit merchants, bankers, real estate dealers and business men in general no less than the farmers themselves. The distinctive success and usefulness of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce is due very largely to the fact that it is continually promoting enterprises, such as the Geor gia Corn Show, which will advance agricultural interests and is continually striving to make itself and its city of service to the entire State. A Record Year For Good Crops. Kansas is piping loudly 6f prosperity and nat urally so, for Government reports estimate that the wheat yield of that commonwealth will this year amount to nearly one hundred and eighteen million bushels. "And by the same token” comments the Baltimore Star, “there is promise of a record-break ing wheat crop throughout the great central winter- wheat area. It is expected that the winter wheat crop which will be harvested between the twentieth of June and the tenth of July, will exceed five hun dred and fifty million bushels.” If new assurance of a plenteous year, a year rich in hope for the country’s business interests, were needed, surely such evidence as this would suflice. In 1909," the record twelvemonth for wheat produc tion in the United States, the total yield was seven hundred and thirty-seven million, one hundred and seventy-nine thousand bushels. According to, the present outlook, the yield for the current year will exceed eight hundred and fifty million bushels; and, as one observer remarks, "the winter wheat crop is so nearly made that danger from drought or insects is regarded as being past.” The prospect for abundant' food harvests of all kinds and throughout the country is cheering. In Georgia, weather conditions were rather unfavor able until a few weeks ago, but timely showers have heartened the farmers in most counties; and, what > even more important, the progress of scientific methods of cultivation and of the system of diver sified crops has made the average farmer far more independent than in seasons gone by. The year 1913 will be memorable in Georgia agriculture for its wide variety of food crops. We shall produce less cotton, it appears, but we shall produce more food stuffs—an unmistakable omen of our upward trend. The Last of the Laureates. Alfred Austin, who died in London yesterday, at the ripe age of seventy-seven, was an amiable gentleman, an earnest scholar, in his day a compe tent journalist, and a voluminous writer of prose and verse. It remains only to be said that since 1896 he held the title of Britain's poet laureate. It has been suggested that this honor will not again be formally bestowed, in which event Mr. Aus tin’s chief distinction will lie in the fact that he was the last of an illustrious succession which in cluded such names as those of Spenser, Ben Jonson, John Dryden, Robert Southey, Wordsworth and Ten nyson. There have also been poets laureate like Thomas Shadwell, Lawrence Eusden and Henry Pye —forgotten long ago. There is no good reason of main taining an office simply for the purpose of filling it. , Mr. Austin would have been more fortunate without his title and the critics would have had less cause to grow waggish. Georgia’s Rank as a Road Builder. In the recently published Good Roads Year Book for 1913, Georgia ranks well among the States that are distinguished for their interest in highway devel opment. Indiana still leads in mileage of improved roads, with twenty-four thousand, nine hundred and fifty-five miles to her credit; Masachusetts leads in percentage of roads improved, with fifty-six and eight-tenths per cent; hut Georgia has twenty-two thousand and forty-three miles of improved roads, which is not much behind Indiana's record and which is considerably in excess of the total road mileage of Massachusetts. It is noteworthy, too, that Georgia leads New York both in mileage and percentage of improved highways, though in the number of miles of good roads constructed during the past year or so New York heads the national list. This is a gratifying record but Georgians should remember that other States in the South as well as in the East and North and West are now putting ex traordinary exertion to develop State-wide systems of highways, are appropriating millions of dollars either through legislative acts or through bond is sues, are creating highway commissions and are availing themselves of all the advantages which busi ness supervision and engineering skill afford We must face the fact that while our individual counties have shown fine energy and enthusiasm in improving their local roads, the State itself has not yet placed its centralized recources and its guidance behind this highly important work. What Georgia lacks is a well considered plan for developing a system of State highways; and until she adopts such a plan, the labor and money spent by the counties independently will not produce due results. The resources for road building, Georgia has in abundance; it is now simply a question of using those resources economically and for all they are worth. Through the abolishment of the convict lease system, the Legislature placed at the disposal of the counties a steady supply of labor for highway improvement. Thus we can build far more cheaply