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4 THE ATLANTA SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL, ATLANTA, GA., FRIDAY, AUGUST 22, 1913. T THE SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL ATLANTA, GA., 5 NORTH TORSYTH ST. Entered at the Atlanta Postoffice as Mall Matter ot the Second Class. JAMES R. GRAY, President and Editor. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE Twelve months 75s Six months 40C Three months 26c The Semi-Weekly Journal is published on Tuesday and Friday, and is mailed by the shortest routes for early delivery. It contains news from all ovfer the world, brought by special leased wires into our office. It has a staff of distinguished contributors, with strong departments of special value to the home and the farm. Agents war ted ot every postoffice. Liberal com mission allowed. Outfit free. Write' R. R- BRAD LEY, Circulation Manager. The only traveling representatives we have are J. A. Bryan, R. F. Bolton, C. C. Coyle. L. H. Kim brough and C. T. Yates. We will be responsible only for money paid to the above named traveling repre sentatives. NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBRRS. The label used for addressing your paper shows the time your subscription expires. By renewing at least two weeks before the date on this label, you insure regular service. In ordering paper changed, be sure to mention your old, a& well as your new address. If on a route please give the route number. We cannot enter subscriptions to begin with back numbers. Remittances should be sent by postal order or registered mail. Address all orders and notices for this de partment to THE SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL, Atlanta, Ga. n Pure Milk for Georgia. The plan of State Chemist Stallings to make a comprehensive Investigation of the public milk supply in' Georgia will enlist widespread and merited approval. There is perhaps no health menace more insidious than that of impure milk. The larger cities have the incentive and the means to‘conduct inspections of their own, but in many towns and in rural districts this important matter is sorely neg lected. A thoroughgoing campaign of inquiry and education, followed by a vigorous enforcement of the State’s pure food laws in this regard, should go far toward reducing typhoid and other diseases, and especially toward lessening the rate of infant mor tality. That there is urgent need for such a movement is shown by the result of the comparatively few tests already made. It seems, according to specialists, that ordinarily the bacterial count in milk should not run higher than a hundred thousand to a third of a teaspoonful, hut some of the samples of milk exam ined by the State department have shown a bacterial count as high as twenty-two million. While laymen cannot fully appreciate the significance of such ex periments, it must he evident to everyone that public interests demand such an investigation as the State chemist will inaugurate. t In Atlanta and Fulton county well conducted movements to safeguard the milk supply and also to improve the quality of milk have been undertaken, and the results are distinctly gratifying. Indeed, the fact that Atlanta ranked first among all American cities, according to the latest census reports, in the reduction of the death rate among infants is ascrib- able largely to the city bacteriologist’s watchfulness over the production and distribution of milk. It is clear, however, that in Atlanta much remains to be done in this connection; and in other communities, where no organizes effort.of this character has been made, the work shoild begin without further delay. It is particularly gratifying that the State has taken up this task, for it is one that requires activity at once centralized and far-reaching. The peril of impure milk is a common peril to all the households of Georgia that are dependent upon a public milk supply. The State department of chemistry deserves, and Will doubtless receive, the people’s hearty co operation in the great service it plans to perform. The Lesson of Kansas. Kansas seems at length to have found a precious Jewel in its adversity. The recent drought has kindled a popular realization of the dire need of a permanent, dependable water supply. The State has Buffered bitterly but if its ordeal leads to practical measures against another such disaster, the value of Its lesson will far outweigh the cost. Men will never become independent of nature but they are continually learning how to utilize nature, so that sun and rain and wind instead of being the capricious tyrants they once were are made joint la borers in human tasks. Providence has stepped down from the sky and in the role of scientist or engineer is working in the homeliest ways its won ders to perform. Such an experience as Kansas has Just emerged from is not considered as an inscruta ble