than can the ma jority of States and we can keep uninterruptedly at the task. In addition to this, many, if not most, Georgia counties appropriate substantial funds for road development. The citizen who does realize the far-reaching value of good roads and who is not willing that a liberal portion of the tax money he allotted to that purpose is a rare exception. A num ber of communities willingly vote bond issues for highway work. And so, there is available in Georgia to day a large amount of money as well as a large force of labor for the good roads cause. If the Legislature will now take the needed and logical step and supplement these material resources with efficient State supervision, we shall make more rapid progress and obtain more lasting results than ever before in our road building endeavors. To this end there should be established a State Highway Com mission, not for the purpose of dictating methods or procedures to the individual counties hut for the pur pose of helping each county to solve its peculiar problems and of uniting them all for their common good. Through such a commission, the highest engi neering skill could be made available for every county at comparatively nominal expense. The convicts could he worked more economically, road material and machinery could he purchased more Intelligent ly, the county funds would go further and buy more and, what is especially important, all the counties could work co-operatively toward the development of a State-wide system of roads. This plan has fre quently been proposed and is sanctioned, we .believe, by almost everyone who has given thought to the practical side of highway development. The incom ing Legislature would render valuable service by passing a bill to this effect. If subpenas count for anything, there is a decided lobby at Washington. Celebrity is in the limelight. Jack Johnson has been given sentence of a year, and Castro is be lieved to he in Florida. To improve some family trees, prune them close to the roots. The Balkans are too busy fighting to accept Mr. Bryan’s peace proposal. A Timely Plan For Balkan Peace. Plans are said to have been made for a confer ence among the premiers of Bulgaria, Greece, Servia and Montenegro to effect, if possible, a friendly ad justment of the issues that threaten Balkan peace. The need and timeliness of such a council are man ifest; for, the disputes between Bulgaria and Greece over Salonica and between Bulgaria and Servia over Monastir have reached a critical stage; and there are other entanglements, such as the question of com pensating Montenegro for the surrender of Scutari, to be unknotted. It is the part of prudence for the Allies to settle their quarrels themselves, if they can. Otherwise they will invite the intervention of the larger Euro pean Powers and thereby Incur the risk of losing much of the territory they have won from Turkey through their united campaign. The victories of the Balkan States in the late war were due largely to the fact that they stuck together. By a continued coalition, they can exert a telling influence upon Eu ropean diplomacy and can protect their common in terests against the ambitions of Austria-Hungary. But should they fa., to fighting one another and turn their 'splendid conquests into a game of grab, a path would be opened for the greed and aggrandizement of their powerful neighbors. The great nations of Europe would hardly permit another serious conflict in the Balkans. The war with Turkey strained diplomacy to its utmost and there have been umec within the past seven months when a general outbreak seemed almost inevitable. The Powers would go the limit of their combined strength to prevent the recurrence of such conditions. But the logical peacemakers are the Balkan States themselves. Each of them has won more in the cam paign against Turkey than it had hoped for and tflat, perhaps, is partly the ca... 3 ,.i the present jeal ousies and bickerings. Tur’-ey has been driven to Constantinople and confined within a narrow strip oi country about tfc; Bosporus. Thus a vast area of territory, Including several cities of great commer cial or strategic importance, are to be divided among the victors. Little wonder conflicting claims have arisen. The concert of Powers have succeeded in defining boundaries between Balkan and Turkish spheres; it is a far more difflcu.t and delicate task to fix dividing line; among the Balkans themselves. The plan whereby the premiers of the various States will counsel together over these problems is the safest and surest means of settlement yet pro posed. By such methods a great deal should he ac complished toward maintaining the unity of the Al lies and also toward averting further disturbance of the larger European relationships. THE TREE OF TREES BY DR. FRANK CRANE. (Copyright, 1913, by Frank Crane.) I have nevqr tbeen there, but I want to go; to the - country of Mexico, to the town of Oaxaca, thence east two and a half leagues to the village of Santa Maria del Tule, and there In the graveyard to look upon a Tree, the oldest known living thing on the planet, to sit in its shelter, to put my hand upon its trunk, to feel its shade penetrate my soul with such a sense of years as no c^her terrestrial