visitation to which poor mortals must be meekly resigned but as a work-a-day problem which should be and can be solved by energy and foresight. The people of that rich grain-producing State •are accordingly casting about for feasible means to protect their crops and other interests against fu ture droughts. They have found, as the Kansas City Star says,' that they cannot depend upon ordi nary wells and ponds for water. “The wells and ponds have a tendency to go dry in dry weather and that is the kind of weather that produces the need for water. Possibly the wells and ponds would answer the purpose if they were of the right sort, but the majority of them are of the wet weather kind. There is water in them when there is plenty of water everywhere else. * The city water supplies of a number of cities were constructed on the same plan—the plan of getting plenty of water during wet seasons.” It is estimated that the agricultural loss from the recent drought would more than suffice to provide every farm and town with a watei supply that would he proof against prolonged rainless seasons. What ever the cost, it would be negligible beside desolation which continued neglect of this problem will entail, i Georgia’s Increased Corn Acreage. As blithe a bit of news as Georgians have had in many a day is the announcement from the ag ricultural department that the State’s corn acre age for 1913 exceeds that of the preceding year by more than six hundred and seventy-eight thousand acres. The hopeful significance of this record goes further than the farm; it reaches every sphere of industry and lommerce and foretells a time of richer prosperity for the people’s common inter ests. There were cultivated in Georgia last year three million, three hundred and eighty-three thousand and sixty-one acres of corn; this year four million, sixty-one thousand, four hundred and twelve acres have been planted. The difference is not to he reckoned in bushels and dollars alone, though in that respect its importance is far-reaching, but chiefly- in the larger ideas and the quicltened prog ress which are thus revealed. Georgia’s produc tion of corn when measured by that of-the coun try at large or by her own nestis and possibilities is still lamentably small. But the notable and cheering fact is that within a twelvemonth she has moved splendidly forward. Her farmers have caught the message of a new gospel of agriculture and living forth its truth. The effect of an increased corn acreage on the State’s economic welfare can scarcely be over gauged, either in extent or in variety. It has been estimated that Georgia lacks more than thirty- seven million dollars annually oj. making enough money out of the cotton crop to pay for the food supplies imported from distant quarters. Last year alone our people spent something like a hun dred and seventy million dollars for corn, hay, oats, meat and other necessaries that could he raised easily and cheaply at home. This condition of affairs presents a very vital problem. It means that the State is agriculturally dependent whereas by every natural circumstance it should be free and self-sustaining. It means that we buy more than we sell, that we are living far above our income, yet far below our resources. There is but one way out of such a difficulty and that lies in producing at home those great food staples which we now pur chase abroad. .’he production of corn is especially needful be cause this product is the basis of many activities that must be fostered before the State attains its due measure of thritt and self reliance. Until Georgia raises an adequate supply ot corn, oats, hay a: i forage, she can offer, out scant encourage ment to the livestock industry which, as everyone realizes, must be developed. We are now short som- forty-eight million dollars worth of corn each yea with comparatively few animals to feed. What a great increase, then must -.iere be in the produc tion of corn, if stock raising is to have a chance! The State of Iowa whose area is about the same as Georgia’s and whose soil and climate are nq r more advantageous than ours, if as much so, is produc ing an average of thirty-six bushels of corn to the acre and at the same tinffe is selling annually two hundred million dollars worth of animal products. Evidently, therefore, upon an increase in Geor gia’s corn yield depends the progress of divers other enterprises that will add to the State’s wealth, reduce the cost of living, develop our natural re sources and usher in a new era of freedom and pros perity. Hence tne announcement that some six hundred and seventy-eight thousand more acres of corn are under cultivation this year than last is one of extraordinary significance. It indicates a breaking-away from the old tyranny of the one-crop idea. It assures us that the farmer is realizing the cost and folly of staking his all upon cotton and is turning more largely to the home production of food supplies. Credit for this new and better tendency is due largely to the work of the Boys’ Corn Clubs. It is to those young and valiant crusaders and to our State system of agricultural education that we must give thanks for the constructive changes that are com ing to pass. Castro’s Last Game With Fate. Cipriano Castro’s return from Elba has not aroused that Napoleonic enthusiasm with which he counted upon overthrowing the Venezuelan govern ment between sunrises and making himself dictator within a fortnight. Though he has gathered to his standard numerous bands of outlaws and adven turers, there has been no sign r t spontaneous popular uprising. In Venezuela, as in most of the smaller Latin republics, there is a faction of political mal contents who are ready at all times to follow an attack on any established government. But it seems, happily enough, that this element now lacks both numbers and organ.,.ation. President Gomez has the loyal support of the governors in all the States, and, apparently, that of the people as a whole. Business interests are naturally standing by him, for they still remember with shrugs and shivers the days when Castro held the whip and confiscated property for his personal fortune. The moral support of all for eign governments is also with President Gomez. The larger Powers, like the United States, Germany and England, exerted themselves tc prevent Castro’s re turn.- Indeed, it was under their concerted agree ment that he was exiled and was held abroad. His reign was one of terror and robbery for all foreign residents; and he was particularly offensive to Americans and to the United States. Of especial significance is the attitude the Colom bian government maintains toward the Venezuelan situation. It has appointed as minister at Caracas Emeanulo Lizza, whose good will to President Gomez is said to be pronounced, and has also expressed con fluence and friendship for the existing government. This should counteract the aid which certain indi vidual Colombians have given the Castro cause, and preserve peace between these neighboring countries. Dispatches indicate that the national forces, under the command of President Gomez himself, are crush ing the rebellion wherever it shows its head. The town of Coro, where the Castro followers won their first victory, has been recaptured in a fight in which several revolutionary leaders were slain. It is doubt ful, however, that the trouble will cease until Castro himself is taken or is driven back to Europe. This is probably his^last game with fate; the sooner it is played out the better. k The Handwriting on the Wall BY DR. FRANK CRANE. (Copyright. 1913. by Frank Crane.) New York, the greatest state in the union, is writing history these days in big red letters, as lurid as those that appeared on the wall of the banqueting room of the king of Babylon. The monarch and his soothsay ers could not read them then. The people of the United States cannot read now the meaning of the bloody inscription. It means this experiment of popular government in the New World is doomed to increasing sname and scandal, and even tually to complete breakdown, if we cannot devise some other way of political action than by political parties. "here is another way. It is to believe in democracy in our hearts and not only by our lips; to train our children in the schools in the art of self- government; to arouse the civic conscience so that ail men and women will he shamed into active participa tion in politics; to organize each local community as human beings got together for the common cause of honest government; and to abandon the-humbug and claptrap of the Republican, Democratic, Progressive, Socialist and other parties. The party idea in _ olitics is as destructive to the idoa of any real democracy as sectarianism is destruc tive to any idea of real religion. At present we witness a dirty, sickening spectacle in the capital city f New York. A governor has re fused to obey the organization that controls his party. He is being politically assassinated by all the methods of blackmail as ruthlessly as the Medici or the Borgias of Italy put their enemies out of the way. In all this tragedy the People have little interest except as spectator!. They never chose Sulzer; he was put in office by an organization which has entire control of the system of nomination and election. The legislators at Albany are not the representa tives of the People. They are the creatures of politi cal organization /hose power lies in bamboozling the People, whose opportunity is found only in the igno rance, indifference id absenteeism of the People. Therefore the whole imbroglio is, to the People, hut a quarrel of angry beach combers over the wreck age of the state, ♦’>« > -kings and tearings of hungry coyotes over the carcass of popular government. Whichever way it turns out