object can give. If I were a heathen man I should worship not only the Sun Dut the Tree. Of all plant life the Tree seems nearest man. At the traditional beginning of human existence is the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden; at th« end the Tree of Life in Heaven. The Tree is man’s storehouse, furnishing him with shelter, food, building material, furniture and weap ons. It is mankind’s oldest friend. Victor Hugo points out how the river with its tributaries is made upon the pattern of the Tree with its branches. Look at your map and see the Treelike lines of the Amazon and the Mississippi. It heard from the winds the stories of the rise and fall of Babylon, Ninevah, and the obliterated civiliza tion of Yucatan. Primeval monsters have lounged in its shade, ape- men have fought beside it, its memory goes back to where there were no men. Long, silent ages it lived before the Norsemen ever saw the New World, or Columbus sighted its is lands, or Cortez butchered its inhabitants. But it was old when Europe was a wilderness and England a sav age isle. It is older than any monument made by human hands; beside the pyramids are young, the temples of Karnak and Luxor, even the sculptured bricks of Birs Nimrod. The giant sequoias of California were found by John Muir to have lived «but 4,000 years, mere babes compared to the cypress of Santa Maria del Tule. A-ife, so ephemeral and fluctuating a ihing, has here its strangest home, an organism that outspans the history of a race. About it go the insects that live but a day and the human creatures that may live fourscore years; to the Tree they seem the same. Some cay i shall go there, i shall linger under its branches to see if I can hear in its sighing leaves some whisper of eternity. I sh&U touch its bark, and it will seem as if 1 had ’lasped the rugged hand to one of the demiurges who helped make the world. My heart shall feed upon the centuries. Time and the small concerns of my life will drop from me as a garment and I shall feel jthe thrill of that saying, “From everlasting to everlasting.” That is why I want some time to go to Mexico and to Oaxaca, thence east two leagues and a half to Santa Mari? del Tule, and to the graveyard there, and to the Tree of trees. What Busy Men Read (Washington Post.) It is easy to understand why the judge at Mar quette, Mich., alter listening to st> much dry, very dry testimony in the Roosevelt libel suit, should turn naturally to dime novels for recreation. Caught in his chambers behind the bench, before the time for opening of court, the judge frankly read from the book in his hand. And piercing him with his keen eyes, Count de Gama tossed his revolver on the ground, and turned away contemptuously, his proud lip curled upward in a sneer. Who, after reading that exciting extract, would not want to follow further the adventures of the noncha lant count? Who would not want to discover the identity of his opponent and how the fellow turned out In the end? Men of action usually like to read of other men in action. Representative Underwood confesses to a strong liking for detective stories, and so does "Uncle Joe” Cannon. J. Pierpont Morgan, on his trips to Eu rope, usually took with him the latest batch of popular detective stories. Reading serves two useful ends—education and recreation. When the two can be combined, the result is highly satisfactory. Educational reading, however, requires a certain amount of concentration and brain work, and for this reason many men who work long hours seek a lighter form of literature when they de- sire recreation. Probably the principal reason why the writers of the United States are not turning out the kind of lit erature that marked the days of Hawthorne and Em erson is that the life we are leading is very swift and active, and men and women do not care to give to books the degree of concentration formerly given. The demand regulates to a large extent the quality as well as the quantity of literature, and this, in a different field, may become so popular. Everything is done nowadays for the "tired business man,” because cater ing to the bookworm is not profitable. If the day ever comes when our life is less stren uous, we may have at the same time a rennaissance of literature. Cattle Raising for the South. The fact that it has been often repeated does not lessen the value of timeliness of the suggestion in a recent bulletin by the federal Department of Agri culture that the South should develop its rich natur al resources as a cattle raising country. Viewing this matter from a national standpoint, the Depart ment urges the necessity of conserving our meat supply and of taking steps to Increase it; for, we are told, there has been a decline of more than thirty per cent In the number of beef cattle In the United States during the past six years, while at the same time there has been a rapid growth of popu lation and the demand for meat. It is to the South that the country looks for a large portion of its future beef supply. Many States of this section, Georgia among them, are peculiarly well adapted by climate and soil to the cattle rais ing industry. There are vast areas of land capable of producing the grasses and grains that are needed for