makes little differ ence. Tammany Murphy or Republican Barnes is no more to the People than a feudal baron was to his villians. In both cases the governing power was ob tained by men strong and unscrupulous enough to dominate a People too stupid to understand how to govern themselves. So long as the People despise the very principles upon which this government rests—to wit, an active interest in public aifairs by every citizen; so long as they bring up their ' - ’Iren in mediaevally-monar chic public schools where their own initiative is per sistently suppressed; so long as they condemn poli tics, avoid their public parties and leave government in the hands of political parties and their secret sup porters, the massed wealth of those who fatten on privilege; so long as the People will not realize that “eternal vigilance is the price of liberty,” and eternal activity, interest, and energy the price of any real “government by the People, of the People, and for thij People”—just so long will such handwritings as those now blazing at Albany be seen upon the walls. “And this is the writing that was written: Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin. This is the interpretation of the thing—Mene: God hath numbered thy kingdom and finished it. “Tekel: Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. “Peres: Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Political Grafter or. the one hand, and the criminal rich and the criminal poor on the other!” Any other than a government by the People is a government by Criminals. International Support For Our Mexican Policy It is a significant and reassuring fact that England and Japan, nations which hitherto have recognized the Huerta government in Mexico, are now lending their tacit support to the diplomatic program which the Washington administration has undertaken. The British foreign office clearly intimates its recognition of Huerta was hastened, if not inspired, by a con gratulatory speech made by Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson to the provisional president. The ambassador’s tone and words were naturally constrained as Indi cating the policy of the United States. Had it been known at the time that he was distorting and, in deed, roundly misrepresenting the attitude of our Gov ernment, England and other foreign nations as well would doubtless have gone more slowly. Thus it was evidently not the purpose of England to em barrass the United States or to set up a Mexican policy at variance with our own. Equally significant is Japan’s refusal to receive Felix Diaz, Huerta’s emissary to Tokyo. There have been all manner of rabid rumors here of late concerning the possible influence which Japan might seek to exert in Mexico; it has even been hinted that Japan would seize upon the demoralized condi tions across the Rio Grande to retaliate upon the United States for the late California unpleasantness. But her positive refusal to receive Huerta’s spokes man should suffice to silence such wild babble. It is, indeed, a declaration of moral sympathy with the peaceful policy which our Government is now seeking to put into effect. All foreign governments, as dispatches relate, now recognize that the Mexican problem Is pecu liarly. within the sphere of American diplomacy. President Wilson’s program is thus much strength ened and the wisdom of the course he has pursued is clearly proved. The Unterrified Turk. Though ordered out of Adrianople weeks ago, Turkey continues to loll serenely over its recon quered battlements. Concerted Europe has issued its fiat, threatening force if its command is not heeded; but the “Sick Man,” acting on the theory that, come what may, he can scarcely be worse off than now, decides to let Europe make the first move. France has suggested that the Sultan be whipped into acquiescence by the Powers withholding all financial aid from his government until he falls in line with their Balkan policy. But this threat, as one observer remarks, Turkey can face “with the equanimity of the hopelessly insolvent.” Its credit is already so impaired that, regardless of whatever it might do, it could scarcely better the case in the eyes of foreign bankers; and the latter may conclude that in order to make any assurance of the loans they have already granted, it will be necessary to extend a few additional favors. It would thus seem that if Turkey is to he ousted from Adrianople, some one must proceed to the task with drastic measures. But who is that to be? It was first planned that Bulgaria should undertake this mission. That nation, however, is manifestly unprepared for further work of this character. She has emerged from the recent war with her neighbors- drained of blood and material resources; every fibre of her energy is needed in the repair of her domestic losses. The other Balkan States are obviously unfitted for such an undertaking. OU/MTRY Home TOPICS 6wpocra> HJrrxTOt MATTIE’S WANTS AND WISHES. I wants a piece of calico To make my doll a dress; I doesn’t want a big piece, Yard’ll do, I guess. I wish you’d fred my needle, And find my fimble, too— I has such heaps of sewin’— I don’t know what to do. My Hepsey tored her apron A tum’lin down the stair, And Caesar’s lost his pantaloons And needs anozzer pair. I wants my Maud a bonnet, She hasn’t none at all; | And Fred must have a jacket, His ozzer one’s too small. I wants to go to grandma's, You promised me I might, I know she’d like to see me, I wants to go tonight. She lets me wash the dishes, And see in grandpa’s watch— I wish I’d free, four pennies To buy some butter scotch. I wants some newer mittens— I wish you’d knit me some, ’Cause, most my fingers freezes, They leaks so in the fum. I wore’d ’em out last summer, A pullin’ George’s sled; I wish you wouldn’t laugh so— It hurtg me in my head. ' I wish I had a cookie, I’m hungry’s I can be. If you hasn’t pretty large ones You'd better bring me free. I wish I had a piano, Won’t you buy me one to keep? O dear! I feels so tired, I wants to go to sleep. * • • HOW PRESIDENTS ARE INAUGURATED. Once in four years there is a ceremonial in which every patriot is interested, and while there are a great many people who never have seen and will never see the # inauguration of a president of the United States, the number who do go to Washington City on that occa sion is continually increasing. General Washington’s inaugural is still believed to be the most enthusiastic, because every mile of his journey from Mount Vernon to New York City (the seat of government at that time) was a continuous ovation. It was a time of popular adoration. He had to be a sane and sensible man to hold his head level with two of such inauguration journeys. At the cor ner of Broad and Wall streets, away down toward the Battery, he stepped out on the balcpny of the Federal building and took the oath of office. He wore a suit of dark brown broadcloth, white silk stockings, silver buckles on his shoes, a handsome dress sword at his side, and his hair powdered and gathered in a sort of chignon or bag. The pictures of General Washington with which we are most familiar represents him thus. It was said that the most of his clothing (under wear) was made on the home looms at Mount Vernon. The cheers, the shouts and the cannon were heard miles away, across the harbor, and all the bells in the city were giving tongue to the public joy. The second inauguration took place in Philadelphia in Independence hall. John Adams was inaugurated in the same place, and it is recorded that his day was made very gloomy by the tears and grief that attended the declination of Washington to serve any longer. Jefferson’s was the first to take place in Washington President Adams did not like Jefferson, so he failed to put in an appearance. Jefferson appeared in home- spun clothes, ditto James Madison. They were extreme ly patriotic and averse to British manufactures. Mon roe was the first president to be inaugurated in the open air. By his time the crowds had increased, until no house would accommodate them. The capitol was in an unfinished condition, but a sort of rostrum was erected on the east side, and that location has never been changed. Fair weather or foul, storm or sun shine, the ceremony is performed on the east front of the capitol building. I never saw a president before the war, but I have seen every one since Mr. Lincoln's administration exdept President Arthur. The record-breaking time, before the war, was An drew Jackson’s experience. This wild lawyer from the wilds of Tennessee had made the whole country sit up and take notice. There had been a campaign document printed called the “Youthful Indiscretions of Andrew Jackson, Between the Ages of Sixteen and Sixty,’’ and an old scandal concerning Jackson’s wife had been raked into public notice. Jacksbn held John Quincy Adams responsible for the publication. So it was deemed prudent for Adams to move out of the White House on the 3d of March. All the government officials, including Adams, re fused to see Andy take the oath of office. The coun try was wild with hurrah and excitement. Somebody had prepared barrels of punch at the White House, but the crowd played havoc with the furniture and White House decorations. Jackson had two of these noto rious functions. When Van Buren came in Jackson rose from a sick bed to ride with him to the capitol. General William Henry Harrison caught his death sick ness at his inauguration. He stood bareheaded with out cloak or gloves in the teeth of a raging northeast wind to deliver his address. He took his bed shortly after and died a month later. When Polk went in the rowdyism at the White House was equal to Jackson’s time, a disgraceful free fight for supper, and a whole sale looting of hats, wraps and overcoats. Zachary Taylor’s inauguration