food. The mild winters reduce to a minimum the cost of housing and feeding. It only remains for our farmers to realize and turn to account their rare opportunities in this profitable field; and there are cheering indications that they are steadily doing so. The first step toward making the South a cattle producing country is, as the Department of Agricul ture points out, the elimination of the cattle tick. A number of Georgia counties have recently concen trated their efforts upon this important work and have achieved highly gratifying results. The federal quarantine is being lifted as rapidly as conditions will permit and the farmers of each district have it within their power to determine what the condi tions shall be. Even old Henry Gassaway Davis manages to lug into print now and then to the tune of a one-line head. Alas for the young man whose only claim to dis tinction is a little straw lid with a multi-colored band. H /-* (oi OU/MTRY OME topics CcWDOCTEP BfJTfcS. \T. HJTE.L.TD/1 HOW TIME CHANGES OUR POINT OF VIEW. How well do I remember the things I delighted in when my life was young and my heart unworn and tender! I enjoyed things with all the vitality that J possessed, and I grieved *he same way, and those childish griefs were dreadful experiences albeit they seem so trivial nowadays. Time with ever rolling tide has carried both joys and griefs out of sight until the griefs seem farcical because I had such a happy shel tered existence and my earlier joys seem to be puny affairs, although they occupied so many waking hours in heyday of my youth. I am still the same being that I was three-quarters of a century ago and it is only my point of view that has been changed in later years. And yet I have never : ut away childish things so- called for the loving care of my parents seems to be as fresh in memory as when I was nursed into baby sleep by their willing arms, and the prid© I felt when I went “up head” in my spelling class was as satisfy ing as any triumph in writing that - r have ever enjoyed in my activity with my pen life. The things that endure and remain, that comfor' and cheer, center about the true things, the honest thoughts and the earnest resolves of both early and later life. Perhaps this little scrap of poetry will explain it better: When I A hink sometimes of old griefs I had, Of sorrows that once seemed too harsh to bear, And youth’s resolve to never more be glad, I laugh—and do not care. When I think sometimes of the joy I knew, The gay, glad laughter ere my heart was wise, The trvial happiness that seemed so true, The tears are in my eyes. Time—Time the cynic—how he mocks us all! And yet today I can but think him right. Ah heart, the old joy is so tragical And the old grief so light. —From the Reader Magazine. SIGHTSEEING IN NEW YORK CITY. Many of the readers of The Journal have been made acquainted with the unveiling of the Maine mortument which came off in this city on Friday, the 30th. The crowd was so immense in the city that I did not at tempt to go to the unveiling because I should have been unable to hear a single word, and more than all, run the risk of being pushed around in this* immense jam of people. But I did go yesterday to see the >. monument, and quite nea- enough to see the effect, with the base still covered with many of the flowers that were placed • thereon '~y the enthusiastic people. It is a very imposing piece of marble creation, with a number of mammoth figures, and has an ideal loca tion in the lovely park. No location could be more admirable for that purpose, and it will be as much visited a s Grant’s monument on Riverside Drive. By the courtesy of a friend and accompanied by a lovely young lady from Pasadena, Cal., I had the extraordi nary opportunity for driving all through Central park in a limousine, away up into the Bronx settlements, and in returning came down the Riverside Drive foi miles upon miles along the Hudson river. All along the river is a steady continuation of elegant hotels and apartment houses. I never before understood the mammoth wealth of the rich residents of the greatest city in the United States. To my provincial eyes it was a display of pal aces, each one vying with the other in magnitude and splendor. Fifth avenue was not finer to my eyes, than this apparently limitless stretch of stone anc marble along the Hudson river. I was told that these grand apartment houses are most expensive places to live in, but certainly they are fine enough to gratify the vanity of the most ambitious. We stopped on the ride for a sight of the convict ship that has a terrible history, and which ship was raised from the depths of the harbor of Sydney, Aus tralia, by British people and brought over to this coun try, anchored in the Hudson river by some enterpris ing people who made money by telling the story of the “Success” and its painful horrors to American sightseers. It added to the things to be seen a spot of gloom in this display of magnificent landscapes and palatial lodging houses for the multi-rich. Vari ety is the spice of life. Saturday afternoon was the finest day I have yet experienced in New York 'Tty. The rain that ushered me in and whicu prevailed unceasingly during Wednes day night left a harsh