was a military pa geant with twelve volunteer companies following him. Until Lincoln’s time the inaugural display grew tamer and less remarkable. It is said that Mr. Lin coln had an embarrassing time trying to hold his silk hat in one hand and his manuscript in the other. He was used to gesticulation and the hat was inconven ient, until Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, his opponent in his campaign, stepped up and relieved Mr. Lincpln of the burden. I saw Mr. Hayes inaugurated, and saw Garfield’s trip from and to the White House on March 4. Gar field was very bald, &nd« the wind was too raw for me to go to the capitol, and I fully expected to hear he. was laid up, because his scalp was surely bar'e every time I saw it. General Grant’s little daughter, Nellie, ran to him and grabbed his hand and Garfield kissed his little withered old mother. There is very little republican simplicity in any of our later affairs. The military are out in full force, both army and navy, and the government spends a whole lot of useless money around Washington City, but there are no refreshments who frequent inaugurations must-pay, and pay well, for food and lodging at that time. It is Washington’s time to rake in the money. President Wilson omitted some of the fandangos and the country said “Well given to the public at th e White House. The people done.” HARRY THAW GAVE THEM THE SLIP. Aren’t you glad he did? I am! For his dear, good, patient mother’s sake, I hope he will escape to another country and never appear in America again. He made a jack of himself in marrying a woman who had no self respect, and he has paid dearly for it. I’m glad he has escaped from that insane asylum, and I hope he will know enough to keep away from this part of the country. How many of the Thaw millions that have been spent on the wretched man’s infatuation for a loose woman, nobody knows. But he wouldn’t have had all this notoriety without the Thaw millions! OUR DAILY BREAD VIII—ITS CHEMISTRY B\ Frederic J Haskin Yeast is literally as old as the world itself. It is found in the air we breathe. Set a dish of crushed fruit in the open air. Although it be. originally free from yeast, in a short time alco holic fermentation, which can be caused only by yeast germs^ will begin. This yeast, found in the air, Is. the wila from' which all other yeasts are culti vated. The Egyptians doubtless* were the first people to cultivate yeast, if not to produce leavened or raised bread. They secured a bit of live wild yeast by the' fermentation of some vegetable body, either fruit or grain, and set it in dough. A portion ofi this dough was then saved from' one baking to another, constitut ing the “leaven which leavened, the whole’’ referred to in the Scripture. Some loavesi of bread baked over 4,000 years ago have been found in Egyptian tombs and subjected to microscopic ex amination. The yeast germs were found plainly visi ble. The continuation of yeast by saving a portion of the sponge from one baking to another was known to every American housewife of the past generation. The patent yeasts, sojne of which are so perfect in theiri chemical parts, are a modern development. Some housewives still use the wet or potato yeast, also' known as “sots,” which is made simply by taking a little of the prepared liquor, consisting principally of 1 potato to which yeast has been added, and permitting it to ferment sufficiently to be used to start the sponge for the bread. “Sots'* is a form of yeast especially in favor among Pennsylvania housewives of German ex traction, and it was not unusual for a woman to pre serve her “sots” from one baking day to another with out a single break for a quarter of a century. A mother gave a “starter” to her daughter when she mar ried, and the daughter each week boiled the potatoes for a fresh output until she, too, was ready to pass over her “sots” to her own daughter. • • • Another form of yeast familiar to the old house wife, especially in New England, is the “dry rising,” which was started either from some yeast or from a small quantity of “dry rising” of the same kind. To make this yeast a small amount of flour was scalded by a strong tea made from hops. Cold water added to make it lukewarm and enough additional flour to make a batter similar to the sponge used in baking bread. This was kept in a warm place \ until it had acquired the necessary amount of fermentation and sufficient corn meal added to make a sort of stiff dough. This was molded by hand into little cakes an inch or more in diameter. These were spread out to dry in some fairly warm place where there was a good circulation of air and no dampness. When properly made “dry rising,” sometimes known as hop yeast, will keep for months. One or two cakes are suffi cient for a family baking. Before the advent of the compressed yeast in the grocery store many a woman was able to make