wind that sent chills over your system and kept on for nearly two days. But Satur day was as fine a day as ever came to Georgia, and the whole population of New York City that could ride or drive or walk was apparently out of doors. I saw thousands upon thousands of children at play in Central Park, and I am sure I also saw thousands of the most elegant vehicles in the world filled with well dressqd people. It was a moving picture, and end less panorama, that needed no films to explain to your mind. I rode on street cars from Thirty-fourth street to the Battery and back again, and then from Thirty- fourth street as before mentioned to the upper end of Manhattan island and back again. It was a rare ex perience for anybody who had youth and vigor, but still more rare for an old lady who had passed three- quarters of a century before seeing it. I have not bothered my mind about looking up stores and pric ing things in the stores. It takes so much time and fatigues your feet, so I let the fine clothes in the immense windows alone, unless I saw a crowd gath ered In the street, and then I glimpsed the sensation also. In one of the handsomest windows there was a lay figure of an xquisitely dressed young woman in street costume, everything perfect from top to toe, and I saw a crowd packed around. I waited my time and then I saw what entertained them so much. On the young lady’s ankle was what resembled a bracelet, set with brilliants (maybe diamonds), and her foot was extended so we could see the whole dis play of foot and ankle. I wondered how she was to get along if in .a hurry with that encumbrance, for the snake's head stuck out, and I feel sure it would ctick in if the wearer’s feet should happen to hit together when she ran to catch a car, as all New Yorkers seem to be running all day long. If she could dance with the anklet it might have decorated her dance costume, but in the street! Ah, vanites of of vanity! I thought we paid high prices for food at home, but, my! it would bankrupt the most of us if we ate at big New York cafes. dollar dinner is considered very reasonable, and if you want some of their single dishes it will cost you all of a dollar when you pay your check at the counter. I have been kept busy in looking around where I could get a fair meal for as little as a half-dollar. It is well that the multi-rich like to live in New York City. A poor Georgia cracker couldn’t stay a week and carry any money back home with him, the food prices are so steep where I have examined the bills of fare. „ MRS. W. H. FELTON. Hotel McAlpin, New York. Why does a woman imagine she can reform a man by singing to him? • Even a girl who isn’t a flirt may not want some man to think she isn’t. It is easier for the average actress to get pufls in her hair than in the newspapers. A woman has as much excitement getting her fortune told as a man has in making his. The girl who is as pretty as a picture should never allowe herself to get in an ugly frame of mind. THE INCOME TAX IX. —CIVIL WAR PERIOD TAXES. FREDERIC J. HASKIN. While Secretary of th e Treasury Dallas suggested, during the War of 1812, that the war burdens of the country should be borne in part by a tax upon in comes, the early termination of hostilities relieved the necessi ties of the moment, and conse quently it was not until 1861 that the first income tax law was written upon the statute books of the United States. It became known as the Stevens- Morrill act, from the patrons of the bill in the house and « senate. • * • The Civil war had broken out, and President .Lincoln called the thirty-seventh con gress into extraordinary session “on account of the opposition to and obstruction made to the execution of the laws of the United States in certain south ern states, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in marshals by the law.” About ti* first duty that devolved upon the congress was to provide sufficient revenues to meet the large expendi tures the war called for. There was much difference of opinion as to just what ought to be done. Thad- deus Stevens, from the ways and means committee, brought in a tariff bill, which he asked the house to vote upon after on e hour’s consideration, all amend ments to be voted upon without further debate. * • • The next day Clement Vallandigham, afterward the great Ohio copperhead, offered a substitute repealing the tariff law that had been enacted two days before President Buchanan left the White House. It was re jected, but the Stevens bill was so badly crippled by the many amendments that were adopted in committee of the whole, that when it was reported to the house, Stevens offered hio original bill as a substitute. When the house voted to pass the measure it contained a number of amendments. When it went to the senate that body did not lik e it, and amended it by striking out everything but the “B e it enacted” clause, insert ing a substitute measure. This was finally amended by the insertion of a clause providing for an income tax of 5 per cent on all incomes in excess of $1,000, with 1 1-2 per cent on income derived from United States securities. The clause made the tax 7 1-2 per cent on the income of Americans residing abroad, with the exception of income from United