a liberal allowance of pin money by making “dry rising” for her neighbors. « • • • Modern science has made it possible for the large yeast manufacturer to know absolutely the quality of his yeast because by microscopic and chemical test he is able to ascertain its exact condition. Compressed yeast is now made into small air-proof and damp-' proof packages and sent by fast express even to re mote villages. It is the development of the modern yeast factory as well as the improved quality of flour which has made possible the perfection of the modern loaf of bread. • • • A large yeast plant Is full of surprises to the av erage visitor who looks upon yeast as a small mat ter. A track at one side of an Immense building fur nishes accommodation for the cars laden with corn, barley and malt, which form the basis of the yeast process, his grain must be of the highest quality and is raised to the storage room at the top of the build ing by means of grain elevators similar to those In use In mills. It Is submitted to the closest scientific tests before being placed in the crusher where It is thoroughly macerated. Distilled water Is added to the grain, together with the yeafet germs needed to start the fermentation. The mash is kept in huge tanks, having a capacity of hundreds of barrels, at an evenly regulated temperature until the fermentation process is completed. This is determined by the gauge along the ,slde of the tanks which are of copper and built In tiers of carefully reinforced metal. A register inside of the tank indicates the height of the coffee- colored mixture caused by the fermentation of the grain and water. When the fermentation has reached the proper point by scientific test the liquid, whibh resembles a quantity of frothy beer, Is drawn off, leav ing the bulky portion of the grain. This grain is dried and shipped away for cattle food. • • • The beer-Uke liquid Is drawn into another tank and submitted to another fermentation, after which all the solids are extracted from It. These form the yeast used by the baker. This yeast goes through several processes by which all excess moisture Is squeezed out by elaborate machinery and great masses of It are sent to the molding room to be molded Into blocks. This yeast Is a creamy, gray substance resembling stiff putty In appearance. The molding room Is kept at a low temperature by a liberal use of Ice, to supply which requires the product of a good sized ice plant connected with the yeast factory. A thoroughly equipped chemical laboratory and a staff of expert chemists are a necessary part of the yeast plant equip ment, and the different rooms in which the processes of yeast making take place are kept at an absolutely even temperature for .each separate process. For fer mentation a blood heat is desirable. After this has taken place and the yeast germs have been extracted, the concluding process of bidding and boxing for ship ment must be done in a cool room kept absolutely chilled by a requisite refrigerating system. • • • The by-products of a yeast factory are worthy of attention. In addition to the utilization of the grain for cattle food, the liquid remaining after the extrac tion of the yeast germs is also of value. The fermen tation process has developed a considerable quantity cf alcohol which is secured by passing It through the separator. After the alcohol has been taken out It goes through another process which turns It Into a white vinegar. * • • The utmost 4are is observed throughout the whole piocess of yeast making. The grain and water * are weighed with as ijiuch care as the ingredients used in bread making. The machinery is most .intricate, call ing into play a number of powerful engines to supply the power for keeping the liquid in motion during fer mentation. • • • The qualities of the bread depends absolutely upon the yeast. The be3t kind of flour will not produce good bread if it does not have proper yeast to raise it, while with good yeast and a little care even a poor grade of flour frequently can be made to produce a fair quality of bread. When yeast made in the scien tific yeast factory can be supplied by the grocer for a couple of cents, few women make their own yeast. * • • • Most bakers now depend upon the manufacture yeast also. It comes to them perfectly fresh each day and saves much labor and anxiety in the bakery. Care ful tests have proved that a single pound of yeast made in this manner is capable of raising 400 pounds of dough, and the economy of having such concentrated strength appeals to the average progressive bread maker. The scientific exactness which has been se cured in the development of yeast making is indicated by the statement recently made that 3,135,941,600 yeast cells are required to properly raise a single pound of flour, and that a yound of the yeast secured by ex tracting the germs from the liquid contains 611,720,- 0*4,000 cells.