States securities, and they were to be taxed 2 1-2 per cent on their In comes from these. Upon the statement that this clause followed the rule, practice and jaw of England for a period of fifty years it was passed even without division. • • • While the senate was amending the house bill by complete substitution, the house brought out another bill providing for a direct tax and an income tax. As it finally passed that body it provided for a direct tax of twenty mills on th e dollar and an income tax of 5 per cent on all incomes of $600 or upward. This bill went to the senate and was pigeon-holed. Mean while the other bill had been tent to conference. There the conferees drew a new bill, which was a complete substitute for the house measure and a modified sub stitute for the senate measure. It reduced exempted incomes to $800, and the tax from 5 per cent to 3 per cent. This action finally became the law, but it re mained on the statute books for only six months. It was repealed by the act of July 1, 1862, which cut down the exempted income to $600, and fixed the tax rate at 3 per cent on incomes below $10,000, and at 5 per cent aiove that point. The tax on income from government bonds was placed at 1 1-2 per cent. j This second income tax law lasted two years. By that time the man who could suggest new items to tax and new methods of increasing revenues from ex isting laws was regarded as a patriot and hailed as a statesman. During th e summer of 1864 the income tax law was somewhat amended, with a view to in creasing the revenues, and the day before the second inauguration of President Lincoln it was still further amended. This amendment increased the tax from 3 per cent to 6 per cent on incomes between $600 and $5,000, and fixed the tax on incomes above $5,000 at 10 per cent. This became effective just about the, tlm© the war closed, and brought the receipts up to the highest notch in the history of income taxation in- America. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1866, the total collections under the income tax law were ‘ upward of $60,000,000, and the next year it was but little less. • * • In 1867 the revenues of the government from the income tax law having exceeded the needs of the fed eral treasury, it was decided to amend the law by cutting out all discriminatory taxes against large in comes. With this in mind a uniform tax of 5 per cent was levied against all incomes above $1,000. The amended law also contained a provision that it should explr e by limitation at the end of the year 1870. • * * In 1870 an act was passed extending the operation of the law for another year. The extension was made in July, and in December an effort was made to repeal the law. The act providing for its repeal originated in the senate, where it passed, with only one vote to spare. When this action was communi cated to the house, Mr. Hooper, of Massachusetts, arose to a question of privilege, and declared that the senate had no right to originate such a measure. Samuel J. Randall denied that the matter involved a question of privlege. Speaker Blaine overruled Ran dall’s contention, and Hooper’s resolution was adopted, sending the act back ot the senate with the polite in formation that the senate had no right to originate such a measure. The senate as politely informed the house that it did have such a right, and requested a conference upon the subject. While th© merry little war was being waged back and forth the Income tax law died by its own limitation, an so it never was repealed. This recalls the fact stated in a previous article that the law of 1894 did not need to be repealed after 1900, sine© it expired by limitation that year. * • • It is rather generally agreed that the income tax law practically saved the finances of the federal gov ernment from absolute collapse during the Civil war. No serious question as to its constitutionality ever was raised, and congress showed that it never had the slightest idea that it was a direct tax. The house provided for a direct tax of $20,000,000, and an income tax, while the senate held that inasmuch as a dlrtct tax had been imposed upon property it was well to hold up the exempted income higher than otherwise would hav© been done. • * • it is interesting to consider the amount of money that was raised by means which the supreme court a quarter of a century later declared to be constitu tional. The total collections under the law from start to finish amounted to $376,000,000. The income tax law, with the exemption of $1,000, did not hit any large proportion of the people. In 1868 the revenues from the law amounted to upward of $40,000,000. The entire amount was paid by only 250,000 people, out of a total population^of 40,00,000. Thus only one person in 160 of the country’s population at that time had an inepme of $l,Gu0 or more. Even considering that the families of the persons paying the tax were affected, it still follows that only one person in forty felt its direct burdens The 250,000 people who paid the tax had total incomes of $800,000,000. The high price of gasoline, however, will not af fect the horse apple. And there are also a few women who don’t under stand men. Furthermore, the rolling stone never reaches tho top.